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	Author	Huijben, M.; Koster, G.; Kruize, M.K.; Wenderich, S.; Verbeeck, J.; Bals, S.; Slooten, E.; Shi, B.; Molegraaf, H.J.A.; Kleibeuker, J.E.; Van Aert, S.; Goedkoop, J.B.; Brinkman, A.; Blank, D.H.A.; Golden, M.S.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Hilgenkamp, H.; Rijnders, G.;
	Title	Defect engineering in oxide heterostructures by enhanced oxygen surface exchange			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Advanced functional materials	Abbreviated Journal	Adv Funct Mater
	Volume	23	Issue	42	Pages	5240-5248
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	The synthesis of materials with well-controlled composition and structure improves our understanding of their intrinsic electrical transport properties. Recent developments in atomically controlled growth have been shown to be crucial in enabling the study of new physical phenomena in epitaxial oxide heterostructures. Nevertheless, these phenomena can be influenced by the presence of defects that act as extrinsic sources of both doping and impurity scattering. Control over the nature and density of such defects is therefore necessary to fully understand the intrinsic materials properties and exploit them in future device technologies. Here, it is shown that incorporation of a strontium copper oxide nano-layer strongly reduces the impurity scattering at conducting interfaces in oxide LaAlO3SrTiO3(001) heterostructures, opening the door to high carrier mobility materials. It is proposed that this remote cuprate layer facilitates enhanced suppression of oxygen defects by reducing the kinetic barrier for oxygen exchange in the hetero-interfacial film system. This design concept of controlled defect engineering can be of significant importance in applications in which enhanced oxygen surface exchange plays a crucial role.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Weinheim	Editor
	Language		Wos	000327480900003	Publication Date	2013-06-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1616-301X;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	12.124	Times cited	87	Open Access
	Notes	Countatoms; Vortex; Fwo; Ifox ECASJO_;			Approved	Most recent IF: 12.124; 2013 IF: 10.439
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:109273UA @ admin @ c:irua:109273			Serial	615
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	Author	Morozov, V.A.; Bertha, A.; Meert, K.W.; Van Rompaey, S.; Batuk, D.; Martinez, G.T.; Van Aert, S.; Smet, P.F.; Raskina, M.V.; Poelman, D.; Abakumov, A.M.; Hadermann, J.;
	Title	Incommensurate modulation and luminescence in the CaGd_2(1-x)Eu_2x(MoO₄)_4(1-y)(WO)_4y (0\leq x\leq1, 0\leq y\leq1) red phosphors			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Chemistry of materials	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Mater
	Volume	25	Issue	21	Pages	4387-4395
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Scheelite related compounds (A',A '') [(B',B '')O-4], with B', B '' = W and/or Mo are promising new light-emitting materials for photonic applications, including phosphor converted LEDs (light-emitting diodes). In this paper, the creation and ordering of A-cation vacancies and the effect of cation substitutions in the scheelite-type framework are investigated as a factor for controlling the scheelite-type structure and luminescent properties. CaGd2(1-x)Eu2x(MoO4)(4(1-y))(WO4)(4y) (0 <= x <= 1, 0 <= y <= 1) solid solutions with scheelite-type structure were synthesized by a solid state method, and their structures were investigated using a combination of transmission electron microscopy techniques and powder X-ray diffraction. Within this series all complex molybdenum oxides have (3 + 2)D incommensurately modulated structures with superspace group I4(1)/a(alpha,beta,0)00(-beta,alpha,0)00, while the structures of all tungstates are (3 + 1)D incommensurately modulated with superspace group I2/b(alpha beta 0)00. In both cases the modulation arises because of cation-vacancy ordering at the A site. The prominent structural motif is formed by columns of A-site vacancies running along the c-axis. These vacant columns occur in rows of two or three aligned along the [110] direction of the scheelite subcell. The replacement of the smaller Gd3+ by the larger Eu3+ at the A-sublattice does not affect the nature of the incommensurate modulation, but an increasing replacement of Mo6+ by W6+ switches the modulation from (3 + 2)D to (3 + 1)D regime. Thus, these solid solutions can be considered as a model system where the incommensurate modulation can be monitored as a function of cation nature while the number of cation vacancies at the A sites remain constant upon the isovalent cation replacement. All compounds' luminescent properties were measured, and the optical properties were related to the structural properties of the materials. CaGd2(1-x)(MoO4)(4(1-y))(WO4)(4y) phosphors emit intense red light dominated by the D-5(0)-F-7(2) transition at 612 nm, along with other transitions from the D-5(1) and D-5(0) excited states. The intensity of the 5D0-7F2 transition reaches a maximum at x = 0.5 for y = 0 and 1.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000327045000030	Publication Date	2013-09-24
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0897-4756;1520-5002;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	9.466	Times cited	63	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 9.466; 2013 IF: 8.535
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:112776			Serial	1594
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	Author	Akamine, H.; Van den Bos, K.H.W.; Gauquelin, N.; Farjami, S.; Van Aert, S.; Schryvers, D.; Nishida, M.
