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	Author	Khalilov, U.; Pourtois, G.; van Duin, A.C.T.; Neyts, E.C.
	Title	Hyperthermal oxidation of Si(100)2x1 surfaces : effect of growth temperature			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2012	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	116	Issue	15	Pages	8649-8656
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Using reactive molecular dynamics simulations based on the ReaxFF potential, we studied the growth mechanism of ultrathin silica (SiO2) layers during hyperthermal oxidation as a function of temperature in the range 100-1300 K. Oxidation of Si(100){2 x 1} surfaces by both atomic and molecular oxygen was investigated for hyperthermal impact energies in the range of 1 to 5 eV. Two different growth mechanisms are found, corresponding to a low temperature oxidation and a high temperature one. The transition temperature between these mechanisms is estimated to be about 700 K. Also, the initial step of the Si oxidation process is analyzed in detail. Where possible, we validated our results with experimental and ab initio data, and good agreement was obtained. This study is important for the fabrication of silica-based devices in the micro- and nanoelectronics industry and, more specifically, for the fabrication of metal oxide semiconductor devices.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000302924900035	Publication Date	2012-03-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447;1932-7455;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	32	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536; 2012 IF: 4.814
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:98259			Serial	1542
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Neyts, E.C.; Khalilov, U.; Pourtois, G.; van Duin, A.C.T.
	Title	Hyperthermal oxygen interacting with silicon surfaces : adsorption, implantation, and damage creation			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	115	Issue	15	Pages	4818-4823
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Using reactive molecular dynamics simulations, we have investigated the effect of single-impact, low-energy (thermal-100 eV) bombardment of a Si(100){2 × 1} surface by atomic and molecular oxygen. Penetration probability distributions, as well as defect formation distributions, are presented as a function of the impact energy for both species. It is found that at low impact energy, defects are created chemically due to the chemisorption process in the top layers of the surface, while at high impact energy, additional defects are created by a knock-on displacement of Si. These results are of particular importance for understanding device performances of silica-based microelectronic and photovoltaic devices.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000288401200060	Publication Date	2011-03-02
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447;1932-7455;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	28	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536; 2011 IF: 4.805
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:89858			Serial	1543
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	Author	Aerts, R.; Martens, T.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Influence of vibrational states on CO₂ splitting by dielectric barrier discharges			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2012	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	116	Issue	44	Pages	23257-23273
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	In this paper, the splitting of CO2 in a pulsed plasma system, such as a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), is evaluated from a chemical point of view by means of numerical modeling. For this purpose, a chemical reaction set of CO2 in an atmospheric pressure plasma is developed, including the vibrational states of CO2, O2, and CO. The simulated pulses are matched to the conditions of a filament (or microdischarge) and repeated with intervals of 1 μs. The influence of vibrationally excited CO2 as well as other neutral species, ions, and electrons on the CO2 splitting is discussed. Our calculations predict that the electrons have the largest contribution to the CO2 splitting at the conditions under study, by electron impact dissociation. The contribution of vibrationally excited CO2 levels in the splitting of CO2 is found be 6.4%, when only considering one microdischarge pulse and its afterglow, but it can be much higher for consecutive discharge pulses, as is typical for a filamentary DBD, when the interpulse time is short enough and accumulation effects in the vibrationally excited CO2 densities can occur.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000310769300012	Publication Date	2012-10-19
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447;1932-7455;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	112	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536; 2012 IF: 4.814
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:101764			Serial	1659
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	Author	Kato, T.; Neyts, E.C.; Abiko, Y.; Akama, T.; Hatakeyama, R.; Kaneko, T.
	Title	Kinetics of energy selective Cs encapsulation in single-walled carbon nanotubes for damage-free and position-selective doping			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	119	Issue	119	Pages	11903-11908
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	A method has been developed for damage-free cesium (Cs) encapsulation within single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with fine position selectivity. Precise energy tuning of Cs-ion irradiation revealed that there is a clear energy window (2060 eV) for the efficient encapsulation of Cs through the hexagonal network of SWNT sidewalls without causing significant damage. This minimum energy threshold of Cs-ion encapsulation (∼20 eV) matches well with the value obtained by ab initio simulation (∼22 eV). Furthermore, position-selective Cs encapsulation was carried out, resulting in the successful formation of pn-junction SWNT thin films with excellent environmental stability.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000355495600072	Publication Date	2015-05-06
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447;1932-7455;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	3	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536; 2015 IF: 4.772
	Call Number	c:irua:125928			Serial	1760
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	Author	Delabie, A.; Sioncke, S.; Rip, J.; van Elshocht, S.; Caymax, M.; Pourtois, G.; Pierloot, K.
