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	Author	Ramakers, M.; Heijkers, S.; Tytgat, T.; Lenaerts, S.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Combining CO2 conversion and N2 fixation in a gliding arc plasmatron			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	Journal of CO2 utilization	Abbreviated Journal	J Co2 Util
	Volume	33	Issue		Pages	121-130
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT); Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	Industry needs a ﬂexible and eﬃcient technology to convert CO2 into useful products, which ﬁts in the Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) philosophy. Plasma technology is intensively being investigated for this purpose. A promising candidate is the gliding arc plasmatron (GAP). Waste streams of CO2 are often not pure and contain N2 as important impurity. Therefore, in this paper we provide a detailed experimental and computational study of the combined CO2 and N2 conversion in a GAP. Is it possible to take advantage of the presence of N2 in the mixture and to combine CO2 conversion with N2 ﬁxation? Our experiments and simulations reveal that N2 actively contributes to the process of CO2 conversion, through its vibrational levels. In addition, NO and NO2 are formed, with concentrations around 7000 ppm, which is slightly too low for valorization, but by improving the reactor design it must be possible to further increase their concentrations. Other NO-based molecules, in particular the strong greenhouse gas N2O, are not formed in the GAP, which is an important result. We also compare our results with those obtained in other plasma reactors to clarify the diﬀerences in underlying plasma processes, and to demonstrate the superiority of the GAP.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000487274100013	Publication Date	2019-05-22
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.292	Times cited	3	Open Access	Not_Open_Access: Available from 23.05.2021
	Notes	Fund for Scientific Research Flanders, G.0383.16N ; Excellence of Science program of the Fund for Scientific Research, G0F9618N ; Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government; UAntwerpen; We acknowledge ﬁnancial support from the Fund for Scientiﬁc Research Flanders (FWO; Grant no. G.0383.16N) and the Excellence of Science program of the Fund for Scientiﬁc Research (FWO-FNRS; Grant no. G0F9618N; EOS ID: 30505023). The calculations were performed using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UAntwerpen. Finally, we also want to thank Dr. Ramses Snoeckx for the very interesting discussions, and A. Fridman and A. Rabinovich for developing the GAP.			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.292
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @UA @ admin @ c:irua:159984			Serial	5173
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Trenchev, G.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Dual-vortex plasmatron: A novel plasma source for CO2 conversion			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2020	Publication	Journal Of Co2 Utilization	Abbreviated Journal	J Co2 Util
	Volume	39	Issue		Pages	101152
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Atmospheric pressure gliding arc (GA) discharges are gaining increasing interest for CO2 conversion and other gas conversion applications, due to their simplicity and high energy eﬃciency. However, they are characterized by some drawbacks, such as non-uniform gas treatment, limiting the conversion, as well as the development of a hot cathode spot, resulting in severe electrode degradation. In this work, we built a dual-vortex plasmatron, which is a GA plasma reactor with innovative electrode conﬁguration, to solve the above problems. The design aims to improve the CO2 conversion capability of the GA reactor by elongating the arc in two directions, to increase the residence time of the gas inside the arc, and to actively cool the cathode spot by rotation of the arc and gas convection. The measured CO2 conversion and corresponding energy eﬃciency indeed look very promising. In addition, we developed a ﬂuid dynamics non-thermal plasma model with argon chemistry, to study the arc behavior in the reactor and to explain the experimental results.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000546648400008	Publication Date	2020-03-20
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.7	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	Fund for Scientific Research – Flanders, G.0383.16N 11U53.16N ; Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government; UAntwerpen; We acknowledge ﬁnancial support from the Fund for Scientiﬁc Research – Flanders (FWO); grant numbers G.0383.16N and 11U53.16N. The calculations were performed using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI), and the UAntwerpen. We would also like to thank G. Van Loon from the University of Antwerp for building the DVP reactor.			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.7; 2020 IF: 4.292
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:167593			Serial	6356
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	Author	Dinh, D.K.; Trenchev, G.; Lee, D.H.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Arc plasma reactor modification for enhancing performance of dry reforming of methane			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2020	Publication	Journal Of Co2 Utilization	Abbreviated Journal	J Co2 Util
	Volume	42	Issue		Pages	101352
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Arc plasma technology is gaining increasing interest for a variety of chemical reaction applications. In this study, we demonstrate how modifying the reactor geometry can significantly enhance the chemical reaction performance. Using dry reforming of methane as a model reaction, we studied different rotating arc reactors (conventional rotating arc reactor and nozzle-type rotating arc reactor) to evaluate the effect of attaching a downstream nozzle. The nozzle structure focuses the heat to a confined reaction volume, resulting in enhanced heat transfer from the arc into gas activation and reduced heat losses to the reactor walls. Compared to the conventional rotating arc reactor, this yields much higher CH4 and CO2 conversion (i.e., 74% and 49%, respectively, versus 40% and 28% in the conventional reactor, at 5 kJ/L) as well as energy efficiency (i.e., 53% versus 36%). The different performance in both reactors was explained by both experiments (measurements of temperature and oscillogram of current and voltage) and numerical modelling of the gas flow dynamics, heat transfer and fluid plasma of the reactor chambers. The results provide important insights for design optimization of arc plasma reactors for various chemical reactions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000599717000009	Publication Date	2020-11-05
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.7	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, NK225F and NG0340) ; This work is supported by the Institutional research program (NK225F and NG0340) of the Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials.			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.7; 2020 IF: 4.292
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:173859			Serial	6431
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	Author	Kaliyappan, P.; Paulus, A.; D’Haen, J.; Samyn, P.; Uytdenhouwen, Y.; Hafezkhiabani, N.; Bogaerts, A.; Meynen, V.; Elen, K.; Hardy, A.; Van Bael, M.K.
