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Author Mehta, P.; Barboun, P.M.; Engelmann, Y.; Go, D.B.; Bogaerts, A.; Schneider, W.F.; Hicks, J.C. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title Plasma-Catalytic Ammonia Synthesis beyond the Equilibrium Limit Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2020 Publication Acs Catalysis Abbreviated Journal Acs Catal  
  Volume 10 Issue 12 Pages 6726-6734  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)  
  Abstract We explore the consequences of nonthermal plasma-activation on product yields in catalytic ammonia synthesis, a reaction that is equilibrium-limited at elevated temperatures. We employ a minimal microkinetic model that incorporates the influence of plasma-activation on N2 dissociation rates to predict NH3 yields into and across the equilibrium-limited regime. NH3 yields are predicted to exceed bulk thermodynamic equilibrium limits on materials that are thermal-rate-limited by N2 dissociation. In all cases, yields revert to bulk equilibrium at temperatures at which thermal reaction rates exceed plasma-activated ones. Beyond-equilibrium NH3 yields are observed in a packed bed dielectric barrier discharge reactor and exhibit sensitivity to catalytic material choice in a way consistent with model predictions. The approach and results highlight the opportunity to exploit synergies between nonthermal plasmas and catalysts to affect transformations at conditions inaccessible through thermal routes.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000543663800015 Publication Date 2020-06-19  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2155-5435 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 12.9 Times cited Open Access  
  Notes University of Notre Dame; Basic Energy Sciences, DE-SC-0016543 ; Air Force Office of Scientific Research, FA9550-18-1- 0157 ; This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, Sustainable Ammonia Synthesis Program, under Award DE-SC-0016543 and by the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, under Award FA9550-18-1-0157. P.M. acknowledges support through the Eilers Graduate Fellowship for Energy Related Research from the University of Notre Dame. Computational resources were provided by the Notre Dame Center for Research Computing. We thank the Notre Dame Energy Materials Characterization Facility and the Notre Dame Integrated Imaging Facility for the use of the X-ray diffractometer and the transmission electron microscope, respectively. Approved Most recent IF: 12.9; 2020 IF: 10.614  
  Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:170713 Serial 6405  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Yi, Y.; Wang, X.; Jafarzadeh, A.; Wang, L.; Liu, P.; He, B.; Yan, J.; Zhang, R.; Zhang, H.; Liu, X.; Guo, H.; Neyts, E.C.; Bogaerts, A. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title Plasma-Catalytic Ammonia Reforming of Methane over Cu-Based Catalysts for the Production of HCN and H2at Reduced Temperature Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2021 Publication Acs Catalysis Abbreviated Journal Acs Catal  
  Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 1765-1773  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)  
  Abstract Industrial production of HCN from NH3 and CH4 not only uses precious Pt or Pt−Rh catalysts but also requires extremely high temperatures (∼1600 K). From an energetic, operational, and safety perspective, a drastic decrease in temperature is highly desirable. Here, we report ammonia reforming of methane for the production of HCN and H2 at 673 K by the combination of CH4/NH3 plasma and a supported Cu/silicalite-1 catalyst. 30% CH4 conversion has been achieved with 79% HCN selectivity. Catalyst characterization and plasma diagnostics reveal that the excellent reaction performance is attributed to metallic Cu active sites. In addition, we propose a possible reaction pathway, viz. E-R reactions with N, NH, NH2, and CH radicals produced in the plasma, for the production of HCN, based on density functional theory calculations. Importantly, the Cu/silicalite-1 catalyst costs less than 5% of the commercial Pt mesh catalyst.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000618540300057 Publication Date 2021-02-05  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2155-5435 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 10.614 Times cited Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes Universiteit Antwerpen, 32249 ; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, 2015M580220 2016T90217 ; PetroChina Innovation Foundation, 2018D-5007-0501 ; National Natural Science Foundation of China, 21503032 ; We acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China [21503032], the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation [grant numbers 2015M580220 and 2016T90217, 2016], the PetroChina Innovation Foundation [2018D-5007-0501], and the TOP research project of the Research Fund of the University of Antwerp [grant ID 32249]. Approved Most recent IF: 10.614  
  Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:175880 Serial 6675  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Nematollahi, P.; Barbiellini, B.; Bansil, A.; Lamoen, D.; Qingying, J.; Mukerjee, S.; Neyts, E.C. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title Identification of a Robust and Durable FeN4CxCatalyst for ORR in PEM Fuel Cells and the Role of the Fifth Ligand Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2022 Publication ACS catalysis Abbreviated Journal Acs Catal  
  Volume Issue Pages 7541-7549  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)  
  Abstract Although recent studies have advanced the understanding of pyrolyzed

Fe−N−C materials as oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts, the atomic and

electronic structures of the active sites and their detailed reaction mechanisms still remain unknown. Here, based on first-principles density functional theory (DFT) computations, we discuss the electronic structures of three FeN4 catalytic centers with different local topologies of the surrounding C atoms with a focus on unraveling the mechanism of their ORR activity in acidic electrolytes. Our study brings back a forgotten, synthesized pyridinic Fe−N coordinate to the community’s attention, demonstrating that this catalyst can exhibit excellent activity for promoting direct four-electron ORR through the addition of a fifth ligand such as −NH2, −OH, and −SO4. We also identify sites with good stability properties through the combined use of our DFT calculations and Mössbauer spectroscopy data.
 