	Title	Determination of the atomic width of an APB in ordered CoPt using quantified HAADF-STEM			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Journal of alloys and compounds	Abbreviated Journal	J Alloy Compd
	Volume	644	Issue	644	Pages	570-574
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Anti-phase boundaries (APBs) in an ordered CoPt alloy are planar defects which disturb the ordered structure in their vicinity and decrease the magnetic properties. However, it has not yet been clarified to what extend the APBs disturb the ordering. In this study, high-resolution HAADF-STEM images are statistically analysed based on the image intensities estimated by the statistical parameter estimation theory. In the procedure, averaging intensities, fitting the intensity profiles to specific functions, and assessment based on a statistical test are performed. As a result, the APBs in the stable CoPt are found to be characterised by two atomic planes, and a contrast transition range as well as the centre of an inclined APB is determined. These results show that the APBs are quite sharp and therefore may have no notable effect on the net magnetic properties due to their small volume fraction. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000357143900083	Publication Date	2015-05-07
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0925-8388;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.133	Times cited	12	Open Access
	Notes	FWO G036815N; G036915N; G037413N; 278510 VORTEX; Hercules; ECASJO_;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.133; 2015 IF: 2.999
	Call Number	c:irua:127008 c:irua:127008			Serial	675
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	Author	Alania, M.; Altantzis, T.; De Backer, A.; Lobato, I.; Bals, S.; Van Aert, S.
	Title	Depth sectioning combined with atom-counting in HAADF STEM to retrieve the 3D atomic structure			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	Ultramicroscopy	Abbreviated Journal	Ultramicroscopy
	Volume	177	Issue	177	Pages	36-42
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Aberration correction in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has greatly improved the lateral and depth resolution. When using depth sectioning, a technique during which a series of images is recorded at different defocus values, single impurity atoms can be visualised in three dimensions. In this paper, we investigate new possibilities emerging when combining depth sectioning and precise atom-counting in order to reconstruct nanosized particles in three dimensions. Although the depth resolution does not allow one to precisely locate each atom within an atomic column, it will be shown that the depth location of an atomic column as a whole can be measured precisely. In this manner, the morphology of a nanoparticle can be reconstructed in three dimensions. This will be demonstrated using simulations and experimental data of a gold nanorod.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000401219800006	Publication Date	2016-11-09
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0304-3991	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.843	Times cited	13	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	The authors acknowledge financial support from the European Union under the Seventh Framework Program under a contract for an Integrated Infrastructure Initiative. Reference No. 312483-ESTEEM2. S. Bals acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (Starting Grant No. COLOURATOMS 335078). The authors acknowledge financial support from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO, Belgium) through project fundings (G.0374.13N, G.0369.15N and G.0368.15N) and a post-doctoral grant to A. De Backer and T. Altantzis. The authors are grateful to Professor Luis M. Liz-Marzán for providing the sample.; ECAS_Sara; (ROMEO:green; preprint:; postprint:can ; pdfversion:cannot);			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.843
	Call Number	EMAT @ emat @ c:irua:138015UA @ admin @ c:irua:138015			Serial	4316
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	Author	Alania, M.; De Backer, A.; Lobato, I.; Krause, F.F.; Van Dyck, D.; Rosenauer, A.; Van Aert, S.
	Title	How precise can atoms of a nanocluster be located in 3D using a tilt series of scanning transmission electron microscopy images?			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2017	Publication	Ultramicroscopy	Abbreviated Journal	Ultramicroscopy
	Volume	181	Issue	181	Pages	134-143
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
	Abstract	In this paper, we investigate how precise atoms of a small nanocluster can ultimately be located in three dimensions (3D) from a tilt series of images acquired using annular dark field (ADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Therefore, we derive an expression for the statistical precision with which the 3D atomic position coordinates can be estimated in a quantitative analysis. Evaluating this statistical precision as a function of the microscope settings also allows us to derive the optimal experimental design. In this manner, the optimal angular tilt range, required electron dose, optimal detector angles, and number of projection images can be determined.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000411170800016	Publication Date	2016-12-15
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0304-3991	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.843	Times cited	3	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	The authors acknowledge financial support from the European Union under the Seventh Framework Program under a contract for an Integrated Infrastructure Initiative. Reference No. 312483-ESTEEM2. The authors acknowledge financial support from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO, Belgium) through project fundings (G.0374.13N, G.0369.15N, G.0368.15N, and WO.010.16N) and a post-doctoral grant to A. De Backer, and from the DFG under contract No. RO-2057/4-2.			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.843
	Call Number	EMAT @ emat @ c:irua:144432			Serial	4618
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	Author	Alania, M.; Lobato Hoyos, I.P.; Van Aert, S.
	Title	Frozen lattice and absorptive model for high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy : a comparison study in terms of integrated intensity and atomic column position measurement			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2018	Publication	Ultramicroscopy	Abbreviated Journal	Ultramicroscopy
	Volume	184	Issue	A	Pages	188-198
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	<script type='text/javascript'>document.write(unpmarked('In this paper, both the frozen lattice (FL) and the absorptive potential (AP) approximation models are compared in terms of the integrated intensity and the precision with which atomic columns can be located from an image acquired using high angle annular dark field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The comparison is made for atoms of Cu, Ag, and Au. The integrated intensity is computed for both an isolated atomic column and an atomic column inside an FCC structure. The precision has been computed using the so-called Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB), which provides a theoretical lower bound on the variance with which parameters can be estimated. It is shown that the AP model results into accurate measurements for the integrated intensity only for small detector ranges under relatively low angles and for small thicknesses. In terms of the attainable precision, both methods show similar results indicating picometer range precision under realistic experimental conditions. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.'));
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000415650200022	Publication Date	2017-09-12
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0304-3991	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.843	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	; The authors acknowledge financial support from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO, Belgium) through project fundings (G.0374.13N, G.0369.15N, and G.0368.15N). A. Rosenauer is acknowledged for providing the STEMsim program. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.843
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:147658			Serial	4877
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	Author	Albrecht, W.; Arslan Irmak, E.; Altantzis, T.; Pedrazo‐Tardajos, A.; Skorikov, A.; Deng, T.‐S.; van der Hoeven, J.E.S.; van Blaaderen, A.; Van Aert, S.; Bals, S.