	Title	Probing the impact of material properties of core-shell SiO₂@TiO₂ spheres on the plasma-catalytic CO₂ dissociation using a packed bed DBD plasma reactor			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2021	Publication	Journal Of Co2 Utilization	Abbreviated Journal	J Co2 Util
	Volume	46	Issue		Pages	101468
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Laboratory of adsorption and catalysis (LADCA); Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Plasma catalysis, a promising technology for conversion of CO2 into value-added chemicals near room temperature, is gaining increasing interest. A dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma has attracted attention due to its simple design and operation at near ambient conditions, ease to implement catalysts in the plasma zone and upscaling ability to industrial applications. To improve its main drawbacks, being relatively low conversion and energy efficiency, a packing material is used in the plasma discharge zone of the reactor, sometimes decorated by a catalytic material. Nevertheless, the extent to which different properties of the packing material influence plasma performance is still largely unexplored and unknown. In this study, the particular effect of synthesis induced differences in the morphology of a TiO2 shell covering a SiO2 core packing material on the plasma conversion of CO2 is studied. TiO2 has been successfully deposited around 1.6–1.8 mm sized SiO2 spheres by means of spray coating, starting from aqueous citratoperoxotitanate(IV) precursors. Parameters such as concentration of the Ti(IV) precursor solutions and addition of a binder were found to affect the shells’ properties and surface morphology and to have a major impact on the CO2 conversion in a packed bed DBD plasma reactor. Core-shell SiO2@TiO2 obtained from 0.25 M citratoperoxotitante(IV) precursors with the addition of a LUDOX binder showed the highest CO2 conversion 37.7% (at a space time of 70 s corresponding to an energy efficiency of 2%) and the highest energy efficiency of 4.8% (at a space time of 2.5 s corresponding to a conversion of 3%).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000634280300004	Publication Date	2021-02-15
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.292	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.292
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:175958			Serial	6773
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Van Alphen, S.; Slaets, J.; Ceulemans, S.; Aghaei, M.; Snyders, R.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Effect of N2 on CO2-CH4 conversion in a gliding arc plasmatron: Can this major component in industrial emissions improve the energy efficiency?			Type	A1 Journal Article;Plasma-based CO2-CH4 conversion
	Year	2021	Publication	Journal Of Co2 Utilization	Abbreviated Journal	J Co2 Util
	Volume	54	Issue		Pages	101767
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article;Plasma-based CO2-CH4 conversion; Effect of N2; Plasma chemistry; Computational modelling; Gliding arc plasmatron; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	Plasma-based CO2 and CH4 conversion is gaining increasing interest, and a great portion of research is dedicated to adapting the process to actual industrial conditions. In an industrial context, the process needs to be able to process N2 admixtures, since most industrial gas emissions contain significant amounts of N2, and gas separations are financially costly. In this paper we therefore investigate the effect of N2 on the CO2 and CH4 conversion in a gliding arc plasmatron reactor. The addition of 20 % N2 reduces the energy cost of the conversion process by 21 % compared to a pure CO2/CH4 mixture, from 2.9 down to 2.2 eV/molec (or from 11.5 to 8.7 kJ/L), yielding a CO2 and CH4 (absolute) conversion of 28.6 and 35.9 % and an energy efficiency of 58 %. These results are among the best reported in literature for plasma-based DRM, demonstrating the benefits of N2 present in the mix. Compared to DRM results in different plasma reactor types, a low energy cost was achieved. To understand the underlying mechanisms of N2 addition, we developed a combination of four different computational models, which reveal that the beneficial effect of N2 addition is attributed to (i) a rise in the electron density (increasing the plasma conductivity, and therefore reducing the plasma power needed to sustain the plasma, which reduces the energy cost), as well as (ii) a rise in the gas temperature, which accelerates the CO2 and CH4 conversion reactions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000715057300005	Publication Date	2021-10-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.292	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	This research was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innova tion programme (grant agreement No 810182 – SCOPE ERC Synergy project), the Excellence of Science FWO-FNRS project (FWO grant ID GoF9618n, EOS ID 30505023), and through long-term structural funding (Methusalem). The calculations were performed using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UAntwerpen.			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.292
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:184044			Serial	6827
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	Author	Kelly, S.; Mercer, E.; Gorbanev, Y.; Fedirchyk, I.; Verheyen, C.; Werner, K.; Pullumbi, P.; Cowley, A.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Plasma-based conversion of martian atmosphere into life-sustaining chemicals: The benefits of utilizing martian ambient pressure			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	Journal of CO2 utilization	Abbreviated Journal	Journal of CO2 Utilization
	Volume	80	Issue		Pages	102668
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	We explored the potential of plasma-based In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) for Mars through the conversion of Martian atmosphere (~96% CO2, 2% N2, and 2% Ar) into life-sustaining chemicals. As the Martian surface pressure is about 1% of the Earth’s surface pressure, it is an ideal environment for plasma-based gas conversion using microwave reactors. At 1000 W and 10 Ln/min (normal liters per minute), we produced ~76 g/h of O2 and ~3 g/h of NOx using a 2.45 GHz waveguided reactor at 25 mbar, which is ~3.5 times Mars ambient pressure. The energy cost required to produce O2 was ~0.013 kWh/g, which is very promising compared to recently concluded MOXIE experiments on the Mars surface. This marks a crucial step towards realizing the extension of human exploration.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001156084300001	Publication Date	2024-01-09
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor	7.7	Times cited		Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes	We acknowledge financial support by a European Space Agency (ESA) Open Science Innovation Platform study (contract no. 4000137001/21/NL/GLC/ov), the European Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship ‘‘PENFIX’’ within Horizon 2020 (grant no. 838181), the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (grant no. 810182; SCOPE ERC Synergy project), the Excellence of Science FWOFNRS PLASyntH2 project (FWO grant no. G0I1822N and EOS no. 4000751) and the Methusalem project of the University of Antwerp.			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.7; 2024 IF: 4.292
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:202389			Serial	8986
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	Author	Wanten, B.; Maerivoet, S.; Vantomme, C.; Slaets, J.; Trenchev, G.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Dry reforming of methane in an atmospheric pressure glow discharge: Confining the plasma to expand the performance			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	Journal Of Co2 Utilization	Abbreviated Journal	J Co2 Util
	Volume	56	Issue		Pages	101869
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	We present a confined atmospheric pressure glow discharge plasma reactor, with very good performance towards dry reforming of methane, i.e., CO2 and CH4 conversion of 64 % and 94 %, respectively, at an energy cost of 3.5–4 eV/molecule (or 14–16 kJ/L). This excellent performance is among the best reported up to now for all types of plasma reactors in literature, and is due to the confinement of the plasma, which maximizes the fraction of gas passing through the active plasma region. The main product formed is syngas, with H2O and C2H2 as byproducts. We developed a quasi-1D chemical kinetics model, showing good agreement with the experimental results, which provides a thorough insight in the reaction pathways underlying the conversion of CO2 and CH4 and the formation of the different products.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000740230000002	Publication Date	2021-12-23
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.7	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	Vlaamse regering; European Research Council, 810182 ; Herculesstichting; European Research Council; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme; Universiteit Antwerpen; This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 810182 – SCOPE ERC Synergy project), and through long-term structural funding (Methusalem). The calculations were performed using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UAntwerpen. Finally, we thank T. Kenis, J. Van den Hoek, and T. Breugelmans from the University of Antwerp, for per forming the liquid analysis.			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.7
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:185163			Serial	6899
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	Author	Li, S.; Liu, C.; Bogaerts, A.; Gallucci, F.
