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	Author	Berthelot, A.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Pinpointing energy losses in CO 2 plasmas – Effect on CO 2 conversion			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2018	Publication	Journal of CO2 utilization	Abbreviated Journal	J Co2 Util
	Volume	24	Issue		Pages	479-499
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Plasma technology is gaining increasing interest for CO2 conversion, but to maximize the energy efficiency, it is important to track the different energy transfers taking place in the plasma. In this paper, we study these mechanisms by a 0D chemical kinetics model, including the vibrational kinetics, for different conditions of reduced electric field, gas temperature and ionization degree, at a pressure of 100 mbar. Our model predicts a maximum conversion and energy efficiency of 32% and 47%, respectively, at conditions that are particularly beneficial for energy efficient CO2 conversion, i.e. a low reduced electric field (10 Td) and a low gas temperature (300 K). We study the effect of the efficiency by which the vibrational energy is used to dissociate CO2, as well as of the activation energy of the reaction CO2+O→CO+O2, to elucidate the theoretical limitations to the energy efficiency. Our model reveals that these parameters are mainly responsible for the limitations in the energy efficiency. By varying these parameters, we can reach a maximum conversion and energy efficiency of 86%. Finally, we derive an empirical formula to estimate the maximum possible energy efficiency that can be reached under the assumptions of the model.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000428234500054	Publication Date	2018-03-15
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.292	Times cited	6	Open Access	Not_Open_Access: Available from 16.03.2020
	Notes	We acknowledge financial support from the European Union's Seventh Framework Program for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no. 606889. The calculations were carried out using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UA), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UA. We would also like to thank Prof. Richard van de Sanden (DIFFER) for the interesting talks.			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.292
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:149645			Serial	4912
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	Author	Belov, I.; Vermeiren, V.; Paulussen, S.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Carbon dioxide dissociation in a microwave plasma reactor operating in a wide pressure range and different gas inlet configurations			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2018	Publication	Journal of CO2 utilization	Abbreviated Journal	J Co2 Util
	Volume	24	Issue		Pages	386-397
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Microwave (MW) plasmas represent a promising solution for efficient CO2 dissociation. MW discharges are also very versatile and can be sustained at various pressure and gas flow regimes. To identify the most favorable conditions for the further scale-up of the CO2 decomposition reaction, a MW plasma reactor operating in pure CO2 in a wide pressure range (200 mbar–1 bar) is studied. Three different gas flow configurations are explored: a direct, reverse and a vortex regime. The CO2 conversion and energy efficiency drop almost linearly with increasing pressure, regardless of the gas flow regime. The results obtained in the direct flow configuration underline the importance of post-discharge cooling, as the exhaust of the MW plasma reactor in this regime expanded into the vacuum chamber without additional quenching. As a result, this system yields exhaust temperatures of up to 1000 K, which explains the lowest conversion (∼3.5% at 200 mbar and 2% at 1 bar). A post-discharge cooling step is introduced for the reverse gas inlet regime and allows the highest conversion to be achieved (∼38% at 200 mbar and 6.2% at 1 bar, with energy efficiencies of 23% and 3.7%). Finally, a tangential gas inlet is utilized in the vortex configuration to generate a swirl flow pattern. This results in the generation of a stable discharge in a broader range of CO2 flows (15–30 SLM) and the highest energy efficiencies obtained in this study (∼25% at 300 mbar and ∼13% at 1 bar, at conversions of 21% and 12%). The experimental results are complemented with computational fluid dynamics simulations and with the analysis of the latest literature to identify the further research directions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000428234500045	Publication Date	2018-03-15
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.292	Times cited	8	Open Access	Not_Open_Access: Available from 16.03.2020
	Notes	The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7-PEOPLE-2013- ITN) under Grant Agreement№606889 (R			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.292
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:150874			Serial	4955
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	Author	Ramakers, M.; Heijkers, S.; Tytgat, T.; Lenaerts, S.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Combining CO2 conversion and N2 fixation in a gliding arc plasmatron			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	Journal of CO2 utilization	Abbreviated Journal	J Co2 Util
	Volume	33	Issue		Pages	121-130
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT); Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	Industry needs a ﬂexible and eﬃcient technology to convert CO2 into useful products, which ﬁts in the Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) philosophy. Plasma technology is intensively being investigated for this purpose. A promising candidate is the gliding arc plasmatron (GAP). Waste streams of CO2 are often not pure and contain N2 as important impurity. Therefore, in this paper we provide a detailed experimental and computational study of the combined CO2 and N2 conversion in a GAP. Is it possible to take advantage of the presence of N2 in the mixture and to combine CO2 conversion with N2 ﬁxation? Our experiments and simulations reveal that N2 actively contributes to the process of CO2 conversion, through its vibrational levels. In addition, NO and NO2 are formed, with concentrations around 7000 ppm, which is slightly too low for valorization, but by improving the reactor design it must be possible to further increase their concentrations. Other NO-based molecules, in particular the strong greenhouse gas N2O, are not formed in the GAP, which is an important result. We also compare our results with those obtained in other plasma reactors to clarify the diﬀerences in underlying plasma processes, and to demonstrate the superiority of the GAP.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000487274100013	Publication Date	2019-05-22
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.292	Times cited	3	Open Access	Not_Open_Access: Available from 23.05.2021
	Notes	Fund for Scientific Research Flanders, G.0383.16N ; Excellence of Science program of the Fund for Scientific Research, G0F9618N ; Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government; UAntwerpen; We acknowledge ﬁnancial support from the Fund for Scientiﬁc Research Flanders (FWO; Grant no. G.0383.16N) and the Excellence of Science program of the Fund for Scientiﬁc Research (FWO-FNRS; Grant no. G0F9618N; EOS ID: 30505023). The calculations were performed using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UAntwerpen. Finally, we also want to thank Dr. Ramses Snoeckx for the very interesting discussions, and A. Fridman and A. Rabinovich for developing the GAP.			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.292