	Title	3D Atomic‐Scale Dynamics of Laser‐Light‐Induced Restructuring of Nanoparticles Unraveled by Electron Tomography			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2021	Publication	Advanced Materials	Abbreviated Journal	Adv Mater
	Volume		Issue		Pages	2100972
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Applied Electrochemistry & Catalysis (ELCAT)
	Abstract	Understanding light–matter interactions in nanomaterials is crucial for optoelectronic, photonic, and plasmonic applications. Specifically, metal nanoparticles (NPs) strongly interact with light and can undergo shape transformations, fragmentation and ablation upon (pulsed) laser excitation. Despite being vital for technological applications, experimental insight into the underlying atomistic processes is still lacking due to the complexity of such measurements. Herein, atomic resolution electron tomography is performed on the same mesoporous-silica-coated gold nanorod, before and after femtosecond laser irradiation, to assess the missing information. Combined with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations based on the experimentally determined 3D atomic-scale morphology, the complex atomistic rearrangements, causing shape deformations and defect generation, are unraveled. These rearrangements are simultaneously driven by surface diffusion, facet restructuring, and strain formation, and are influenced by subtleties in the atomic distribution at the surface.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000671662000001	Publication Date	2021-07-11
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0935-9648	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	19.791	Times cited	8	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	W.A. and E.A.I. contributed equally to this work. The authors acknowledge funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (ERC Consolidator Grants No. 815128 – REALNANO and No. 770887 – PICOMETRICS), the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (ERC Advanced Grant No. 291667 – HierarSACol), and the European Commission (EUSMI). W.A. acknowledges an Individual Fellowship funded by the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) in the Horizon2020 program (Grant 797153, SOPMEN). T.-S.D. acknowledges financial support from the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC, Grant No. 61905056). The authors also acknowledge financial support by the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO Grant G.0267.18N).; sygmaSB			Approved	Most recent IF: 19.791
	Call Number	EMAT @ emat @c:irua:179781			Serial	6805
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	Author	Albrecht, W.; Van Aert, S.; Bals, S.
	Title	Three-Dimensional Nanoparticle Transformations Captured by an Electron Microscope			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2021	Publication	Accounts Of Chemical Research	Abbreviated Journal	Accounts Chem Res
	Volume	54	Issue	5	Pages	1189-1199
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000626269900011	Publication Date	2021-03-02
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0001-4842	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	20.268	Times cited	12	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	The authors acknowledge funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (ERC Consolidator Grants No. 815128–REALNANO and No. 770887–PICOMETRICS), the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO, G.0267.18N), and the European Commission (EUSMI). The authors furthermore acknowledge funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, ESTEEM3. The authors also acknowledge contributions from all co-workers that have contributed over the years: Thomas Altantzis, Annick De Backer, Joost Batenburg and co-workers, Armand Béché, Eva Bladt, Lewys Jones and co-workers, Luis Liz-Marzán and co-workers, Ivan Lobato, Thais Milagres de Oliveira, Peter Nellist and co-workers, Hugo Pérez Garza and co-workers, Alexander Skorikov, Sara Skrabalak and co-workers, Sandra Van Aert, Alfons van Blaaderen and co-workers, Hans Vanrompay, Staf Van Tendeloo, and Johan Verbeeck.; sygmaSB;			Approved	Most recent IF: 20.268
	Call Number	EMAT @ emat @c:irua:177644			Serial	6752
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	Author	Altantzis, T.; Lobato, I.; De Backer, A.; Béché, A.; Zhang, Y.; Basak, S.; Porcu, M.; Xu, Q.; Sánchez-Iglesias, A.; Liz-Marzán, L.M.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Van Aert, S.; Bals, S.
	Title	Three-Dimensional Quantification of the Facet Evolution of Pt Nanoparticles in a Variable Gaseous Environment			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	Nano letters	Abbreviated Journal	Nano Lett
	Volume	19	Issue	19	Pages	477-481
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Pt nanoparticles play an essential role in a wide variety of catalytic reactions. The activity of the particles strongly depends on their three-dimensional (3D) structure and exposed facets, as well as on the reactive environment. High-resolution electron microscopy has often been used to characterize nanoparticle catalysts but unfortunately most observations so far have been either performed in vacuum and/or using conventional (2D) in situ microscopy. The latter however does not provide direct 3D morphological information. We have implemented a quantitative methodology to measure variations of the 3D atomic structure of nanoparticles under the flow of a selected gas. We were thereby able to quantify refaceting of Pt nanoparticles with atomic resolution during various oxidation−reduction cycles. In a H2 environment, a more faceted surface morphology of the particles was observed with {100} and {111} planes being dominant. On the other hand, in O2 the percentage of {100} and {111} facets decreased and a significant increase of higher order facets was found, resulting in a more rounded morphology. This methodology opens up new opportunities toward in situ characterization of catalytic nanoparticles because for the first time it enables one to directly measure 3D morphology variations at the atomic scale in a specific gaseous reaction environment.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000455561300061	Publication Date	2019-01-09
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1530-6984	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	12.712	Times cited	82	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	This work was supported by the European Research Council (Grant 335078 COLOURATOM to S.B. and Grant 770887 PICOMETRICS to S.V.A.). The authors acknowledge funding from the European Commission Grant (EUSMI 731019 to S.B., L.M.L.-M., and Q.X. and MUMMERING 765604 to S.B. and Q.X.). The authors gratefully acknowledge funding from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO, Belgium) through project fundings (G.0368.15N, G.0369.15N, and G.0267.18N), postdoctoral grants to T.A. and A.D.B, and an FWO [PEGASUS]2 Marie Sklodowska-Curie fellowship to Y.Z. (12U4917N). L.M.L.-M. acknowledges funding from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Grant MAT2017-86659-R). We gratefully acknowledge the support of NVIDIA Corporation with the donation of the Titan X Pascal GPU used for this research. ecas_sara Realnano 815128; sygma			Approved	Most recent IF: 12.712
	Call Number	EMAT @ emat @UA @ admin @ c:irua:156390			Serial	5150
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	Author	Amini, M.N.; Altantzis, T.; Lobato, I.; Grzelczak, M.; Sánchez-Iglesias, A.; Van Aert, S.; Liz-Marzán, L.M.; Partoens, B.; Bals, S.; Neyts, E.C.