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000823193100001 Publication Date 2022-06-10  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2155-5435 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 12.9 Times cited Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes Basic Energy Sciences, DE-FG02-07ER46352 ; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, 1261721N ; Opetus- ja Kulttuuriministeri?; Department of Energy, DE-EE0008416 ; Approved Most recent IF: 12.9  
  Call Number EMAT @ emat @c:irua:189000 Serial 7073  
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Author Cui, Z.; Meng, S.; Yi, Y.; Jafarzadeh, A.; Li, S.; Neyts, E.C.; Hao, Y.; Li, L.; Zhang, X.; Wang, X.; Bogaerts, A. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title Plasma-catalytic methanol synthesis from CO₂ hydrogenation over a supported Cu cluster catalyst : insights into the reaction mechanism Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2022 Publication Acs Catalysis Abbreviated Journal Acs Catal  
  Volume 12 Issue 2 Pages 1326-1337  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)  
  Abstract Plasma-catalytic CO, hydrogenation for methanol production is gaining increasing interest, but our understanding of its reaction mechanism remains primitive. We present a combined experimental/computational study on plasma-catalytic CO, hydrogenation to CH3OH over a size-selected Cu/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst. Our experiments demonstrate a synergistic effect between the Cu/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst and the CO2/H-2 plasma, achieving a CO2 conversion of 10% at 4 wt % Cu loading and a CH3OH selectivity near 50% further rising to 65% with H2O addition (for a H2O/CO2 ratio of 1). Furthermore, the energy consumption for CH3OH production was more than 20 times lower than with plasma only. We carried out density functional theory calculations over a Cu-13/gamma-Al2O3 model, which reveal that the interfacial sites of the Cu-13 cluster and gamma-Al2O3 support show a bifunctional effect: they not only activate the CO2 molecules but also strongly adsorb key intermediates to promote their hydrogenation further. Reactive plasma species can regulate the catalyst surface reactions via the Eley-Rideal (E-R) mechanism, which accelerates the hydrogenation process and promotes the generation of the key intermediates. H2O can promote the CH3OH desorption by competitive adsorption over the Cu-13/gamma-Al2O3 surface. This study provides new insights into CO2 hydrogenation through plasma catalysis, and it provides inspiration for the conversion of some other small molecules (CH4, N-2, CO, etc.) by plasma catalysis using supported-metal clusters.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000742735600001 Publication Date 2022-01-07  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2155-5435 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 12.9 Times cited Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes Approved Most recent IF: 12.9  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:186416 Serial 7192  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Lin, A.G.; Xiang, B.; Merlino, D.J.; Baybutt, T.R.; Sahu, J.; Fridman, A.; Snook, A.E.; Miller, V. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title Non-thermal plasma induces immunogenic cell death in vivo in murine CT26 colorectal tumors Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2018 Publication Oncoimmunology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 7 Issue 9 Pages e1484978  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)  
  Abstract Immunogenic cell death is characterized by the emission of danger signals that facilitate activation of an adaptive immune response against dead-cell antigens. In the case of cancer therapy, tumor cells undergoing immunogenic death promote cancer-specific immunity. Identification, characterization, and optimization of stimuli that induce immunogenic cancer cell death has tremendous potential to improve the outcomes of cancer therapy. In this study, we show that non-thermal, atmospheric pressure plasma can be operated to induce immunogenic cell death in an animal model of colorectal cancer. In vitro, plasma treatment of CT26 colorectal cancer cells induced the release of classic danger signals. Treated cells were used to create a whole-cell vaccine which elicited protective immunity in the CT26 tumor mouse model. Moreover, plasma treatment of subcutaneous tumors elicited emission of danger signals and recruitment of antigen presenting cells into tumors. An increase in T cell responses targeting the colorectal cancer-specific antigen guanylyl cyclase C (GUCY2C) were also observed. This study provides the first evidence that non-thermal plasma is a bone fide inducer of immunogenic cell death and highlights its potential for clinical translation for cancer immunotherapy.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000443993100030 Publication Date 2018-06-12  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2162-4011; 2162-402x ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor Times cited 28 Open Access Not_Open_Access  
  Notes Approved Most recent IF: NA  
  Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:155651 Serial 5119  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Goux, L.; Fantini, A.; Govoreanu, B.; Kar, G.; Clima, S.; Chen, Y.-Y.; Degraeve, R.; Wouters, D.J.; Pourtois, G.; Jurczak, M. doi  openurl
  Title Asymmetry and switching phenomenology in TiN\ (Al2O3) \ HfO2 \ Hf systems Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2012 Publication ECS solid state letters Abbreviated Journal Ecs Solid State Lett  
  Volume 1 Issue 4 Pages 63-65  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)  
  Abstract In this letter, we address the bipolar resistive switching phenomenology in scaled TiN\HfO2\Hf cells. By means of stack engineering using a thin Al2O3 layer inserted either at the TiN\HfO2 or at the Hf\HfO2 interface, we demonstrate that the reset operation takes place close to the TiNanode. Due to the increase of the oxygen-vacancy profile from the TiN to the Hf interface, the filament-confining and wide band-gap Al2O3 layer should indeed be engineered at the interface with the TiN electrode in order to further improve the switching control and to allow reaching larger state resistances. (C) 2012 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/2.003204ssl] All rights reserved.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Electrochemical society Place of Publication Pennington (N.J.) Editor  
  Language Wos 000318340300005 Publication Date 2012-08-23  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2162-8742;2162-8750; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 1.184 Times cited 11 Open Access  
  Notes Approved Most recent IF: 1.184; 2012 IF: NA  
  Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:108530 Serial 160  
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Author Delabie, A.; Jayachandran, S.; Caymax, M.; Loo, R.; Maggen, J.; Pourtois, G.; Douhard, B.; Conard, T.; Meersschaut, J.; Lenka, H.; Vandervorst, W.; Heyns, M.; url  doi
openurl 
  Title Epitaxial chemical vapor deposition of silicon on an oxygen monolayer on Si(100) substrates Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2013 Publication ECS solid state letters Abbreviated Journal Ecs Solid State Lett  
  Volume 2 Issue 11 Pages P104-P106  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)  
  Abstract Crystalline superlattices consisting of alternating periods of Si layers and O-atomic layers are potential new channel materials for scaled CMOS devices. In this letter, we investigate Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) for the controlled deposition of O-atoms with O-3 as precursor on Si(100) substrates and Si epitaxy on the O-layer. The O-3 reaction at 50 degrees C on the H-terminated Si results in the formation of Si-OH and/or Si-O-Si-H surface species with monolayer O-content. Defect-free epitaxial growth of Si on an O-layer containing 6.4E+14 O-atoms/cm(2) is achieved from SiH4 at 500 degrees C. (C) 2013 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Electrochemical society Place of Publication Pennington (N.J.) Editor  
  Language Wos 000324582600006 Publication Date 2013-09-06  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2162-8742;2162-8750; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 1.184 Times cited 12 Open Access  
  Notes Approved Most recent IF: 1.184; 2013 IF: 0.781  
  Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:111208 Serial 1070  
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Author Loo, R.; Arimura, H.; Cott, D.; Witters, L.; Pourtois, G.; Schulze, A.; Douhard, B.; Vanherle, W.; Eneman, G.; Richard, O.; Favia, P.; Mitard, J.; Mocuta, D.; Langer, R.; Collaert, N. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Epitaxial CVD Growth of Ultra-Thin Si Passivation Layers on Strained Ge Fin Structures Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2018 Publication ECS journal of solid state science and technology Abbreviated Journal Ecs J Solid State Sc  
  Volume 7 Issue 2 Pages P66-P72  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)  
  Abstract Epitaxially grown ultra-thin Si layers are often used to passivate Ge surfaces in the high-k gate module of (strained) Ge FinFET and Gate All Around devices. We use Si4H10 as Si precursor as it enables epitaxial Si growth at temperatures down to 330 degrees. C-V characteristics of blanket capacitors made on Ge virtual substrates point to the presence of an optimal Si thickness. In case of compressively strained Ge fin structures, the Si growth results in non-uniform and high strain levels in the strained Ge fin. These strain levels have been calculated for different shapes of the Ge fin and in function of the grown Si thickness. The high strain is the driving force for potential (unwanted) Ge surface reflow during Si deposition. The Ge surface reflow is strongly affected by the strength of the H-passivation during Si-capping and can be avoided by carefully selected process conditions. (C) The Author(s) 2018. Published by ECS.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Electrochemical society Place of Publication Pennington (N.J.) Editor  
  Language Wos 000425215200010 Publication Date 2018-01-21  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2162-8769; 2162-8777 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 1.787 Times cited 5 Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes Approved Most recent IF: 1.787  
  Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:149326 Serial 4933  
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Author Dabral, A.; Pourtois, G.; Sankaran, K.; Magnus, W.; Yu, H.; de de Meux, A.J.; Lu, A.K.A.; Clima, S.; Stokbro, K.; Schaekers, M.; Collaert, N.; Horiguchi, N.; Houssa, M. doi  openurl
  Title Study of the intrinsic limitations of the contact resistance of metal/semiconductor interfaces through atomistic simulations Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2018 Publication ECS journal of solid state science and technology Abbreviated Journal Ecs J Solid State Sc  
  Volume 7 Issue 6 Pages N73-N80  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT); Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)  
  Abstract In this contribution, we report a fundamental study of the factors that set the contact resistivity between metals and highly doped n-type 2D and 3D semiconductors. We investigate the case of n-type doped Si contacted with amorphous TiSi combining first principles calculations with Non-Equilibrium Green functions transport simulations. The evolution of the intrinsic contact resistivity with the doping concentration is found to saturate at similar to 2 x 10(-10) Omega.cm(2) for the case of TiSi and imposes an intrinsic limit to the ultimate contact resistance achievable for n-doped Silamorphous-TiSi (aTiSi). The limit arises from the intrinsic properties of the semiconductors and of the metals such as their electron effective masses and Fermi energies. We illustrate that, in this regime, contacting heavy electron effective mass metals with semiconductor helps reducing the interface intrinsic contact resistivity. This observation seems to hold true regardless of the 3D character of the semiconductor, as illustrated for the case of three 2D semiconducting materials, namely MoS2, ZrS2 and HfS2. (C) The Author(s) 2018. Published by ECS.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Electrochemical society Place of Publication Pennington (N.J.) Editor  
  Language Wos 000440836000004 Publication Date 2018-05-25  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2162-8769; 2162-8777 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 1.787 Times cited 2 Open Access Not_Open_Access  
  Notes ; The authors thank the imec core CMOS program members, the European Commission, its TAKEMI5 ECSEL research project and the local authorities for their support. ; Approved Most recent IF: 1.787  
  Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:153205UA @ admin @ c:irua:153205 Serial 5130  
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Author Dhayalan, S.K.; Kujala, J.; Slotte, J.; Pourtois, G.; Simoen, E.; Rosseel, E.; Hikavyy, A.; Shimura, Y.; Loo, R.; Vandervorst, W. url  doi
openurl 
  Title On the evolution of strain and electrical properties in as-grown and annealed Si:P epitaxial films for source-drain stressor applications Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2018 Publication ECS journal of solid state science and technology Abbreviated Journal Ecs J Solid State Sc  
  Volume 7 Issue 5 Pages P228-P237  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)  
  Abstract Heavily P doped Si:P epitaxial layers have gained interest in recent times as a promising source-drain stressor material for n type FinFETs (Fin Field Effect Transistors). They are touted to provide excellent conductivity as well as tensile strain. Although the as-grown layers do provide tensile strain, their conductivity exhibits an unfavorable behavior. It reduces with increasing P concentration (P > 1E21 at/cm(3)), accompanied by a saturation in the active carrier concentration. Subjecting the layers to laser annealing increases the conductivity and activates a fraction of P atoms. However, there is also a concurrent reduction in tensile strain (<1%). Literature proposes the formation of local semiconducting Si3P4 complexes to explain the observed behaviors in Si:P [Z. Ye et al., ECS Trans., 50(9) 2013, p. 1007-10111. The development of tensile strain and the saturation in active carrier is attributed to the presence of local complexes while their dispersal on annealing is attributed to strain reduction and increase in active carrier density. However, the existence of such local complexes is not proven and a fundamental void exists in understanding the structure-property correlation in Si:P films. In this respect, our work investigates the reason behind the evolution of strain and electrical properties in the as-grown and annealed Si:P epitaxial layers using ab-initio techniques and corroborate the results with physical characterization techniques. It will be shown that the strain developed in Si:P films is not due to any specific complexes while the formation of Phosphorus-vacancy complexes will be shown responsible for the carrier saturation and the increase in resistivity in the as-grown films. Interstitial/precipitate formation is suggested to be a reason for the strain loss in the annealed films. (C) The Author(s) 2018. Published by ECS.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Electrochemical society Place of Publication Pennington (N.J.) Editor  
  Language Wos 000440834200010 Publication Date 2018-05-01  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2162-8769; 2162-8777 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 1.787 Times cited 4 Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes Approved Most recent IF: 1.787  
  Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:153204 Serial 5122  
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Author Dhayalan, S.K.; Nuytten, T.; Pourtois, G.; Simoen, E.; Pezzoli, F.; Cinquanta, E.; Bonera, E.; Loo, R.; Rosseel, E.; Hikavyy, A.; Shimura, Y.; Vandervorst, W. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title Insights into the C Distribution in Si:C/Si:C:P and the Annealing Behavior of Si:C Layers Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2019 Publication ECS journal of solid state science and technology Abbreviated Journal Ecs J Solid State Sc  
  Volume 8 Issue 4 Pages P209-P216  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)  
  Abstract Si:C and Si:C:P alloys are potential candidates for source-drain stressor applications in n-type Fin Field Effect Transistors (FinFETs). Increasing the C content to achieve high strain results in the arrangement of C atoms as third nearest neighbors (3nn) in the Si: C lattice. During thermal annealing, the presence of C atoms as 3nn may promote clustering at the interstitial sites, causing loss of stress. The concentration of C atoms as 3nn is reduced by the incorporation of a small amount of Ge atoms during the growth, whereas in-situ P doping does not influence this 3nn distribution [J Solid State Sci. Technol vol 6, p 755, 2017]. Small amounts of Ge are provided during low temperature selective epitaxial growth scheme, which are based on cyclic deposition and etching (CDE). In this work, we aim to provide physical insights into the aforementioned phenomena, to understand the behavior of 3nn C atoms and the types of defects that are formed in the annealed Si: C films. Using ab-initio simulations, the Ge-C interaction in the Si matrix is investigated and this insight is used to explain how the Ge incorporation leads to a reduced 3nn distribution of the C atoms. The interaction between C and P in the Si: C: P films is also investigated to explain why the P incorporation has not led to a reduction in the 3nn distribution. We then report on the Raman characterization of Si: C layers subjected to post epi annealing. As the penetration depth of the laser is dependent on the wavelength, Raman measurements at two different wavelengths enable us to probe the depth distribution of 3nn C atoms after applying different annealing conditions. We observed a homogeneous loss in 3nn C throughout the layer. Whereas in the kinematic modeling of high resolution X-ray diffraction spectra, a gradient in the substitutional C loss was observed close to the epitaxial layer/substrate interface. This gradient can be due to the out diffusion of C atoms into the Si substrate or to the formation of interstitial C clusters, which cannot be distinguished in HR-XRD. Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy indicated that the prominent out-diffusing species was interstitial CO complex while the interstitial C defects were also prevalent in the epi layer. (c) 2019 The Electrochemical Society.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000465069200001 Publication Date 2019-04-18  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2162-8769; 2162-8777 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record  
  Impact Factor 1.787 Times cited Open Access Not_Open_Access  
  Notes Approved Most recent IF: 1.787  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:160399 Serial 5275  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Vohra, A.; Makkonen, I.; Pourtois, G.; Slotte, J.; Porret, C.; Rosseel, E.; Khanam, A.; Tirrito, M.; Douhard, B.; Loo, R.; Vandervorst, W. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Source/drain materials for Ge nMOS devices: phosphorus activation in epitaxial Si, Ge, Ge1-xSnx and SiyGe1-x-ySnx Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2020 Publication Ecs Journal Of Solid State Science And Technology Abbreviated Journal Ecs J Solid State Sc  
  Volume 9 Issue 4 Pages 044010-44012  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)  
  Abstract This paper benchmarks various epitaxial growth schemes based on n-type group-IV materials as viable source/drain candidates for Ge nMOS devices. Si:P grown at low temperature on Ge, gives an active carrier concentration as high as 3.5 x 10(20) cm(-3) and a contact resistivity down to 7.5 x 10(-9) Omega.cm(2). However, Si:P growth is highly defective due to large lattice mismatch between Si and Ge. Within the material stacks assessed, one option for Ge nMOS source/drain stressors would be to stack Si:P, deposited at contact level, on top of a selectively grown n-SiyGe1-x-ySnx at source/drain level, in line with the concept of Si passivation of n-Ge surfaces to achieve low contact resistivities as reported in literature (Martens et al. 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett., 98, 013 504). The saturation in active carrier concentration with increasing P (or As)-doping is the major bottleneck in achieving low contact resistivities for as-grown Ge or SiyGe1-x-ySnx. We focus on understanding various dopant deactivation mechanisms in P-doped Ge and Ge1-xSnx alloys. First principles simulation results suggest that P deactivation in Ge and Ge1-xSnx can be explained both by P-clustering and donor-vacancy complexes. Positron annihilation spectroscopy analysis, suggests that dopant deactivation in P-doped Ge and Ge1-xSnx is primarily due to the formation of P-n-V and SnmPn-V clusters. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published on behalf of The Electrochemical Society by IOP Publishing Limited.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000531473500002 Publication Date 2020-04-27  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2162-8769; 2162-8777 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 2.2 Times cited Open Access  