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @UA @ admin @ c:irua:159984			Serial	5173
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	Author	Trenchev, G.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Dual-vortex plasmatron: A novel plasma source for CO2 conversion			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2020	Publication	Journal Of Co2 Utilization	Abbreviated Journal	J Co2 Util
	Volume	39	Issue		Pages	101152
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Atmospheric pressure gliding arc (GA) discharges are gaining increasing interest for CO2 conversion and other gas conversion applications, due to their simplicity and high energy eﬃciency. However, they are characterized by some drawbacks, such as non-uniform gas treatment, limiting the conversion, as well as the development of a hot cathode spot, resulting in severe electrode degradation. In this work, we built a dual-vortex plasmatron, which is a GA plasma reactor with innovative electrode conﬁguration, to solve the above problems. The design aims to improve the CO2 conversion capability of the GA reactor by elongating the arc in two directions, to increase the residence time of the gas inside the arc, and to actively cool the cathode spot by rotation of the arc and gas convection. The measured CO2 conversion and corresponding energy eﬃciency indeed look very promising. In addition, we developed a ﬂuid dynamics non-thermal plasma model with argon chemistry, to study the arc behavior in the reactor and to explain the experimental results.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000546648400008	Publication Date	2020-03-20
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.7	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	Fund for Scientific Research – Flanders, G.0383.16N 11U53.16N ; Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government; UAntwerpen; We acknowledge ﬁnancial support from the Fund for Scientiﬁc Research – Flanders (FWO); grant numbers G.0383.16N and 11U53.16N. The calculations were performed using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI), and the UAntwerpen. We would also like to thank G. Van Loon from the University of Antwerp for building the DVP reactor.			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.7; 2020 IF: 4.292
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:167593			Serial	6356
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	Author	Dinh, D.K.; Trenchev, G.; Lee, D.H.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Arc plasma reactor modification for enhancing performance of dry reforming of methane			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2020	Publication	Journal Of Co2 Utilization	Abbreviated Journal	J Co2 Util
	Volume	42	Issue		Pages	101352
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Arc plasma technology is gaining increasing interest for a variety of chemical reaction applications. In this study, we demonstrate how modifying the reactor geometry can significantly enhance the chemical reaction performance. Using dry reforming of methane as a model reaction, we studied different rotating arc reactors (conventional rotating arc reactor and nozzle-type rotating arc reactor) to evaluate the effect of attaching a downstream nozzle. The nozzle structure focuses the heat to a confined reaction volume, resulting in enhanced heat transfer from the arc into gas activation and reduced heat losses to the reactor walls. Compared to the conventional rotating arc reactor, this yields much higher CH4 and CO2 conversion (i.e., 74% and 49%, respectively, versus 40% and 28% in the conventional reactor, at 5 kJ/L) as well as energy efficiency (i.e., 53% versus 36%). The different performance in both reactors was explained by both experiments (measurements of temperature and oscillogram of current and voltage) and numerical modelling of the gas flow dynamics, heat transfer and fluid plasma of the reactor chambers. The results provide important insights for design optimization of arc plasma reactors for various chemical reactions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000599717000009	Publication Date	2020-11-05
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.7	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, NK225F and NG0340) ; This work is supported by the Institutional research program (NK225F and NG0340) of the Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials.			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.7; 2020 IF: 4.292
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:173859			Serial	6431
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	Author	Kaliyappan, P.; Paulus, A.; D’Haen, J.; Samyn, P.; Uytdenhouwen, Y.; Hafezkhiabani, N.; Bogaerts, A.; Meynen, V.; Elen, K.; Hardy, A.; Van Bael, M.K.
	Title	Probing the impact of material properties of core-shell SiO₂@TiO₂ spheres on the plasma-catalytic CO₂ dissociation using a packed bed DBD plasma reactor			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2021	Publication	Journal Of Co2 Utilization	Abbreviated Journal	J Co2 Util
	Volume	46	Issue		Pages	101468
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Laboratory of adsorption and catalysis (LADCA); Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Plasma catalysis, a promising technology for conversion of CO2 into value-added chemicals near room temperature, is gaining increasing interest. A dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma has attracted attention due to its simple design and operation at near ambient conditions, ease to implement catalysts in the plasma zone and upscaling ability to industrial applications. To improve its main drawbacks, being relatively low conversion and energy efficiency, a packing material is used in the plasma discharge zone of the reactor, sometimes decorated by a catalytic material. Nevertheless, the extent to which different properties of the packing material influence plasma performance is still largely unexplored and unknown. In this study, the particular effect of synthesis induced differences in the morphology of a TiO2 shell covering a SiO2 core packing material on the plasma conversion of CO2 is studied. TiO2 has been successfully deposited around 1.6–1.8 mm sized SiO2 spheres by means of spray coating, starting from aqueous citratoperoxotitanate(IV) precursors. Parameters such as concentration of the Ti(IV) precursor solutions and addition of a binder were found to affect the shells’ properties and surface morphology and to have a major impact on the CO2 conversion in a packed bed DBD plasma reactor. Core-shell SiO2@TiO2 obtained from 0.25 M citratoperoxotitante(IV) precursors with the addition of a LUDOX binder showed the highest CO2 conversion 37.7% (at a space time of 70 s corresponding to an energy efficiency of 2%) and the highest energy efficiency of 4.8% (at a space time of 2.5 s corresponding to a conversion of 3%).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000634280300004	Publication Date	2021-02-15
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.292	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.292