	Title	Editorial: Special issue on CO2 utilization with plasma technology			Type	Editorial
	Year	2022	Publication	Journal Of Co2 Utilization	Abbreviated Journal	J Co2 Util
	Volume	61	Issue		Pages	102017
	Keywords	Editorial; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Plasma technology has advanced significantly in recent years, with application ranging from chemical conversion, to surface treatment, material development and several other fields. Special attention has been paid to the development of possible novel approaches for the conversion of chemicals in a more sustainable way. Plasma technology offers advantages over thermochemical routes such as high process versatility, mild reaction condition, one-step synthesis, fast reaction and instant control. More importantly, it can be easily combined with electricity generated from various renewable sources and is suitable for energy storage via the conversion of intermittent renewable energy into carbon-neutral fuels or other chemicals. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the development of plasma technology for CO2 utilization. Investigation on different reactions such as CO2 splitting, dry reforming of methane (DRM) and CO2 hydrogenation with different types of plasma reactors and catalysts have been reported by researchers worldwide. Although technological maturity still needs to be increased, the potential of plasma has been well-recognized by the scientific community and industry. More research output in the future is expected as a result of intensive research activities and various kinds of investment. In this context, we present this special issue on CO2 utilization with plasma technology, which collects 22 articles, covering topics in related areas such as plasma reactor design, plasma catalysis, plasmamaterial interaction, modeling and new ideas for possible applications.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000798071200005	Publication Date	0000-00-00
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor	7.7	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 7.7
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:188287			Serial	7058
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	Author	Vertongen, R.; Trenchev, G.; Van Loenhout, R.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Enhancing CO2 conversion with plasma reactors in series and O2 removal			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	Journal Of Co2 Utilization	Abbreviated Journal	J Co2 Util
	Volume	66	Issue		Pages	102252
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	In this work, we take a crucial step towards the industrial readiness of plasma-based CO2 conversion. We present a stepwise method to study plasma reactors in series as a first approach to a recycle flow. By means of this procedure, the CO2 conversion is enhanced by a factor of 3, demonstrating that a single-pass plasma treatment performs far below the optimal capacity of the reactor. Furthermore, we explore the effect of O2 in the mixture with our flexible procedure. Addition of O2 in the mixture has a clear detrimental effect on the conversion, in agreement with other experiments in atmospheric pressure plasmas. O2 removal is however highly beneficial, demonstrating a conversion per pass that is 1.6 times higher than the standard procedure. Indeed, extracting one of the products prevents recombination reactions. Based on these insights, we discuss opportunities for further improvements, especially in the field of specialised separation techniques.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000872550900003	Publication Date	0000-00-00
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.7	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	We acknowledge financial support from the Fund for Scientific Research (FWO) Flanders (Grant ID 110221 N), the Flemish Agency for Innovation and Entrepreneurship (VLAIO) (Grant ID HBC.2021.0251), and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 810182 – SCOPE ERC Synergy project). We also thank L. Hollevoet, K. Rouwenhorst, F. Girard-Sahun, B. Wanten and I. Tsonev for the interesting discussions and practical help with the experiments.			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.7
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:191467			Serial	7111
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	Author	Ivanov, V.; Paunska, T.; Lazarova, S.; Bogaerts, A.; Kolev, S.
	Title	Gliding arc/glow discharge for CO2 conversion: Comparing the performance of different discharge configurations			Type	A1 Journal Article;CO2 conversion
	Year	2023	Publication	Journal of CO2 Utilization	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	67	Issue		Pages	102300
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article;CO2 conversion; CO2 dissociation; Low current gliding arc; Magnetic stabilization; Magnetically stabilized discharge; Gliding glow discharge; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	We studied the use of low current (hundreds of milliamperes) gliding arc/glow discharges for CO2 dissociation, at atmospheric pressure, in three different configurations. All of these are based on the gliding arc design with flat diverging electrodes. The discharge is mainly in the normal glow regime with contracted positive column. The CO2 gas is injected from a nozzle, at the closest separation between the electrodes. A pair of quartz glasses is placed on both sides of the electrodes, so that the gas flow is restricted to the active plasma area, between the electrodes. For two of the tested configurations, an external magnetic field was applied, to create a magnetic force, both in the direction of the gas flow, and opposite to the gas flow. In the first case, the arc is accelerated, shortening the period between ignition and extinction, while in the second case, it is stabilized (magneticallystabilized). We studied two quantities, namely the CO2 conversion and the energy efficiency of the conversion. Generally, the CO2 conversion decreases with increasing flow rate and increases with power. The energy efficiency increases with the flow rate, for all configurations. The magnetically-stabilized configuration is more stable and efficient at low gas flow rates, but has poor performance at high flow rates, while the non-stabilized configurations exhibit good conversion for a larger range of flow rates, but they are generally more unstable and less efficient.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000891249700001	Publication Date	0000-00-00
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.7	Times cited		Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes	This work was supported by the Bulgarian National Science Fund, Ministry of Education and Science, research grant KP-06-OPR 04/4 from 14.12.2018 and by the European Regional Development Fund within the Operational Programme “Science and Education for Smart Growth 2014 – 2020″ under the Project CoE “National center of mechatronics and clean technologies” BG05M2OP001-1.001-0008.			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.7; 2023 IF: 4.292
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:191816			Serial	7117
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	Author	Verheyen, C.; van ’t Veer, K.; Snyders, R.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Atomic oxygen assisted CO2 conversion: A theoretical analysis			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Journal of CO2 utilization	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	67	Issue		Pages	102347
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	With climate change still a pressing issue, there is a great need for carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) methods. We propose a novel concept where CO2 conversion is accomplished by O2 splitting followed by the addition of O atoms to CO2. The latter is studied here by means of kinetic modelling. In the first instance, we study various CO2/O ratios, and we observe an optimal CO2 conversion of around 30–40% for 50% O addition. Gas temperature also has a large influence, with a minimum temperature of around 1000 K to a maximum of 2000 K for optimal conversion. In the second instance, we study various CO2/O/O2 ratios, due to O2 being a starting gas. Also here we define optimal regions for CO2 conversion, which reach maximum conversion for a CO2 fraction of 50% and an O/O2 ratio bigger than 1. Those can be expanded by heating on one hand, for low atomic oxygen availability, and by quenching after reaction on the other hand, for cases where the temperatures are too high. Our model predictions can serve as a guideline for experimental research in this domain.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000908384000005	Publication Date	0000-00-00
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.7	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	This research was supported by FWO – PhD fellowship-aspirant, Grant 1184820N. We also want to thank Bj¨orn Loenders and Joachim Slaets.			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.7; 2023 IF: 4.292
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:192321			Serial	7231
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Vertongen, R.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	How important is reactor design for CO2 conversion in warm plasmas?			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2023	Publication	Journal of CO2 Utilization	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	72	Issue		Pages	102510