  Notes ; The imec core CMOS program members, European Commission, the TAKEMI5 ECSEL project, local authorities and the imec pilot line are acknowledged for their support. Air Liquide Advanced Materials is acknowledged for providing advanced precursor gases. A. V. acknowledges his long stay abroad grant and a grant for participation in congress abroad from the Research Foundation-Flanders (Application No. V410518N and K159219N). I. M. acknowledges financial support from Academy of Finland (Project Nos. 285 809, 293 932 and 319 178). CSC-IT Center for Science, Finland is acknowledged for providing the computational resources. ; Approved Most recent IF: 2.2; 2020 IF: 1.787  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:169502 Serial 6607  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Sankaran, K.; Clima, S.; Mees, M.; Pourtois, G. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Exploring alternative metals to Cu and W for interconnects applications using automated first-principles simulations Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2015 Publication ECS journal of solid state science and technology Abbreviated Journal Ecs J Solid State Sc  
  Volume 4 Issue 4 Pages N3127-N3133  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)  
  Abstract The bulk properties of elementary metals and copper based binary alloys have been investigated using automated first-principles simulations to evaluate their potential to replace copper and tungsten as interconnecting wires in the coming CMOS technology nodes. The intrinsic properties of the screened candidates based on their cohesive energy and on their electronic properties have been used as a metrics to reflect their resistivity and their sensitivity to electromigration. Using these values, the 'performances' of the alloys have been benchmarked with respect to the Cu and W ones. It turns out that for some systems, alloying Cu with another element leads to a reduced tendency to electromigration. This is however done at the expense of a decrease of the conductivity of the alloy with respect to the bulk metal. (C) 2014 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Electrochemical society Place of Publication Pennington (N.J.) Editor  
  Language Wos 000349547900018 Publication Date 2014-11-19  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2162-8769;2162-8777; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 1.787 Times cited 19 Open Access  
  Notes Approved Most recent IF: 1.787; 2015 IF: 1.558  
  Call Number c:irua:125296 Serial 1150  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Neyts, E.C. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title PECVD growth of carbon nanotubes : from experiment to simulation Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2012 Publication Journal of vacuum science and technology: B: micro-electronics processing and phenomena Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 30 Issue 3 Pages 030803-030803,17  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)  
  Abstract Nanostructured carbon materials show a tremendous variety in atomic structure, morphology, properties, and applications. As all properties are ultimately determined by the structure of the material, a thorough understanding of the growth mechanisms that give rise to the particular structure is critical. On many occasions, it has been shown that plasma enhanced growth can be strongly beneficial. This review will describe the authors current understanding of plasma enhanced growth of carbon nanotubes, the prototypical example of nanostructured carbon materials, as obtained from experiments, simulations, and modeling. Specific emphasis is put on where experiments and computational approaches correspond, and where they differ. Also, the current status on simulating PECVD growth of some other carbon nanomaterials is reviewed, including amorphous carbon, graphene, and metallofullerenes. Finally, computational challenges with respect to the simulation of PECVD growth are identified.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication New York, N.Y. Editor  
  Language Wos 000305042000010 Publication Date 2012-04-16  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2166-2746; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor Times cited 42 Open Access  
  Notes Approved Most recent IF: NA  
  Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:97166 Serial 2570  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Engelmann, Y.; Mehta, P.; Neyts, E.C.; Schneider, W.F.; Bogaerts, A. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title Predicted Influence of Plasma Activation on Nonoxidative Coupling of Methane on Transition Metal Catalysts Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2020 Publication Acs Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering Abbreviated Journal Acs Sustain Chem Eng  
  Volume 8 Issue 15 Pages 6043-6054  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT); Movement Antwerp (MOVANT)  
  Abstract The combination of catalysis and nonthermal plasma holds promise for enabling difficult chemical conversions. The possible synergy between both depends strongly on the nature of the reactive plasma species and the catalyst material. In this paper, we show how vibrationally excited species and plasma-generated radicals interact with transition metal catalysts and how changing the catalyst material can improve the conversion rates and product selectivity. We developed a microkinetic model to investigate the impact of vibrational excitations and plasma-generated radicals on the nonoxidative coupling of methane over transition metal surfaces. We predict a significant increase in ethylene formation for vibrationally excited methane. Plasma-generated radicals have a stronger impact on the turnover frequencies with high selectivity toward ethylene on noble catalysts and mixed selectivity on non-noble catalysts. In general, we show how the optimal catalyst material depends on the desired products as well as the plasma conditions.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000526884000025 Publication Date 2020-04-20  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2168-0485 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 8.4 Times cited Open Access  
  Notes Herculesstichting; University of Notre Dame; Universiteit Antwerpen; Division of Engineering Education and Centers, EEC-1647722 ; We would like to thank Tom Butterworth for his work on methane vibrational distribution functions (VDF) and for sharing his thoughts and experiences on this matter, specifically regarding the VDF of the degenerate modes of methane. We ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering pubs.acs.org/journal/ascecg Research Article https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c00906 ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2020, 8, 6043−6054 6052 also acknowledge financial support from the DOC-PRO3 and the TOP-BOF projects of the University of Antwerp. This work was carried out in part using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen, a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (Department EWI), and the University of Antwerp. Support for W.F.S. was provided by the National Science Foundation under cooperative agreement no. EEC-1647722, an Engineering Research Center for the Innovative and Strategic Transformation of Alkane Resources (CISTAR). P.M. acknowledges support through the Eilers Graduate Fellowship of the University of Notre Dame. Approved Most recent IF: 8.4; 2020 IF: 5.951  
  Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:169228 Serial 6366  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Vervloessem, E.; Aghaei, M.; Jardali, F.; Hafezkhiabani, N.; Bogaerts, A. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title Plasma-Based N2Fixation into NOx: Insights from Modeling toward Optimum Yields and Energy Costs in a Gliding Arc Plasmatron Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2020 Publication Acs Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering Abbreviated Journal Acs Sustain Chem Eng  
  Volume 8 Issue 26 Pages 9711-9720  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)  
  Abstract Plasma technology provides a sustainable, fossil-free method for N2 fixation, i.e., the conversion of inert atmospheric N2 into valuable substances, such as NOx or ammonia. In this work, we present a novel gliding arc plasmatron at atmospheric pressure for NOx production at different N2/O2 gas feed ratios, offering a promising NOx yield of 1.5% with an energy cost of 3.6 MJ/mol NOx produced. To explain the underlying mechanisms, we present a chemical kinetics model, validated by experiments, which provides insight into the NOx formation pathways and into the ambivalent role of the vibrational kinetics. This allows us to pinpoint the factors limiting the yield and energy cost, which can help to further improve the process.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000548456600013 Publication Date 2020-07-06  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2168-0485 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 8.4 Times cited Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes Herculesstichting; Universiteit Antwerpen; Vlaamse regering; H2020 European Research Council, 810182 ; N2 Applied; Excellence of Science FWO – FNRS project, 30505023 GoF9618n ; Approved Most recent IF: 8.4; 2020 IF: 5.951  
  Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:170138 Serial 6392  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Gorbanev, Y.; Vervloessem, E.; Nikiforov, A.; Bogaerts, A. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title Nitrogen fixation with water vapor by nonequilibrium plasma : toward sustainable ammonia production Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2020 Publication Acs Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering Abbreviated Journal Acs Sustain Chem Eng  
  Volume 8 Issue 7 Pages 2996-3004  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)  
  Abstract Ammonia is a crucial nutrient used for plant growth and as a building block in the pharmaceutical and chemical industry, produced via nitrogen fixation of the ubiquitous atmospheric N2. Current industrial ammonia production relies heavily on fossil resources, but a lot of work is put into developing nonfossil-based pathways. Among these is the use of nonequilibrium plasma. In this work, we investigated water vapor as a H source for nitrogen fixation into NH3 by nonequilibrium plasma. The highest selectivity toward NH3 was observed with low amounts of added H2O vapor, but the highest production rate was reached at high H2O vapor contents. We also studied the role of H2O vapor and of the plasma-exposed liquid H2O in nitrogen fixation by using isotopically labeled water to distinguish between these two sources of H2O. We show that added H2O vapor, and not liquid H2O, is the main source of H for NH3 generation. The studied catalyst- and H2-free method offers excellent selectivity toward NH3 (up to 96%), with energy consumption (ca. 95–118 MJ/mol) in the range of many plasma-catalytic H2-utilizing processes.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000516665500045 Publication Date 2020-02-03  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2168-0485 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 8.4 Times cited 14 Open Access  
  Notes ; This research was supported by the Excellence of Science FWO-FNRS project (FWO grant ID GoF9618n, EOS ID 30505023), the Catalisti Moonshot project P2C, and the Methusalem project of the University of Antwerp. ; Approved Most recent IF: 8.4; 2020 IF: 5.951  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:167134 Serial 6568  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Engelmann, Y.; van ’t Veer, K.; Gorbanev, Y.; Neyts, E.C.; Schneider, W.F.; Bogaerts, A. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title Plasma Catalysis for Ammonia Synthesis: A Microkinetic Modeling Study on the Contributions of Eley–Rideal Reactions Type A1 Journal Article;Plasma catalysis
  Year 2021 Publication Acs Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering Abbreviated Journal Acs Sustain Chem Eng  
  Volume 9 Issue 39 Pages 13151-13163  
  Keywords A1 Journal Article;Plasma catalysis; Eley−Rideal reactions; Volcano plots; Vibrational excitation; Radical reactions; Dielectric barrier discharge; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;  
  Abstract Plasma catalysis is an emerging new technology for the electrification and downscaling of NH3 synthesis. Increasing attention is being paid to the optimization of plasma catalysis with respect to the plasma conditions, the catalyst material, and their mutual interaction. In this work we use microkinetic models to study how the total conversion process is impacted by the combination of different plasma conditions and transition metal catalysts. We study how plasma-generated radicals and vibrationally excited N2 (present in a dielectric barrier discharge plasma) interact with the catalyst and impact the NH3 turnover frequencies (TOFs). Both filamentary and uniform plasmas are studied, based on plasma chemistry models that provided plasma phase speciation and vibrational distribution functions. The Langmuir−Hinshelwood reaction rate coefficients (i.e., adsorption reactions and subsequent reactions among adsorbates) are determined using conventional scaling relations. An additional set of Eley−Rideal reactions (i.e., direct reactions of plasma radicals with adsorbates) was added and a sensitivity analysis on the assumed reaction rate coefficients was performed. We first show the impact of different vibrational distribution functions on the catalytic dissociation of N2 and subsequent production of NH3, and we gradually include more radical reactions, to illustrate the contribution of these species and their corresponding reaction pathways. Analysis over a large range of catalysts indicates that different transition metals (metals such as Rh, Ni, Pt, and Pd) optimize the NH3TOFs depending on the population of the vibrational levels of N2. At higher concentrations of plasma-generated radicals, the NH3 TOFs become less dependent on the catalyst material, due to radical adsorptions on the more noble catalysts and Eley−Rideal reactions on the less noble catalysts.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000705367800004 Publication Date 2021-10-04  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2168-0485 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 5.951 Times cited Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes Basic Energy Sciences, DE-SC0021107 ; Vlaamse regering, HBC.2019.0108 ; H2020 European Research Council, 810182 ; Methusalem project – University of Antwerp; Excellence of science FWO-FNRS, GoF9618n ; TOP-BOF – University of Antwerp; DOCPRO3 – University of Antwerp; We acknowledge the financial support from the DOC-PRO3, the TOP-BOF, and the Methusalem project of the University of Antwerp, as well as from the European Research Council (ERC) (grant agreement No, 810182−SCOPE ERC Synergy project), under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, the Flemish Government through the Moonshot cSBO project P2C (HBC.2019.0108), and the Excellence of Science FWO-FNRS project (FWO grant ID GoF9618n, EOS ID 30505023). Calculations were carried out using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen, a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (Department EWI), 13162 Approved Most recent IF: 5.951  
  Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:182482 Serial 6811  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Tsonev, I.; O’Modhrain, C.; Bogaerts, A.; Gorbanev, Y. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Nitrogen Fixation by an Arc Plasma at Elevated Pressure to Increase the Energy Efficiency and Production Rate of NOx Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2023 Publication ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 11 Issue 5 Pages 1888-1897  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)  
  Abstract Plasma-based nitrogen fixation for fertilizer production is an attractive alternative to the fossil fuel-based industrial processes. However, many factors hinder its applicability, e.g., the commonly observed inverse correlation between energy consumption and production rates or the necessity to enhance the selectivity toward NO2, the desired product for a more facile formation of nitrate-based fertilizers. In this work, we investigated the use of a rotating gliding arc plasma for nitrogen fixation at elevated pressures (up to 3 barg), at different feed gas flow rates and composition. Our results demonstrate a dramatic increase in the amount of NOx produced as a function of increasing pressure, with a record-low EC of 1.8 MJ/(mol N) while yielding a high production rate of 69 g/h and a high selectivity (94%) of NO2. We ascribe this improvement to the enhanced thermal Zeldovich mechanism and an increased rate of NO oxidation compared to the back reaction of NO with atomic oxygen, due to the elevated pressure.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000924366700001 Publication Date 2023-02-06  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2168-0485 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 8.4 Times cited Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, G0G2322N ; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, 965546 ; Approved Most recent IF: 8.4; 2023 IF: 5.951  
  Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:194281 Serial 7239  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Eshtehardi, H.A.; van 't Veer, K.; Delplancke, M.-P.; Reniers, F.; Bogaerts, A. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title Postplasma Catalytic Model for NO Production: Revealing the Underlying Mechanisms to Improve the Process Efficiency Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2023 Publication ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 11 Issue 5 Pages 1720-1733  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)  
  Abstract Plasma catalysis is emerging for plasma-assisted gas conversion processes. However, the underlying mechanisms of plasma catalysis are poorly understood. In this work, we present a 1D heterogeneous catalysis model with axial dispersion (i.e., accounting for back-mixing and molecular diffusion of fluid elements in the process stream in the axial direction), for plasma-catalytic NO production from N2/O2 mixtures. We investigate the concentration and reaction rates of each species formed as a function of time and position across the catalyst, in order to determine the underlying mechanisms. To obtain insights into how the performance of the process can be further improved, we also study how changes in the postplasma gas flow composition entering the catalyst bed and in the operation conditions of the catalytic stage affect the performance of NO production.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000926412800001 Publication Date 2023-02-06  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2168-0485 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record  
  Impact Factor 8.4 Times cited Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, 30505023 GoF9618n ; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique FNRS, 30505023 GoF9618n ; H2020 European Research Council, 810182 ; Approved Most recent IF: 8.4; 2023 IF: 5.951  
  Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:195377 Serial 7241  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Vervloessem, E.; Gromov, M.; De Geyter, N.; Bogaerts, A.; Gorbanev, Y.; Nikiforov, A. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title NH3and HNOxFormation and Loss in Nitrogen Fixation from Air with Water Vapor by Nonequilibrium Plasma Type A1 Journal Article
  Year 2023 Publication ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 11 Issue 10 Pages 4289-4298  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)  
  Abstract The current global energy crisis indicated that increasing our