	Title	Mechanisms for the trimethylaluminum reaction in aluminum oxide atomic layer deposition on sulfur passivated germanium			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	115	Issue	35	Pages	17523-17532
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Germanium combined with high-κ dielectrics is investigated for the next generations of CMOS devices. Therefore, we study reaction mechanisms for Al2O3 atomic layer deposition on sulfur passivated Ge using calculations based on density functional theory and total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF). TXRF indicates 6 S/nm2 and 4 Al/nm2 after the first TMA/H2O reaction cycle, and growth inhibition from the second reaction cycle on. Calculations are performed on molecular clusters representing −GeSH surface sites. The calculations confirm that the TMA reaction does not affect the S content. On fully SH-terminated Ge, TMA favorably reacts with up to three −GeSH sites, resulting in a near tetrahedral Al coordination. Electron deficient structures with a GeS site shared between two Al atoms are proposed. The impact of the cluster size on the structures and reaction energetics is systematically investigated.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000294386000037	Publication Date	2011-08-01
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447;1932-7455;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	9	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536; 2011 IF: 4.805
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:91714			Serial	1980
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	Author	Khalilov, U.; Pourtois, G.; Huygh, S.; van Duin, A.C.T.; Neyts, E.C.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	New mechanism for oxidation of native silicon oxide			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	117	Issue	19	Pages	9819-9825
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Continued miniaturization of metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) requires an ever-decreasing thickness of the gate oxide. The structure of ultrathin silicon oxide films, however, critically depends on the oxidation mechanism. Using reactive atomistic simulations, we here demonstrate how the oxidation mechanism in hyperthermal oxidation of such structures may be controlled by the oxidation temperature and the oxidant energy. Specifically, we study the interaction of hyperthermal oxygen with energies of 15 eV with thin SiOx (x ≤ 2) films with a native oxide thickness of about 10 Å. We analyze the oxygen penetration depth probability and compare with results of the hyperthermal oxidation of a bare Si(100){2 × 1} (c-Si) surface. The temperature-dependent oxidation mechanisms are discussed in detail. Our results demonstrate that, at low (i.e., room) temperature, the penetrated oxygen mostly resides in the oxide region rather than at the SiOx\|c-Si interface. However, at higher temperatures, starting at around 700 K, oxygen atoms are found to penetrate and to diffuse through the oxide layer followed by reaction at the c-Si boundary. We demonstrate that hyperthermal oxidation resembles thermal oxidation, which can be described by the DealGrove model at high temperatures. Furthermore, defect creation mechanisms that occur during the oxidation process are also analyzed. This study is useful for the fabrication of ultrathin silicon oxide gate oxides for metal-oxide-semiconductor devices as it links parameters that can be straightforwardly controlled in experiment (oxygen temperature, velocity) with the silicon oxide structure.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000319649100032	Publication Date	2013-04-23
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447;1932-7455;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	24	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536; 2013 IF: 4.835
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:107989			Serial	2321
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	Author	Neyts, E.C.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Numerical study of the size-dependent melting mechanisms of nickel nanoclusters			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2009	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	113	Issue	7	Pages	2771-2776
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the size-dependent melting mechanism of nickel nanoclusters of various sizes. The melting process was monitored by the caloric curve, the overall cluster Lindemann index, and the atomic Lindemann index. Size-dependent melting temperatures were determined, and the correct linear dependence on inverse diameter was recovered. We found that the melting mechanism gradually changes from dynamic coexistence melting to surface melting with increasing cluster size. These findings are of importance in better understanding carbon nanotube growth by catalytic chemical vapor deposition as the phase state of the catalyst nanoparticle codetermines the growth mechanism.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	0000-00-00
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536; 2009 IF: 4.224
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:76495			Serial	2410
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	Author	Khalilov, U.; Pourtois, G.; van Duin, A.C.T.; Neyts, E.C.
