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	Author	de Bleecker, K.; Herrebout, D.; Bogaerts, A.; Gijbels, R.; Descamps, P.
	Title	One-dimensional modelling of a capacitively coupled rf plasma in silane/helium, including small concentrations of O₂ and N₂			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2003	Publication	Journal of physics: D: applied physics	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys D Appl Phys
	Volume	36	Issue		Pages	1826-1833
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	0000-00-00
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-3727	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.588	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.588; 2003 IF: 1.265
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:44022			Serial	2463
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Elmonov, A.A.; Yusupov, M.S.; Dzhurakhalov, A.A.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Sputtering of Si(001) and SiC(001) by grazing ion bombardment			Type	P1 Proceeding
	Year	2008	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	209-213
	Keywords	P1 Proceeding; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The peculiarities of sputtering processes at 0.5-5 keV Ne grazing ion bombardment of Si(001) and SiC(001) surfaces and their possible application for the surface modification have been studied by computer simulation. Sputtering yields in the primary knock-on recoil atoms regime versus the initial energy of incident ions (E(0) = 0.5-5 keV) and angle of incidence (psi = 0-30 degrees) counted from a target surface have been calculated. Comparative studies of layer-by-layer sputtering for Si(001) and SiC(001) surfaces versus the initial energy of incident ions as well as an effective sputtering and sputtering threshold are discussed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	0000-00-00
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	84	Edition
	ISSN	978-86-80019-27-7	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record;
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:95704			Serial	3112
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Glow discharge optical spectroscopy and mass spectrometry			Type	H1 Book chapter
	Year	2016	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-31
	Keywords	H1 Book chapter; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Atomic Spectroscopy Optical (atomic absorption spectroscopy, AAS; atomic emission spectroscopy, AES; atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, AFS; and optogalvanic spectroscopy) and mass spectrometric (magnetic sector, quadrupole mass analyzer, QMA; quadrupole ion trap, QIT; Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance, FTICR; and time-of-flight, TOF) instrumentation are well suited for coupling to the glow discharge (GD). The GD is a relatively simple device. A potential gradient (500–1500 V) is applied between an anode and a cathode. In most cases, the sample is also the cathode. A noble gas (mostly Ar) is introduced into the discharge region before power initiation. When a potential is applied, electrons are accelerated toward the anode. As these electrons accelerate, they collide with gas atoms. A fraction of these collisions are of sufficient energy to remove an electron from a support gas atom, forming an ion. These ions are, in turn, accelerated toward the cathode. These ions impinge on the surface of the cathode, sputtering sample atoms from the surface. Sputtered atoms that do not redeposit on the surface diffuse into the excitation/ionization regions of the plasma where they can undergo excitation and/or ionization via a number of collisional processes, and the photons or ions created in this way can be detected with optical emission spectroscopy or mass spectrometry. GD sources offer a number of distinct advantages that make them well suited for specific types of analyses. These sources afford direct analysis of solid samples, thus minimizing the sample preparation required for analysis. The nature of the plasma also provides mutually exclusive atomization and excitation processes that help to minimize the matrix effects that plague so many other elemental techniques. In recent years, there is also increasing interest for using GD sources for liquid and gas analyses. In this article, first, the principles of operation of the GD plasma are reviewed, with an emphasis on how those principles relate to optical spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Basic applications of the GD techniques are considered next. These include bulk analysis, surface analysis, and the analysis of solution and gaseous samples. The requirements necessary to obtain optical information are addressed following the analytical applications. This article focuses on the instrumentation needed to make optical measurements using the GD as an atomization/excitation source. Finally, mass spectrometric instrumentation and interfaces are addressed as they pertain to the use of a GD plasma as an ion source. GD sources provide analytically useful gas-phase species from solid samples. These sources can be interfaced with a variety of spectroscopic and spectrometric instruments for both quantitative and qualitative analyses.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	John Wiley & Sons	Place of Publication	Chichester	Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	0000-00-00
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-0-470-02731-8	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:132064			Serial	4187
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Bogaerts, A.; Aghaei, M.
	Title	What modeling reveals about the properties of an inductively coupled plasma			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	Spectroscopy	Abbreviated Journal	Spectroscopy-Us
	Volume	31	Issue	1	Pages	52-59
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	To get better performance from inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-based methods, it is informative to study the properties of the ICP under different conditions. Annemie Bogaerts and Maryam Aghaei at the University of Antwerp, Belgium, are using computational modeling to examine how various properties of the ICP, such as gas flow path lines and velocity, temperature changes, and ionization effects, are affected by numerous factors, such as the gas flow rates of injector and auxiliary gas, applied power, and even the very presence of a mass spectrometry (MS) sampler. They have also applied their models to study particle transport through the ICP. Using their developed model, it is now possible to predict optimum conditions for specific analyses. Bogaerts and Aghaei spoke to us about this work.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Springfield, Or.	Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0887-6703	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor	0.466	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 0.466
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:131601			Serial	4278
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Glow discharge optical spectroscopy and mass spectrometry			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; PLASMANT
	Abstract	Atomic Spectroscopy Optical (atomic absorption spectroscopy, AAS; atomic emission spectroscopy, AES; atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, AFS; and optogalvanic spectroscopy) and mass spectrometric (magnetic sector, quadrupole mass analyzer, QMA; quadrupole ion trap, QIT; Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance, FTICR; and time-of-flight, TOF) instrumentation are well suited for coupling to the glow discharge (GD). The GD is a relatively simple device. A potential gradient (500–1500 V) is applied between an anode and a cathode. In most cases, the sample is also the cathode. A noble gas (mostly Ar) is introduced into the discharge region before power initiation. When a potential is applied, electrons are accelerated toward the anode. As these electrons accelerate, they collide with gas atoms. A fraction of these collisions are of sufficient energy to remove an electron from a support gas atom, forming an ion. These ions are, in turn, accelerated toward the cathode. These ions impinge on the surface of the cathode, sputtering sample atoms from the surface. Sputtered atoms that do not redeposit on the surface diffuse into the excitation/ionization regions of the plasma where they can undergo excitation and/or ionization via a number of collisional processes, and the photons or ions created in this way can be detected with optical emission spectroscopy or mass spectrometry. GD sources offer a number of distinct advantages that make them well suited for specific types of analyses. These sources afford direct analysis of solid samples, thus minimizing the sample preparation required for analysis. The nature of the plasma also provides mutually exclusive atomization and excitation processes that help to minimize the matrix effects that plague so many other elemental techniques. In recent years, there is also increasing interest for using GD sources for liquid and gas analyses. In this article, first, the principles of operation of the GD plasma are reviewed, with an emphasis on how those principles relate to optical spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Basic applications of the GD techniques are considered next. These include bulk analysis, surface analysis, and the analysis of solution and gaseous samples. The requirements necessary to obtain optical information are addressed following the analytical applications. This article focuses on the instrumentation needed to make optical measurements using the GD as an atomization/excitation source. Finally, mass spectrometric instrumentation and interfaces are addressed as they pertain to the use of a GD plasma as an ion source. GD sources provide analytically useful gas-phase species from solid samples. These sources can be interfaced with a variety of spectroscopic and spectrometric instruments for both quantitative and qualitative analyses.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2006-09-11
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Additional Links
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @			Serial	4282
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Bogaerts, A.; Khosravian, N.; Van der Paal, J.; Verlackt, C.C.W.; Yusupov, M.; Kamaraj, B.; Neyts, E.C.