insight into nonfossil fuel nitrogen fixation pathways for synthetic fertilizer

production is more crucial than ever. Nonequilibrium plasma is a good candidate

because it can use N2 or air as a N source and water directly as a H source, instead

of H2 or fossil fuel (CH4). In this work, we investigate NH3 gas phase formation

pathways from humid N2 and especially humid air up to 2.4 mol % H2O (100%

relative humidity at 20 °C) by optical emission spectroscopy and Fouriertransform

infrared spectroscopy. We demonstrate that the nitrogen fixation

capacity is increased when water vapor is added, as this enables HNO2 and NH3

production in both N2 and air. However, we identified a significant loss

mechanism for NH3 and HNO2 that occurs in systems where these species are

synthesized simultaneously; i.e., downstream from the plasma, HNO2 reacts with NH3 to form NH4NO2, which rapidly decomposes

into N2 and H2O. We also discuss approaches to prevent this loss mechanism, as it reduces the effective nitrogen fixation when not

properly addressed and therefore should be considered in future works aimed at optimizing plasma-based N2 fixation. In-line removal

of HNO2 or direct solvation in liquid are two proposed strategies to suppress this loss mechanism. Indeed, using liquid H2O is

beneficial for accumulation of the N2 fixation products. Finally, in humid air, we also produce NH4NO3, from the reaction of HNO3

with NH3, which is of direct interest for fertilizer application.
 
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000953337700001 Publication Date 2023-03-13  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2168-0485 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 8.4 Times cited Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes This research is supported by the Excellence of Science FWOFNRS project (NITROPLASM, FWO grant ID GoF9618n, EOS ID 30505023), the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant No. 810182 − SCOPE ERC Synergy project), and the Fund for Scientific Research (FWO) Flanders Bioeconomy project (grant No. G0G2322N), funded by the European Union-NextGenerationEU. Approved Most recent IF: 8.4; 2023 IF: 5.951  
  Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:195878 Serial 7254  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Eshtehardi, H.A.; Van ‘t Veer, K.; Delplancke, M.-P.; Reniers, F.; Bogaerts, A. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title Postplasma Catalytic Model for NO Production: Revealing the Underlying Mechanisms to Improve the Process Efficiency Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2023 Publication ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 11 Issue 5 Pages 1720-1733  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)  
  Abstract Plasma catalysis is emerging for plasma-assisted gas conversion

processes. However, the underlying mechanisms of plasma catalysis are poorly

understood. In this work, we present a 1D heterogeneous catalysis model with axial

dispersion (i.e., accounting for back-mixing and molecular diffusion of fluid elements in

the process stream in the axial direction), for plasma-catalytic NO production from

N2/O2 mixtures. We investigate the concentration and reaction rates of each species

formed as a function of time and position across the catalyst, in order to determine the

underlying mechanisms. To obtain insights into how the performance of the process

can be further improved, we also study how changes in the postplasma gas flow

composition entering the catalyst bed and in the operation conditions of the catalytic

stage affect the performance of NO production.
 
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000926412800001 Publication Date 2023-02-06  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2168-0485 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record  
  Impact Factor 8.4 Times cited Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes This research was supported by the Excellence of Science FWO-FNRS project (FWO grant ID GoF9618n, EOS ID 30505023) and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 810182 − SCOPE ERC Synergy project). The calculations were performed using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UAntwerpen. Approved Most recent IF: 8.4; 2023 IF: 5.951  
  Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:195377 Serial 7257  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Eshtehardi, H.A.; Van ‘t Veer, K.; Delplancke, M.-P.; Reniers, F.; Bogaerts, A. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title Postplasma Catalytic Model for NO Production: Revealing the Underlying Mechanisms to Improve the Process Efficiency Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2023 Publication ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 11 Issue 5 Pages 1720-1733  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)  
  Abstract Plasma catalysis is emerging for plasma-assisted gas conversion

processes. However, the underlying mechanisms of plasma catalysis are poorly

understood. In this work, we present a 1D heterogeneous catalysis model with axial

dispersion (i.e., accounting for back-mixing and molecular diffusion of fluid elements in

the process stream in the axial direction), for plasma-catalytic NO production from

N2/O2 mixtures. We investigate the concentration and reaction rates of each species

formed as a function of time and position across the catalyst, in order to determine the

underlying mechanisms. To obtain insights into how the performance of the process

can be further improved, we also study how changes in the postplasma gas flow

composition entering the catalyst bed and in the operation conditions of the catalytic

stage affect the performance of NO production.
 