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	In this work, we evaluated several new electrode configurations for CO2 conversion in a gliding arc plasmatron (GAP) reactor. Although the reactor design influences the performance, the best results give only slightly higher CO2 conversion than the basic GAP reactor design, which indicates that this reactor may have reached its performance limits. Moreover, we compared our results to those of four completely different plasma reactors, also operating at atmospheric pressure and with contact between the plasma and the electrodes. Surprisingly, the performance of all these warm plasmas is very similar (CO2 conversion around 10 % for an energy efficiency around 30 %). In view of these apparent performance limits regarding the reactor design, we believe further improvements should focus on other aspects, such as the post-plasma-region where the implementation of nozzles or a carbon bed are promising. We summarize the performance of our GAP reactor by comparing the energy efficiency and CO2 conversion for all different plasma reactors reported in literature. We can conclude that the GAP is not the best plasma reactor, but its operation at atmospheric pressure makes it appealing for industrial application. We believe that future efforts should focus on process design, techno-economic assessments and large-scale demonstrations: these will be crucial to assess the real industrial potential of this warm plasma technology
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001024970900001	Publication Date	2023-06-16
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.7	Times cited		Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes	We acknowledge financial support from the Fund for Scientific Research (FWO) Flanders (Grant ID 110221N) and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreements No 810182 – SCOPE ERC Synergy project and No. 101081162 — “PREPARE” ERC Proof of Concept project). We also thank I. Tsonev, P. Heirman, F. Girard-Sahun and G. Trenchev for the interesting discussions and practical help with the experiments, as well as J. Creel for his ideas on the inserted anode designs.			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.7; 2023 IF: 4.292
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:197044			Serial	8799
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	Author	Kelly, S.; Mercer, E.; De Meyer, R.; Ciocarlan, R.-G.; Bals, S.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Microwave plasma-based dry reforming of methane: Reaction performance and carbon formation			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Journal of CO2 utilization	Abbreviated Journal	Journal of CO2 Utilization
	Volume	75	Issue		Pages	102564
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Laboratory of adsorption and catalysis (LADCA); Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	e investigate atmospheric pressure microwave (MW) plasma (2.45 GHz) conversion in CO2 and CH4 mixtures (i.e., dry reforming of methane, DRM) focusing on reaction performance and carbon formation. Promising energy costs of ~2.8–3.0 eV/molecule or ~11.1–11.9 kJ/L are amongst the best performance to date considering the current state-of-the-art for plasma-based DRM for all types of plasma. The conversion is in the range of ~46–49% and ~55–67% for CO2 and CH4, respectively, producing primarily syngas (i.e., H2 and CO) with H2/CO ratios of ~0.6–1 at CH4 fractions ranging from 30% to 45%. Water is the largest byproduct with levels ranging ~7–14% in the exhaust. Carbon particles visibly impact the plasma at higher CH4 fractions (> 30%), where they become heated and incandescent. Particle luminosity increases with increasing CH4 fractions, with the plasma becoming unstable near a 1:1 mixture (i.e., > 45% CH4). Electron microscopy of the carbon material reveals an agglomerated morphology of pure carbon nanoparticles. The mean particle size is determined as ~20 nm, free of any metal contamination, consistent with the electrode-less MW design.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001065310000001	Publication Date	2023-08-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.7	Times cited	6	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	We acknowledge financial support by a European Space Agency (ESA) Open Science Innovation Platform study (contract no. 4000137001/21/NL/GLC/ov), the European Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship ‘‘PENFIX’’ within Horizon 2020 (grant no. 838181), the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (grant no. 810182; SCOPE ERC Synergy project), the Excellence of Science FWOFNRS PLASyntH2 project (FWO grant no. G0I1822N and EOS no. 4000751) and the Methusalem project of the University of Antwerp			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.7; 2023 IF: 4.292
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:198155			Serial	8807
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	Author	Xu, W.; Buelens, L.C.; Galvita, V.V.; Bogaerts, A.; Meynen, V.
	Title	Improving the performance of gliding arc plasma-catalytic dry reforming via a new post-plasma tubular catalyst bed			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	Journal of CO2 Utilization	Abbreviated Journal	Journal of CO2 Utilization
	Volume	83	Issue		Pages	102820
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Dry reforming Gliding arc plasma Plasma catalytic DRM Ni-based mixed oxide Post-plasma catalysis; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	A combination of a gliding arc plasmatron (GAP) reactor and a newly designed tubular catalyst bed (N-bed) was applied to investigate the post-plasma catalytic (PPC) effect for dry reforming of methane (DRM). As comparison, a traditional plasma catalyst bed (T-bed) was also utilized. The post-plasma catalytic effect of a Ni-based mixed oxide (Ni/MO) catalyst with a thermal catalytic performance of 77% CO2 and 86% CH4 conversion at 700 ℃ was studied. Although applying the T-bed had little effect on plasma based CO2 and CH4 conversion, an increase in selectivity to H2 was obtained with a maximum value of 89% at a distance of 2 cm. However, even when only α-Al2O3 packing material was used in the N-bed configuration, compared to the plasma alone and the T-bed, an increase of the CO2 and CH4 conversion from 53% and 53% to 69% and 69% to 83% was achieved. Addition of the Ni/MO catalyst further enhanced the DRM reaction, resulting in conversions of 79% for CO2 and 91% for CH4. Hence, although no insulation nor external heating was applied to the N-bed post plasma, it provides a slightly better conversion than the thermal catalytic performance with the same catalyst, while being fully electrically driven. In addition, an enhanced CO selectivity to 96% was obtained and the energy cost was reduced from ~ 6 kJ/L (plasma alone) to 4.3 kJ/L. To our knowledge, it is the first time that a post-plasma catalytic system achieves this excellent catalytic performance for DRM without extra external heating or insulation.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2024-05-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links
	Impact Factor	7.7	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	Wencong Xu, Vladimir V. Galvita, Annemie Bogaerts, and Vera Meynen would like to acknowledge the VLAIO Catalisti Moonshot project D2M and the VLAIO Catalisti transition project CO2PERATE (HBC.2017.0692). Lukas C. Buelens acknowledges financial support from the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO Flanders) through a postdoctoral fellowship grant 12E5623N. Vladimir V. Galvita also acknowledges a personal grant from the Research Fund of Ghent University (BOF; 01N16319).			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.7; 2024 IF: 4.292
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @			Serial	9131
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	Author	Baguer, N.; Georgieva, V.; Calderin, L.; Todorov, I.T.; van Gils, S.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Study of the nucleation and growth of TiO₂ and ZnO thin films by means of molecular dynamics simulations			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2009	Publication	Journal of crystal growth	Abbreviated Journal	J Cryst Growth
	Volume	311	Issue	16	Pages	4034-4043
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The nucleation and growth of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films on Fe2O3 (hematite), Al2O3 (á-alumina) and SiO2 (á-quartz) are studied by molecular dynamics simulations. The results show the formation of a strong interface region between the substrate and the film in the six systems studied here. A combination of polycrystalline and amorphous phases are observed in the TiO2 films grown on the three substrates. ZnO deposition on the Fe2O3 and Al2O3 crystals yields a monocrystalline film growth. The ZnO film deposited on the SiO2 crystal exhibits less crystallinity. The simulation results are compared with experimental results available in the literature.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000269580100012	Publication Date	2009-06-24
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-0248;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	1.751	Times cited	23	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 1.751; 2009 IF: 1.534