	Title	On the c-Si\mid a-SiO₂ interface in hyperthermal Si oxidation at room temperature			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2012	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	116	Issue	41	Pages	21856-21863
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The exact structure and properties of the Si vertical bar SiO2 interface are very important in microelectronics and photovoltaic devices such as metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) and solar cells. Whereas Si vertical bar SiO2 structures are traditionally produced by thermal oxidation, hyperthermal oxidation shows a number of promising advantages. However, the Si vertical bar SiO2 interface induced in hyperthermal Si oxidation has not been properly investigated yet. Therefore, in this work, the interface morphology and interfacial stresses during hyperthermal oxidation at room temperature are studied using reactive molecular dynamics simulations based on the ReaxFF potential. Interface thickness and roughness, as well as the bond length and bond angle distributions in the interface are discussed and compared with other models developed for the interfaces induced by traditional thermal oxidation. The formation of a compressive stress is observed. This compressive stress, which at the interface amounts about 2 GPa, significantly slows down the inward silica growth. This value is close to the experimental value in the Si vertical bar SiO2 interface obtained in traditional thermal oxidation.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000309902100026	Publication Date	2012-09-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447;1932-7455;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	27	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536; 2012 IF: 4.814
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:102167			Serial	2458
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	Author	De Bie, C.; van Dijk, J.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	The Dominant Pathways for the Conversion of Methane into Oxygenates and Syngas in an Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	119	Issue	119	Pages	22331-22350
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	A one-dimensional fluid model for a dielectric barrier discharge in CH4/O2 and CH4/CO2 gas mixtures is developed. The model describes the gas-phase chemistry for partial oxidation and for dry reforming of methane. The spatially averaged densities of the various plasma species are presented as a function of time and initial gas mixing ratio. Besides, the conversion of the inlet gases and the selectivities of the reaction products are calculated. Syngas, higher hydrocarbons, and higher oxygenates are typically found to be important reaction products. Furthermore, the main underlying reaction pathways for the formation of syngas, methanol, formaldehyde, and other higher oxygenates are determined.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000362385700010	Publication Date	2015-09-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447;1932-7455;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	46	Open Access
	Notes	This work was carried out using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen, a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI), and the Universiteit Antwerpen. The authors also acknowledge financial support from the IAP/7 (Interuniversity Attraction Pole) program “PSI-Physical Chemistry of Plasma- Surface Interactions” by the Belgian Federal Office for Science Policy (BELSPO) and from the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO).			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536; 2015 IF: 4.772
	Call Number	c:irua:128774			Serial	3960
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	Author	Snoeckx, R.; Aerts, R.; Tu, X.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Plasma-based dry reforming : a computational study ranging from the nanoseconds to seconds time scale			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	117	Issue	10	Pages	4957-4970
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	We present a computational study for the conversion of CH4 and CO2 into value-added chemicals, i.e., the so-called dry reforming of methane, in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor. A zero-dimensional chemical kinetics model is applied to study the plasma chemistry in a 1:1 CH4/CO2 mixture. The calculations are first performed for one microdischarge pulse and its afterglow, to study in detail the chemical pathways of the conversion. Subsequently, long time-scale simulations are carried out, corresponding to real residence times in the plasma, assuming a large number of consecutive microdischarge pulses, to mimic the conditions of the filamentary discharge regime in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor. The conversion of CH4 and CO2 as well as the selectivity of the formed products and the energy cost and energy efficiency of the process are calculated and compared to experiments for a range of different powers and gas flows, and reasonable agreement is reached.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000316308400010	Publication Date	2013-02-18
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447;1932-7455;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	118	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536; 2013 IF: 4.835
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:106516			Serial	2628
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	Author	Yusupov, M.; Bogaerts, A.; Huygh, S.; Snoeckx, R.; van Duin, A.C.T.; Neyts, E.C.
	Title	Plasma-induced destruction of bacterial cell wall components : a reactive molecular dynamics simulation			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	117	Issue	11	Pages	5993-5998
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasmas are gaining increasing attention for biomedical applications. However, very little fundamental information on the interaction mechanisms between the plasma species and biological cells is currently available. We investigate the interaction of important plasma species, such as OH, H2O2, O, O3, as well as O2 and H2O, with bacterial peptidoglycan by means of reactive molecular dynamics simulations, aiming for a better understanding of plasma disinfection. Our results show that OH, O, O3, and H2O2 can break structurally important bonds of peptidoglycan (i.e., CO, CN, or CC bonds), which consequently leads to the destruction of the bacterial cell wall. The mechanisms behind these breakups are, however, dependent on the impinging plasma species, and this also determines the effectiveness of the cell wall destruction.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000316773000056	Publication Date	2013-02-23
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447;1932-7455;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	59	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536; 2013 IF: 4.835
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:107154			Serial	2636
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	Author	Somers, W.; Bogaerts, A.; van Duin, A.C.T.; Neyts, E.C.