	Title	Multi-level molecular modelling for plasma medicine			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	Journal Of Physics D-Applied Physics	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys D Appl Phys
	Volume	49	Issue	5	Pages	054002-54019
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	0000-00-00
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-3727	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor	2.588	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.588
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:129798			Serial	4467
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Belov, I.; Paulussen, S.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Analysis and comparison of the co2 and co dielectric barrier discharge solid products			Type	P1 Proceeding
	Year	2016	Publication	Hakone Xv: International Symposium On High Pressure Low Temperature Plasma Chemistry: With Joint Cost Td1208 Workshop: Non-equilibrium Plasmas With Liquids For Water And Surface Treatment	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	P1 Proceeding; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The CO and CO2 Dielectric Barrier Discharges (DBD) and their solid products were analyzed keeping similar energy input regimes. Gas chromatography analysis revealed the presence of CO2, CO and O-2 mixture in the exhaust of the CO2 DBD, while no O-2 was found when CO was used as a feed gas. It was shown that the C-2 Swan lines observed with optical emission spectroscopy were distinct in the CO plasma while they were not observed in the CO2 emission spectrum. Also the solid products of the plasmas exhibited remarkable differences. Nanoparticles with a diameter between10 and 300 nm, composed of Fe, O and C (Fe: O: C similar to 13: 50: 30) were produced by the CO2 DBD, while microscopic dendrite-like carbon structure (C: O similar to 73: 27) were formed in the CO plasma. The growth rate in the CO2 and CO DBDs was evaluated to be on the level of 0.15 mg/min and 15 mg/min, respectively. The difference of the CO and CO2 discharges and their products might be attributed to the oxygen content in the latter (6.4 mol.% O-2 in the exhaust) and subsequent etching of the carbonaceous film.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Masarykova univ	Place of Publication	Brno	Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	0000-00-00
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-80-210-8318-9	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:141554			Serial	4516
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Bogaerts, A.; Snoeckx, R.; Berthelot, A.; Heijkers, S.; Wang, W.; Sun, S.; Van Laer, K.; Ramakers, M.; Michielsen, I.; Uytdenhouwen, Y.; Meynen, V.; Cool, P.
	Title	Plasma based co2 conversion: a combined modeling and experimental study			Type	P1 Proceeding
	Year	2016	Publication	Hakone Xv: International Symposium On High Pressure Low Temperature Plasma Chemistry: With Joint Cost Td1208 Workshop: Non-equilibrium Plasmas With Liquids For Water And Surface Treatment	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	P1 Proceeding; Laboratory of adsorption and catalysis (LADCA); Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	In recent years there is increased interest in plasma-based CO2 conversion. Several plasma setups are being investigated for this purpose, but the most commonly used ones are a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), a microwave (MW) plasma and a gliding arc (GA) reactor. In this proceedings paper, we will show results from our experiments in a (packed bed) DBD reactor and in a vortex-flow GA reactor, as well as from our model calculations for the detailed plasma chemistry in a DBD, MW and GA, for pure CO2 as well as mixtures of CO2 with N-2, CH4 and H2O.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Masarykova univ	Place of Publication	Brno	Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	0000-00-00
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-80-210-8318-9	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:141553			Serial	4526
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Wang, W.; Patil, B.; Heijkers, S.; Hessel, V.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Nitrogen Fixation by Gliding Arc Plasma: Better Insight by Chemical Kinetics Modelling			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2017	Publication	Chemsuschem	Abbreviated Journal	Chemsuschem
	Volume	10	Issue	10	Pages	2110-2110
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into valuable compounds, that is, so-called nitrogen fixation, is gaining increased interest, owing to the essential role in the nitrogen cycle of the biosphere. Plasma technology, and more specifically gliding arc plasma, has great potential in this area, but little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Therefore, we developed a detailed chemical kinetics model for a pulsed-power gliding-arc reactor operating at atmospheric pressure for nitrogen oxide synthesis. Experiments are performed to validate the model and reasonable agreement is reached between the calculated and measured NO and NO2 yields and the corresponding energy efficiency for NOx formation for different N2/O2 ratios, indicating that the model can provide a realistic picture of the plasma chemistry. Therefore, we can use the model to investigate the reaction pathways for the formation and loss of NOx. The results indicate that vibrational excitation of N2 in the gliding arc contributes significantly to activating the N2 molecules, and leads to an energy efficient way of NOx production, compared to the thermal process. Based on the underlying chemistry, the model allows us to propose solutions on how to further improve the NOx formation by gliding arc technology. Although the energy efficiency of the gliding-arc-based nitrogen fixation process at the present stage is not comparable to the world-scale Haber–Bosch process, we believe our study helps us to come up with more realistic scenarios of entering a cutting-edge innovation in new business cases for the decentralised production of fertilisers for agriculture, in which lowtemperature plasma technology might play an important role.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2017-05-11
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1864-5631	ISBN		Additional Links
	Impact Factor	7.226	Times cited		Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes	This research was supported by the European Marie Skłodowska- Curie Individual Fellowship “GlidArc” within Horizon 2020 (Grant No.657304), by the FWO project (grant G.0383.16 N) and by the EU project MAPSYN: Microwave, Acoustic and Plasma assisted SYNthesis, under the grant agreement no. CP-IP 309376 of the European Community’s Seventh Framework Program. The calculations were performed using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UAntwerpen.			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.226
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @			Serial	4573
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Hoffman, B.M.; Lukoyanov, D.; Yang, Z.-Y.; Dean, D.R.; Seefeldt, L.C.