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:175958			Serial	6773
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	Author	Van Alphen, S.; Slaets, J.; Ceulemans, S.; Aghaei, M.; Snyders, R.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Effect of N2 on CO2-CH4 conversion in a gliding arc plasmatron: Can this major component in industrial emissions improve the energy efficiency?			Type	A1 Journal Article;Plasma-based CO2-CH4 conversion
	Year	2021	Publication	Journal Of Co2 Utilization	Abbreviated Journal	J Co2 Util
	Volume	54	Issue		Pages	101767
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article;Plasma-based CO2-CH4 conversion; Effect of N2; Plasma chemistry; Computational modelling; Gliding arc plasmatron; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	Plasma-based CO2 and CH4 conversion is gaining increasing interest, and a great portion of research is dedicated to adapting the process to actual industrial conditions. In an industrial context, the process needs to be able to process N2 admixtures, since most industrial gas emissions contain significant amounts of N2, and gas separations are financially costly. In this paper we therefore investigate the effect of N2 on the CO2 and CH4 conversion in a gliding arc plasmatron reactor. The addition of 20 % N2 reduces the energy cost of the conversion process by 21 % compared to a pure CO2/CH4 mixture, from 2.9 down to 2.2 eV/molec (or from 11.5 to 8.7 kJ/L), yielding a CO2 and CH4 (absolute) conversion of 28.6 and 35.9 % and an energy efficiency of 58 %. These results are among the best reported in literature for plasma-based DRM, demonstrating the benefits of N2 present in the mix. Compared to DRM results in different plasma reactor types, a low energy cost was achieved. To understand the underlying mechanisms of N2 addition, we developed a combination of four different computational models, which reveal that the beneficial effect of N2 addition is attributed to (i) a rise in the electron density (increasing the plasma conductivity, and therefore reducing the plasma power needed to sustain the plasma, which reduces the energy cost), as well as (ii) a rise in the gas temperature, which accelerates the CO2 and CH4 conversion reactions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000715057300005	Publication Date	2021-10-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.292	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	This research was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innova tion programme (grant agreement No 810182 – SCOPE ERC Synergy project), the Excellence of Science FWO-FNRS project (FWO grant ID GoF9618n, EOS ID 30505023), and through long-term structural funding (Methusalem). The calculations were performed using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UAntwerpen.			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.292
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:184044			Serial	6827
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	Author	Kelly, S.; Mercer, E.; Gorbanev, Y.; Fedirchyk, I.; Verheyen, C.; Werner, K.; Pullumbi, P.; Cowley, A.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Plasma-based conversion of martian atmosphere into life-sustaining chemicals: The benefits of utilizing martian ambient pressure			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	Journal of CO2 utilization	Abbreviated Journal	Journal of CO2 Utilization
	Volume	80	Issue		Pages	102668
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	We explored the potential of plasma-based In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) for Mars through the conversion of Martian atmosphere (~96% CO2, 2% N2, and 2% Ar) into life-sustaining chemicals. As the Martian surface pressure is about 1% of the Earth’s surface pressure, it is an ideal environment for plasma-based gas conversion using microwave reactors. At 1000 W and 10 Ln/min (normal liters per minute), we produced ~76 g/h of O2 and ~3 g/h of NOx using a 2.45 GHz waveguided reactor at 25 mbar, which is ~3.5 times Mars ambient pressure. The energy cost required to produce O2 was ~0.013 kWh/g, which is very promising compared to recently concluded MOXIE experiments on the Mars surface. This marks a crucial step towards realizing the extension of human exploration.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001156084300001	Publication Date	2024-01-09
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor	7.7	Times cited		Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes	We acknowledge financial support by a European Space Agency (ESA) Open Science Innovation Platform study (contract no. 4000137001/21/NL/GLC/ov), the European Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship ‘‘PENFIX’’ within Horizon 2020 (grant no. 838181), the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (grant no. 810182; SCOPE ERC Synergy project), the Excellence of Science FWOFNRS PLASyntH2 project (FWO grant no. G0I1822N and EOS no. 4000751) and the Methusalem project of the University of Antwerp.			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.7; 2024 IF: 4.292
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:202389			Serial	8986
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	Author	Wanten, B.; Maerivoet, S.; Vantomme, C.; Slaets, J.; Trenchev, G.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Dry reforming of methane in an atmospheric pressure glow discharge: Confining the plasma to expand the performance			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	Journal Of Co2 Utilization	Abbreviated Journal	J Co2 Util
	Volume	56	Issue		Pages	101869
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	We present a confined atmospheric pressure glow discharge plasma reactor, with very good performance towards dry reforming of methane, i.e., CO2 and CH4 conversion of 64 % and 94 %, respectively, at an energy cost of 3.5–4 eV/molecule (or 14–16 kJ/L). This excellent performance is among the best reported up to now for all types of plasma reactors in literature, and is due to the confinement of the plasma, which maximizes the fraction of gas passing through the active plasma region. The main product formed is syngas, with H2O and C2H2 as byproducts. We developed a quasi-1D chemical kinetics model, showing good agreement with the experimental results, which provides a thorough insight in the reaction pathways underlying the conversion of CO2 and CH4 and the formation of the different products.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000740230000002	Publication Date	2021-12-23
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.7	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	Vlaamse regering; European Research Council, 810182 ; Herculesstichting; European Research Council; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme; Universiteit Antwerpen; This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 810182 – SCOPE ERC Synergy project), and through long-term structural funding (Methusalem). The calculations were performed using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UAntwerpen. Finally, we thank T. Kenis, J. Van den Hoek, and T. Breugelmans from the University of Antwerp, for per forming the liquid analysis.			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.7
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:185163			Serial	6899
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	Author	Li, S.; Liu, C.; Bogaerts, A.; Gallucci, F.