	Title	Understanding the Effect of Iodide Ions on the Morphology of Gold Nanorods			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2018	Publication	Particle and particle systems characterization	Abbreviated Journal	Part Part Syst Char
	Volume	35	Issue	35	Pages	1800051
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Condensed Matter Theory (CMT); Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The presence of iodide ions during the growth of gold nanorods strongly affects the shape of the final products, which is proposed to be due to selective iodide adsorption on certain crystallographic facets. Therefore, a detailed structural and morphological characterization of the starting rods is crucial toward understanding this effect. Electron tomography is used to determine the crystallographic indices of the lateral facets of gold nanorods, as well as those present at the tips. Based on this information, density functional theory calculations are used to determine the surface and interface energies of the observed facets and provide insight into the relationship between the amount of iodide ions in the growth solution and the final morphology of anisotropic gold nanoparticles.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000441893400002	Publication Date	2018-06-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0934-0866	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.474	Times cited	6	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	This work was supported by the European Research Council (grant 335078 COLOURATOM to S.B.). T.A., S.V.A. S.B. and E.C.N., acknowledge funding from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO, Belgium), through project funding (G.0218.14N and G.0369.15N) and a postdoctoral grant to T.A. L.M.L.-M. and M.G. acknowledge funding from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (grant MAT2013-46101-R). Mozhgan N. Amini and Thomas Altantzis contributed equally to this work. (ROMEO:yellow; preprint:; postprint:restricted ; pdfversion:cannot); ecas_sara			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.474
	Call Number	EMAT @ emat @c:irua:152998UA @ admin @ c:irua:152998			Serial	5010
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	Author	Arslan Irmak, E.; Liu, P.; Bals, S.; Van Aert, S.
	Title	3D Atomic Structure of Supported Metallic Nanoparticles Estimated from 2D ADF STEM Images: A Combination of Atom – Counting and a Local Minima Search Algorithm			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2021	Publication	Small methods	Abbreviated Journal	Small Methods
	Volume		Issue		Pages	2101150
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Determining the three-dimensional (3D) atomic structure of nanoparticles (NPs) is critical to understand their structure-dependent properties. It is hereby important to perform such analyses under conditions relevant for the envisioned application. Here, we investigate the 3D structure of supported Au NPs at high temperature, which is of importance to understand their behavior during catalytic reactions. To overcome limitations related to conventional high-resolution electron tomography at high temperature, 3D characterization of NPs with atomic resolution has been performed by applying atom-counting using atomic resolution annular darkfield scanning transmission electron microscopy (ADF STEM) images followed by structural relaxation. However, at high temperatures, thermal displacements, which affect the ADF STEM intensities, should be taken into account. Moreover, it is very likely that the structure of a NP investigated at elevated temperature deviates from a ground state configuration, which is difficult to determine using purely computational energy minimization approaches. In this paper, we therefore propose an optimized approach using an iterative local minima search algorithm followed by molecular dynamics (MD) structural relaxation of candidate structures associated with each local minimum. In this manner, it becomes possible to investigate the 3D atomic structure of supported NPs, which may deviate from their ground state configuration.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000716511600001	Publication Date	2021-11-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2366-9608	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited	12	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	This work was supported by the European Research Council (Grant 815128 REALNANO to SB, Grant 770887 PICOMETRICS to SVA, Grant 823717 ESTEEM3). The authors acknowledge financial support from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO, Belgium) through project funding (G.0267.18N, G.0502.18N, G.0346.21N).; sygmaSB; esteem3jra; esteem3reported			Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	EMAT @ emat @c:irua:183289			Serial	6820
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	Author	Arteaga Cardona, F.; Jain, N.; Popescu, R.; Busko, D.; Madirov, E.; Arús, B.A.; Gerthsen, D.; De Backer, A.; Bals, S.; Bruns, O.T.; Chmyrov, A.; Van Aert, S.; Richards, B.S.; Hudry, D.
