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	Author	Segura, P.C.; De Meur, Q.; Alloul, A.; Tanghe, A.; Onderwater, R.; Vlaeminck, S.E.; Vande Wouwer, A.; Wattiez, R.; Dewasme, L.; Leroy, B.
	Title	Preferential photoassimilation of volatile fatty acids by purple non-sulfur bacteria : experimental kinetics and dynamic modelling			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	Biochemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal	Biochem Eng J
	Volume	186	Issue		Pages	108547-10
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	Purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) are known for their metabolic versatility and thrive as anoxygenic photoheterotrophs. In environmental engineering and resource recovery, cells would grow on mixtures of volatile fatty acids (VFA) generated by anaerobic fermentation of waste streams. In this study, we aim to better understand the behavior of Rhodospirillum rubrum, a model PNSB species, grown using multiple VFA as carbon sources. We highlighted that assimilation of individual VFA follows a sequential pattern. Based on observations in other PNSB, this seems to be specific to isocitrate lyase-lacking organisms. We hypothesized that the inhibition phenomenon could be due to the regulation of the metabolic fluxes in the substrate cycle between acetoacetyl-CoA and crotonyl-CoA. Developed macroscopic dynamic models showed a good predictive capability for substrate competition for every VFA mixture containing acetate, propionate, and/or butyrate. These novel insights provide valuable input for better design and operation of PNSB-based waste treatment solutions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000891992900005	Publication Date	2022-07-21
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1369-703x; 1873-295x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor	3.9	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.9
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:192741			Serial	7332
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	Author	Jochems, P.; Mueller, T.; Satyawali, Y.; Diels, L.; Dejonghe, W.; Hanefeld, U.
	Title	Active site titration of immobilized beta-galactosidase for the determination of active enzymes			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Biochemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	93	Issue		Pages	137-141
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	In the present study, an active site titration method is demonstrated, to determine the amount of active enzyme (beta-galactosidase), immobilized on a support. Two types of supports were investigated, viz, amino acrylic resin and a mixed matrix membrane. Furthermore, 2',4'-dinitrophenyl 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-galactopyranoside was used as an inhibitor for the active site titration of immobilized beta-galactosidase obtained from Kluyveromyces lactis. Using the active site titration, approximately 8.3 mg of active enzyme was found on 1 g of dried commercially available SPRIN imibond, which is an amino acrylic resin with covalently bound beta-galactosidase obtained from K. lactis. However, this method, in its present form, was not effective on the mixed matrix membranes due to the irreversible partial adsorption of the leaving group (2',4'-dinitrophenolate) by the membrane. This observation implied that it is important to investigate interactions between the support and the used inhibitor and leaving group. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000347362100018	Publication Date	2014-10-23
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1369-703x; 1873-295x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:123763			Serial	7417
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Phuttaro, C.; Krishnan, S.; Saritpongteeraka, K.; Charnnok, B.; Diels, L.; Chaiprapat, S.
	Title	Integrated poultry waste management by co-digestion with perennial grass : effects of mixing ratio, pretreatments, reaction temperature, and effluent recycle on biomethanation yield			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Biochemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	196	Issue		Pages	108937-12
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	This work aims to enhance the efficiency of integrated poultry waste management in bio-circular-green economy by maximizing the co-digestion of chicken manure and its digestate-grown biomass. In a series of batch assays, Napier grass (NG) was mixed with chicken manure (CM) at various proportions (100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, 20:80 and 0:100) to identify co-substrate synergism, followed by physiochemical conditioning (size reduction and ultrasonication) of NG before co-digestion. Results indicated that NG mix of at least 80% was required to gain a full methanation potential of the individual substrates; no synergistic ratio above unity was found. However, the combined effect of size reduction and sonication was found to markedly improve the cosubstrate's biodegradability by 88.7%. The findings were then used to run continuous co-digestion at various operating regimes. In optimal continuous co-digestion condition, NG particle size of 0.6-2.4 mm combined with sonication intensity at 1111 kJ/kgTS improved biomethanation yield as high as 106.3%. Sub-thermophilic digestion at 45 degrees C was shown to give a higher and more stable CH4 yield than at 55 degrees C. Finally, it was also found that recycling liquid effluent at 40% to replace freshwater in feed, although showed no significant difference in CH4 yield (& alpha; = 0.05), noticeably increased system buffer capacity. This optimized biodegradation regime could give co-digestion waste management a higher overall plant efficiency and economic return.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001054826200001	Publication Date	2023-04-06
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1369-703x; 1873-295x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor	3.9	Times cited		Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.9; 2023 IF: 2.892
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:199209			Serial	8887
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	Author	Blommaerts, N.; Asapu, R.; Claes, N.; Bals, S.; Lenaerts, S.; Verbruggen, S.W.
	Title	Gas phase photocatalytic spiral reactor for fast and efficient pollutant degradation			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2017	Publication	Chemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	316	Issue	316	Pages	850-856
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	Photocatalytic reactors for the degradation of gaseous organic pollutants often suffer from major limitations such as small reaction area, sub-optimal irradiation conditions and thus limited reaction rate. In this work, an alternative solution is presented that involves a glass tube coated on the inside with (silvermodified) TiO2 and spiraled around a UVA lamp. First, the spiral reactor is coated from the inside with TiO2 using an experimentally verified procedure that is optimized toward UV light transmission. This procedure is kept as simple as possible and involves a single casting step of a 1 wt% suspension of TiO2 in ethanol through the spiral. This results in a coated tube that absorbs nearly all incident UV light under the experimental conditions used. The optimized coated spiral reactor is then benchmarked to a conventional annular photoreactor of the same outer dimensions and total catalyst loading over a broad range of experimental conditions. Although residence time distribution experiments indicate slightly longer dwelling of molecules in the spiral reactor, no significant difference in by-passing of gas between the spiral reactor and the annular reactor can be claimed. Acetaldehyde degradation efficiency of 100% is obtained with the spiral reactor for a residence time as low as 60 s, whereas the annular reactor could not achieve full degradation even at 1000 s residence time. In a final case study, addition of long-term stable silver nanoparticles, protected by an ultra-thin polymer shell applied via the layer-by-layer (LbL) method, to the spiral reactor coating is shown to double the degradation efficiency and provides an interesting strategy to cope with higher pollutant concentrations without changing the overall dimensions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000398985200089	Publication Date	2017-02-08
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.216	Times cited	30	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	N.B. wishes to thank the University of Antwerp – Belgium for financial support. N.C. and S.B. acknowledge financial support from European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant #335078- COLOURATOM). S.W.V. acknowledges the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO) for a postdoctoral fellowship. (ROMEO:green; preprint:; postprint:can ; pdfversion:cannot); ecas_sara			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.216
	Call Number	EMAT @ emat @ c:irua:140925UA @ admin @ c:irua:140925			Serial	4481
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	Author	Wang, W.; Mei, D.; Tu, X.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Gliding arc plasma for CO 2 conversion: Better insights by a combined experimental and modelling approach			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2017	Publication	Chemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	330	Issue		Pages	11-25
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	A gliding arc plasma is a potential way to convert CO2 into CO and O2, due to its non-equilibrium character, but little is known about the underlying mechanisms. In this paper, a self-consistent two-dimensional (2D) gliding arc model is developed, with a detailed non-equilibrium CO2 plasma chemistry, and validated with experiments. Our calculated values of the electron number density in the plasma, the CO2 conversion and energy efficiency show reasonable agreement with the experiments, indicating that the model can provide a realistic picture of the plasma chemistry. Comparison of the results with classical thermal conversion, as well as other plasma-based technologies for CO2 conversion reported in literature, demonstrates the non-equilibrium character of the gliding arc, and indicates that the gliding arc is a promising plasma reactor for CO2 conversion. However, some process modifications should be exploited to further improve its performance. As the model provides a realistic picture of the plasma behaviour, we use it first to investigate the plasma characteristics in a whole gliding arc cycle, which is necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms. Subsequently, we perform a chemical kinetics analysis, to investigate the different pathways for CO2 loss and formation. Based on the revealed discharge properties and the underlying CO2 plasma chemistry, the model allows us to propose solutions on how to further improve the CO2 conversion and energy efficiency by a gliding arc plasma.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000414083300002	Publication Date	2017-07-22