	Title	Mechanism of Nitrogen Fixation by Nitrogenase: The Next Stage			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2014	Publication	Chemical Reviews	Abbreviated Journal	Chem. Rev.
	Volume	114	Issue	8	Pages	4041-4062
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	Ammonia is a crucial nutrient used for plant growth and as a building block in pharmaceutical and chemical industry, produced via nitrogen fixation of the ubiquitous atmospheric N2. Current industrial ammonia production relies heavily on fossil resources, but a lot of work is put into developing non-fossil based pathways. Among these is the use of nonequilibrium plasma. In this work, we investigated water vapor as H source for nitrogen fixation into NH3 by non-equilibrium plasma. The highest selectivity towards NH3 was observed with low amounts of added H2O vapor, but the highest production rate was reached at high H2O vapor.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2014-04-23
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0009-2665	ISBN		Additional Links
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	We would like to thank Sylvia Dewilde (Department of Biomedical Sciences) for providing analytical equipment.			Approved	no
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @			Serial	6337
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Rouwenhorst, K.H.R.; Jardali, F.; Bogaerts, A.; Lefferts, L.
	Title	Correction: From the Birkeland–Eyde process towards energy-efficient plasma-based NO_Xsynthesis: a techno-economic analysis			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2023	Publication	Energy & Environmental Science	Abbreviated Journal	Energy Environ. Sci.
	Volume	16	Issue	12	Pages	6170-6173
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	Correction for ‘From the Birkeland–Eyde process towards energy-efficient plasma-based NO<sub><italic>X</italic></sub>synthesis: a techno-economic analysis’ by Kevin H. R. Rouwenhorst<italic>et al.</italic>,<italic>Energy Environ. Sci.</italic>, 2021,<bold>14</bold>, 2520–2534, https://doi.org/10.1039/D0EE03763J.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2023-11-27
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1754-5692	ISBN		Additional Links
	Impact Factor	32.5	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	H2020 European Research Council; Horizon 2020, 810182 ; Ministerie van Economische Zaken en Klimaat;			Approved	Most recent IF: 32.5; 2023 IF: 29.518
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @			Serial	8980
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Gorbanev, Y.; Fedirchyk, I.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Plasma catalysis in ammonia production and decomposition: Use it, or lose it?			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry
	Volume	47	Issue		Pages	100916
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Plasma Nitrogen fixation Ammonia Plasma catalysis Production and decomposition; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	The combination of plasma with catalysis for the synthesis and decomposition of NH3 is an attractive route to the production of carbon-neutral fertiliser and energy carriers and its conversion into H2. Recent years have seen fast developments in the field of plasma-catalytic NH3 life cycle. This work summarises the most recent advances in plasma-catalytic and related NH3-focussed processes, identifies some of the most important discoveries, and addresses plausible strategies for future developments in plasma-based NH3 technology.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2024-03-29
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2452-2236	ISBN		Additional Links
	Impact Factor	9.3	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	The work was supported by the Fund for Scientific Research (FWO) Flanders Bioeconomy project (grant G0G2322N) funded by the European Union-NextGe- nerationEU, the HyPACT project funded by the Belgian Energy Transition Fund, and the MSCA4Ukraine project 1233629 funded by the European Union.			Approved	Most recent IF: 9.3; 2024 IF: NA
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @			Serial	9117
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Cai, Y.; Mei, D.; Chen, Y.; Bogaerts, A.; Tu, X.
	Title	Machine learning-driven optimization of plasma-catalytic dry reforming of methane			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	Journal of Energy Chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Journal of Energy Chemistry
	Volume	96	Issue		Pages	153-163
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Plasma catalysis Machine learning Process optimization Dry reforming of methane Syngas production; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	This study investigates the dry reformation of methane (DRM) over Ni/Al2O3 catalysts in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) non-thermal plasma reactor. A novel hybrid machine learning (ML) model is developed to optimize the plasma-catalytic DRM reaction with limited experimental data. To address the non-linear and complex nature of the plasma-catalytic DRM process, the hybrid ML model integrates three well-established algorithms: regression trees, support vector regression, and artificial neural networks. A genetic algorithm (GA) is then used to optimize the hyperparameters of each algorithm within the hybrid ML model. The ML model achieved excellent agreement with the experimental data, demonstrating its efficacy in accurately predicting and optimizing the DRM process. The model was subsequently used to investigate the impact of various operating parameters on the plasma-catalytic DRM performance. We found that the optimal discharge power (20 W), CO2/CH4 molar ratio (1.5), and Ni loading (7.8 wt%) resulted in the maximum energy yield at a total flow rate of 51 mL/min. Furthermore, we investigated the relative significance of each operating parameter on the performance of the plasmacatalytic DRM process. The results show that the total flow rate had the greatest influence on the conversion, with a significance exceeding 35% for each output, while the Ni loading had the least impact on the overall reaction performance. This hybrid model demonstrates a remarkable ability to extract valuable insights from limited datasets, enabling the development and optimization of more efficient and selective plasma-catalytic chemical processes.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2024-04-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2095-4956	ISBN		Additional Links
	Impact Factor	13.1	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	This project received funding from the European Union’s Hori- zon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 813393.			Approved	Most recent IF: 13.1; 2024 IF: 2.594
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @			Serial	9124
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Xu, W.; Buelens, L.C.; Galvita, V.V.; Bogaerts, A.; Meynen, V.