	Title	Editorial: Special issue on CO2 utilization with plasma technology			Type	Editorial
	Year	2022	Publication	Journal Of Co2 Utilization	Abbreviated Journal	J Co2 Util
	Volume	61	Issue		Pages	102017
	Keywords	Editorial; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Plasma technology has advanced significantly in recent years, with application ranging from chemical conversion, to surface treatment, material development and several other fields. Special attention has been paid to the development of possible novel approaches for the conversion of chemicals in a more sustainable way. Plasma technology offers advantages over thermochemical routes such as high process versatility, mild reaction condition, one-step synthesis, fast reaction and instant control. More importantly, it can be easily combined with electricity generated from various renewable sources and is suitable for energy storage via the conversion of intermittent renewable energy into carbon-neutral fuels or other chemicals. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the development of plasma technology for CO2 utilization. Investigation on different reactions such as CO2 splitting, dry reforming of methane (DRM) and CO2 hydrogenation with different types of plasma reactors and catalysts have been reported by researchers worldwide. Although technological maturity still needs to be increased, the potential of plasma has been well-recognized by the scientific community and industry. More research output in the future is expected as a result of intensive research activities and various kinds of investment. In this context, we present this special issue on CO2 utilization with plasma technology, which collects 22 articles, covering topics in related areas such as plasma reactor design, plasma catalysis, plasmamaterial interaction, modeling and new ideas for possible applications.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000798071200005	Publication Date	0000-00-00
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor	7.7	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 7.7
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:188287			Serial	7058
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	Author	Vertongen, R.; Trenchev, G.; Van Loenhout, R.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Enhancing CO2 conversion with plasma reactors in series and O2 removal			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	Journal Of Co2 Utilization	Abbreviated Journal	J Co2 Util
	Volume	66	Issue		Pages	102252
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	In this work, we take a crucial step towards the industrial readiness of plasma-based CO2 conversion. We present a stepwise method to study plasma reactors in series as a first approach to a recycle flow. By means of this procedure, the CO2 conversion is enhanced by a factor of 3, demonstrating that a single-pass plasma treatment performs far below the optimal capacity of the reactor. Furthermore, we explore the effect of O2 in the mixture with our flexible procedure. Addition of O2 in the mixture has a clear detrimental effect on the conversion, in agreement with other experiments in atmospheric pressure plasmas. O2 removal is however highly beneficial, demonstrating a conversion per pass that is 1.6 times higher than the standard procedure. Indeed, extracting one of the products prevents recombination reactions. Based on these insights, we discuss opportunities for further improvements, especially in the field of specialised separation techniques.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000872550900003	Publication Date	0000-00-00
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.7	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	We acknowledge financial support from the Fund for Scientific Research (FWO) Flanders (Grant ID 110221 N), the Flemish Agency for Innovation and Entrepreneurship (VLAIO) (Grant ID HBC.2021.0251), and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 810182 – SCOPE ERC Synergy project). We also thank L. Hollevoet, K. Rouwenhorst, F. Girard-Sahun, B. Wanten and I. Tsonev for the interesting discussions and practical help with the experiments.			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.7
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:191467			Serial	7111
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	Author	Ivanov, V.; Paunska, T.; Lazarova, S.; Bogaerts, A.; Kolev, S.
	Title	Gliding arc/glow discharge for CO2 conversion: Comparing the performance of different discharge configurations			Type	A1 Journal Article;CO2 conversion
	Year	2023	Publication	Journal of CO2 Utilization	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	67	Issue		Pages	102300
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article;CO2 conversion; CO2 dissociation; Low current gliding arc; Magnetic stabilization; Magnetically stabilized discharge; Gliding glow discharge; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	We studied the use of low current (hundreds of milliamperes) gliding arc/glow discharges for CO2 dissociation, at atmospheric pressure, in three different configurations. All of these are based on the gliding arc design with flat diverging electrodes. The discharge is mainly in the normal glow regime with contracted positive column. The CO2 gas is injected from a nozzle, at the closest separation between the electrodes. A pair of quartz glasses is placed on both sides of the electrodes, so that the gas flow is restricted to the active plasma area, between the electrodes. For two of the tested configurations, an external magnetic field was applied, to create a magnetic force, both in the direction of the gas flow, and opposite to the gas flow. In the first case, the arc is accelerated, shortening the period between ignition and extinction, while in the second case, it is stabilized (magneticallystabilized). We studied two quantities, namely the CO2 conversion and the energy efficiency of the conversion. Generally, the CO2 conversion decreases with increasing flow rate and increases with power. The energy efficiency increases with the flow rate, for all configurations. The magnetically-stabilized configuration is more stable and efficient at low gas flow rates, but has poor performance at high flow rates, while the non-stabilized configurations exhibit good conversion for a larger range of flow rates, but they are generally more unstable and less efficient.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000891249700001	Publication Date	0000-00-00
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.7	Times cited		Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes	This work was supported by the Bulgarian National Science Fund, Ministry of Education and Science, research grant KP-06-OPR 04/4 from 14.12.2018 and by the European Regional Development Fund within the Operational Programme “Science and Education for Smart Growth 2014 – 2020″ under the Project CoE “National center of mechatronics and clean technologies” BG05M2OP001-1.001-0008.			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.7; 2023 IF: 4.292
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:191816			Serial	7117
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	Author	Verheyen, C.; van ’t Veer, K.; Snyders, R.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Atomic oxygen assisted CO2 conversion: A theoretical analysis			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Journal of CO2 utilization	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	67	Issue		Pages	102347
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	With climate change still a pressing issue, there is a great need for carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) methods. We propose a novel concept where CO2 conversion is accomplished by O2 splitting followed by the addition of O atoms to CO2. The latter is studied here by means of kinetic modelling. In the first instance, we study various CO2/O ratios, and we observe an optimal CO2 conversion of around 30–40% for 50% O addition. Gas temperature also has a large influence, with a minimum temperature of around 1000 K to a maximum of 2000 K for optimal conversion. In the second instance, we study various CO2/O/O2 ratios, due to O2 being a starting gas. Also here we define optimal regions for CO2 conversion, which reach maximum conversion for a CO2 fraction of 50% and an O/O2 ratio bigger than 1. Those can be expanded by heating on one hand, for low atomic oxygen availability, and by quenching after reaction on the other hand, for cases where the temperatures are too high. Our model predictions can serve as a guideline for experimental research in this domain.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000908384000005	Publication Date	0000-00-00