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.216	Times cited	38	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	This research was supported by the European Marie Skłodowska- Curie Individual Fellowship “GlidArc” within Horizon 2020 (Grant No. 657304) and by the FWO project (grant G.0383.16N). The support of this experimental work by the EPSRC CO2Chem Seedcorn Grant and the FWO travel grant for study abroad (Grant K2.128.17N) is gratefully acknowledged. The calculations were performed using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UAntwerpen.			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:145033			Serial	4636
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	Author	Michielsen, I.; Uytdenhouwen, Y.; Pype, J.; Michielsen, B.; Mertens, J.; Reniers, F.; Meynen, V.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	CO 2 dissociation in a packed bed DBD reactor: First steps towards a better understanding of plasma catalysis			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2017	Publication	Chemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	326	Issue	326	Pages	477-488
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Laboratory of adsorption and catalysis (LADCA); Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Plasma catalysis is gaining increasing interest for CO2 conversion, but the interaction between the plasma and catalyst is still poorly understood. This is caused by limited systematic materials research, since most works combine a plasma with commercial supported catalysts and packings. In the present paper, we study the influence of specific material and reactor properties, as well as reactor/bead configuration, on the conversion and energy efficiency of CO2 dissociation in a packed bed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor. Of the various packing materials investigated, BaTiO3 yields the highest conversion and energy efficiency, i.e., 25% and 4.5%. Our results show that, when evaluating the influence of catalysts, the impact of the packing (support) material itself cannot be neglected, since it can largely affect the conversion and energy efficiency. This shows the large potential for further improvement of packed bed plasma reactors for CO2 conversion and other chemical conversion reactions by adjusting both packing (support) properties and catalytically active sites. Moreover, we clearly prove that comparison of results obtained in different reactor setups should be done with care, since there is a large effect of the reactor setup and reactor/bead configuration.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000406137200047	Publication Date	2017-06-01
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.216	Times cited	49	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	This research was carried out with financial support of the Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT Flanders) for both I. Michielsen (IWT-141093) and J. Pype (IWT-131229) and of the Walloon region through the excellence programme FLYCOAT (nr. 1318147) for the profilometry measurements. The authors also acknowledge financial support from an IOF-SBO project from the University of Antwerp and from the Fund for Scientific Research (FWO; grant number: G.0254.14 N). This research was carried out in the framework of the network on Physical Chemistry of Plasma-Surface Interactions – Interuniversity Attraction Poles, phase VII (http://psi-iap7.ulb. ac.be/), and supported by the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO). The authors would also like to thank Koen Van Laer for the discussions on this manuscript.			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:144802			Serial	4626
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	Author	Wang, W.; Kim, H.-H.; Van Laer, K.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Streamer propagation in a packed bed plasma reactor for plasma catalysis applications			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2018	Publication	Chemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	334	Issue		Pages	2467-2479
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	A packed bed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) is widely used for plasma catalysis applications, but the exact plasma characteristics in between the packing beads are far from understood. Therefore, we study here these plasma characteristics by means of fluid modelling and experimental observations using ICCD imaging, for packing materials with different dielectric constants. Our study reveals that a packed bed DBD reactor in dry air at atmospheric pressure may show three types of discharges, i.e. positive restrikes, filamentary microdischarges, which can also be localized between two packing beads, and surface discharges (so-called surface ionization waves). Restrikes between the dielectric surfaces result in the formation of filamentary microdischarges, while surface charging creates electric field components parallel to the dielectric surfaces, leading to the formation of surface discharges. A transition in discharge mode occurs from surface discharges to local filamentary discharges between the packing beads when the dielectric constant of the packing rises from 5 to 1000. This may have implications for the efficiency of plasma catalytic gas treatment, because the catalyst activation may be limited by constraining the discharge to the contact points of the beads. The production of reactive species occurs most in the positive restrikes, the surface discharges and the local microdischarges in between the beads, and is less significant in the longer filamentary microdischarges. The faster streamer propagation and discharge development with higher dielectric constant of the packing beads leads to a faster production of reactive species. This study is of great interest for plasma catalysis, where packing beads with different dielectric constants are often used as supports for the catalytic materials. It allows us to better understand how different packing materials can influence the performance of packed bed plasma reactors for environmental applications.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000418533400246	Publication Date	2017-11-23
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.216	Times cited	36	Open Access	Not_Open_Access: Available from 10.01.2020
	Notes	We acknowledge financial support from the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO) (grant nos G.0217.14 N, G.0254.14 N and G.0383.16 N), the TOP-BOF project of the University of Antwerp, the European Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship “GlidArc” within Horizon2020 (Grant No. 657304) and the Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT Flanders). This research was carried out in the framework of the network on Physical Chemistry of Plasma-Surface Interactions – Interuniversity Attraction Poles, phase VII (http://psi-iap7.ulb.ac.be/), and supported by the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO). The calculations were carried out using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UAntwerpen.			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:147864			Serial	4800
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	Author	Uytdenhouwen, Y.; Van Alphen, S.; Michielsen, I.; Meynen, V.; Cool, P.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	A packed-bed DBD micro plasma reactor for CO 2 dissociation: Does size matter?			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2018	Publication	Chemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	348	Issue		Pages	557-568
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Laboratory of adsorption and catalysis (LADCA); Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	DBD plasma reactors are of great interest for environmental and energy applications, such as CO2 conversion, but they suffer from limited conversion and especially energy efficiency. The introduction of packing materials has been a popular subject of investigation in order to increase the reactor performance. Reducing the discharge gap of the reactor below one millimetre can enhance the plasma performance as well. In this work, we combine both effects and use a packed-bed DBD micro plasma reactor to investigate the influence of gap size reduction, in combination with a packing material, on the conversion and efficiency of CO2 dissociation. Packing materials used in this work were SiO2, ZrO2, and Al2O3 spheres as well as glass wool. The results are compared to a regular size reactor as a benchmark. Reducing the discharge gap can greatly increase the CO2 conversion, although at a lower energy efficiency. Adding a packing material further increases the conversion when keeping a constant residence time, but is greatly dependent on the material composition, gap and sphere size used. Maximum conversions of 50–55% are obtained for very long residence times (30 s and higher) in an empty reactor or with certain packing material combinations, suggesting a balance in CO2 dissociation and recombination reactions. The maximum energy efficiency achieved is 4.3%, but this is for the regular sized reactor at a short residence time (7.5 s). Electrical characterization is performed to reveal some trends in the electrical behaviour of the plasma upon reduction of the discharge gap and addition of a packing material.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000434467000055	Publication Date	2018-05-03
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.216	Times cited	22	Open Access	Not_Open_Access: Available from 03.05.2020
	Notes	We acknowledge financial support from the European Fund for Regional Development through the cross-border collaborative Interreg V program Flanders-the Netherlands (project EnOp), the Fund for Scientific Research (FWO; Grant Number: G.0254.14N) and an IOF-SBO (SynCO2Chem) project from the University of Antwerp.			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:151238			Serial	4956
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	Author	Li, K.; Liu, J.-L.; Li, X.-S.; Lian, H.-Y.; Zhu, X.; Bogaerts, A.; Zhu, A.-M.