	Title	Preventing cation intermixing enables 50% quantum yield in sub-15 nm short-wave infrared-emitting rare-earth based core-shell nanocrystals			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2023	Publication	Nature communications	Abbreviated Journal	Nat Commun
	Volume	14	Issue	1	Pages	4462
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Short-wave infrared (SWIR) fluorescence could become the new gold standard in optical imaging for biomedical applications due to important advantages such as lack of autofluorescence, weak photon absorption by blood and tissues, and reduced photon scattering coefficient. Therefore, contrary to the visible and NIR regions, tissues become translucent in the SWIR region. Nevertheless, the lack of bright and biocompatible probes is a key challenge that must be overcome to unlock the full potential of SWIR fluorescence. Although rare-earth-based core-shell nanocrystals appeared as promising SWIR probes, they suffer from limited photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). The lack of control over the atomic scale organization of such complex materials is one of the main barriers limiting their optical performance. Here, the growth of either homogeneous (α-NaYF<sub>4</sub>) or heterogeneous (CaF<sub>2</sub>) shell domains on optically-active α-NaYF<sub>4</sub>:Yb:Er (with and without Ce<sup>3+</sup>co-doping) core nanocrystals is reported. The atomic scale organization can be controlled by preventing cation intermixing only in heterogeneous core-shell nanocrystals with a dramatic impact on the PLQY. The latter reached 50% at 60 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>; one of the highest reported PLQY values for sub-15 nm nanocrystals. The most efficient nanocrystals were utilized for in vivo imaging above 1450 nm.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001037058500022	Publication Date	2023-07-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2041-1723	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	16.6	Times cited	1	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	D.H. would like to thank Dominique Ectors (Bruker AXS GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) for assistance and discussion on the PXRD data and TOPAS evaluations. The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by the Helmholtz Association via: i) the Professorial Recruitment Initiative Funding (B.S.R.); ii) the Research Field Energy – Program Materials and Technologies for the Energy Transition – Topic 1 Photovoltaics (F.A.C., D.B., E.M., B.S.R., D.H.). This project received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 innovation programme under grant agreement 823717. This work was supported by the European Research Council (grant 770887-PICOMETRICS to S.V.A. and Grant 815128-REALNANO to S.B.). The authors acknowledge financial support from the ResearchFoundation Flanders (FWO, Belgium) through project fundings (G.0346.21 N to S.V.A. and S.B.) and a postdoctoral grant (A.D.B.). The authors (B.A.A., O.T.B. and A.C.) acknowledge funding from the Helmholtz Zentrum München, the DFG-Emmy Noether program (BR 5355/2-1) and from the CZI Deep Tissue Imaging (DTI-0000000248). The authors (O.T.B. and D.H.) would like to thank the Helmholtz Imaging (ZT-I-PF-4-038-BENIGN).			Approved	Most recent IF: 16.6; 2023 IF: 12.124
	Call Number	EMAT @ emat @c:irua:198158			Serial	8808
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Bals, S.; Casavola, M.; van Huis, M.A.; Van Aert, S.; Batenburg, K.J.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Vanmaekelbergh, D.
	Title	Three-dimensional atomic imaging of colloidal core-shell nanocrystals			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Nano letters	Abbreviated Journal	Nano Lett
	Volume	11	Issue	8	Pages	3420-3424
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
	Abstract	Colloidal coreshell semiconductor nanocrystals form an important class of optoelectronic materials, in which the exciton wave functions can be tailored by the atomic configuration of the core, the interfacial layers, and the shell. Here, we provide a trustful 3D characterization at the atomic scale of a free-standing PbSe(core)CdSe(shell) nanocrystal by combining electron microscopy and discrete tomography. Our results yield unique insights for understanding the process of cation exchange, which is widely employed in the synthesis of coreshell nanocrystals. The study that we present is generally applicable to the broad range of colloidal heteronanocrystals that currently emerge as a new class of materials with technological importance.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington	Editor
	Language		Wos	000293665600062	Publication Date	2011-07-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1530-6984;1530-6992;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	12.712	Times cited	121	Open Access
	Notes	Esteem 026019; Fwo			Approved	Most recent IF: 12.712; 2011 IF: 13.198
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:91263			Serial	3643
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Bals, S.; Goris, B.; Altantzis, T.; Heidari, H.; Van Aert, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	Seeing and measuring in 3D with electrons			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2014	Publication	Comptes rendus : physique	Abbreviated Journal	Cr Phys
	Volume	15	Issue	2-3	Pages	140-150
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Modern TEM enables the investigation of nanostructures at the atomic scale. However, TEM images are only two-dimensional (2D) projections of a three-dimensional (3D) object. Electron tomography can overcome this limitation. The technique is increasingly focused towards quantitative measurements and reaching atomic resolution in 3D has been the ultimate goal for many years. Therefore, one needs to optimize the acquisition of the data, the 3D reconstruction techniques as well as the quantification methods. Here, we will review a broad range of methodologies and examples. Finally, we will provide an outlook and will describe future challenges in the field of electron tomography.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Paris	Editor
	Language		Wos	000334013600005	Publication Date	2014-01-20
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1631-0705;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.048	Times cited	15	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	(FWO;Belgium); European Research Council under the 7th Framework Program (FP7); ERC grant No.246791 – COUNTATOMS; ERC grant No.335078 – COLOURATOMS; ECAS_Sara; (ROMEO:green; preprint:; postprint:can ; pdfversion:cannot);			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.048; 2014 IF: 2.035
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:113855			Serial	2960
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Bals, S.; Goris, B.; de Backer, A.; Van Aert, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	Atomic resolution electron tomography			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	MRS bulletin	Abbreviated Journal	Mrs Bull
	Volume	41	Issue	41	Pages	525-530
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Over the last two decades, three-dimensional (3D) imaging by transmission electron microscopy or “electron tomography” has evolved into a powerful tool to investigate a variety of nanomaterials in different fields, such as life sciences, chemistry, solid-state physics, and materials science. Most of these results were obtained with nanometer-scale resolution, but different approaches have recently pushed the resolution to the atomic level. Such information is a prerequisite to understand the specific relationship between the atomic structure and the physicochemical properties of (nano) materials. We provide an overview of the latest progress in the field of atomic-resolution electron tomography. Different imaging and reconstruction approaches are presented, and state-of-the-art results are discussed. This article demonstrates the power and importance of electron tomography with atomic-scale resolution.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Pittsburgh, Pa	Editor
	Language		Wos	000382508100012	Publication Date	2016-07-07