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000926412800001 Publication Date 2023-02-06  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2168-0485 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record  
  Impact Factor 8.4 Times cited Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, 30505023 GoF9618n ; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique – FNRS, 30505023 GoF9618n ; H2020 European Research Council, 810182 ; Approved Most recent IF: 8.4; 2023 IF: 5.951  
  Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:195377 Serial 7258  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Sahun, M.; Privat-Maldonado, A.; Lin, A.; De Roeck, N.; Van de Heyden, L.; Hillen, M.; Michiels, J.; Steenackers, G.; Smits, E.; Ariën, K.K.; Jorens, P.G.; Delputte, P.; Bogaerts, A. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and other enveloped and non-enveloped viruses with non-thermal plasma for hospital disinfection Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2023 Publication ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 1-10  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Center for Oncological Research (CORE); Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)  
  Abstract As recently highlighted by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, viruses have become an increasing burden for health, global economy, and environment. The control of transmission by contact with contaminated materials represents a major challenge, particularly in hospital environments. However, the current disinfection methods in hospital settings suffer from numerous drawbacks. As a result, several medical supplies that cannot be properly disinfected are not reused, leading to severe shortages and increasing amounts of waste, thus prompting the search for alternative solutions. In this work, we report that non-thermal plasma (NTP) can effectively inactivate SARS-CoV-2 from non-porous and porous materials commonly found in healthcare facilities. We demonstrated that 5 min treatment with a dielectric barrier discharge NTP can inactivate 100% of SARS-CoV-2 (Wuhan and Omicron strains) from plastic material. Using porcine respiratory coronavirus (surrogate for SARS-CoV-2) and coxsackievirus B3 (highly resistant non-enveloped virus), we tested the NTP virucidal activity on hospital materials and obtained complete inactivation after 5 and 10 min, respectively. We hypothesize that the produced reactive species and local acidification contribute to the overall virucidal effect of NTP. Our results demonstrate the potential of dielectric barrier discharge NTPs for the rapid, efficient, and low-cost disinfection of healthcare materials.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000964269500001 Publication Date 2023-03-23  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2168-0485 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 8.4 Times cited Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes Approved Most recent IF: 8.4; 2023 IF: 5.951  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:194897 Serial 7269  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Li, S.; Sun, J.; Gorbanev, Y.; van’t Veer, K.; Loenders, B.; Yi, Y.; Kenis, T.; Chen, Q.; Bogaerts, A. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title Plasma-Assisted Dry Reforming of CH4: How Small Amounts of O2Addition Can Drastically Enhance the Oxygenate Production─Experiments and Insights from Plasma Chemical Kinetics Modeling Type A1 Journal Article
  Year 2023 Publication ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering Abbreviated Journal ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.  
  Volume 11 Issue 42 Pages 15373-15384  
  Keywords A1 Journal Article; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;  
  Abstract Plasma-based dry reforming of methane (DRM) into

high-value-added oxygenates is an appealing approach to enable

otherwise thermodynamically unfavorable chemical reactions at

ambient pressure and near room temperature. However, it suffers

from coke deposition due to the deep decomposition of CH4. In this

work, we assess the DRM performance upon O2 addition, as well as

varying temperature, CO2/CH4 ratio, discharge power, and gas

residence time, for optimizing oxygenate production. By adding O2,

the main products can be shifted from syngas (CO + H2) toward

oxygenates. Chemical kinetics modeling shows that the improved

oxygenate production is due to the increased concentration of

oxygen-containing radicals, e.g., O, OH, and HO2, formed by electron

impact dissociation [e + O2 → e + O + O/O(1D)] and subsequent

reactions with H atoms. Our study reveals the crucial role of oxygen-coupling in DRM aimed at oxygenates, providing practical

solutions to suppress carbon deposition and at the same time enhance the oxygenates production in plasma-assisted DRM.
 