	Title	Improving the performance of gliding arc plasma-catalytic dry reforming via a new post-plasma tubular catalyst bed			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	Journal of CO2 Utilization	Abbreviated Journal	Journal of CO2 Utilization
	Volume	83	Issue		Pages	102820
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Dry reforming Gliding arc plasma Plasma catalytic DRM Ni-based mixed oxide Post-plasma catalysis; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	A combination of a gliding arc plasmatron (GAP) reactor and a newly designed tubular catalyst bed (N-bed) was applied to investigate the post-plasma catalytic (PPC) effect for dry reforming of methane (DRM). As comparison, a traditional plasma catalyst bed (T-bed) was also utilized. The post-plasma catalytic effect of a Ni-based mixed oxide (Ni/MO) catalyst with a thermal catalytic performance of 77% CO2 and 86% CH4 conversion at 700 ℃ was studied. Although applying the T-bed had little effect on plasma based CO2 and CH4 conversion, an increase in selectivity to H2 was obtained with a maximum value of 89% at a distance of 2 cm. However, even when only α-Al2O3 packing material was used in the N-bed configuration, compared to the plasma alone and the T-bed, an increase of the CO2 and CH4 conversion from 53% and 53% to 69% and 69% to 83% was achieved. Addition of the Ni/MO catalyst further enhanced the DRM reaction, resulting in conversions of 79% for CO2 and 91% for CH4. Hence, although no insulation nor external heating was applied to the N-bed post plasma, it provides a slightly better conversion than the thermal catalytic performance with the same catalyst, while being fully electrically driven. In addition, an enhanced CO selectivity to 96% was obtained and the energy cost was reduced from ~ 6 kJ/L (plasma alone) to 4.3 kJ/L. To our knowledge, it is the first time that a post-plasma catalytic system achieves this excellent catalytic performance for DRM without extra external heating or insulation.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2024-05-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2212-9820	ISBN		Additional Links
	Impact Factor	7.7	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	Wencong Xu, Vladimir V. Galvita, Annemie Bogaerts, and Vera Meynen would like to acknowledge the VLAIO Catalisti Moonshot project D2M and the VLAIO Catalisti transition project CO2PERATE (HBC.2017.0692). Lukas C. Buelens acknowledges financial support from the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO Flanders) through a postdoctoral fellowship grant 12E5623N. Vladimir V. Galvita also acknowledges a personal grant from the Research Fund of Ghent University (BOF; 01N16319).			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.7; 2024 IF: 4.292
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @			Serial	9131
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Maerivoet, S.; Tsonev, I.; Slaets, J.; Reniers, F.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Coupled multi-dimensional modelling of warm plasmas: Application and validation for an atmospheric pressure glow discharge in CO2/CH4/O2			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	Chemical Engineering Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chemical Engineering Journal
	Volume	492	Issue		Pages	152006
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	To support experimental research into gas conversion by warm plasmas, models should be developed to explain the experimental observations. These models need to describe all physical and chemical plasma properties in a coupled way. In this paper, we present a modelling approach to solve the complete set of assumed relevant equations, including gas flow, heat balance and species transport, coupled with a rather extensive chemistry set, consisting of 21 species, obtained by reduction of a more detailed chemistry set, consisting of 41 species. We apply this model to study the combined CO2 and CH4 conversion in the presence of O2, in a direct current atmospheric pressure glow discharge. Our model can predict the experimental trends, and can explain why higher O2 fractions result in higher CH4 conversion, namely due to the higher gas temperature, rather than just by additional chemical reactions. Indeed, our model predicts that when more O2 is added, the energy required to reach any set temperature (i.e., the enthalpy) drops, allowing the system to reach higher temperatures with similar amounts of energy. This is in turn related to the higher H2O fraction and lower H2 fraction formed in the plasma, as demonstrated by our model. Altogether, our new self-consistent model can capture the main physics and chemistry occurring in this warm plasma, which is an important step towards predictive modelling for plasma-based gas conversion.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2024-05-09
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	This research was supported by the Excellence of Science FWO-FNRS project (FWO grant ID G0I1822N; EOS ID 40007511) and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 810182–SCOPE ERC Synergy project, and grant agreement No. 101081162–PREPARE ERC Proof of Concept project). computational resources and services used in this work were provided by the HPC core facility CalcUA of the Universiteit Antwerpen, and VSC (Flemish Supercomputer Center), funded by the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO) and the Flemish Government.			Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1; 2024 IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @			Serial	9132
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	Author	Cai, Y.; Michiels, R.; De Luca, F.; Neyts, E.; Tu, X.; Bogaerts, A.; Gerrits, N.
	Title	Improving Molecule–Metal Surface Reaction Networks Using the Meta-Generalized Gradient Approximation: CO₂Hydrogenation			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	The Journal of Physical Chemistry C	Abbreviated Journal	J. Phys. Chem. C
	Volume	128	Issue	21	Pages	8611-8620
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	Density functional theory is widely used to gain insights into molecule−metal surface reaction networks, which is important for a better understanding of catalysis. However, it is well-known that generalized gradient approximation (GGA) density functionals (DFs), most often used for the study of reaction networks, struggle to correctly describe both gas-phase molecules and metal surfaces. Also, GGA DFs typically underestimate reaction barriers due to an underestimation of the selfinteraction energy. Screened hybrid GGA DFs have been shown to reduce this problem but are currently intractable for wide usage. In this work, we use a more affordable meta-GGA (mGGA) DF in combination with a nonlocal correlation DF for the first time to study and gain new insights into a catalytically important surface reaction network, namely, CO2 hydrogenation on Cu. We show that the mGGA DF used, namely, rMS-RPBEl-rVV10, outperforms typical GGA DFs by providing similar or better predictions for metals and molecules, as well as molecule−metal surface adsorption and activation energies. Hence, it is a better choice for constructing molecule−metal surface reaction networks.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2024-05-30
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links
	Impact Factor	3.7	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	H2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, 813393 ; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, 1114921N ; H2020 European Research Council, 810182 ; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, 019.202EN.012 ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.7; 2024 IF: 4.536
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @			Serial	9248
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	Author	Michiels, R.; Gerrits, N.; Neyts, E.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Plasma Catalysis Modeling: How Ideal Is Atomic Hydrogen for Eley–Rideal?			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	The Journal of Physical Chemistry C	Abbreviated Journal	J. Phys. Chem. C
	Volume	128	Issue	27	Pages	11196-11209
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	Plasma catalysis is an emerging technology, but a lot of questions about the underlying surface mechanisms remain unanswered. One of these questions is how important Eley−Rideal (ER) reactions are, next to Langmuir−Hinshelwood reactions. Most plasma catalysis kinetic models predict ER reactions to be important and sometimes even vital for the surface chemistry. In this work, we take a critical look at how ER reactions involving H radicals are incorporated in kinetic models describing CO2 hydrogenation and NH3 synthesis. To this end, we construct potential energy surface (PES) intersections, similar to elbow plots constructed for dissociative chemisorption. The results of the PES intersections are in agreement with ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) findings in literature while being computationally much cheaper. We find that, for the reactions studied here, adsorption is more probable than a reaction via the hot atom (HA) mechanism, which in turn is more probable than a reaction via the ER mechanism. We also conclude that kinetic models of plasma-catalytic systems tend to overestimate the importance if ER reactions. Furthermore, as opposed to what is often assumed in kinetic models, the choice of catalyst will influence the ER reaction probability. Overall, the description of ER reactions is too much “ideal” in models. Based on our indings, we make a number of recommendations on how to incorporate ER reactions in kinetic models to avoid overestimation of their importance.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2024-07-11
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links
	Impact Factor	3.7	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, 1114921N ; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, 810182 ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.7; 2024 IF: 4.536
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @			Serial	9251
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	Author	Manaigo, F.; Chatterjee, A.; Bogaerts, A.; Snyders, R.