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0883-7694	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	5.199	Times cited	19	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	; The authors gratefully acknowledge funding from the Research Foundation Flanders (G.0381.16N, G.036915, G.0374.13, and funding of postdoctoral grants to B.G. and A.D.B.). S.B. acknowledges the European Research Council, ERC Grant Number 335078-Colouratom. The research leading to these results received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Program under Grant Agreements 312483 (ESTEEM2). The authors would like to thank the colleagues who have contributed to this work, including K.J. Batenburg, J. De Beenhouwer, R. Erni, M.D. Rossell, W. Van den Broek, L. Liz-Marzan, E. Carbo-Argibay, S. Gomez-Grana, P. Lievens, M. Van Bael, B. Partoens, B. Schoeters, and J. Sijbers. ; ecas_sara			Approved	Most recent IF: 5.199
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:135690			Serial	4299
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	Author	Bals, S.; Van Aert, S.; Romero, C.P.; Lauwaet, K.; Van Bael, M.J.; Schoeters, B.; Partoens, B.; Yuecelen, E.; Lievens, P.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	Atomic scale dynamics of ultrasmall germanium clusters			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2012	Publication	Nature communications	Abbreviated Journal	Nat Commun
	Volume	3	Issue	897	Pages	897
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Condensed Matter Theory (CMT)
	Abstract	Starting from the gas phase, small clusters can be produced and deposited with huge flexibility with regard to composition, materials choice and cluster size. Despite many advances in experimental characterization, a detailed morphology of such clusters is still lacking. Here we present an atomic scale observation as well as the dynamical behaviour of ultrasmall germanium clusters. Using quantitative scanning transmission electron microscopy in combination with ab initio calculations, we are able to characterize the transition between different equilibrium geometries of a germanium cluster consisting of less than 25 atoms. Seven-membered rings, trigonal prisms and some smaller subunits are identified as possible building blocks that stabilize the structure.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000306099900024	Publication Date	2012-06-12
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2041-1723;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	12.124	Times cited	90	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Iap; Iwt			Approved	Most recent IF: 12.124; 2012 IF: 10.015
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:100340			Serial	183
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	Author	Bals, S.; Van Aert, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	High resolution electron tomography			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Current opinion in solid state and materials science	Abbreviated Journal	Curr Opin Solid St M
	Volume	17	Issue	3	Pages	107-114
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Reaching atomic resolution in 3D has been the ultimate goal in the field of electron tomography for many years. Significant progress, both on the theoretical as well as the experimental side has recently resulted in several exciting examples demonstrating the ability to visualise atoms in 3D. In this paper, we will review the different steps that have pushed the resolution in 3D to the atomic level. A broad range of methodologies and practical examples together with their impact on materials science will be discussed. Finally, we will provide an outlook and will describe future challenges in the field of high resolution electron tomography.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos	000323869800003	Publication Date	2013-03-30
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1359-0286;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.938	Times cited	24	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; 312483 Esteem; Countatoms;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.938; 2013 IF: 7.167
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:109454			Serial	1457
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Bals, S.; Van Aert, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Avila-Brande, D.
	Title	Statistical estimation of atomic positions from exit wave reconstruction with a precision in the picometer range			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2006	Publication	Physical review letters	Abbreviated Journal	Phys Rev Lett
	Volume	96	Issue	9	Pages	096106,1-4
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	The local structure of Bi4W2/3Mn1/3O8Cl is determined using quantitative transmission electron microscopy. The electron exit wave, which is closely related to the projected crystal potential, is reconstructed and used as a starting point for statistical parameter estimation. This method allows us to refine all atomic positions on a local scale, including those of the light atoms, with a precision in the picometer range. Using this method one is no longer restricted to the information limit of the electron microscope. Our results are in good agreement with x-ray powder diffraction data demonstrating the reliability of the method. Moreover, it will be shown that local effects can be interpreted using this approach.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	New York, N.Y.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000235905700042	Publication Date	2006-03-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0031-9007;1079-7114;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	8.462	Times cited	69	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Iap V			Approved	Most recent IF: 8.462; 2006 IF: 7.072
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:56977			Serial	3154
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Bals, S.; Van Aert, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.; van Dyck, D.; Avila-Brande, D.
	Title	Statistical estimation of oxygen atomic positions eith sub Ångstrom precision from exit wave reconstruction			Type	A3 Journal article
	Year	2005	Publication	Microscopy and microanalysis	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	11	Issue	S	Pages	556-557
	Keywords	A3 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	0000-00-00
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:54881			Serial	3155
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Bals, S.; Van Aert, S.; Verbeeck, J.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	Structural, chemical and electronic characterization of ceramic materials using quantitative (scanning) transmission electron microscopy			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2007	Publication	Microscopy and microanalysis	Abbreviated Journal	Microsc Microanal
	Volume	13	Issue	S:3	Pages	332-333
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Cambridge, Mass.	Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2008-02-13
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1431-9276;1435-8115;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor	1.891	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 1.891; 2007 IF: 1.941
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:96553			Serial	3224
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Batenburg, J.; Van Aert, S.
	Title	Three-dimensional reconstruction of a nanoparticle at atomic resolution			Type	A2 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	ERCIM news	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	86	Issue		Pages	52
	Keywords	A2 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Le Chesnay	Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	0000-00-00
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0926-4981	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:94120			Serial	3655
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Batenburg, K.J.; Bals, S.; Van Aert, S.; Roelandts, T.; Sijbers, J.
	Title	Ultra-high resolution electron tomography for materials science : a roadmap			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Microscopy and microanalysis	Abbreviated Journal	Microsc Microanal
	Volume	17	Issue	S:2	Pages	934-935
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Cambridge, Mass.	Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2011-10-07
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1431-9276;1435-8115;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor	1.891	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 1.891; 2011 IF: 3.007
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:96554			Serial	3792
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Boschker, H.; Huijben, M.; Vailinois, A.; Verbeeck, J.; Van Aert, S.; Luysberg, M.; Bals, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Houwman, E.P.; Koster, G.; Blank, D.H.A.; Rijnders, G.