	Title	Novel power-to-syngas concept for plasma catalytic reforming coupled with water electrolysis			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2018	Publication	Chemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	353	Issue		Pages	297-304
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	We propose a novel Power to Synthesis Gas (P2SG) approach, composed of two high-efficiency and renewable electricity-driven units, i.e., plasma catalytic reforming (PCR) and water electrolysis (WE), to produce high quality syngas from CH4, CO2 and H2O. As WE technology is already commercial, we mainly focus on the PCR unit, consisting of gliding arc plasma and Ni-based catalyst, for oxidative dry reforming of methane. An energy efficiency of 78.9% and energy cost of 1.0 kWh/Nm3 at a CH4 conversion of 99% and a CO2 conversion of 79% are obtained. Considering an energy efficiency of 80% for WE, the P2SG system yields an overall energy efficiency of 79.3% and energy cost of 1.8 kWh/Nm3. High-quality syngas is produced without the need for posttreatment units, featuring the ideal stoichiometric number of 2, with concentration of 94.6 vol%, and a desired CO2 fraction of 1.9 vol% for methanol synthesis. The PCR unit has the advantage of fast response to adapting to fluctuation of renewable electricity, avoiding local hot spots in the catalyst bed and coking, in contrast to conventional catalytic processes. Moreover, pure O2 from the WE unit is directly utilized by the PCR unit for oxidative dry reforming of methane, and thus, no air separation unit, like in conventional processes, is required. This work demonstrates the viability of the P2SG approach for large-scale energy storage of renewable electricity via electricity-to-fuel conversion.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000441527900029	Publication Date	2018-07-20
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.216	Times cited	7	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	This project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11705019, 11475041), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (DUT16QY49, DUT16LK16) and the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO; grant G.0383.16N).			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:153059			Serial	5049
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	Author	Uytdenhouwen, Y.; Bal, Km.; Michielsen, I.; Neyts, Ec.; Meynen, V.; Cool, P.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	How process parameters and packing materials tune chemical equilibrium and kinetics in plasma-based CO2 conversion			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	Chemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	372	Issue		Pages	1253-1264
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Laboratory of adsorption and catalysis (LADCA); Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Plasma (catalysis) reactors are increasingly being used for gas-based chemical conversions, providing an alternative method of energy delivery to the molecules. In this work we explore whether classical concepts such as equilibrium constants, (overall) rate coefficients, and catalysis exist under plasma conditions. We specifically investigate the existence of a so-called partial chemical equilibrium (PCE), and how process parameters and packing properties influence this equilibrium, as well as the overall apparent rate coefficient, for CO2 splitting in a DBD plasma reactor. The results show that a PCE can be reached, and that the position of the equilibrium, in combination with the rate coefficient, greatly depends on the reactor parameters and operating conditions (i.e., power, pressure, and gap size). A higher power, higher pressure, or smaller gap size enhance both the equilibrium constant and the rate coefficient, although they cannot be independently tuned. Inserting a packing material (non-porous SiO2 and ZrO2 spheres) in the reactor reveals interesting gap/material effects, where the type of material dictates the position of the equilibrium and the rate (inhibition) independently. As a result, no apparent synergistic effect or plasma-catalytic behaviour was observed for the non-porous packing materials studied in this reaction. Within the investigated parameters, equilibrium conversions were obtained between 23 and 71%, while the rate coefficient varied between 0.027 s−1 and 0.17 s−1. This method of analysis can provide a more fundamental insight in the overall reaction kinetics of (catalytic) plasma-based gas conversion, in order to be able to distinguish plasma effects from true catalytic enhancement.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000471670400116	Publication Date	2019-05-08
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.216	Times cited	3	Open Access	Not_Open_Access: Available from 05.05.2021
	Notes	European Fund for Regional Development; FWOFWO, G.0254.14N ; University of Antwerp; FWO-FlandersFWO-Flanders, 11V8915N ; The authors acknowledge financial support from the European Fund for Regional Development through the cross-border collaborative Interreg V program Flanders-the Netherlands (project EnOp), the Fund for Scientific Research (FWO; Grant Number: G.0254.14N), a TOP-BOF project and an IOF-SBO (SynCO2Chem) project from the University of Antwerp. K. M. B. was funded as a PhD fellow (aspirant) of the FWOFlanders (Fund for Scientific Research-Flanders), Grant 11V8915N.			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @UA @ admin @ c:irua:159979			Serial	5171
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	Author	Andersen, Ja.; Christensen, Jm.; Østberg, M.; Bogaerts, A.; Jensen, Ad.