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.7	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	This research was supported by FWO – PhD fellowship-aspirant, Grant 1184820N. We also want to thank Bj¨orn Loenders and Joachim Slaets.			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.7; 2023 IF: 4.292
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:192321			Serial	7231
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	Author	Vertongen, R.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	How important is reactor design for CO2 conversion in warm plasmas?			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2023	Publication	Journal of CO2 Utilization	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	72	Issue		Pages	102510
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	In this work, we evaluated several new electrode configurations for CO2 conversion in a gliding arc plasmatron (GAP) reactor. Although the reactor design influences the performance, the best results give only slightly higher CO2 conversion than the basic GAP reactor design, which indicates that this reactor may have reached its performance limits. Moreover, we compared our results to those of four completely different plasma reactors, also operating at atmospheric pressure and with contact between the plasma and the electrodes. Surprisingly, the performance of all these warm plasmas is very similar (CO2 conversion around 10 % for an energy efficiency around 30 %). In view of these apparent performance limits regarding the reactor design, we believe further improvements should focus on other aspects, such as the post-plasma-region where the implementation of nozzles or a carbon bed are promising. We summarize the performance of our GAP reactor by comparing the energy efficiency and CO2 conversion for all different plasma reactors reported in literature. We can conclude that the GAP is not the best plasma reactor, but its operation at atmospheric pressure makes it appealing for industrial application. We believe that future efforts should focus on process design, techno-economic assessments and large-scale demonstrations: these will be crucial to assess the real industrial potential of this warm plasma technology
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001024970900001	Publication Date	2023-06-16
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.7	Times cited		Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes	We acknowledge financial support from the Fund for Scientific Research (FWO) Flanders (Grant ID 110221N) and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreements No 810182 – SCOPE ERC Synergy project and No. 101081162 — “PREPARE” ERC Proof of Concept project). We also thank I. Tsonev, P. Heirman, F. Girard-Sahun and G. Trenchev for the interesting discussions and practical help with the experiments, as well as J. Creel for his ideas on the inserted anode designs.			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.7; 2023 IF: 4.292
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:197044			Serial	8799
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	Author	Kelly, S.; Mercer, E.; De Meyer, R.; Ciocarlan, R.-G.; Bals, S.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Microwave plasma-based dry reforming of methane: Reaction performance and carbon formation			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Journal of CO2 utilization	Abbreviated Journal	Journal of CO2 Utilization
	Volume	75	Issue		Pages	102564
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Laboratory of adsorption and catalysis (LADCA); Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	e investigate atmospheric pressure microwave (MW) plasma (2.45 GHz) conversion in CO2 and CH4 mixtures (i.e., dry reforming of methane, DRM) focusing on reaction performance and carbon formation. Promising energy costs of ~2.8–3.0 eV/molecule or ~11.1–11.9 kJ/L are amongst the best performance to date considering the current state-of-the-art for plasma-based DRM for all types of plasma. The conversion is in the range of ~46–49% and ~55–67% for CO2 and CH4, respectively, producing primarily syngas (i.e., H2 and CO) with H2/CO ratios of ~0.6–1 at CH4 fractions ranging from 30% to 45%. Water is the largest byproduct with levels ranging ~7–14% in the exhaust. Carbon particles visibly impact the plasma at higher CH4 fractions (> 30%), where they become heated and incandescent. Particle luminosity increases with increasing CH4 fractions, with the plasma becoming unstable near a 1:1 mixture (i.e., > 45% CH4). Electron microscopy of the carbon material reveals an agglomerated morphology of pure carbon nanoparticles. The mean particle size is determined as ~20 nm, free of any metal contamination, consistent with the electrode-less MW design.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001065310000001	Publication Date	2023-08-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.7	Times cited	6	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	We acknowledge financial support by a European Space Agency (ESA) Open Science Innovation Platform study (contract no. 4000137001/21/NL/GLC/ov), the European Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship ‘‘PENFIX’’ within Horizon 2020 (grant no. 838181), the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (grant no. 810182; SCOPE ERC Synergy project), the Excellence of Science FWOFNRS PLASyntH2 project (FWO grant no. G0I1822N and EOS no. 4000751) and the Methusalem project of the University of Antwerp			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.7; 2023 IF: 4.292
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:198155			Serial	8807
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	Author	Xu, W.; Buelens, L.C.; Galvita, V.V.; Bogaerts, A.; Meynen, V.
	Title	Improving the performance of gliding arc plasma-catalytic dry reforming via a new post-plasma tubular catalyst bed			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	Journal of CO2 Utilization	Abbreviated Journal	Journal of CO2 Utilization
	Volume	83	Issue		Pages	102820
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Dry reforming Gliding arc plasma Plasma catalytic DRM Ni-based mixed oxide Post-plasma catalysis; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	A combination of a gliding arc plasmatron (GAP) reactor and a newly designed tubular catalyst bed (N-bed) was applied to investigate the post-plasma catalytic (PPC) effect for dry reforming of methane (DRM). As comparison, a traditional plasma catalyst bed (T-bed) was also utilized. The post-plasma catalytic effect of a Ni-based mixed oxide (Ni/MO) catalyst with a thermal catalytic performance of 77% CO2 and 86% CH4 conversion at 700 ℃ was studied. Although applying the T-bed had little effect on plasma based CO2 and CH4 conversion, an increase in selectivity to H2 was obtained with a maximum value of 89% at a distance of 2 cm. However, even when only α-Al2O3 packing material was used in the N-bed configuration, compared to the plasma alone and the T-bed, an increase of the CO2 and CH4 conversion from 53% and 53% to 69% and 69% to 83% was achieved. Addition of the Ni/MO catalyst further enhanced the DRM reaction, resulting in conversions of 79% for CO2 and 91% for CH4. Hence, although no insulation nor external heating was applied to the N-bed post plasma, it provides a slightly better conversion than the thermal catalytic performance with the same catalyst, while being fully electrically driven. In addition, an enhanced CO selectivity to 96% was obtained and the energy cost was reduced from ~ 6 kJ/L (plasma alone) to 4.3 kJ/L. To our knowledge, it is the first time that a post-plasma catalytic system achieves this excellent catalytic performance for DRM without extra external heating or insulation.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2024-05-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links
	Impact Factor	7.7	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	Wencong Xu, Vladimir V. Galvita, Annemie Bogaerts, and Vera Meynen would like to acknowledge the VLAIO Catalisti Moonshot project D2M and the VLAIO Catalisti transition project CO2PERATE (HBC.2017.0692). Lukas C. Buelens acknowledges financial support from the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO Flanders) through a postdoctoral fellowship grant 12E5623N. Vladimir V. Galvita also acknowledges a personal grant from the Research Fund of Ghent University (BOF; 01N16319).			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.7; 2024 IF: 4.292
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @			Serial	9131
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	Author	Oliveira, M.C.; Yusupov, M.; Bogaerts, A.; Cordeiro, R.M.