	Title	Insight in NO synthesis in a gliding arc plasma via gas temperature and density mapping by laser-induced fluorescence			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	Plasma Sources Science and Technology	Abbreviated Journal	Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.
	Volume	33	Issue	7	Pages	075005
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; plasma nitrogen fixation, gliding arc plasmatron, laser-induced fluorescence, afterglow rotational temperature, afterglow NO concentration; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	A gliding arc (GA) plasma, operating at atmospheric pressure in a gas mixture of 50% N<sub>2</sub>and 50% O<sub>2</sub>, is studied using laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. The main goal is to determine the two-dimensional distribution of both the gas temperature and the NO ground state density in the afterglow. As GA plasma discharges at atmospheric pressure normally produce rather high NO<sub><italic>x</italic></sub>densities, the high concentration of relevant absorbers, such as NO, may impose essential restrictions for the use of ‘classical’ laser-induced fluorescence methods (dealing with excitation in the bandhead vicinity), as the laser beam would be strongly absorbed along its propagation in the afterglow. Since this was indeed the case for the studied discharge, an approach dealing with laser-based excitation of separate rotational lines is proposed. In this case, due to a non-saturated absorption regime, simultaneous and reliable measurements of both the NO density and the gas temperature (using a reference fitting spectrum) are possible. The proposed method is applied to provide a two-dimensional map for both the NO density and the gas temperature at different plasma conditions. The results show that the input gas flow rate strongly alters the plasma shape, which appears as an elongated column at low input gas flow rate and spreads laterally as the flow rate increases. Finally, based on temperature map analysis, a clear correlation between the gas temperature and NO concentration is found. The proposed method may be interesting for the plasma-chemical analysis of discharges with high molecular production yields, where knowledge of both molecular concentration and gas temperature is required.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2024-07-01
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0963-0252	ISBN		Additional Links
	Impact Factor	3.8	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique – FNRS, EOS O005118F ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.8; 2024 IF: 3.302
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @			Serial	9253
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	Author	Wanten, B.; Gorbanev, Y.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Plasma-based conversion of CO2 and CH4 into syngas: A dive into the effect of adding water			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	Fuel	Abbreviated Journal	Fuel
	Volume	374	Issue		Pages	132355
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Plasma Bi-reforming of methane Atmospheric pressure glow discharge Hydrogen-rich syngas; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	Plasma technology can play a vital role in the electrification and decarbonization of chemical processes. In this work, we carried out the bi-reforming of methane (BRM), producing syngas out of H2O vapor and the greenhouse gases CO2 and CH4, in an atmospheric pressure glow discharge reactor. Compared to dry reforming of methane (DRM), the addition of H2O helps in counteracting soot formation, and thus avoids severe destabilization of the generated plasma. A mixture of 14–41-45 vol% (CO2-CH4-H2O) leads to the overall best results in terms of stable plasma and performance metrics. We obtained a CO2 and CH4 conversion of 49 % and 74 %, respectively, at a SEI of 210 kJ/mol. The energy cost is 390 kJ/mol converted reactants, which is below the target defined for plasmabased syngas production to be competitive with other technologies. Moreover, we reached CO and H2 yields of 59 % and 49 %, and a syngas ratio (SR) of 2, which is ideal for further methanol synthesis.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2024-07-15
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0016-2361	ISBN		Additional Links
	Impact Factor	7.4	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	This project has received funding from the BlueApp Proof-of-Concept project “Optanic”, the VLAIO-Catalisti ICON project “BluePlasma” (grant ID HBC.2022.0445), and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement no. 810182─SCOPE ERC Synergy project).			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.4; 2024 IF: 4.601
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @			Serial	9254
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	Author	Lv, H.; Meng, S.; Cui, Z.; Li, S.; Li, D.; Gao, X.; Guo, H.; Bogaerts, A.; Yi, Y.
	Title	Plasma-catalytic direct oxidation of methane to methanol over Cu-MOR: Revealing the zeolite-confined Cu2+ active sites			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	Chemical Engineering Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chemical Engineering Journal
	Volume	496	Issue		Pages	154337
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Direct oxidation Methanol production Plasma catalysis Copper-mordenite catalysts; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	Efficient methane conversion to methanol remains a significant challenge in chemical industry. This study investigates the direct oxidation of methane to methanol under mild conditions, employing a synergy of nonthermal plasma and Cu-MOR (Copper-Mordenite) catalysts. Catalytic tests demonstrate that the Cu-MOR IE-3 catalyst (i.e., prepared by three cycles of ion exchange) exhibits superior catalytic performance (with 51 % methanol selectivity and 7.9 % methane conversion). Conversely, the Cu-MOR catalysts prepared via wetness impregnation tend to over-oxidize CH4 to CO and CO2. Through systematic catalyst characterizations (XRD, TPR, UV–Vis, HRTEM, XPS), we elucidate that ion exchange mainly leads to the formation of zeolite-confined Cu2+ species, while wetness impregnation predominantly results in CuO particles. Based on the catalytic performance, catalyst characterizations and in-situ FTIR spectra, we conclude that zeolite-confined Cu2+ species serve as the active sites for plasma-catalytic direct oxidation of methane to methanol.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2024-08-02
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	PetroChina Innovation Foundation, 2018D-5007-0501 ; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, DUT21JC40 ; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities; China Scholarship Council; National Natural Science Foundation of China, 22272015 ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1; 2024 IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @			Serial	9260
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	Author	Espona‐Noguera, A.; Živanić, M.; Smits, E.; Bogaerts, A.; Privat‐Maldonado, A.; Canal, C.