	Title	Plasma-catalytic dry reforming of methane: Screening of catalytic materials in a coaxial packed-bed DBD reactor			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2020	Publication	Chemical Engineering Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	397	Issue		Pages	125519
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The combination of catalysis with non-thermal plasma is a promising alternative to thermal catalysis. A dielectric-barrier discharge reactor was used to study plasma-catalytic dry reforming of methane at ambient pressure and temperature and a ﬁxed plasma power of 45 W. The eﬀect of diﬀerent catalytic packing materials was evaluated in terms of conversion, product selectivity, and energy eﬃciency. The conversion of CO2 (~22%) and CH4 (~33%) were found to be similar in plasma-only and when introducing packing materials in plasma. The main reason is the shorter residence time of the gas due to packing geometry, when compared at identical ﬂow rates. H2, CO, C2-C4 hydrocarbons, and oxygenates were identiﬁed in the product gas. High selectivity towards H2 and CO were found for all catalysts and plasma-only, with a H2/CO molar ratio of ~0.9. The lowest syngas selectivity was obtained with Cu/Al2O3 (~66%), which instead, had the highest alcohol selectivity (~3.6%).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000542296100011	Publication Date	2020-05-17
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark; We thank Haldor Topsoe A/S for providing all the catalytic materials used and the Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, for funding this project.			Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1; 2020 IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:170613			Serial	6406
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	Author	Uytdenhouwen, Y.; Hereijgers, J.; Breugelmans, T.; Cool, P.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	How gas flow design can influence the performance of a DBD plasma reactor for dry reforming of methane			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2021	Publication	Chemical Engineering Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	405	Issue		Pages	126618
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Laboratory of adsorption and catalysis (LADCA); Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT); Applied Electrochemistry & Catalysis (ELCAT)
	Abstract	DBD plasma reactors are commonly used in a static ‘one inlet – one outlet’ design that goes against reactor design principles for multi-component reactions, such as dry reforming of methane (DRM). Therefore, in this paper we have developed a novel reactor design, and investigated how the shape and size of the reaction zone, as well as gradual gas addition, and the method of mixing CO2 and CH4 can influence the conversion and product com position of DRM. Even in the standard ‘one inlet – one outlet’ design, the direction of the gas flow (i.e. short or long path through the reactor, which defines the gas velocity at fixed residence time), as well as the dimensions of the reaction zone and the power delivery to the reactor, largely affect the performance. Using gradual gas addition and separate plasma activation zones for the individual gases give increased conversions within the same operational parameters, by optimising mixing ratios and kinetics. The choice of the main (pre-activated) gas and the direction of gas flow largely affect the conversion and energy cost, while the gas inlet position during separate addition only influences the product distribution.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000626511800005	Publication Date	2020-08-12
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.216	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	Interreg; Flanders; FWO; University of Antwerp; The authors acknowledge financial support from the European Fund for Regional Development through the cross-border collaborative Interreg V program Flanders-the Netherlands (project EnOp), the Fund 13 for Scientific Research (FWO; grant number: G.0254.14N), and an IOFSBO (SynCO2Chem) project from the University of Antwerp.			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:170609			Serial	6410
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	Author	Uytdenhouwen, Y.; Bal, Km.; Neyts, Ec.; Meynen, V.; Cool, P.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	On the kinetics and equilibria of plasma-based dry reforming of methane			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2021	Publication	Chemical Engineering Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	405	Issue		Pages	126630
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Laboratory of adsorption and catalysis (LADCA); Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Plasma reactors are interesting for gas-based chemical conversion but the fundamental relation between the plasma chemistry and selected conditions remains poorly understood. Apparent kinetic parameters for the loss and formation processes of individual components of gas conversion processes, can however be extracted by performing experiments in an extended residence time range (2–75 s) and ﬁtting the gas composition to a ﬁrstorder kinetic model of the evolution towards partial chemical equilibrium (PCE). We speciﬁcally investigated the diﬀerences in kinetic characteristics and PCE state of the CO2 dissociation and CH4 reforming reactions in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor (DBD), how these are mutually aﬀected when combining both gases in the dry reforming of methane (DRM) reaction, and how they change when a packing material (non-porous SiO2) is added to the reactor. We ﬁnd that CO2 dissociation is characterized by a comparatively high reaction rate of 0.120 s−1 compared to CH4 reforming at 0.041 s−1; whereas CH4 reforming reaches higher equilibrium conversions, 82% compared to 53.6% for CO2 dissociation. Combining both feed gases makes the DRM reaction to proceed at a relatively high rate (0.088 s−1), and high conversion (75.4%) compared to CO2 dissociation, through accessing new chemical pathways between the products of CO2 and CH4. The addition of the packing material can also distinctly inﬂuence the conversion rate and position of the equilibrium, but its precise eﬀect depends strongly on the gas composition. Comparing diﬀerent CO2:CH4 ratios reveals the delicate balance of the combined chemistry. CO2 drives the loss reactions in DRM, whereas CH4 in the mixture suppresses back reactions. As a result, our methodology provides some of the insight necessary to systematically tune the conversion process.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000621197700003	Publication Date	2020-08-12
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.216	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	The authors acknowledge ﬁnancial support from the European Fund for Regional Development through the cross-border collaborative Interreg V program Flanders-the Netherlands (project EnOp), the Fund for Scientiﬁc Research (FWO; grant number: G.0254.14N), a TOP-BOF project and an IOF-SBO (SynCO2Chem) project from the University of Antwerp.			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:172458			Serial	6411
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	Author	Blommaerts, N.; Hoeven, N.; Arenas Esteban, D.; Campos, R.; Mertens, M.; Borah, R.; Glisenti, A.; De Wael, K.; Bals, S.; Lenaerts, S.; Verbruggen, S.W.; Cool, P.