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:77453			Serial	3338
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	Author	Loenders, B.; Michiels, R.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Is a catalyst always beneficial in plasma catalysis? Insights from the many physical and chemical interactions			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2023	Publication	Journal of Energy Chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Journal of Energy Chemistry
	Volume	85	Issue		Pages	501-533
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	Plasma-catalytic dry reforming of CH4 (DRM) is promising to convert the greenhouse gasses CH4 and CO2 into value-added chemicals, thus simultaneously providing an alternative to fossil resources as feedstock for the chemical industry. However, while many experiments have been dedicated to plasma-catalytic DRM, there is no consensus yet in literature on the optimal choice of catalyst for targeted products, because the underlying mechanisms are far from understood. Indeed, plasma catalysis is very complex, as it encompasses various chemical and physical interactions between plasma and catalyst, which depend on many parameters. This complexity hampers the comparison of experimental results from different studies, which, in our opinion, is an important bottleneck in the further development of this promising research field. Hence, in this perspective paper, we describe the important physical and chemical effects that should be accounted for when designing plasma-catalytic experiments in general, highlighting the need for standardized experimental setups, as well as careful documentation of packing properties and reaction conditions, to further advance this research field. On the other hand, many parameters also create many windows of opportunity for further optimizing plasma-catalytic systems. Finally, various experiments also reveal the lack of improvement in plasma catalysis compared to plasma-only, specifically for DRM, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Therefore, we present our newly developed coupled plasma-surface kinetics model for DRM, to provide more insight in the underlying reasons. Our model illustrates that transition metal catalysts can adversely affect plasmacatalytic DRM, if radicals dominate the plasma-catalyst interactions. Thus, we demonstrate that a good understanding of the plasma-catalyst interactions is crucial to avoiding conditions at which these interactions negatively affect the results, and we provide some recommendations for improvement. For instance, we believe that plasma-catalytic DRM may benefit more from higher reaction temperatures, at which vibrational excitation can enhance the surface reactions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2023-06-30
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2095-4956	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor	13.1	Times cited		Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes	This research was supported by the FWO-SBO project PlasMa- CatDESIGN (FWO grant ID S001619N), the FWO fellowship of R. Michiels (FWO grant ID 1114921N), and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 810182 – SCOPE ERC Synergy project). The computational resources and services used in this work were provided by the HPC core facility CalcUA of the Universiteit Antwerpen, and VSC (Flemish Supercomputer Center), funded by the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO) and the Flemish Government.			Approved	Most recent IF: 13.1; 2023 IF: 2.594
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:198159			Serial	8806
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	Author	Wanten, B.; Vertongen, R.; De Meyer, R.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Plasma-based CO2 conversion: How to correctly analyze the performance?			Type	A1 journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Journal of Energy Chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Journal of Energy Chemistry
	Volume	86	Issue		Pages	180-196
	Keywords	A1 journal article; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001070885000001	Publication Date	2023-07-22
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2095-4956	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	13.1	Times cited		Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes	We acknowledge financial support from the Fund for Scientific Research (FWO) Flanders (Grant ID 110221N), the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (grant agreement No 810182 – SCOPE ERC Synergy project), and the Methusalem funding of the University of Antwerp. We acknowledge the icons from the graphical abstract made by dDara, geotatah, Spashicons and Freepik on www.flaticon.com. We also thank Stein Maerivoet, Joachim Slaets, Elizabeth Mercer, Colín Ó’Modráin, Joran Van Turnhout, Pepijn Heirman, dr. Yury Gorbanev, dr. Fanny Girard-Sahun and dr. Sean Kelly for the interesting discussions and feedback.			Approved	Most recent IF: 13.1; 2023 IF: 2.594
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:198709			Serial	8816
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	Author	Salden, A.; Budde, M.; Garcia-Soto, C.A.; Biondo, O.; Barauna, J.; Faedda, M.; Musig, B.; Fromentin, C.; Nguyen-Quang, M.; Philpott, H.; Hasrack, G.; Aceto, D.; Cai, Y.; Jury, F.A.; Bogaerts, A.; Da Costa, P.; Engeln, R.; Galvez, M.E.; Gans, T.; Garcia, T.; Guerra, V.; Henriques, C.; Motak, M.; Navarro, M.V.; Parvulescu, V.I.; Van Rooij, G.; Samojeden, B.; Sobota, A.; Tosi, P.; Tu, X.; Guaitella, O.
	Title	Meta-analysis of CO₂ conversion, energy efficiency, and other performance data of plasma-catalysis reactors with the open access PIONEER database			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Journal of energy chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	86	Issue		Pages	318-342
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	This paper brings the comparison of performances of CO2 conversion by plasma and plasma-assisted catalysis based on the data collected from literature in this field, organised in an open access online data-base. This tool is open to all users to carry out their own analyses, but also to contributors who wish to add their data to the database in order to improve the relevance of the comparisons made, and ultimately to improve the efficiency of CO2 conversion by plasma-catalysis. The creation of this database and data-base user interface is motivated by the fact that plasma-catalysis is a fast-growing field for all CO2 con-version processes, be it methanation, dry reforming of methane, methanolisation, or others. As a result of this rapid increase, there is a need for a set of standard procedures to rigorously compare performances of different systems. However, this is currently not possible because the fundamental mechanisms of plasma-catalysis are still too poorly understood to define these standard procedures. Fortunately how-ever, the accumulated data within the CO2 plasma-catalysis community has become large enough to war-rant so-called “big data” studies more familiar in the fields of medicine and the social sciences. To enable comparisons between multiple data sets and make future research more effective, this work proposes the first database on CO2 conversion performances by plasma-catalysis open to the whole community. This database has been initiated in the framework of a H2020 European project and is called the “PIONEER DataBase”. The database gathers a large amount of CO2 conversion performance data such as conversion rate, energy efficiency, and selectivity for numerous plasma sources coupled with or without a catalyst. Each data set is associated with metadata describing the gas mixture, the plasma source, the nature of the catalyst, and the form of coupling with the plasma. Beyond the database itself, a data extraction tool with direct visualisation features or advanced filtering functionalities has been developed and is available online to the public. The simple and fast visualisation of the state of the art puts new results into context, identifies literal gaps in data, and consequently points towards promising research routes. More advanced data extraction illustrates the impact that the database can have in the understanding of plasma-catalyst coupling. Lessons learned from the review of a large amount of literature during the setup of the database lead to best practice advice to increase comparability between future CO2 plasma-catalytic studies. Finally, the community is strongly encouraged to contribute to the database not only to increase the visibility of their data but also the relevance of the comparisons allowed by this tool. (c) 2023 Science Press and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. and Science Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creati- vecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001083545900001	Publication Date	2023-08-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2095-4956	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	13.1	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 13.1; 2023 IF: 2.594
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:200416			Serial	9056
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	Author	Cai, Y.; Mei, D.; Chen, Y.; Bogaerts, A.; Tu, X.