	Title	Lipid Oxidation: Role of Membrane Phase-Separated Domains			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	Journal Of Chemical Information And Modeling	Abbreviated Journal	J Chem Inf Model
	Volume	61	Issue	6	Pages	2857-2868
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	Lipid oxidation is associated with several inﬂammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, but many questions to unravel its eﬀects on biomembranes are still open due to the complexity of the topic. For instance, recent studies indicated that phase-separated domains can have a signiﬁcant eﬀect on membrane function. It is reported that domain interfaces are “hot spots” for pore formation, but the underlying mechanisms and the eﬀect of oxidation-induced phase separation on membranes remain elusive. Thus, to evaluate the permeability of the membrane coexisting of liquid-ordered (Lo) and liquid-disordered (Ld) domains, we performed atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Speciﬁcally, we studied the membrane permeability of nonoxidized or oxidized homogeneous membranes (single-phase) and at the Lo/Ld domain interfaces of heterogeneous membranes, where the Ld domain is composed of either oxidized or nonoxidized lipids. Our simulation results reveal that the addition of only 1.5% of lipid aldehyde molecules at the Lo/Ld domain interfaces of heterogeneous membranes increases the membrane permeability, whereas their addition at homogeneous membranes does not have any eﬀect. This study is of interest for a better understanding of cancer treatment methods based on oxidative stress (causing among others lipid oxidation), such as plasma medicine and photodynamic therapy.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000669541400034	Publication Date	2021-06-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1549-9596	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.76	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, 1200219N ; CoordenaÃ§Ã£o de AperfeiÃ§oamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior; We thank Universidade Federal do ABC for providing the computational resources needed for completion of this work and CAPES for the scholarship granted. M.Y. acknowledges the Flanders Research Foundation (grant 1200219N) for ﬁnancial support.			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.76
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:179766			Serial	6806
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	Author	Ghasemitarei, M.; Privat-Maldonado, A.; Yusupov, M.; Rahnama, S.; Bogaerts, A.; Ejtehadi, M.R.
	Title	Effect of Cysteine Oxidation in SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domain on Its Interaction with Two Cell Receptors: Insights from Atomistic Simulations			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	Journal Of Chemical Information And Modeling	Abbreviated Journal	J Chem Inf Model
	Volume	62	Issue	1	Pages	129-141
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Binding of the SARS-CoV-2 S-glycoprotein to cell receptors is vital for the entry of the virus into cells and subsequent infection. ACE2 is the main cell receptor for SARS-CoV-2, which can attach to the C-terminal receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S-glycoprotein. The GRP78 receptor plays an anchoring role, which attaches to the RBD and increases the chance of other RBDs binding to ACE2. Although high levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are produced during viral infections, it is not clear how they aﬀect the RBD structure and its binding to ACE2 and GRP78. In this research, we apply molecular dynamics simulations to study the eﬀect of oxidation of the highly reactive cysteine (Cys) amino acids of the RBD on its binding to ACE2 and GRP78. The interaction energy of both ACE2 and GRP78 with the whole RBD, as well as with the RBD main regions, is compared in both the native and oxidized RBDs. Our results show that the interaction energy between the oxidized RBD and ACE2 is strengthened by 155 kJ/mol, increasing the binding of the RBD to ACE2 after oxidation. In addition, the interaction energy between the RBD and GRP78 is slightly increased by 8 kJ/mol after oxidation, but this diﬀerence is not signiﬁcant. Overall, these ﬁndings highlight the role of RONS in the binding of the SARS-CoV-2 S-glycoprotein to host cell receptors and suggest an alternative mechanism by which RONS could modulate the entrance of viral particles into the cells.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000740019000001	Publication Date	2022-01-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1549-9596	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	5.6	Times cited		Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes	Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, 1200219N ; Binding of the SARS-CoV-2 S-glycoprotein to cell receptors is vital for the entry of the virus into cells and subsequent infection. ACE2 is the main cell receptor for SARS-CoV-2, which can attach to the C-terminal receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S-glycoprotein. The GRP78 receptor plays an anchoring role, which attaches to the RBD and increases the chance of other RBDs binding to ACE2. Although high levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are produced during viral infections, it is not clear how they aﬀect the RBD structure and its binding to ACE2 and GRP78. In this research, we apply molecular dynamics simulations to study the eﬀect of oxidation of the highly reactive cysteine (Cys) amino acids of the RBD on its binding to ACE2 and GRP78. The interaction energy of both ACE2 and GRP78 with the whole RBD, as well as with the RBD main regions, is compared in both the native and oxidized RBDs. Our results show that the interaction energy between the oxidized RBD and ACE2 is strengthened by 155 kJ/mol, increasing the binding of the RBD to ACE2 after oxidation. In addition, the interaction energy between the RBD and GRP78 is slightly increased by 8 kJ/mol after oxidation, but this diﬀerence is not signiﬁcant. Overall, these ﬁndings highlight the role of RONS in the binding of the SARS-CoV-2 S-glycoprotein to host cell receptors and suggest an alternative mechanism by which RONS could modulate the entrance of viral particles into the cells.			Approved	Most recent IF: 5.6
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:185485			Serial	7050
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	Author	Herrebout, D.; Bogaerts, A.; Yan, M.; Goedheer, W.; Dekempeneer, E.; Gijbels, R.