	Title	Tuning the turnover frequency and selectivity of photocatalytic CO2 reduction to CO and methane using platinum and palladium nanoparticles on Ti-Beta zeolites			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2021	Publication	Chemical Engineering Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	410	Issue		Pages	128234
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL); Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Laboratory of adsorption and catalysis (LADCA); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	A Ti-Beta zeolite was used in gas phase photocatalytic CO2 reduction to reduce the charge recombination rate and increase the surface area compared to P25 as commercial benchmark, reaching 607 m2 g-1. By adding Pt nanoparticles, the selectivity can be tuned toward CO, reaching a value of 92% and a turnover frequency (TOF) of 96 µmol.gcat-1.h-1, nearly an order of magnitude higher in comparison with P25. By adding Pd nanoparticles the selectivity can be shifted from CO (70% for a bare Ti-Beta zeolite), toward CH4 as the prevalent species (60%). In this way, the selectivity toward CO or CH4 can be tuned by either using Pt or Pd. The TOF values obtained in this work outperform reported state-of-the-art values in similar research. The improved activity by adding the nanoparticles was attributed to an improved charge separation efficiency, together with a plasmonic contribution of the metal nanoparticles under the applied experimental conditions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000623394200004	Publication Date	2021-01-09
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.216	Times cited	15	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	N.B., S.L., S.W.V. and P.C. wish to thank the Flemish government and Catalisti for financial support and coordination in terms of a sprint SBO in the context of the moonshot project D2M. N.H. thanks the Flanders Innovation and Entrepreneurship (VLAIO) for the financial support. The Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE) group, R. Blust, University of Antwerp is acknowledged for the ICP-MS measurements.			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.216
	Call Number	EMAT @ emat @c:irua:174591			Serial	6662
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Girard-Sahun, F.; Biondo, O.; Trenchev, G.; van Rooij, G.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Carbon bed post-plasma to enhance the CO2 conversion and remove O2 from the product stream			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	Chemical Engineering Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	442	Issue		Pages	136268
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	CO2 conversion by plasma technology is gaining increasing interest. We present a carbon (charcoal) bed placed after a Gliding Arc Plasmatron (GAP) reactor, to enhance the CO2 conversion, promote O/O2 removal and in crease the CO fraction in the exhaust mixture. By means of an innovative (silo) system, the carbon is constantly supplied, to avoid carbon depletion upon reaction with O/O2. Using this carbon bed, the CO2 conversion is enhanced by almost a factor of two (from 7.6 to 12.6%), while the CO concentration even increases by a factor of three (from 7.2 to 21.9%), and O2 is completely removed from the exhaust mixture. Moreover, the energy ef ficiency of the conversion process drastically increases from 27.9 to 45.4%, and the energy cost significantly drops from 41.9 to 25.4 kJ.L− 1. We also present the temperature as a function of distance from the reactor outlet, as well as the CO2, CO and O2 concentrations and the temperature in the carbon bed as a function of time, which is important for understanding the underlying mechanisms. Indeed, these time-resolved measurements reveal that the initial enhancements in CO2 conversion and in CO concentration are not maintained in our current setup. Therefore, we present a model to study the gasification of carbon with different feed gases (i.e., O2, CO and CO2 separately), from which we can conclude that the oxygen coverage at the surface plays a key role in determining the product composition and the rate of carbon consumption. Indeed, our model insights indicate that the drop in CO2 conversion and in CO concentration after a few minutes is attributed to deactivation of the carbon bed, due to rapid formation of oxygen complexes at the surface.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000797716700002	Publication Date	0000-00-00
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	Horizon 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions; European Research Council; This research was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme (grant agreement No 810182 – SCOPE ERC Synergy project) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 813393 (PIONEER). The calculations were performed using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit			Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:188286			Serial	7052
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Girard-Sahun, F.; Biondo, O.; Trenchev, G.; van Rooij, G.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Carbon bed post-plasma to enhance the CO2 conversion and remove O2 from the product stream			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	Chemical Engineering Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	442	Issue		Pages	136268
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	CO2 conversion by plasma technology is gaining increasing interest. We present a carbon (charcoal) bed placed after a Gliding Arc Plasmatron (GAP) reactor, to enhance the CO2 conversion, promote O/O2 removal and in crease the CO fraction in the exhaust mixture. By means of an innovative (silo) system, the carbon is constantly supplied, to avoid carbon depletion upon reaction with O/O2. Using this carbon bed, the CO2 conversion is enhanced by almost a factor of two (from 7.6 to 12.6%), while the CO concentration even increases by a factor of three (from 7.2 to 21.9%), and O2 is completely removed from the exhaust mixture. Moreover, the energy ef ficiency of the conversion process drastically increases from 27.9 to 45.4%, and the energy cost significantly drops from 41.9 to 25.4 kJ.L− 1. We also present the temperature as a function of distance from the reactor outlet, as well as the CO2, CO and O2 concentrations and the temperature in the carbon bed as a function of time, which is important for understanding the underlying mechanisms. Indeed, these time-resolved measurements reveal that the initial enhancements in CO2 conversion and in CO concentration are not maintained in our current setup. Therefore, we present a model to study the gasification of carbon with different feed gases (i.e., O2, CO and CO2 separately), from which we can conclude that the oxygen coverage at the surface plays a key role in determining the product composition and the rate of carbon consumption. Indeed, our model insights indicate that the drop in CO2 conversion and in CO concentration after a few minutes is attributed to deactivation of the carbon bed, due to rapid formation of oxygen complexes at the surface.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000797716700002	Publication Date	0000-00-00
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	Horizon 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions; European Research Council; This research was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme (grant agreement No 810182 – SCOPE ERC Synergy project) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 813393 (PIONEER). The calculations were performed using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UAntwerpen. We also thank R. De Meyer, K. Leyssens and S. Defossé for performing the charcoal characterizations.			Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:188286			Serial	7053
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Van Alphen, S.; Ahmadi Eshtehardi, H.; O'Modhrain, C.; Bogaerts, J.; Van Poyer, H.; Creel, J.; Delplancke, M.-P.; Snyders, R.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Effusion nozzle for energy-efficient NOx production in a rotating gliding arc plasma reactor			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	Chemical Engineering Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	443	Issue		Pages	136529
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Plasma-based NOx production is of interest for sustainable N2 fixation, but more research is needed to improve its performance. One of the current limitations is recombination of NO back into N2 and O2 molecules immediately after the plasma reactor. Therefore, we developed a novel so-called “effusion nozzle”, to improve the performance of a rotating gliding arc plasma reactor for NOx production, but the same principle can also be applied to other plasma types. Experiments in a wide range of applied power, gas flow rates and N2/O2 ratios demonstrate an enhancement in NOx concentration by about 8%, and a reduction in energy cost by 22.5%. In absolute terms, we obtain NOx concentrations up to 5.9%, at an energy cost down to 2.1 MJ/mol, which are the best values reported to date in literature. In addition, we developed four complementary models to describe the gas flow, plasma temperature and plasma chemistry, aiming to reveal why the effusion nozzle yields better performance. Our simulations reveal that the effusion nozzle acts as very efficient heat sink, causing a fast drop in gas temperature when the gas molecules leave the plasma, hence limiting the recombination of NO back into N2 and O2. This yields an overall higher NOx concentration than without the effusion nozzle. This immediate quenching right at the end of the plasma makes our effusion nozzle superior to more conventional cooling options, like water cooling In addition, this higher NOx concentration can be obtained at a slightly lower power, because the effusion nozzle allows for the ignition and sustainment of the plasma at somewhat lower power. Hence, this also explains the lower energy cost. Overall, our experimental results and detailed modeling analysis will be useful to improve plasma-based NOx production in other plasma reactors as well.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000800010600003	Publication Date	0000-00-00
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	This research was supported by the Excellence of Science FWO-FNRS project (FWO grant ID GoF9618n, EOS ID 30505023), the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 810182 – SCOPE ERC Synergy project), and through long-term structural funding (Methusalem). The calculations were performed using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UAntwerpen.			Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:188283			Serial	7057
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	Author	Wang, Y.; Chen, Y.; Harding, J.; He, H.; Bogaerts, A.; Tu, X.