	Title	Machine learning-driven optimization of plasma-catalytic dry reforming of methane			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	Journal of Energy Chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Journal of Energy Chemistry
	Volume	96	Issue		Pages	153-163
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Plasma catalysis Machine learning Process optimization Dry reforming of methane Syngas production; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	This study investigates the dry reformation of methane (DRM) over Ni/Al2O3 catalysts in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) non-thermal plasma reactor. A novel hybrid machine learning (ML) model is developed to optimize the plasma-catalytic DRM reaction with limited experimental data. To address the non-linear and complex nature of the plasma-catalytic DRM process, the hybrid ML model integrates three well-established algorithms: regression trees, support vector regression, and artificial neural networks. A genetic algorithm (GA) is then used to optimize the hyperparameters of each algorithm within the hybrid ML model. The ML model achieved excellent agreement with the experimental data, demonstrating its efficacy in accurately predicting and optimizing the DRM process. The model was subsequently used to investigate the impact of various operating parameters on the plasma-catalytic DRM performance. We found that the optimal discharge power (20 W), CO2/CH4 molar ratio (1.5), and Ni loading (7.8 wt%) resulted in the maximum energy yield at a total flow rate of 51 mL/min. Furthermore, we investigated the relative significance of each operating parameter on the performance of the plasmacatalytic DRM process. The results show that the total flow rate had the greatest influence on the conversion, with a significance exceeding 35% for each output, while the Ni loading had the least impact on the overall reaction performance. This hybrid model demonstrates a remarkable ability to extract valuable insights from limited datasets, enabling the development and optimization of more efficient and selective plasma-catalytic chemical processes.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2024-04-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2095-4956	ISBN		Additional Links
	Impact Factor	13.1	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	This project received funding from the European Union’s Hori- zon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 813393.			Approved	Most recent IF: 13.1; 2024 IF: 2.594
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @			Serial	9124
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	Author	Vanraes, P.; Wardenier, N.; Surmont, P.; Lynen, F.; Nikiforov, A.; Van Hulle, S.W.H.; Leys, C.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Removal of alachlor, diuron and isoproturon in water in a falling film dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor combined with adsorption on activated carbon textile: Reaction mechanisms and oxidation by-products			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2018	Publication	Journal of hazardous materials	Abbreviated Journal	J Hazard Mater
	Volume	354	Issue		Pages	180-190
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	A falling film dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reactor combined with adsorption on activated carbon textile material was optimized to minimize the formation of hazardous oxidation by-products from the treatment of persistent pesticides (alachlor, diuron and isoproturon) in water. The formation of by-products and the reaction mechanism was investigated by HPLC-TOF-MS. The maximum concentration of each by-product was at least two orders of magnitude below the initial pesticide concentration, during the first 10 min of treatment. After 30 min of treatment, the individual by-product concentrations had decreased to values of at least three orders of magnitude below the initial pesticide concentration. The proposed oxidation pathways revealed five main oxidation steps: dechlorination, dealkylation, hydroxylation, addition of a double-bonded oxygen and nitrification. The latter is one of the main oxidation mechanisms of diuron and isoproturon for air plasma treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the formation of nitrificated intermediates is reported for the plasma treatment of non-phenolic compounds.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000437814600021	Publication Date	2018-05-03
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0304-3894	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.065	Times cited	4	Open Access	Not_Open_Access: Available from 04.05.2020
	Notes	This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The authors would like to thank Carbon Cloth Division for Zorflex® samples and personally thank Jack Taylor for fruitful discussion of active carbon water treatment processes			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.065
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:152179			Serial	4989
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	Author	Cordeiro, R.M.; Yusupov, M.; Razzokov, J.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Parametrization and Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Nitrogen Oxyanions and Oxyacids for Applications in Atmospheric and Biomolecular Sciences			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2020	Publication	Journal Of Physical Chemistry B	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem B
	Volume	124	Issue	6	Pages	1082-1089
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Nitrogen oxyanions and oxyacids are important agents in atmospheric chemistry and medical biology. Although their chemical behavior in solution is relatively well understood, they may behave very diﬀerently at the water/air interface of atmospheric aerosols or at the membrane/water interface of cells. Here, we developed a fully classical model for molecular dynamics simulations of NO3−, NO2−, HNO3, and HNO2 in the framework of the GROMOS 53A6 and 54A7 force ﬁeld versions. The model successfully accounted for the poorly structured solvation shell and ion pairing tendency of NO3−. Accurate pure-liquid properties and hydration free energies were obtained for the oxyacids. Simulations at the water/air interface showed a local enrichment of HNO3 and depletion of NO3−. The eﬀect was discussed in light of earlier spectroscopic data and ab initio calculations, suggesting that HNO3 behaves as a weaker acid at the surface of water. Our model will hopefully allow for eﬃcient and accurate simulations of nitrogen oxyanions and oxyacids in solution and at microheterogeneous interface environments.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000512222500015	Publication Date	2020-02-13
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1520-6106	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.3	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	We thank Universidade Federal do ABC for providing the computational resources needed for completion of this work. This study was ﬁnanced in part by the Coordenaçaõ de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nı ́vel Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001.			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.3; 2020 IF: 3.177
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:166488			Serial	6340
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	Author	Huygh, S.; Bogaerts, A.; Bal, K.M.; Neyts, E.C.
	Title	High Coke Resistance of a TiO₂Anatase (001) Catalyst Surface during Dry Reforming of Methane			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2018	Publication	Journal Of Physical Chemistry C	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	122	Issue	17	Pages	9389-9396
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	The resistance of a TiO2 anatase (001) surface to coke formation was studied in the context of dry reforming of methane using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. As carbon atoms act as precursors for coke formation, the resistance to coke formation can be measured by the carbon coverage of the surface. This is related to the stability of different CHx (x = 0−3) species and their rate of hydrogenation and dehydrogenation on the TiO2 surface. Therefore, we studied the reaction mechanisms and their corresponding rates as a function of the temperature for the dehydrogenation of the species on the surface. We found that the stabilities of C and CH are significantly lower than those of CH3 and CH2. The hydrogenation rates of the different species are significantly higher than the dehydrogenation rates in a temperature range of 300−1000 K. Furthermore, we found that dehydrogenation of CH3, CH2, and CH will only occur at appreciable rates starting from 600, 900, and 900 K, respectively. On the basis of these results, it is clear that the anatase (001) surface has a high coke resistance, and it is thus not likely that the surface will become poisoned by coke during dry reforming of methane. As the rate limiting step in dry reforming is the dissociative adsorption of CH4, we studied an alternative approach to thermal catalysis. We found that the temperature threshold for dry reforming is at least 700 K. This threshold temperature may be lowered by the use of plasma-catalysis, where the appreciable rates of adsorption of plasma-generated CHx radicals result in bypassing the rate limiting step of the reaction.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000431723700014	Publication Date	2018-05-03
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	1	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	Federaal Wetenschapsbeleid, IAP/7 ; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, G.0217.14N ; Onderzoeksfonds, Universiteit Antwerpen, 32249 ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:151529c:irua:152816			Serial	5000
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	Author	Vermeiren, V.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Supersonic Microwave Plasma: Potential and Limitations for Energy-Efficient CO₂Conversion			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2018	Publication	Journal Of Physical Chemistry C	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	122	Issue	45	Pages	25869-25881