	Title	Plasma species interacting with nickel surfaces : toward an atomic scale understanding of plasma-catalysis			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2012	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	116	Issue	39	Pages	20958-20965
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The adsorption probability and reaction behavior of CHx plasma species on various nickel catalyst surfaces is investigated by means of reactive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using the ReaxFF potential. Such catalysts are used in the reforming of hydrocarbons and in the growth of carbon nanotubes, and further insight in the underlying mechanisms of these processes is needed to increase their applicability. Single and consecutive impacts of CHx radicals (x={1,2,3}) were performed on four different Ni surfaces, at a temperature of 400 K. The adsorption probability is shown to be related to the number of free electrons, i.e. a higher number leads to more adsorptions, and the steric hindrance caused by the hydrogen atoms bonded to the impacting CHx species. Furthermore, some of the CH bonds break after adsorption, which generally leads to diffusion of the hydrogen atom over the surface. Additionally, these adsorbed H-atoms can be used in reactions to form new molecules, such as CH4 and C2Hx, although this is dependent on the precise morphology of the surface. New molecules are also formed by subtraction of H-atoms from adsorbed radicals, leading to occasional formation of H2 and C2Hx molecules.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000309375700040	Publication Date	2012-09-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447;1932-7455;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	37	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536; 2012 IF: 4.814
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:101522			Serial	2640
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	Author	Nourbakhsh, A.; Cantoro, M.; Klekachev, A.V.; Pourtois, G.; Vosch, T.; Hofkens, J.; van der Veen, M.H.; Heyns, M.M.; de Gendt, S.; Sels, B.F.
	Title	Single layer vs bilayer graphene : a comparative study of the effects of oxygen plasma treatment on their electronic and optical properties			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	115	Issue	33	Pages	16619-16624
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	This contribution presents the effects of a mild O2 plasma treatment on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of single-layer (SLG) and bilayer graphene (BLG). Unexpectedly, we observe only photoluminescence in the SLG parts of a graphene flake composed of regions of various thickness upon O2 plasma treatment, whereas the BLG and few-layer graphene (FLG) parts remain optically unchanged. Confirmed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) that O2 plasma induces epoxide and hydroxyl-like groups in graphene, density functional theory (DFT) calculations are carried out on representative epoxidized and hydroxylated SLG and BLG models to predict density of states (DOS) and band structures. Sufficiently oxidized SLG shows a bandgap and thus loss of semimetallic behavior, while oxidized BLG maintains its semimetallic behavior even at high oxygen density in agreement with the results of the photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) experiments. DFT calculations confirm that the Fermi velocity in epoxidized BLG is remarkably comparable with that of pristine SLG, pointing to a similarity of electronic band structure. The similarity is also experimentally demonstrated by the electrical characterization of a plasma-treated BLG-FET. As expected from the electronegative oxygen adatoms in the graphene, epoxidized BLG presents conductive features typical of hole doping. Moreover, the electrical characteristics suggest band structures closely related to that of epoxidized graphene while deviating from that of hydroxylated graphene. Finally, upon O2 plasma treatment of BLG, the four-component 2D peak around 2700 cm1 in the Raman spectrum evolves into a single Lorentzian line, very like the 2D peak of pristine SLG. Summarizing, the data in this contribution recommend that a controlled O2 plasma treatment, which is compatible with CMOS process flow in contrast to wet chemical oxidation methods, provides an efficient and valuable technique to exploit the transport properties of the bottom layer of BLG.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000294077000047	Publication Date	2011-06-24
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447;1932-7455;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	46	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536; 2011 IF: 4.805
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:91715			Serial	3024
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	Author	Heijkers, S.; Snoeckx, R.; Kozák, T.; Silva, T.; Godfroid, T.; Britun, N.; Snyders, R.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	CO₂ conversion in a microwave plasma reactor in the presence of N₂ : elucidating the role of vibrational levels			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	119	Issue	119	Pages	12815-12828
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	A chemical kinetics model is developed for a CO2/N2 microwave plasma, focusing especially on the vibrational levels of both CO2 and N2. The model is used to calculate the CO2 and N2 conversion as well as the energy efficiency of CO2 conversion for different power densities and for N2 fractions in the CO2/N2 gas mixture ranging from 0 to 90%. The calculation results are compared with measurements, and agreements within 23% and 33% are generally found for the CO2 conversion and N2 conversion, respectively. To explain the observed trends, the destruction and formation processes of both CO2 and N2 are analyzed, as well as the vibrational distribution functions of both CO2 and N2. The results indicate that N2 contributes in populating the lower asymmetric levels of CO2, leading to a higher absolute CO2 conversion upon increasing N2 fraction. However, the effective CO2 conversion drops because there is less CO2 initially present in the gas mixture; thus, the energy efficiency also drops with rising N2 fraction.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000356317500005	Publication Date	2015-05-13
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447;1932-7455;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	56	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536; 2015 IF: 4.772
	Call Number	c:irua:126325			Serial	3523
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	Author	Khalilov, U.; Yusupov, M.; Bogaerts, A.; Neyts, E.C.