	Title	Optimized fabrication of high-quality La_0.67Sr_0.33MnO₃ thin films considering all essential characteristics			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Journal of physics: D: applied physics	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys D Appl Phys
	Volume	44	Issue	20	Pages	205001-205001,9
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	In this paper, an overview of the fabrication and properties of high-quality La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (LSMO) thin films is given. A high-quality LSMO film combines a smooth surface morphology with a large magnetization and a small residual resistivity, while avoiding precipitates and surface segregation. In the literature, typically only a few of these issues are adressed. We therefore present a thorough characterization of our films, which were grown by pulsed laser deposition. The films were characterized with reflection high energy electron diffraction, atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction, magnetization and transport measurements, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy. The films have a saturation magnetization of 4.0 µB/Mn, a Curie temperature of 350 K and a residual resistivity of 60 µΩ cm. These results indicate that high-quality films, combining both large magnetization and small residual resistivity, were realized. A comparison between different samples presented in the literature shows that focussing on a single property is insufficient for the optimization of the deposition process. For high-quality films, all properties have to be adressed. For LSMO devices, the thin-film quality is crucial for the device performance. Therefore, this research is important for the application of LSMO in devices.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos	000290150900001	Publication Date	2011-04-29
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-3727;1361-6463;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.588	Times cited	99	Open Access
	Notes	This research was financially supported by the Dutch Science Foundation, by NanoNed, a nanotechnology program of the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, and by the NanOxide program of the European Science Foundation. This work is supported in part by the Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, under contract DE-AC02-76SF00515.			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.588; 2011 IF: 2.544
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:89557UA @ admin @ c:irua:89557			Serial	2491
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Croitoru, M.D.; van Dyck, D.; Van Aert, S.; Bals, S.; Verbeeck, J.
	Title	An efficient way of including thermal diffuse scattering in simulation of scanning transmission electron microscopic images			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2006	Publication	Ultramicroscopy	Abbreviated Journal	Ultramicroscopy
	Volume	106	Issue	10	Pages	933-940
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Condensed Matter Theory (CMT); Vision lab
	Abstract	We propose an improved image simulation procedure for atomic-resolution annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) based on the multislice formulation, which takes thermal diffuse scattering fully into account. The improvement with regard to the classical frozen phonon approach is realized by separating the lattice configuration statistics from the dynamical scattering so as to avoid repetitive calculations. As an example, the influence of phonon scattering on the image contrast is calculated and investigated. STEM image simulation of crystals can be applied with reasonable computing times to problems involving a large number of atoms and thick or large supercells.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000240397200006	Publication Date	2006-05-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0304-3991;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.843	Times cited	18	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Fwo-V			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.843; 2006 IF: 1.706
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:87604UA @ admin @ c:irua:87604			Serial	876
Permanent link to this record



	Author	De Backer, A.; Bals, S.; Van Aert, S.
	Title	A decade of atom-counting in STEM: From the first results toward reliable 3D atomic models from a single projection			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Ultramicroscopy	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	113702
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Quantitative structure determination is needed in order to study and understand nanomaterials at the atomic scale. Materials characterisation resulting in precise structural information is a crucial point to understand the structure–property relation of materials. Counting the number of atoms and retrieving the 3D atomic structure of nanoparticles plays an important role here. In this paper, an overview will be given of the atom-counting methodology and its applications over the past decade. The procedure to count the number of atoms will be discussed in detail and it will be shown how the performance of the method can be further improved. Furthermore, advances toward mixed element nanostructures, 3D atomic modelling based on the atom-counting results, and quantifying the nanoparticle dynamics will be highlighted.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000953765800001	Publication Date	2023-02-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0304-3991	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.2	Times cited	3	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	This work was supported by the European Research Council (Grant 770887 PICOMETRICS to S. Van Aert, Grant 815128 REALNANO to S. Bals, and Grant 823717 ESTEEM3). The authors acknowledge financial support from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO, Belgium) through project fundings (G.0267.18N, G.0502.18N, G.0346.21N, and EOS 30489208) and a postdoctoral grant to A. De Backer. S. Van Aert acknowledges funding from the University of Antwerp Research fund (BOF) . The authors also thank the colleagues who have contributed to this work over the years, including T. Altantzis, E. Arslan Irmak, K.J. Batenburg, E. Bladt, A. De wael, R. Erni, C. Faes, B. Goris, L. Jones, L.M. Liz-Marzán, I. Lobato, G.T. Martinez, P.D. Nellist, M.D. Rosell, A. Rosenauer, K.H.W. van den Bos, A. Varambhia, and Z. Zhang.; esteem3reported; esteem3JRA			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.2; 2023 IF: 2.843
	Call Number	EMAT @ emat @c:irua:195896			Serial	7236
Permanent link to this record



	Author	De Backer, A.; De Wael, A.; Gonnissen, J.; Martinez, G.T.; Béché, A.; MacArthur, K.E.; Jones, L.; Nellist, P.D.; Van Aert, S.