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	Supersonic flows provide a high thermodynamic nonequilibrium, which is crucial for energy-efficient conversion of CO 2 in microwave plasmas and are therefore of great interest. However, the effect of the flow on the chemical reactions is poorly understood. In this work, we present a combined flow and plasma chemical kinetics model of a microwave CO 2 plasma in a Laval nozzle setup. The effects of the flow field on the different dissociation and recombination mechanisms, the vibrational distribution, and the vibrational transfer mechanism are discussed. In addition, the effect of experimental parameters, like position of power deposition, outlet pressure, and specific energy input, on the CO 2 conversion and energy efficiency is examined. The short residence time of the gas in the plasma region, the shockwave, and the maximum critical heat, and thus power, that can be added to the flow to avoid thermal choking are the main obstacles to reaching high energy efficiencies.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000451101400016	Publication Date	2018-11-15
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	5	Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes	Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, G.0383.16N ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:155412			Serial	5070
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	Author	Van Alphen, S.; Vermeiren, V.; Butterworth, T.; van den Bekerom, D.C.M.; van Rooij, G.J.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Power Pulsing To Maximize Vibrational Excitation Efficiency in N₂Microwave Plasma: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2020	Publication	Journal Of Physical Chemistry C	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	124	Issue	3	Pages	1765-1779
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Plasma is gaining increasing interest for N2 ﬁxation, being a ﬂexible, electricity-driven alternative for the current conventional fossil fuel-based N2 ﬁxation processes. As the vibrational-induced dissociation of N2 is found to be an energy-eﬃcient pathway to acquire atomic N for the ﬁxation processes, plasmas that are in vibrational nonequilibrium seem promising for this application. However, an important challenge in using nonequilibrium plasmas lies in preventing vibrational−translational (VT) relaxation processes, in which vibrational energy crucial for N2 dissociation is lost to gas heating. We present here both experimental and modeling results for the vibrational and gas temperature in a microsecond-pulsed microwave (MW) N2 plasma, showing how power pulsing can suppress this unfavorable VT relaxation and achieve a maximal vibrational nonequilibrium. By means of our kinetic model, we demonstrate that pulsed plasmas take advantage of the long time scale on which VT processes occur, yielding a very pronounced nonequilibrium over the whole N2 vibrational ladder. Additionally, the eﬀect of pulse parameters like the pulse frequency and pulse width are investigated, demonstrating that the advantage of pulsing to inhibit VT relaxation diminishes for high pulse frequencies (around 7000 kHz) and long power pulses (above 400 μs). Nevertheless, all regimes studied here demonstrate a clear vibrational nonequilibrium while only requiring a limited power-on time, and thus, we may conclude that a pulsed plasma seems very interesting for energyeﬃcient vibrational excitation.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000509438600001	Publication Date	2020-01-23
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.7	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, 30505023 GoF9618n ; This research was supported by the Excellence of Science FWO-FNRS project (FWO Grant ID GoF9618n, EOS ID 30505023). The calculations were performed using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UAntwerpen.			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.7; 2020 IF: 4.536
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:165586			Serial	5443
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	Author	Heijkers, S.; Aghaei, M.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Plasma-Based CH₄Conversion into Higher Hydrocarbons and H₂: Modeling to Reveal the Reaction Mechanisms of Different Plasma Sources			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2020	Publication	Journal Of Physical Chemistry C	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	124	Issue	13	Pages	7016-7030
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Plasma is gaining interest for CH4 conversion into higher hydrocarbons and H2. However, the performance in terms of conversion and selectivity toward diﬀerent hydrocarbons is diﬀerent for diﬀerent plasma types, and the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Therefore, we study here these mechanisms in diﬀerent plasma sources, by means of a chemical kinetics model. The model is ﬁrst validated by comparing the calculated conversions and hydrocarbon/H2 selectivities with experimental results in these diﬀerent plasma types and over a wide range of speciﬁc energy input (SEI) values. Our model predicts that vibrational−translational nonequilibrium is negligible in all CH4 plasmas investigated, and instead, thermal conversion is important. Higher gas temperatures also lead to a more selective production of unsaturated hydrocarbons (mainly C2H2) due to neutral dissociation of CH4 and subsequent dehydrogenation processes, while three-body recombination reactions into saturated hydrocarbons (mainly C2H6, but also higher hydrocarbons) are dominant in low temperature plasmas.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000526328500007	Publication Date	2020-04-02
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.7	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	Universiteit Antwerpen; Vlaamse regering; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, G.0383.16N ; H2020 European Research Council, 810182 ; We acknowledge ﬁnancial support from the Fund for Scientiﬁc Research, Flanders (FWO; Grant No. G.0383.16N), the Methusalem Grant, and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreement No. 810182 − SCOPE ERC Synergy project). This work was carried out in part using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen, a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the University of Antwerp.			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.7; 2020 IF: 4.536
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:168096			Serial	6358
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	Author	Jafarzadeh, A.; Bal, K.M.; Bogaerts, A.; Neyts, E.C.
	Title	Activation of CO₂on Copper Surfaces: The Synergy between Electric Field, Surface Morphology, and Excess Electrons			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2020	Publication	Journal Of Physical Chemistry C	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	124	Issue	12	Pages	6747-6755
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	In this work, we use density functional theory calculations to study the combined eﬀect of external electric ﬁelds, surface morphology, and surface charge on CO2 activation over Cu(111), Cu(211), Cu(110), and Cu(001) surfaces. We observe that the binding energy of the CO2 molecule on Cu surfaces increases signiﬁcantly upon increasing the applied electric ﬁeld strength. In addition, rougher surfaces respond more eﬀectively to the presence of the external electric ﬁeld toward facilitating the formation of a carbonate-like CO2 structure and the transformation of the most stable adsorption mode from physisorption to chemisorption. The presence of surface charges further strengthens the electric ﬁeld eﬀect and consequently causes an improved bending of the CO2 molecule and C−O bond length elongation. On the other hand, a net charge in the absence of an externally applied electric ﬁeld shows only a marginal eﬀect on CO2 binding. The chemisorbed CO2 is more stable and further activated when the eﬀects of an external electric ﬁeld, rough surface, and surface charge are combined. These results can help to elucidate the underlying factors that control CO2 activation in heterogeneous and plasma catalysis, as well as in electrochemical processes.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000526396900030	Publication Date	2020-03-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.7	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds, 32249 ; The ﬁnancial support from the TOP research project of the Research Fund of the University of Antwerp (grant ID: 32249) is highly acknowledged by the authors. The computational resources used in this study were provided by the VSC (Flemish Supercomputer Center), funded by the FWO and the Flemish Governmentdepartment EWI.			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.7; 2020 IF: 4.536
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:168606			Serial	6361
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	Author	Vermeiren, V.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Plasma-Based CO₂Conversion: To Quench or Not to Quench?			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2020	Publication	Journal Of Physical Chemistry C	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	124	Issue	34	Pages	18401-18415
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Plasma technology is gaining increasing interest for CO2 conversion. The gas temperature in (and after) the plasma reactor largely aﬀects the performance. Therefore, we examine the eﬀect of cooling/quenching, during and after the plasma, on the CO2 conversion and energy eﬃciency, for typical “warm” plasmas, by means of chemical kinetics modeling. For plasmas at low speciﬁc energy input (SEI ∼ 0.5 eV/molecule), it is best to quench at the plasma end, while for high-SEI plasmas (SEI ∼ 4 eV/molecule), quenching at maximum conversion is better. For low-SEI plasmas, quenching can even increase the conversion beyond the dissociation in the plasma, known as superideal quenching. To better understand the eﬀects of quenching at diﬀerent plasma conditions, we study the dissociation and recombination rates, as well as the vibrational distribution functions (VDFs) of CO2, CO, and O2. When a high vibrational−translational (VT) nonequilibrium exists at the moment of quenching, the dissociation and recombination reaction rates both increase. Depending on the conversion degree at the moment of quenching, this can lead to a net increase or decrease of CO2 conversion. In general, however, and certainly for equilibrium plasmas at high temperature, quenching after the plasma helps prevent recombination reactions and clearly enhances the ﬁnal CO2 conversion. We also investigate the eﬀect of diﬀerent quenching cooling rates on the CO2 conversion and energy eﬃciency. Finally, we compare plasma-based conversion to purely thermal conversion. For warm plasmas with typical temperatures of 3000−4000 K, the conversion is roughly thermal.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000566481000003	Publication Date	2020-08-27