	Title	Selective Plasma Oxidation of Ultrasmall Si Nanowires			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	120	Issue	120	Pages	472-477
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Device performance of Si\|SiOx core-shell based nanowires critically depends on the exact control over the oxide thickness. Low-temperature plasma oxidation is a highly promising alternative to thermal oxidation allowing for improved control over the oxidation process, in particular for ultrasmall Si nanowires. We here elucidate the room temperature plasma oxidation mechanisms of ultrasmall Si nanowires using hybrid molecular dynamics / force-bias Monte Carlo simulations. We demonstrate how the oxidation and concurrent water formation mechanisms are a function of the oxidizing plasma species and we demonstrate how the resulting core-shell oxide thickness can be controlled through these species. A new mechanism of water formation is discussed in detail. The results provide a detailed atomic level explanation of the oxidation process of highly curved Si surfaces. These results point out a route toward plasma-based formation of ultrathin core-shell Si\|SiOx nanowires at room temperature.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000368562200057	Publication Date	2015-12-21
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	3	Open Access
	Notes	U.K. and M.Y. gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO), Grants 12M1315N and 1200216N. This work was carried out in part using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UA), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UA. We thank Prof. A. C. T. van Duin for sharing the ReaxFF code.			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536
	Call Number	c:irua:130677			Serial	4002
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	Author	Huygh, S.; Bogaerts, A.; Neyts, E.C.
	Title	How Oxygen Vacancies Activate CO₂ Dissociation on TiO₂ Anatase (001)			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	120	Issue	120	Pages	21659-21669
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The adsorption, dissociation, and diffusion of CO2 on the anatase (001) surface was studied using DFT by means of the generalized gradient approximation using the Perdew−Burcke−Ernzerhof (PBE)-functional and applying corrections for long-range dispersion interactions. Different stable adsorption configurations were identified for the fully oxidized surface. The most stable adsorption configuration is the monodentated carbonate-like structure. Small energy barriers were identified for the conversion of a physisorbed to a chemisorbed configuration. CO2 dissociation is found to be unfeasible on the stoichiometric surface. The introduction of oxygen vacancy defects gives rise to new highly stable adsorption configurations with a stronger activation of the C−O bonds. This leads to the possibility of exothermic dissociation of CO2 with barriers up to 22.2 kcal/mol, corresponding to chemical lifetimes of less than 4 s at 300 K. These reactions cause a CO molecule to be formed, which will easily desorb, and the reduced surface to become oxidized. It is clear that oxygen vacancy defects play a key role in the catalytic activity of an anatase (001) surface. Oxygen vacancies play an important role in the dissociation of CO2 on the anatase (001) surface, and will play a significant role in complex problems, such as the catalytic conversion of CO2 to value-added chemicals.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000384626800055	Publication Date	2016-09-02
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	49	Open Access
	Notes	Stijn Huygh is funded as an aspirant of the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO, project number 11C0115N). This work was carried out using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI), and the UAntwerpen.			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:136164			Serial	4291
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	Author	Zhang, Y.-R.; Neyts, E.C.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Influence of the Material Dielectric Constant on Plasma Generation inside Catalyst Pores			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	120	Issue	120	Pages	25923-25934
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Plasma catalysis is gaining increasing interest for various environmental applications, but the crucial question is whether plasma can be created inside catalyst pores and under which conditions. In practice, various catalytic support materials are used, with various dielectric constants. We investigate here the influence of the dielectric constant on the plasma properties inside catalyst pores and in the sheath in front of the pores, for various pore sizes. The calculations are performed by a two-dimensional fluid model for an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge in helium. The electron impact ionization rate, electron temperature, electron and ion density, as well as the potential distribution and surface charge density, are analyzed for a better understanding of the discharge behavior inside catalyst