	Title	Unlocking Novel Anticancer Strategies: Bioactive Hydrogels for Local Delivery of Plasma‐Derived Oxidants in an In Ovo Cancer Model			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	Macromolecular Bioscience	Abbreviated Journal	Macromolecular Bioscience
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a tool with the ability to generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), which can induce therapeutic effects like disinfection, wound healing, and cancer treatment. In the plasma oncology field, CAP‐treated hydrogels (PTHs) are being explored for the local administration of CAP‐derived RONS as a novel anticancer approach. PTHs have shown anticancer effects in vitro, however, they have not yet been studied in more relevant cancer models. In this context, the present study explores for the first time the therapeutic potential of PTHs using an advanced in ovo cancer model. PTHs composed of alginate (Alg), gelatin (Gel), Alg/Gel combination, or Alg/hyaluronic acid (HA) combination are investigated. All embryos survived the PTHs treatment, suggesting that the in ovo model could become a time‐ and cost‐effective tool for developing hydrogel‐based anticancer approaches. Results revealed a notable reduction in CD44+ cell population and their proliferative state for the CAP‐treated Alg‐HA condition. Moreover, the CAP‐treated Alg‐HA formulation alters the extracellular matrix composition, which may help combat drug‐resistance. In conclusion, the present study validates the utility of in ovo cancer model for PTHs exploration and highlights the promising potential of Alg‐based PTHs containing HA and CAP‐derived RONS for cancer treatment.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2024-07-05
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1616-5187	ISBN		Additional Links
	Impact Factor	4.6	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	Generalitat de Catalunya, SGR2022‐1368 ; European Cooperation in Science and Technology, COSTActionCA20114(TherapeuticalApplicationsofColdPlasmas) ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.6; 2024 IF: 3.238
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @			Serial	9263
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	Author	Vertongen, R.; De Felice, G.; van den Bogaard, H.; Gallucci, F.; Bogaerts, A.; Li, S.
	Title	Sorption-Enhanced Dry Reforming of Methane in a DBD Plasma Reactor for Single-Stage Carbon Capture and Utilization			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering	Abbreviated Journal	ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.
	Volume	12	Issue	29	Pages	10841-10853
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; plasma, dry reforming of methane, dielectric barrier discharge, sorbent, carbon capture and utilization, zeolite; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	Plasma−sorbent systems are a novel technology for single-stage carbon capture and utilization (CCU), where the plasma enables the desorption of CO2 from a sorbent and the simultaneous conversion to CO. In this study, we test the flexibility of a plasma−sorbent system in a single unit, specifically for sorption-enhanced dry reforming of methane (DRM). The experimental results indicate the selective adsorption of CO2 by the sorbent zeolite 5A in the first step, and CH4 addition during the plasma-based desorption of CO2 enables DRM to various value-added products in the second step, such as H2, CO, hydrocarbons, and the byproduct H2O. Furthermore, our work also demonstrates that zeolite has the potential to increase the conversion of CO2 and CH4, attributed to its capability to capture H2O. Aside from the notable carbon deposition, material analysis shows that the zeolite remains relatively stable under plasma exposure.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2024-07-22
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2168-0485	ISBN		Additional Links
	Impact Factor	8.4	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, 110221N V404823N ; H2020 European Research Council, 810182 ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 8.4; 2024 IF: 5.951
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @			Serial	9264
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	Author	Albrechts, M.; Tsonev, I.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Can post-plasma CH₄injection improve plasma-based dry reforming of methane? A modeling study			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	Green Chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Green Chem.
	Volume	26	Issue	18	Pages	9712-9728
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	Thermal plasma-driven dry reforming of methane (DRM) has gained increased attention in recent years due to its high conversion and energy conversion efficiency (ECE). Recent experimental work investigated the performance of a pure CO<sub>2</sub>plasma with post-plasma CH<sub>4</sub>injection. The rationale behind this strategy is that by utilizing a pure CO<sub>2</sub>plasma, all plasma energy can be used to dissociate CO<sub>2</sub>, while CH<sub>4</sub>reforming proceeds post-plasma in the reforming reactor with residual heat, potentially improving the energy efficiency compared to injecting both CO<sub>2</sub>and CH<sub>4</sub>into the plasma. To assess whether post-plasma CH<sub>4</sub>injection indeed improves the DRM performance, we developed a chemical kinetics model describing the post-plasma conversion process. We first validated our model by reproducing the experimental results of the pure CO<sub>2</sub>plasma with post-plasma CH<sub>4</sub>injection. Subsequently, we compared both strategies: injecting only CO<sub>2</sub>inside the plasma while injecting CH<sub>4</sub>post-plasma,<italic>vs.</italic>classical plasma-based DRM. Our modeling results indicate that below specific energy inputs (SEI) of 220 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, the total conversion slightly improves (<italic>ca.</italic>5%) with the first strategy. However, the ECE is slightly lower due to the low H<sub>2</sub>selectivity caused by substantial H<sub>2</sub>O formation. The highest conversion and ECE are obtained at SEI values of 240–280 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, where both strategies yield nearly identical results, indicating the limited potential of improving the performance of DRM by pure CO<sub>2</sub>plasma with post-plasma CH<sub>4</sub>injection. Nevertheless, the approach is still very valuable to allow higher CH<sub>4</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub>ratios without problems of coke formation within the plasma, and thus, to improve plasma stability and reach higher syngas ratios, which is more useful for further Fischer–Tropsch or methanol synthesis.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2024-08-24
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1463-9262	ISBN		Additional Links
	Impact Factor	9.8	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme, 101069491 ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 9.8; 2024 IF: 9.125
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @			Serial	9265
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	Author	Sun, J.; Chen, Q.; Qin, W.; Wu, H.; Liu, B.; Li, S.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Plasma-catalytic dry reforming of CH4: Effects of plasma-generated species on the surface chemistry			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	Chemical Engineering Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chemical Engineering Journal
	Volume	498	Issue		Pages	155847