	Title	1D fluid model for an rf methane plasma of interest in deposition of diamond-like carbon layers			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2001	Publication	Journal of applied physics	Abbreviated Journal	J Appl Phys
	Volume	90	Issue		Pages	570-579
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Institute of Physics	Place of Publication	New York, N.Y.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000169660000007	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8979;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.068	Times cited	83	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.068; 2001 IF: 2.128
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:37250 c:irua:37250 c:irua:37250 c:irua:37250			Serial	2
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	Author	Zhao, S.-X.; Zhang, Y.-R.; Gao, F.; Wang, Y.-N.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Bulk plasma fragmentation in a C₄F₈ inductively coupled plasma : a hybrid modelling study			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Journal of applied physics	Abbreviated Journal	J Appl Phys
	Volume	117	Issue	117	Pages	243303
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	A hybrid model is used to investigate the fragmentation of C4F8 inductive discharges. Indeed, the resulting reactive species are crucial for the optimization of the Si-based etching process, since they determine the mechanisms of fluorination, polymerization, and sputtering. In this paper, we present the dissociation degree, the density ratio of F vs. CxFy (i.e., fluorocarbon (fc) neutrals), the neutral vs. positive ion density ratio, details on the neutral and ion components, and fractions of various fc neutrals (or ions) in the total fc neutral (or ion) density in a C4F8 inductively coupled plasma source, as well as the effect of pressure and power on these results. To analyze the fragmentation behavior, the electron density and temperature and electron energy probability function (EEPF) are investigated. Moreover, the main electron-impact generation sources for all considered neutrals and ions are determined from the complicated C4F8 reaction set used in the model. The C4F8 plasma fragmentation is explained, taking into account many factors, such as the EEPF characteristics, the dominance of primary and secondary processes, and the thresholds of dissociation and ionization. The simulation results are compared with experiments from literature, and reasonable agreement is obtained. Some discrepancies are observed, which can probably be attributed to the simplified polymer surface kinetics assumed in the model.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Institute of Physics	Place of Publication	New York, N.Y.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000357613900009	Publication Date	2015-06-30
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8979;1089-7550;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.068	Times cited	11	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.068; 2015 IF: 2.183
	Call Number	c:irua:126477			Serial	261
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	Author	Kolev, I.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Calculation of gas heating in a dc sputter magnetron			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2008	Publication	Journal of applied physics	Abbreviated Journal	J Appl Phys
	Volume	104	Issue	9	Pages	093301,1-093301,8
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The effect of gas heating in laboratory sputter magnetrons is investigated by means of numerical modeling. The model is two-dimensional in the coordinate space and three-dimensional in the velocity space based on the particle-in-cellMonte Carlo collisions technique. It is expanded in a way that allows the inclusion of the neutral plasma particles (fast gas atoms and sputtered atoms), which makes it possible to calculate the gas temperature and its influence on the discharge behavior in a completely self-consistent way. The results of the model are compared to experimental measurements and to other existing simulation results. The results show that gas heating is pressure dependent (rising with the increase in the gas pressure) and should be taken into consideration at pressures above 10 mTorr.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Institute of Physics	Place of Publication	New York, N.Y.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000260941700017	Publication Date	2008-11-07
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8979;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.068	Times cited	19	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.068; 2008 IF: 2.201
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:71286			Serial	267
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	Author	Bogaerts, A.; Gijbels, R.; Serikov, V.V.
	Title	Calculation of gas heating in direct current argon glow discharges			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2000	Publication	Journal of applied physics	Abbreviated Journal	J Appl Phys
	Volume	87	Issue	12	Pages	8334-8344
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Institute of Physics	Place of Publication	New York, N.Y.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000087346400013	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8979;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.068	Times cited	63	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.068; 2000 IF: 2.180
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:28327			Serial	268
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	Author	Bogaerts, A.; Gijbels, R.; Vlcek, J.
	Title	Collisional-radiative model for an argon glow discharge			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1998	Publication	Journal of applied physics	Abbreviated Journal	J Appl Phys
	Volume	84	Issue		Pages	121-136
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Institute of Physics	Place of Publication	New York, N.Y.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000075258100015	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8979;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.068	Times cited	138	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.068; 1998 IF: 1.729
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:19614			Serial	387
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	Author	Ivanov, V.; Proshina, O.; Rakhimova, T.; Rakhimov, A.; Herrebout, D.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Comparison of a one-dimensional particle-in-cell-Monte Carlo model and a one-dimensional fluid model for a CH₄/H₂ capacitively coupled radio frequency discharge			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2002	Publication	Journal of applied physics	Abbreviated Journal	J Appl Phys
	Volume	91	Issue	10	Pages	6296-6302
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Institute of Physics	Place of Publication	New York, N.Y.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000175572500007	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8979;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.068	Times cited	26	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.068; 2002 IF: 2.281
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:40187			Serial	425
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	Author	Saraiva, M.; Georgieva, V.; Mahieu, S.; van Aeken, K.; Bogaerts, A.; Depla, D.