	Title	Quantitative annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy for nanoparticle atom-counting: What are the limits?			Type	P1 Proceeding
	Year	2015	Publication	Journal of physics : conference series	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	644	Issue	644	Pages	012034
	Keywords	P1 Proceeding; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Quantitative atomic resolution annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (ADF STEM) has become a powerful technique for nanoparticle atom-counting. However, a lot of nanoparticles provide a severe characterisation challenge because of their limited size and beam sensitivity. Therefore, quantitative ADF STEM may greatly benefit from statistical detection theory in order to optimise the instrumental microscope settings such that the incoming electron dose can be kept as low as possible whilst still retaining single-atom precision. The principles of detection theory are used to quantify the probability of error for atom-counting. This enables us to decide between different image performance measures and to optimise the experimental detector settings for atom-counting in ADF STEM in an objective manner. To demonstrate this, ADF STEM imaging of an industrial catalyst has been conducted using the near-optimal detector settings. For this experiment, we discussed the limits for atom-counting diagnosed by combining a thorough statistical method and detailed image simulations.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000366826200034	Publication Date	2015-10-13
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title	Electron Microscopy and Analysis Group Conference (EMAG), JUN 02-JUL 02, 2015, Manchester, ENGLAND
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1742-6588	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	The authors acknowledge financial support from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO, Belgium) through project funding (G.0368.15N, G.0369.15N, and G.0374.15N) and a PhD research grant to A De Backer. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme under Grant Agreement 312483 – ESTEEM2 (Integrated Infrastructure Initiative-I3), ERC Starting Grant 278510 Vortex, and the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/K032518/1). The authors acknowledge Johnson-Matthey for providing the sample and PhD funding to K E MacArthur. A Rosenauer is acknowledged for providing the STEMsim program.; esteem2jra2; ECASJO;			Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	c:irua:130314 c:irua:130314			Serial	4050
Permanent link to this record



	Author	de Backer, A.; De wael, A.; Gonnissen, J.; Martinez, G.T.; Béché, A.; MacArthur, K.E.; Jones, L.; Nellist, P.D.; Van Aert, S.
	Title	Quantitative annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy for nanoparticle atom-counting : what are the limits?			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Journal of physics : conference series	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	644	Issue		Pages	012034-4
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Quantitative atomic resolution annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (ADF STEM) has become a powerful technique for nanoparticle atom-counting. However, a lot of nanoparticles provide a severe characterisation challenge because of their limited size and beam sensitivity. Therefore, quantitative ADF STEM may greatly benefit from statistical detection theory in order to optimise the instrumental microscope settings such that the incoming electron dose can be kept as low as possible whilst still retaining single-atom precision. The principles of detection theory are used to quantify the probability of error for atom-counting. This enables us to decide between different image performance measures and to optimise the experimental detector settings for atom-counting in ADF STEM in an objective manner. To demonstrate this, ADF STEM imaging of an industrial catalyst has been conducted using the near-optimal detector settings. For this experiment, we discussed the limits for atomcounting diagnosed by combining a thorough statistical method and detailed image simulations.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Bristol	Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1742-6588; 1742-6596	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:129198			Serial	4506
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	Author	de Backer, A.; De wael, A.; Gonnissen, J.; Van Aert, S.
	Title	Optimal experimental design for nano-particle atom-counting from high-resolution STEM images			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Ultramicroscopy	Abbreviated Journal	Ultramicroscopy
	Volume	151	Issue	151	Pages	46-55
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	In the present paper, the principles of detection theory are used to quantify the probability of error for atom-counting from high resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (HR STEM) images. Binary and multiple hypothesis testing have been investigated in order to determine the limits to the precision with which the number of atoms in a projected atomic column can be estimated. The probability of error has been calculated when using STEM images, scattering cross-sections or peak intensities as a criterion to count atoms. Based on this analysis, we conclude that scattering cross-sections perform almost equally well as images and perform better than peak intensities. Furthermore, the optimal STEM detector design can be derived for atom-counting using the expression for the probability of error. We show that for very thin objects LAADF is optimal and that for thicker objects the optimal inner detector angle increases.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000351237800007	Publication Date	2014-11-11
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0304-3991;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.843	Times cited	24	Open Access
	Notes	312483 Esteem2; Fwo G039311; G037413; esteem2_jra2			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.843; 2015 IF: 2.436
	Call Number	c:irua:123926 c:irua:123926			Serial	2481
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	Author	de Backer, A.; Fatermans, J.; den Dekker, A.J.; Van Aert, S.
	Title	Atom counting			Type	H2 Book chapter
	Year	2021	Publication	Advances in imaging and electron physics T2 – Advances in imaging and electron physics	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	91-144
	Keywords	H2 Book chapter; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
	Abstract	In this chapter, a statistical model-based method to count the number of atoms of monotype crystalline nanostructures from high-resolution annular dark-field (ADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images is discussed in detail together with a thorough study on the possibilities and inherent limitations. We show that this method can be applied to nanocrystals of arbitrary shape, size, and atom type. The validity of the atom-counting results is confirmed by means of detailed image simulations and it is shown that the high sensitivity of our method enables us to count atoms with single atom sensitivity.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2021-03-06
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume	217	Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-0-12-824607-8; 1076-5670	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes	ERC Consolidator project funded by the European Union grant #770887 Picometrics			Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:177529			Serial	6776
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	Author	de Backer, A.; Fatermans, J.; den Dekker, A.J.; Van Aert, S.
	Title	Efficient fitting algorithm			Type	H2 Book chapter
	Year	2021	Publication	Advances in imaging and electron physics T2 – Advances in imaging and electron physics	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	73-90
	Keywords	H2 Book chapter; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	An efficient model-based estimation algorithm is introduced to quantify the atomic column positions and intensities from atomic-resolution (scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM) images. This algorithm uses the least squares estimator on image segments containing individual columns fully accounting for overlap between neighboring columns, enabling the analysis of a large field of view. To provide end-users with this well-established quantification method, a user friendly program, StatSTEM, is developed which is freely available under a GNU public license. In this chapter, this efficient algorithm is applied to three different nanostructures for which the analysis of a large field of view is required.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2021-03-06
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume	217	Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-0-12-824607-8; 1076-5670	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes	ERC Consolidator project funded by the European Union grant #770887 Picometrics			Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:177528			Serial	6778
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