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Dry reforming of methane Plasma catalysis Plasma-enhanced surface chemistry Path flux and sensitivity analysis Coking kinetics; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	By means of steady-state experiments and a global model, we studied the effects of plasma-generated reactive species on the surface chemistry and coking in plasma-catalytic CH4/CO2 reforming at reduced pressure (8–40 kPa). We used a hybrid ZDPlasKin-CHEMKIN model to predict the species densities over time. The detailed plasma-catalytic mechanism consists of the plasma discharge scheme, a gas-phase chemistry set and a surface mechanism. Our experimental results show that the coupling of Ni/SiO2 catalyst with plasma is more effective in CH4/CO2 activation and conversion than unpacked DBD plasma, with syngas being the main products. The highest total conversion of 16 % was achieved at 8000 V and 473 K, with corresponding CO and H2 yields of 15 % and 12 %, respectively. The reactants conversion and product selectivity are well captured by the kinetic model. Our simulation results suggest that vibrational species and radicals can accelerate the dissociative adsorption and Eley-Rideal (E-R) reactions. Path flux analysis shows that E-R reactions dominate the surface reaction pathways, which differs from thermal catalysis, indicating that the coupling of non-equilibrium plasma and catalysis can effectively shift the formation and consumption pathways of important adsorbates. For instance, our model suggests that HCOO(s) is primarily generated through the E-R reaction CO2(v) + H(s) → HCOO(s), while the hydrogenation reaction HCOO(s) + H → HCOOH(s) is the main source of HCOOH(s). Carbon deposition on the catalyst surface is primarily formed through the stepwise dehydrogenation of CH4, while the E-R reactions enhanced by plasma-generated H and O atoms dominate the consumption of carbon deposition. This work provides new insights into the effects of reactive species on the surface chemistry in plasma-catalytic CH4/CO2 reforming.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2024-09-17
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	National Natural Science Foundation of China;			Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1; 2024 IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @			Serial	9266
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	Author	Fedirchyk, I.; Tsonev, I.; Quiroz Marnef, R.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Plasma-assisted NH3 cracking in warm plasma reactors for green H2 production			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	Chemical Engineering Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chemical Engineering Journal
	Volume	499	Issue		Pages	155946
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Plasma-assisted NH3 cracking Plasma reactors Warm plasma H2 production from NH3; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	renewable energy. Plasma technology is promising for this purpose, as it can crack NH3 without the need for a catalyst and is highly compatible with renewable electricity, reducing the environmental footprint of the cracking process. This work investigates the NH3 cracking performance of four different warm plasma reactors with different configurations and operating in a wide range of conditions. We show that the NH3 conversion in warm plasma reactors is primarily determined by the specific energy input, with the main difference observed in the energy cost (EC) of cracking. The lowest EC obtained is 146 kJ/mol but at a conversion of only 8 %. A more reasonable conversion of around 50 % yields an EC of around 200 kJ/mol in two of the reactors investigated. Plasma reactors operating at higher feed flow rates are more efficient and yield a higher H2 production rate. Our data indicate that NH3 cracking in these warm plasma reactors occurs mainly via thermal chemistry, with nonthermal plasma chemistry playing a less prominent role. NH3 decomposes not only inside the plasma core but also in a hot volume around it, which reduces the EC. Our study shows that warm plasmas are significantly more efficient for NH3 cracking than cold plasmas, even when the latter are combined with catalysts.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2024-09-19
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	Belgian Federal Government; European Commission Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions;			Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1; 2024 IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @			Serial	9267
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	Author	Biscop, E.; Baroen, J.; De Backer, J.; Vanden Berghe, W.; Smits, E.; Bogaerts, A.; Lin, A.
	Title	Characterization of regulated cancer cell death pathways induced by the different modalities of non-thermal plasma treatment			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	Cell Death Discovery	Abbreviated Journal	Cell Death Discov.
	Volume	10	Issue	1	Pages	416
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	Non-thermal plasma (NTP) has shown promising anti-cancer effects, but there is still limited knowledge about the underlying cell death mechanisms induced by NTP and inherent differences between NTP treatment modalities. This study aimed to investigate four major regulated cell death (RCD) pathways, namely apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis, in melanoma cancer cells following NTP treatment, and to provide an overview of molecular mechanistic differences between direct and indirect NTP treatment modalities. To discriminate which cell death pathways were triggered after treatment, specific inhibitors of apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis were evaluated. RCD-specific molecular pathways were further investigated to validate the findings with inhibitors. Both direct and indirect NTP treatment increased caspase 3/7 and annexin V expression, indicative of apoptosis, as well as lipid peroxidation, characteristic of ferroptosis. Pyroptosis, on the other hand, was only induced by direct NTP treatment, evidenced by increased caspase 1 activity, whereas necroptosis was stimulated in a cell line-dependent manner. These findings highlight the molecular differences and implications of direct and indirect NTP treatment for cancer therapy. Altogether, activation of multiple cell death pathways offers advantages in minimizing treatment resistance and enhancing therapeutic efficacy, particularly in a combination setting. Understanding the mechanisms underlying NTP-induced RCD will enable the development of strategic combination therapies targeting multiple pathways to achieve cancer lethality.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2024-09-30
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2058-7716	ISBN		Additional Links
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	This work was partially funded by the Research Foundation—Flanders (FWO) and supported by the following Grants: 12S9221N (AL), G044420N (AL and AB), and G033020N (AB). We would also like to acknowledge the help of Iuliia Efimova and Prof. Dmitri Krysko (Cell Death Investigation and Therapy Laboratory, Ghent University), where discussions and optimization for these experiments started, but unfortunately and abruptly halted due to the COVID pandemic. Still we appreciate their valuable discussions. Figure 6 was made in BioRender. We would also like to acknowledge the support from the European Cooperation in Science & Technology (COST) Action on “Therapeutical applications of Cold Plasmas” (CA20114; PlasTHER).			Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @			Serial	9329
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	Author	Sun, J.; Qu, Z.; Gao, Y.; Li, T.; Hong, J.; Zhang, T.; Zhou, R.; Liu, D.; Tu, X.; Chen, G.; Brüser, V.; Weltmann, K.-D.; Mei, D.; Fang, Z.; Borras, A.; Barranco, A.; Xu, S.; Ma, C.; Dou, L.; Zhang, S.; Shao, T.; Chen, G.; Liu, D.; Lu, X.; Bo, Z.; Chiang, W.-H.; Vasilev, K.; Keidar, M.; Nikiforov, A.; Jalili, A.R.; Cullen, P.J.; Dai, L.; Hessel, V.; Bogaerts, A.; Murphy, A.B.; Zhou, R.; Ostrikov, K.(K.)