	Title	Catalyst-free single-step plasma reforming of CH4 and CO2 to higher value oxygenates under ambient conditions			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	Chemical Engineering Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	450	Issue		Pages	137860
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Direct conversion of CH4 and CO2 to liquid fuels and chemicals under mild conditions is appealing for biogas conversion and utilization but challenging due to the inert nature of both gases. Herein, we report a promising plasma process for the catalyst-free single-step conversion of CH4 and CO2 into higher value oxygenates (i.e., methanol, acetic acid, ethanol, and acetone) at ambient pressure and room temperature using a water-cooled dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor, with methanol being the main liquid product. The distribution of liquid products could be tailored by tuning the discharge power, reaction temperature and residence time. Lower discharge powers (10–15 W) and reaction temperatures (5–20 ◦ C) were favourable for the production of liquid products, achieving the highest methanol selectivity of 43% at 5 ◦ C and 15 W. A higher discharge power and reaction temperature, on the other hand, produced more gaseous products, particularly H2 (up to 26% selectivity) and CO (up to 33% selectivity). In addition, varying these process parameters (discharge power, reaction temperature and residence time) resulted in a simultaneous change in key discharge properties, such as mean electron energy (Ee), electron density (ne) and specific energy input (SEI), all of which are essential determiners of plasma chemical reactions. According to the results of artificial neural network (ANN) models, the relative importance of these process parameters and key discharge indicators on reaction performance follows the order: discharge power > reaction temperature > residence time, and SEI > ne > Ee, respectively. This work provides new insights into the contributions and tuning mechanism of multiple parameters for optimizing the reaction performance (e.g., liquid production) in the plasma gas conversion process.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000830813300004	Publication Date	0000-00-00
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	This project received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie SklodowskaCurie grant agreement No. 813393.			Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:189502			Serial	7100
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	Author	Andersen, Ja.; Holm, Mc.; van 't Veer, K.; Christensen, Jm.; Østberg, M.; Bogaerts, A.; Jensen, Ad.
	Title	Plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor: A combined experimental study and kinetic modeling			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2023	Publication	Chemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	457	Issue		Pages	141294
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor has emerged as a possible route for electrification of nitrogen fixation. In this study, we use a combination of experiments and a plasma kinetic model to investigate the ammonia synthesis from N2 and H2, both with and without a solid packing material in the plasma zone. The effect of plasma power, feed flow rate, N2:H2 feed ratio, gas residence time, temperature, and packing material (MgAl2O4 alone or impregnated with Co or Ru) on the ammonia synthesis rate were examined in the experiments. The kinetic model was employed to improve our understanding of the ammonia formation pathways and identify possible changes in these pathways when altering the N2:H2 feed ratio. A higher NH3 synthesis rate was achieved when increasing the feed flow rate, as well as when increasing the gas tem-perature from 100 to 200 ◦C when a packing material was present in the plasma. At the elevated temperature of 200 ◦C, an optimum in the NH3 synthesis rate was observed at an equimolar feed ratio (N2:H2 =1:1) for the plasma alone and MgAl2O4, while a N2-rich feed was favored for Ru/MgAl2O4 and Co/MgAl2O4. The optimum in the synthesis rate with the N2-rich feed, where high energy electrons are more likely to collide with N2, suggests that the rate-limiting step is the dissociation of N2 in the gas phase. This is supported by the kinetic model when packing material was used. However, for the plasma alone, the model found that the N2 dissociation is only rate limiting in H2-rich feeds, whereas the limited access to H in N2-rich feeds makes the hydrogenation of N species limiting.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001058978000001	Publication Date	2023-01-05
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	We thank Topsoe A/S for providing the catalytic materials used in the study, the research group PLASMANT (University of Antwerp) for sharing their plasma kinetic model and allocating time on their cluster for the calculations, and the Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering (Technical University of Denmark) for funding the project.			Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1; 2023 IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:195877			Serial	7234
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	Author	Morais, E.; Delikonstantis, E.; Scapinello, M.; Smith, G.; Stefanidis, G.D.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Methane coupling in nanosecond pulsed plasmas: Correlation between temperature and pressure and effects on product selectivity			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2023	Publication	Chemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	462	Issue		Pages	142227
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	We present a zero-dimensional kinetic model to characterise specifically the gas-phase dynamics of methane conversion in a nanosecond pulsed discharge (NPD) plasma reactor. The model includes a systematic approach to capture the nanoscale power discharges and the rapid ensuing changes in electric field, gas and electron temperature, as well as species densities. The effects of gas temperature and reactor pressure on gas conversion and product selectivity are extensively investigated and validated against experimental work. We discuss the important reaction pathways and provide an analysis of the dynamics of the heating and cooling mechanisms. H radicals are found to be the most populous plasma species and they participate in hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions, which are the dominant recombination reactions leading to C2H4 and C2H2 as main products (depending on the pressure).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000983631500001	Publication Date	2023-03-02
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	We gratefully acknowledge financial support by the Flemish Government through the Moonshot cSBO project “Power-to-Olefins” (P2O; HBC.2020.2620).			Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1; 2023 IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:195881			Serial	7246
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	Author	Van Alphen, S.; Hecimovic, A.; Kiefer, C.K.; Fantz, U.; Snyders, R.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Modelling post-plasma quenching nozzles for improving the performance of CO2 microwave plasmas			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2023	Publication	Chemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	462	Issue		Pages	142217
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Given the ecological problems associated to the CO2 emissions of fossil fuels, plasma technology has gained interest for conversion of CO2 into value-added products. Microwave plasmas operating at atmospheric pressure have proven to be especially interesting, due to the high gas temperatures inside the reactor (i.e. up to 6000 K) allowing for efficient thermal dissociation of CO2 into CO and O2. However, the performance of these high temperature plasmas is limited by recombination of CO back into CO2 once the gas cools down in the afterglow. In this work, we computationally investigated several quenching nozzles, developed and experimentally tested by Hecimovic et al., [1] for their ability to quickly cool the gas after the plasma, thereby quenching the CO recombination reactions. Using a 3D computational fluid dynamics model and a quasi-1D chemical kinetics model, we reveal that a reactor without nozzle lacks gas mixing between hot gas in the center and cold gas near the reactor walls. Especially at low flow rates, where there is an inherent lack of convective cooling due to the low gas flow velocity, the temperature in the afterglow remains high (between 2000 and 3000 K) for a relatively long time (in the 0.1 s range). As shown by our quasi-1D chemical kinetics model, this results in a important loss of CO due to recombination reactions. Attaching a nozzle in the effluent of the reactor induces fast gas quenching right after the plasma. Indeed, it introduces (i) more convective cooling by forcing cool gas near the walls to mix with hot gas in the center of the reactor, as well as (ii) more conductive cooling through the water-cooled walls of the nozzle. Our model shows that gas quenching and the suppression of recombination reactions have more impact at low flow rates, where recombination is the most limiting factor in the conversion process.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000962382600001	Publication Date	2023-03-03
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	This research was supported by the Excellence of Science FWO-FNRS project (FWO grant ID GoF9618n, EOS ID 30505023), the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 810182 – SCOPE ERC Synergy project), and through long-term structural funding (Methusalem). The calculations were performed using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UAntwerpen.			Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1; 2023 IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:195889			Serial	7250
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Liu, R.; Hao, Y.; Wang, T.; Wang, L.; Bogaerts, A.; Guo, H.; Yi, Y.