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.7	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, G.0383.16N ; H2020 European Research Council, 810182 ; This research was supported by the FWO project (grant no. G.0383.16N) and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement no. 810182SCOPE ERC Synergy project). The calculations were performed using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI), and the UAntwerpen.			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.7; 2020 IF: 4.536
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:172052			Serial	6407
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	Author	van ‘t Veer, K.; Engelmann, Y.; Reniers, F.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Plasma-Catalytic Ammonia Synthesis in a DBD Plasma: Role of Microdischarges and Their Afterglows			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2020	Publication	Journal Of Physical Chemistry C	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	124	Issue	42	Pages	22871-22883
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT); Movement Antwerp (MOVANT)
	Abstract	Plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis is receiving ever increasing attention, especially in packed bed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactors. The latter typically operate in the ﬁlamentary regime when used for gas conversion applications. While DBDs are in principle well understood and already applied in the industry, the incorporation of packing materials and catalytic surfaces considerably adds to the complexity of the plasma physics and chemistry governing the ammonia formation. We employ a plasma kinetics model to gain insights into the ammonia formation mechanisms, paying special attention to the role of ﬁlamentary microdischarges and their afterglows. During the microdischarges, the synthesized ammonia is actually decomposed, but the radicals created upon electron impact dissociation of N2 and H2 and the subsequent catalytic reactions cause a net ammonia gain in the afterglows of the microdischarges. Under our plasma conditions, electron impact dissociation of N2 in the gas phase followed by the adsorption of N atoms is identiﬁed as a rate-limiting step, instead of dissociative adsorption of N2 on the catalyst surface. Both elementary Eley−Rideal and Langmuir−Hinshelwood reaction steps can be found important in plasma-catalytic NH3 synthesis.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000585970300002	Publication Date	2020-10-22
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.7	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, 30505023 GoF9618n ; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique – FNRS, 30505023 GoF9618n ; H2020 European Research Council, 810182 ;This research was supported by the Excellence of Science FWOFNRS project (FWO grant ID GoF9618n, EOS ID 30505023) and by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no 810182-SCOPE ERC Synergy project). The calculations were performed using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UAntwerpen. The authors would also like to thank Järi Van den Hoek and Dr. Yury Gorbanev for providing the experimentally measured electrical characteristics and Dr. Fatme Jardali for creating the TOC graphics.			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.7; 2020 IF: 4.536
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:173587			Serial	6428
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	Author	Michiels, R.; Engelmann, Y.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Plasma Catalysis for CO₂Hydrogenation: Unlocking New Pathways toward CH₃OH			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2020	Publication	Journal Of Physical Chemistry C	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	124	Issue	47	Pages	25859-25872
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT); Movement Antwerp (MOVANT)
	Abstract	We developed a microkinetic model to reveal the eﬀects of plasma-generated radicals, intermediates, and vibrationally excited species on the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to CH3OH on a Cu(111) surface. As a benchmark, we ﬁrst present the mechanisms of thermal catalytic CH3OH formation. Our model predicts that the reverse water-gas shift reaction followed by CO hydrogenation, together with the formate path, mainly contribute to CH3OH formation in thermal catalysis. Adding plasma-generated radicals and intermediates results in a higher CH3OH turnover frequency (TOF) by six to seven orders of magnitude, showing the potential of plasma-catalytic CO2 hydrogenation into CH3OH, in accordance with the literature. In addition, CO2 vibrational excitation further increases the CH3OH TOF, but the eﬀect is limited due to relatively low vibrational temperatures under typical plasma catalysis conditions. The predicted increase in CH3OH formation by plasma catalysis is mainly attributed to the increased importance of the formate path. In addition, the conversion of plasma-generated CO to HCO* and subsequent HCOO* or H2CO* formation contribute to CH3OH formation. Both pathways bypass the HCOO* formation from CO2, which is the main bottleneck in the process. Hence, our model points toward the important role of CO, but also O, OH, and H radicals, as they inﬂuence the reactions that consume CO2 and CO. In addition, our model reveals that the H pressure should not be smaller than ca. half of the O pressure in the plasma as this would cause O* poisoning, which would result in very small product TOFs. Thus, plasma conditions should be targeted with a high CO and H content as this is favorable for CH3OH formation, while the O content should be minimized.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000595545800023	Publication Date	2020-11-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.7	Times cited		Open Access	Not_Open_Access: Available from 15.07.2021
	Notes	Universiteit Antwerpen; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, 1114921N ; H2020 European Research Council, 810182 ; We acknowledge the ﬁnancial support from the Fund for Scientiﬁc Research (FWO-Vlaanderen; grant ID 1114921N) and from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 810182 − SCOPE ERC Synergy project) as well as from the DOC-PRO3 and the TOPBOF projects of the University of Antwerp.			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.7; 2020 IF: 4.536
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:173864			Serial	6443
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	Author	Loenders, B.; Engelmann, Y.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Plasma-Catalytic Partial Oxidation of Methane on Pt(111): A Microkinetic Study on the Role of Different Plasma Species			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2021	Publication	Journal Of Physical Chemistry C	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	125	Issue	5	Pages	2966-2983
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT); Movement Antwerp (MOVANT)
	Abstract	We use microkinetic modeling to examine the potential of plasma-catalytic partial oxidation (POX) of CH4 as a promising new approach to produce oxygenates. We study how diﬀerent plasma species aﬀect POX of CH4 on the Pt(111) surface, and we discuss the associated kinetic and mechanistic changes. We discuss the eﬀect of vibrationally excited CH4 and O2, as well as plasma-generated radicals and stable intermediates. Our results show that vibrational excitation enhances the turnover frequency (TOF) of catalytic CH4 dissociation and has good potential for improving the selectivities toward CH3OH, HCOOH, and C2 hydrocarbons. Nevertheless, when also considering plasma-generated radicals, we ﬁnd that these species mainly govern the surface chemistry. Additionally, we ﬁnd that plasma-generated radicals and stable intermediates enhance the TOFs of COx and oxygenates, increase the selectivity toward oxygenates, and make the formation of HCOOH more signiﬁcant on Pt(111). We also brieﬂy illustrate the potential impact of Eley−Rideal reactions that involve plasma-generated radicals. Finally, we reveal how various radicals aﬀect the catalyst surface chemistry and we link this to the formation of diﬀerent products. This allows us to make suggestions on how the plasma composition should be altered to improve the formation of desired products.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000619760700017	Publication Date	2021-02-11
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	Universiteit Antwerpen; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, S001619N ; H2020 European Research Council, 810182 ; We thank Tom Butterworth for the interesting discussions regarding the calculation of the vibrational populations of methane and for taking the time to share his thoughts and experiences on the matter. This research is supported by the FWO-SBO project PLASMACATDesign (grant number S001619N). We also acknowledge ﬁnancial support from the TOP-BOF project of the University of Antwerp and from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (grant agreement no. 810182SCOPE ERC Synergy project). The calculations were carried out using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen, a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (Department EWI), and the University of Antwerp.			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:175873			Serial	6672
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