	Title	Plasma power-to-X (PP2X): status and opportunities for non-thermal plasma technologies			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics	Abbreviated Journal	J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
	Volume	57	Issue	50	Pages	503002
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; plasma power-to-X, non-thermal plasma, gas conversion, plasma catalysis, renewable energy; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	This article discusses the ‘power-to-X’ (P2X) concept, highlighting the integral role of non-thermal plasma (NTP) in P2X for the eco-friendly production of chemicals and valuable fuels. NTP with unique thermally non-equilibrium characteristics, enables exotic reactions to occur under ambient conditions. This review summarizes the plasma-based P2X systems, including plasma discharges, reactor configurations, catalytic or non-catalytic processes, and modeling techniques. Especially, the potential of NTP to directly convert stable molecules including CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>and air/N<sub>2</sub>is critically examined. Additionally, we further present and discuss hybrid technologies that integrate NTP with photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and biocatalysis, broadening its applications in P2X. It concludes by identifying key challenges, such as high energy consumption, and calls for the outlook in plasma catalysis and complex reaction systems to generate valuable products efficiently and sustainably, and achieve the industrial viability of the proposed plasma P2X strategy.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2024-12-20
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-3727	ISBN		Additional Links
	Impact Factor	3.4	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; National Science Foundation, 1747760 ; Australian Research Council;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.4; 2024 IF: 2.588
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @			Serial	9330
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	Author	Heirman, P.; Verswyvel, H.; Bauwens, M.; Yusupov, M.; De Waele, J.; Lin, A.; Smits, E.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Effect of plasma-induced oxidation on NK cell immune checkpoint ligands: A computational-experimental approach			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	Redox Biology	Abbreviated Journal	Redox Biology
	Volume	77	Issue		Pages	103381
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Non-thermal plasma Natural killer cells Immune checkpoints Cancer immunotherapy Umbrella sampling Oxidative stress; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	Non-thermal plasma (NTP) shows promise as a potent anti-cancer therapy with both cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects. In this study, we investigate the chemical and biological effects of NTP-induced oxidation on several key, determinant immune checkpoints of natural killer (NK) cell function. We used molecular dynamics (MD) and umbrella sampling simulations to investigate the effect of NTP-induced oxidative changes on the MHCI complexes HLA-Cw4 and HLA-E. Our simulations indicate that these chemical alterations do not significantly affect the binding affinity of these markers to their corresponding NK cell receptor, which is supported with experimental read-outs of ligand expression on human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells after NTP application. Broadening our scope to other key ligands for NK cell reactivity, we demonstrate rapid reduction in CD155 and CD112, target ligands of the inhibitory TIGIT axis, and in immune checkpoint CD73 immediately after treatment. Besides these transient chemical alterations, the reactive species in NTP cause a cascade of downstream cellular reactions. This is underlined by the upregulation of the stress proteins MICA/B, potent ligands for NK cell activation, 24 h post treatment. Taken together, this work corroborates the immunomodulatory potential of NTP, and sheds light on the interaction mechanisms between NTP and cancer cells.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2024-10-01
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2213-2317	ISBN		Additional Links
	Impact Factor	11.4	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	This research was funded by the Impuls project of the University of Antwerp, grant number 46381. We acknowledge financial support from the Fund for Scientific Research (FWO) Flanders (Grant ID 1100421N (Pepijn Heirman), 1S67621N (Hanne Verswyvel), G044420N (Abraham Lin) and G033020N (Pepijn Heirman, Annemie Bogaerts)). M.Y. ac knowledges the Agency for Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan, grant number AL-4821012320. The computational sources and services used in this work were provided by the HPC core facility CalcUA of the Universiteit Antwerpen, and VSC (Flemish percomputer Center), funded by the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO) and the Flemish Government. This article is based upon work from COST Action CA20114 PlasTHER “Therapeutical Applications of Cold Plasmas”, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). We would also like to thank several patrons, as part of this research was funded by donations from different donors, including Dedert Schilde vzw, Mr Willy Floren, and the Vereycken family. Finally, we thank Robin De Meyer, Rani Vertongen and Louize Brants for their valuable input.			Approved	Most recent IF: 11.4; 2024 IF: 6.337
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @			Serial	9331
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	Author	Poels, K.; van Vaeck, L.; Gijbels, R.
	Title	Microprobe speciation analysis of inorganic solids by Fourier transform laser mass spectrometry			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1998	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	70	Issue		Pages	504-512
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
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	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000071810400012	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700;1520-6882;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	32	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 1998 IF: 4.580
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:19338			Serial	2026
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	Author	Oleshko, V.P.; Brichkin, S.B.; Gijbels, R.; Jacob, W.A.; Razumov, V.F.
	Title	Observation of exciton states in silver halide nanoparticles by cryo-electron spectroscopic imaging and electron energy-loss spectroscopy			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1997	Publication	Mendeleev communications	Abbreviated Journal	Mendeleev Commun
	Volume	7	Issue	6	Pages	213-215
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Cambridge	Editor
	Language		Wos	000071865900001	Publication Date	0000-00-00
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0959-9436	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	1.741	Times cited	5	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 1.741; 1997 IF: 0.652
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:20468			Serial	2417
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