	Title	Hybrid plasma-thermal system for methane conversion to ethylene and hydrogen			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2023	Publication	Chemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	463	Issue		Pages	142442
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	By combining dielectric barrier discharge plasma and external heating, we exploit a two-stage hybrid plasmathermal system (HPTS), i.e., a plasma stage followed by a thermal stage, for direct non-oxidative coupling of CH4 to C2H4 and H2, yielding a CH4 conversion of ca. 17 %. In the two-stage HPTS, the plasma first converts CH4 into C2H6 and C3H8, which in the thermal stage leads to a high C2H4 selectivity of ca. 63 % by pyrolysis, with H2 selectivity of ca. 64 %.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000953890500001	Publication Date	2023-03-16
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [22272015, 21503032], the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China [DUT21JC40].			Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1; 2023 IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:195888			Serial	7253
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	Author	Van Alphen, S.; Hecimovic, A.; Kiefer, C.K.; Fantz, U.; Snyders, R.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Modelling post-plasma quenching nozzles for improving the performance of CO2 microwave plasmas			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2023	Publication	Chemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	462	Issue		Pages	142217
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Given the ecological problems associated to the CO2 emissions of fossil fuels, plasma technology has gained interest for conversion of CO2 into value-added products. Microwave plasmas operating at atmospheric pressure have proven to be especially interesting, due to the high gas temperatures inside the reactor (i.e. up to 6000 K) allowing for efficient thermal dissociation of CO2 into CO and O2. However, the performance of these high temperature plasmas is limited by recombination of CO back into CO2 once the gas cools down in the afterglow. In this work, we computationally investigated several quenching nozzles, developed and experimentally tested by Hecimovic et al., [1] for their ability to quickly cool the gas after the plasma, thereby quenching the CO recombination reactions. Using a 3D computational fluid dynamics model and a quasi-1D chemical kinetics model, we reveal that a reactor without nozzle lacks gas mixing between hot gas in the center and cold gas near the reactor walls. Especially at low flow rates, where there is an inherent lack of convective cooling due to the low gas flow velocity, the temperature in the afterglow remains high (between 2000 and 3000 K) for a relatively long time (in the 0.1 s range). As shown by our quasi-1D chemical kinetics model, this results in a important loss of CO due to recombination reactions. Attaching a nozzle in the effluent of the reactor induces fast gas quenching right after the plasma. Indeed, it introduces (i) more convective cooling by forcing cool gas near the walls to mix with hot gas in the center of the reactor, as well as (ii) more conductive cooling through the water-cooled walls of the nozzle. Our model shows that gas quenching and the suppression of recombination reactions have more impact at low flow rates, where recombination is the most limiting factor in the conversion process.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000962382600001	Publication Date	2023-03-03
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	This research was supported by the Excellence of Science FWO-FNRS project (FWO grant ID GoF9618n, EOS ID 30505023), the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 810182 – SCOPE ERC Synergy project), and through long-term structural funding (Methusalem). The calculations were performed using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UAntwerpen.			Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1; 2023 IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:195889			Serial	7259
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	Author	Wang, K.; Ceulemans, S.; Zhang, H.; Tsonev, I.; Zhang, Y.; Long, Y.; Fang, M.; Li, X.; Yan, J.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Inhibiting recombination to improve the performance of plasma-based CO2 conversion			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	Chemical Engineering Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chemical Engineering Journal
	Volume	481	Issue		Pages	148684
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Plasma-based CO2 splitting Recombination reactions In-situ gas sampling Fluid dynamics modeling Kinetics modeling Afterglow quenching; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	Warm plasma offers a promising route for CO2 splitting into valuable CO, yet recombination reactions of CO with oxygen, forming again CO2, have recently emerged as critical limitation. This study combines experiments and fluid dynamics + chemical kinetics modelling to comprehensively analyse the recombination reactions upon CO2 splitting in an atmospheric plasmatron. We introduce an innovative in-situ gas sampling technique, enabling 2D spatial mapping of gas product compositions and temperatures, experimentally confirming for the first time the substantial limiting effect of CO recombination reactions in the afterglow region. Our results show that the CO mole fraction at a 5 L/min flow rate drops significantly from 11.9 % at a vertical distance of z = 20 mm in the afterglow region to 8.6 % at z = 40 mm. We constructed a comprehensive 2D model that allows for spatial reaction rates analysis incorporating crucial reactions, and we validated it to kinetically elucidate this phenomenon. CO2 +M⇌O+CO+M and CO2 +O⇌CO+O2 are the dominant reactions, with the forward reactions prevailing in the plasma region and the backward reactions becoming prominent in the afterglow region. These results allow us to propose an afterglow quenching strategy for performance enhancement, which is further demonstrated through a meticulously developed plasmatron reactor with two-stage cooling. Our approach substantially increases the CO2 conversion (e.g., from 6.6 % to 19.5 % at 3 L/min flow rate) and energy efficiency (from 13.5 % to 28.5 %, again at 3 L/min) and significantly shortens the startup time (from ~ 150 s to 25 s). Our study underscores the critical role of inhibiting recombination reactions in plasma-based CO2 conversion and offers new avenues for performance enhancement.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2024-01-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province, 2023C03129 ; Vlaamse regering; European Research Council; National Natural Science Foundation of China, 51976191 52276214 ; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique – FNRS; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, 1101524N ; Vlaams Supercomputer Centrum; Horizon 2020, 101081162 810182 ; European Research Council;			Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1; 2024 IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @			Serial	8993
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	Author	Tytgat, T.; Hauchecorne, B.; Abakumov, A.M.; Smits, M.; Verbruggen, S.W.; Lenaerts, S.
	Title	Photocatalytic process optimisation for ethylene oxidation			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2012	Publication	Chemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	209	Issue		Pages	494-500
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	When studying photocatalysis it is important to consider, beside the chemical approach, the engineering part related to process optimisation. To achieve this a fixed bed photocatalytic set-up consisting of different catalyst placings, in order to vary catalyst distribution, is studied. The use of a fixed quantity of catalyst placed packed or randomly distributed in the reactor, results in an almost double degradation for the distributed catalyst. Applying this knowledge leads to an improved performance with limited use of catalyst. A reactor only half filled with catalyst leads to higher degradation performance compared to a completely filled reactor. Taking into account this simple process optimisation by better distributing the catalyst a more sustainable photocatalytic air purification process is achieved. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Lausanne	Editor
	Language		Wos	000311190500058	Publication Date	2012-08-22
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.216	Times cited	12	Open Access
	Notes	; We are grateful for the delivered photocatalyst by Evonik as well as for the PhD grant (T. Tytgat) given by the Institute of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT). ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.216; 2012 IF: 3.473
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:105185			Serial	2609
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	Author	Smeulders, G.; van Oers, C.; Van Havenbergh, K.; Houthoofd, K.; Mertens, M.; Martens, J.A.; Bals, S.; Maes, B.U.W.; Meynen, V.; Cool, P.