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 001082603900001 Publication Date 2023-10-23  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2168-0485 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 8.4 Times cited Open Access Not_Open_Access  
  Notes Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, S001619N ; China Scholarship Council, 202006060029 ; National Natural Science Foundation of China, 21975018 ; H2020 European Research Council, 810182 ; Approved Most recent IF: 8.4; 2023 IF: 5.951  
  Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:201013 Serial 8966  
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Author Han, I.; Song, I.S.; Choi, S.A.; Lee, T.; Yusupov, M.; Shaw, P.; Bogaerts, A.; Choi, E.H.; Ryu, J.J. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title Bioactive Nonthermal Biocompatible Plasma Enhances Migration on Human Gingival Fibroblasts Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2023 Publication Advanced healthcare materials Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 12 Issue 4 Pages 2200527  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)  
  Abstract This study hypothesizes that the application of low-dose nonthermal biocompatible dielectric barrier discharge plasma (DBD-NBP) to human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) will inhibit colony formation but not cell death and induce matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, and subsequent cell migration, which can result in enhanced wound healing. HGFs treated with plasma for 3 min migrate to each other across the gap faster than those in the control and 5-min treatment groups on days 1 and 3. The plasma-treated HGFs show significantly high expression levels of the cell cycle arrest-related p21 gene and enhanced MMP activity. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) mediated attenuation of wound healing or actin cytoskeleton rearrangement, and plasma-mediated reversal of this attenuation support the migratory effect of DBD-NBP. Further, this work performs computer simulations to investigate the effect of oxidation on the stability and conformation of the catalytic kinase domain (KD) of FAK. It is found that the oxidation of highly reactive amino acids (AAs) Cys427, Met442, Cys559, Met571, Met617, and Met643 changes the conformation and increases the structural flexibility of the FAK protein and thus modulates its function and activity. Low-dose DBD-NBP-induces host cell cycle arrest, ECM breakdown, and subsequent migration, thus contributing to the enhanced wound healing process.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000897762100001 Publication Date 2022-11-14  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2192-2640 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 10 Times cited Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes National Research Foundation of Korea; Kementerian Pendidikan, 2020R1I1A1A01073071 2021R1A6A1A03038785 ; Approved Most recent IF: 10; 2023 IF: 5.11  
  Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:192804 Serial 7242  
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Author van Laer, K.; Bogaerts, A. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title Improving the Conversion and Energy Efficiency of Carbon Dioxide Splitting in a Zirconia-Packed Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2015 Publication Energy technology Abbreviated Journal Energy Technol-Ger  
  Volume 3 Issue 3 Pages 1038-1044  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)  
  Abstract The use of plasma technology for CO2 splitting is gaining increasing interest, but one of the major obstacles to date for industrial implementation is the considerable energy cost. We demonstrate that the introduction of a packing of dielectric zirconia (ZrO2) beads into a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reactor can enhance the CO2 conversion and energy efficiency up to a factor 1.9 and 2.2, respectively, compared to that in a normal (unpacked) DBD reactor. We obtained a maximum conversion of 42 % and a maximum energy efficiency of 9.6 %. However, it is the ability of the packing to almost double both the conversion and the energy efficiency simultaneously at certain input parameters that makes it very promising. The improved conversion and energy efficiency can be explained by the higher values of the local electric field and electron energy near the contact points of the beads and the lower breakdown voltage, demonstrated by 2 D fluid modeling.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000362913600006 Publication Date 2015-08-19  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2194-4288 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 2.789 Times cited 59 Open Access  
  Notes This research was carried out in the framework of the network on Physical Chemistry of Plasma-Surface Interactions—Interuniversity Attraction Poles, phase VII (http://psiiap7.ulb.ac.be/), and supported by the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO). K.V.L. is indebted to the Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT Flanders) for financial support Approved Most recent IF: 2.789; 2015 IF: 2.824  
  Call Number c:irua:128224 Serial 3992  
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Author Navarrete, A.; Centi, G.; Bogaerts, A.; Mart?n,?ngel; York, A.; Stefanidis, G.D. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title Harvesting Renewable Energy for Carbon Dioxide Catalysis Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2017 Publication Energy technology Abbreviated Journal Energy Technol-Ger  
  Volume 5 Issue 5 Pages 796-811  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)  
  Abstract The use of renewable energy (RE) to transform carbon dioxide into commodities (i.e., CO2 valorization) will pave the way towards a more sustainable economy in the coming years. But how can we efficiently use this energy (mostly available as electricity or solar light) to drive the necessary (catalytic) transformations? This paper presents a review of the technological advances in the transformation of carbon dioxide by means of RE. The socioeconomic implications and chemical basis of the transformation of carbon dioxide with RE are discussed. Then a general view of the use of RE to activate the (catalytic) transformations of carbon dioxide with microwaves, plasmas, and light is presented. The fundamental phenomena involved are introduced from a catalytic and reaction device perspective to present the advantages of this energy form as well as the inherent limitations of the present state-of-the-art. It is shown that efficient use of RE requires the redesign of current catalytic concepts. In this context, a new kind of reaction system, an energy-harvesting device, is proposed as a new conceptual approach for this endeavor. Finally, the challenges that lie ahead for the efficient and economical use of RE for carbon dioxide conversion are exposed.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000451619500001 Publication Date 2017-02-08  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2194-4288 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 2.789 Times cited 15 Open Access Not_Open_Access  
  Notes Fund for Scientific Research Flanders, G.0254.14 N, G.0217.14 N and G.0383.16 N ; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, ENE2014-53459-R ; Approved Most recent IF: 2.789  
  Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:144217 Serial 4615  
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Author Hu, L.; Amini, M.N.; Wu, Y.; Jin, Z.; Yuan, J.; Lin, R.; Wu, J.; Dai, Y.; He, H.; Lu, Y.; Lu, J.; Ye, Z.; Han, S.-T.; Ye, J.; Partoens, B.; Zeng, Y.-J.; Ruan, S. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title Charge transfer doping modulated raman scattering and enhanced stability of black phosphorus quantum dots on a ZnO nanorod Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2018 Publication Advanced Optical Materials Abbreviated Journal Adv Opt Mater  
  Volume 6 Issue 15 Pages 1800440  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT); Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)  
  Abstract Black phosphorus (BP) has recently triggered an unprecedented interest in the 2D community. However, many of its unique properties are not exploited and the well-known environmental vulnerability is not conquered. Herein, a type-I mixed-dimensional (0D-1D) van der Waals heterojunction is developed, where three-atomic-layer BP quantum dots (QDs) are assembled on a single ZnO nanorod (NR). By adjusting the indium (In) content in ZnO NRs, the degree and even the direction of surface charge transfer doping within the heterojunction can be tuned, which result in selective Raman scattering enhancements between ZnO and BP. The maximal enhancement factor is determined as 4340 for BP QDs with sub-ppm level. Furthermore, an unexpected long-term ambient stability (more than six months) of BP QDs is revealed, which is ascribed to the electron doping from ZnO:In NRs. The first demonstration of selective Raman enhancements between two inorganic semiconductors as well as the improved stability of BP shed light on this emerging 2D material.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000440815200023 Publication Date 2018-05-18  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2195-1071 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 6.875 Times cited 37 Open Access Not_Open_Access  
  Notes ; L. Hu and M. N. Amini contributed equally to this work. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 51502178, 81571763 and 81622026, the Shenzhen Science and Technology Project under Grant Nos. JCYJ20150324141711644, JCYJ20170412105400428, KQJSCX20170727101208249 and JCYJ20170302153853962. Parts of the computational calculations were carried out using the HPC infrastructure at University of Antwerp (CalcUA), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, supported financially by the FWO-Vlaanderen and the Flemish Government (EWI Department). L. H. acknowledges the PhD Start-up Fund of Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province under Grand No. 2017A030310072. J. Y. acknowledges the funding of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Nos. YG2016MS51 and YG2017MS54). ; Approved Most recent IF: 6.875  
  Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:153112UA @ admin @ c:irua:153112 Serial 5082  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Lin, A.; Gorbanev, Y.; De Backer, J.; Van Loenhout, J.; Van Boxem, W.; Lemière, F.; Cos, P.; Dewilde, S.; Smits, E.; Bogaerts, A. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title Non‐Thermal Plasma as a Unique Delivery System of Short‐Lived Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species for Immunogenic Cell Death in Melanoma Cells Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2019 Publication Advanced Science Abbreviated Journal Adv Sci  
  Volume 6 Issue 6 Pages 1802062  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT); Center for Oncological Research (CORE)  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000462613100001 Publication Date 2019-01-29  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 2198-3844 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 9.034 Times cited 39 Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes This study was funded in part by the Flanders Research Foundation (grant no. 12S9218N) and the European Marie Sklodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship within Horizon2020 (LTPAM) grant no. 743151). The microsecond-pulsed power supply was purchased following discussions with the C. & J. Nyheim Plasma Institute at Drexel University. The authors would like to thank Dr. Erik Fransen for his expertise and guidance with the statistical models and analysis used here. The authors would also like to thank Dr. Sander Bekeschus of the Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology for the discussions at conferences and workshops. A.L. contributed to the design and carrying out of all experiments. A.L. also wrote the manuscript. Y.G. contributed to the design and carrying out of experiments involving chemical measurements. Y.G. also contributed to writing the chemical portions of the manuscript. J.D.B. contributed to the design and carrying out of in vivo experiments. J.D.B. also contributed to writing the portions of the manuscript involving animal experiments and care. J.V.L. contributed to the optimization of the calreticulin protocol used in the experiments. W.V.B. contributed to optimization of colorimetric assays used in the experiments. F.L. contributed to mass spectrometry measurements. P.C., S.D., E.S., and A.B. provided workspace, equipment, and valuable discussions for the project. All authors participated in the review of the manuscript.; Flanders Research Foundation, 12S9218N ; European Marie Sklodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship within Horizon2020, 743151 ; Approved Most recent IF: 9.034  
  Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @UA @ admin @ c:irua:156548 Serial 5165  
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