	Title	Compositional effects on the growth of Mg(M)O films			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2010	Publication	Journal of applied physics	Abbreviated Journal	J Appl Phys
	Volume	107	Issue	3	Pages	034902,1-034902,10
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The influence of the composition on the crystallographic properties of deposited Mg(M)O (with M=Al, Cr, Ti, Y, and Zr) films is studied. For a flexible control of the composition, dual reactive magnetron sputtering was used as deposition technique. Two different approaches to predict the composition are discussed. The first is an experimental way based on the simple relationship between the deposition rate and the target-substrate distance. The second is a route using a Monte Carlo based particle trajectory code. Both methods require a minimal experimental input and enable the user to quickly predict the composition of complex thin films. Good control and flexibility allow us to study the compositional effects on the growth of Mg(M)O films. Pure MgO thin films were grown with a (111) preferential out-of-plane orientation. When adding M to MgO, two trends were noticed. The first trend is a change in the MgO lattice parameters compared to pure MgO. The second tendency is a decrease in the crystallinity of the MgO phase. The experimentally determined crystallographic properties are shown to be in correspondence with the predicted properties from molecular dynamics simulations.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Institute of Physics	Place of Publication	New York, N.Y.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000274517300116	Publication Date	2010-02-03
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8979;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.068	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.068; 2010 IF: 2.079
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:80346			Serial	447
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	Author	Zhang, Y.; Jiang, W.; Zhang, Q.Z.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Computational study of plasma sustainability in radio frequency micro-discharges			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2014	Publication	Journal of applied physics	Abbreviated Journal	J Appl Phys
	Volume	115	Issue	19	Pages	193301-193311
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	We apply an implicit particle-in-cell Monte-Carlo (PIC-MC) method to study a radio-frequency argon microdischarge at steady state in the glow discharge limit, in which the microdischarge is sustained by secondary electron emission from the electrodes. The plasma density, electron energy distribution function (EEDF), and electron temperature are calculated in a wide range of operating conditions, including driving voltage, microdischarge gap, and pressure. Also, the effect of gap size scaling (in the range of 50-1000 μm) on the plasma sustaining voltage and peak electron density at atmospheric pressure is examined, which has not been explored before. In our simulations, three different EEDFs, i.e., a so-called three temperature hybrid mode, a two temperature α mode, and a two temperature γ mode distribution, are identified at different gaps and voltages. The maximum sustaining voltage to avoid a transition from the glow mode to an arc is predicted, as well as the minimum sustaining voltage for a steady glow discharge. Our calculations elucidate that secondary electrons play an essential role in sustaining the discharge, and as a result the relationship between breakdown voltage and gap spacing is far away from the Paschen law at atmospheric pressure.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Institute of Physics	Place of Publication	New York, N.Y.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000336920200010	Publication Date	2014-05-16
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8979;1089-7550;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.068	Times cited	11	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.068; 2014 IF: 2.183
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:116948			Serial	458
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	Author	Bogaerts, A.; van Straaten, M.; Gijbels, R.
	Title	Description of the thermalization process of the sputtered atoms in a glow discharge using a 3-dimensional Monte Carlo method			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1995	Publication	Journal of applied physics	Abbreviated Journal	J Appl Phys
	Volume	77	Issue		Pages	1868-1874
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Institute of Physics	Place of Publication	New York, N.Y.	Editor
	Language		Wos	A1995RC30300006	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8979;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.183	Times cited	87	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:12270			Serial	655
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	Author	Chen, Z.; Bleiner, D.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Effect of ambient pressure on laser ablation and plume expansion dynamics: a numerical simulation			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of applied physics	Abbreviated Journal	J Appl Phys
	Volume	99	Issue	6	Pages	063304,1-9
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Institute of Physics	Place of Publication	New York, N.Y.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000236464400008	Publication Date	2006-04-06
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8979;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.068	Times cited	42	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.068; 2006 IF: 2.316
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:56903			Serial	794
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	Author	Zhao, S.-X.; Gao, F.; Wang, Y.-P.; Wang, Y.-N.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Effects of feedstock availability on the negative ion behavior in a C₄F₈ inductively coupled plasma			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Journal of applied physics	Abbreviated Journal	J Appl Phys
	Volume	118	Issue	118	Pages	033301
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	In this paper, the negative ion behavior in a C4F8 inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is investigated using a hybrid model. The model predicts a non-monotonic variation of the total negative ion density with power at low pressure (1030 mTorr), and this trend agrees well with experiments that were carried out in many fluorocarbon (fc) ICP sources, like C2F6, CHF3, and C4F8. This behavior is explained by the availability of feedstock C4F8 gas as a source of the negative ions, as well as by the presence of low energy electrons due to vibrational excitation at low power. The maximum of the negative ion density shifts to low power values upon decreasing pressure, because of the more pronounced depletion of C4F8 molecules, and at high pressure (∼50 mTorr), the anion density continuously increases with power, which is similar to fc CCP sources. Furthermore, the negative ion composition is identified in this paper. Our work demonstrates that for a clear understanding of the negative ion behavior in radio frequency C4F8 plasma sources, one needs to take into account many factors, like the attachment characteristics, the anion composition, the spatial profiles, and the reactor configuration. Finally, a detailed comparison of our simulation results with experiments is conducted.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Institute of Physics	Place of Publication	New York, N.Y.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000358429200004	Publication Date	2015-07-20
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8979;1089-7550;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.068	Times cited	1	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.068; 2015 IF: 2.183
	Call Number	c:irua:126735			Serial	861
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	Author	Zhang, Q.-Z.; Wang, Y.-N.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Heating mode transition in a hybrid direct current/dual-frequency capacitively coupled CF₄ discharge			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2014	Publication	Journal of applied physics	Abbreviated Journal	J Appl Phys
	Volume	115	Issue	22	Pages	223302-223306
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Computer simulations based on the particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision method are performed to study the plasma characteristics and especially the transition in electron heating mechanisms in a hybrid direct current (dc)/dual-frequency (DF) capacitively coupled CF 4 discharge. When applying a superposed dc voltage, the plasma density first increases, then decreases, and finally increases again, which is in good agreement with experiments. This trend can be explained by the transition between the four main heating modes, i.e., DF coupling, dc and DF coupling, dc source dominant heating, and secondary electron dominant heating.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Institute of Physics	Place of Publication	New York, N.Y.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000337891800006	Publication Date	2014-06-11
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8979;1089-7550;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.068	Times cited	9	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.068; 2014 IF: 2.183
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:117347			Serial	1414
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