	Title	Smart heating profiles for the synthesis of benzene bridged periodic mesoporous organosilicas			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Chemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	175	Issue		Pages	585-591
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Laboratory of adsorption and catalysis (LADCA); Organic synthesis (ORSY)
	Abstract	In this study the effects of the heating rate and heating time on the formation of crystal-like benzene bridged periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) are investigated. The time needed to heat up an autoclave during the hydrothermal treatment has shown to be crucial in the synthesis of PMOs, while the total duration of heating gave rise to only minor differences. By choosing a smart heating profile, superior PMO materials can be obtained in a short time. Different heating profiles in a range from one minute to one hour are adopted by microwave equipment and compared with conventional heating methods. The heating rate has a large influence on the porosity characteristics and the uniformity of the obtained particles. Moreover, two new alternative synthetic strategies to adopt the smart heating profile are presented, in order to give some possible solutions for the expensive microwave equipment.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Lausanne	Editor
	Language		Wos	000297875900069	Publication Date	2011-10-07
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.216	Times cited	7	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Goa-Bof			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.216; 2011 IF: 3.461
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:93630			Serial	3044
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	Author	Gholampour, N.; Chaemchuen, S.; Hu, Z.-Y.; Mousavi, B.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Verpoort, F.
	Title	Simultaneous creation of metal nanoparticles in metal organic frameworks via spray drying technique			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2017	Publication	Chemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	322	Issue		Pages	702-709
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	In-situ fabrication of palladium(0) nanoparticles inside zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-8) has been established via one-step facile spray-dry technique. Crystal structures and morphologies of the Pd@ZIF-8 samples are investigated by powder XRD, TEM, SAED, STEM, and EDX techniques. High angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAAD-STEM) and 3D tomographic analysis confirm the presence of palladium nanoparticles inside the ZIF-8 structure. The porosity, surface area and N-2 physisorption properties are evaluated for Pd@ZIF-8 with various palladium contents. Furthermore, Pd@ZIF-8 samples are effectively applied as heterogeneous catalysts in alkenes hydrogenation. This straightforward method is able to speed up the synthesis of encapsulation of metal nanoparticles in metal organic frameworks. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Lausanne	Editor
	Language		Wos	000401594200069	Publication Date	2017-04-19
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947; 0300-9467	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.216	Times cited	14	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	; The authors would like to express their deep accolade to “State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing” for financial support. S.C. appreciates of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (303-41150231), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (WUT: 2016IVA092) and the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (471-40120222). N.G. thanks the Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC) for her Ph.D. study grant 2013GXZ985. Z.-Y. H and G. V.T. acknowledge the support from the EC Framework 7 program ESTEEM2 (Reference 312483). ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.216
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:144152			Serial	4686
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	Author	Zhang, H.; Wang, W.; Li, X.; Han, L.; Yan, M.; Zhong, Y.; Tu, X.
	Title	Plasma activation of methane for hydrogen production in a N₂ rotating gliding arc warm plasma : a chemical kinetics study			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2018	Publication	Chemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	345	Issue	345	Pages	67-78
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	In this work, a chemical kinetics study on methane activation for hydrogen production in a warm plasma, i.e., N-2 rotating gliding arc (RGA), was performed for the first time to get new insights into the underlying reaction mechanisms and pathways. A zero-dimensional chemical kinetics model was developed, which showed a good agreement with the experimental results in terms of the conversion of CH4 and product selectivities, allowing us to get a better understanding of the relative significance of various important species and their related reactions to the formation and loss of CH4, H-2, and C2H2 etc. An overall reaction scheme was obtained to provide a realistic picture of the plasma chemistry. The results reveal that the electrons and excited nitrogen species (mainly N-2(A)) play a dominant role in the initial dissociation of CH4. However, the H atom induced reaction CH4+ H -> CH3+ H-2, which has an enhanced reaction rate due to the high gas temperature (over 1200 K), is the major contributor to both the conversion of CH4 and H-2 production, with its relative contributions of > 90% and > 85%, respectively, when only considering the forward reactions. The coexistence and interaction of thermochemical and plasma chemical processes in the rotating gliding arc warm plasma significantly enhance the process performance. The formation of C-2 hydrocarbons follows a nearly one-way path of C2H6 -> C2H4 -> C2H2, explaining why the selectivities of C-2 products decreased in the order of C2H2 > C2H4 > C2H6.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Elsevier Sequoia	Place of Publication	Lausanne	Editor
	Language		Wos	000430696500008	Publication Date	2018-03-24
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947; 1873-3212	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.216	Times cited	25	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 6.216
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:151450			Serial	5036
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	Author	Trenchev, G.; Nikiforov, A.; Wang, W.; Kolev, S.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Atmospheric pressure glow discharge for CO₂ conversion : model-based exploration of the optimum reactor configuration			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	Chemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	362	Issue	362	Pages	830-841
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	We investigate the performance of an atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD) reactor for CO2 conversion in three different configurations, through experiments and simulations. The first (basic) configuration utilizes the well-known pin-to-plate design, which offers a limited conversion. The second configuration improves the reactor performance by employing a vortex-flow generator. The third, “confined” configuration is a complete redesign of the reactor, which encloses the discharge in a limited volume, significantly surpassing the conversion rate of the other two designs. The plasma properties are investigated using an advanced plasma model.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000457863500084	Publication Date	2019-01-18
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947; 1873-3212	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.216	Times cited	4	Open Access	Not_Open_Access: Available from 15.10.2019
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 6.216
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:157459			Serial	5269
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	Author	Pauwels, D.; Hereijgers, J.; Verhulst, K.; De Wael, K.; Breugelmans, T.
	Title	Investigation of the electrosynthetic pathway of the aldol condensation of acetone			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	Chemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	289	Issue		Pages	554-561
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Applied Electrochemistry & Catalysis (ELCAT)
	Abstract	The potential-controlled electrochemical aldol condensation of acetone to diacetone alcohol in a standard batch electrolysis set-up was studied in this work. It is confirmed that the reaction proceeds at the cathode and that, contrary to what is mentioned in earlier literature, water in the electrolyte has a disadvantageous effect on the reaction. Similar to the chemical reaction, the electrochemical reaction reaches a maximum yield when the equilibrium is reached. Separating the anode and cathode prevents cross-over and degradation of products, leading to a higher yield. Starting with pure acetone and support electrolyte, it was possible to obtain a diacetone alcohol concentration of 15 m% after two hours electrolysis in a divided set-up with a platinum electrode at -2.5 V. The concentration gradient throughout the electrolysis follows an exponential curve up to its equilibrium concentration.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000371559900061	Publication Date	2016-01-13
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947; 1873-3212	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.216	Times cited	6	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.216
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:130396			Serial	5675
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