pores. The results indicate that, in a 100 μm pore, the electron impact ionization in the pore, which is characteristic for the plasma generation inside the pore, is greatly enhanced for dielectric constants below 300. Smaller pore sizes only yield enhanced ionization for smaller dielectric constants, i.e., up to εr = 200, 150, and 50 for pore sizes of 50, 30, and 10 μm. Thus, the most common catalyst supports, i.e., Al2O3 and SiO2, which have dielectric constants around εr = 8−11 and 4.2, respectively, should allow more easily that microdischarges can be formed inside catalyst pores, even for smaller pore sizes. On the other hand, ferroelectric materials with dielectric constants above 300 never seem to yield plasma enhancement inside catalyst pores, not even for 100 μm pore sizes. Furthermore, it is clear that the dielectric constant of the material has a large effect on the extent of plasma enhancement inside the catalyst pores, especially in the range between εr = 4 and εr = 200. The obtained results are explained in detail based on the surface charge density at the pore walls, and the potential distribution and electron temperature inside and above the pores. The results obtained with this model are important for plasma catalysis, as the production plasma species in catalyst pores might affect the catalyst properties, and thus improve the applications of plasma catalysis.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000388429100029	Publication Date	2016-11-17
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	34	Open Access
	Notes	This work was supported by the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO) (Grant G.0217.14N), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 11405019), and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant 2015T80244). This work was carried out in part using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen, a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI), and the University of Antwerp.			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:138602			Serial	4319
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	Author	De Bie, C.; van Dijk, J.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	CO₂Hydrogenation in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Revealed			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	120	Issue	120	Pages	25210-25224
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The hydrogenation of carbon dioxide in a dielectric barrier discharge plasma is studied with a one-dimensional fluid model. The spatially averaged densities of the most important end products formed in the CO2/H2 mixture are determined as a function of the initial gas mixing ratio. CO and H2O are found to be present at the highest densities and to a lower content also CH4, C2H6, CH2O, CH3OH, O2, and some other higher hydrocarbons and oxygenates. The main underlying reaction pathways for the conversion of the inlet gases and the formation of CO, CH4, CH2O, and CH3OH are pointed out for various gas mixing ratios. The CO2 conversion and the production of value added products is found to be quite low, also in comparison to a CO2/CH4 mixture, and this can be explained by the model.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000387737900007	Publication Date	2016-11-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	16	Open Access
	Notes	Federaal Wetenschapsbeleid; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek;			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:140082 c:irua:139167			Serial	4414
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	Author	Verlackt, C.C.W.; Van Boxem, W.; Dewaele, D.; Lemière, F.; Sobott, F.; Benedikt, J.; Neyts, E.C.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Mechanisms of Peptide Oxidation by Hydroxyl Radicals: Insight at the Molecular Scale			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2017	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	121	Issue	121	Pages	5787-5799
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to provide atomic scale insight in the initial interaction between hydroxyl radicals (OH) and peptide systems in solution. These OH radicals are representative reactive oxygen species produced by cold atmospheric plasmas. The use of plasma for biomedical applications is gaining increasing interest, but the fundamental mechanisms behind the plasma modifications still remain largely elusive. This study helps to gain more insight in the underlying mechanisms of plasma medicine but is also more generally applicable to peptide oxidation, of interest for other applications. Combining both reactive and nonreactive MD simulations, we are able to elucidate the reactivity of the amino acids inside the peptide systems and their effect on their structure up to 1 μs. Additionally, experiments were performed, treating the simulated peptides with a plasma jet. The computational results presented here correlate well with the obtained experimental data and highlight the importance of the chemical environment for the reactivity of the individual amino acids, so that specific amino acids are attacked in higher numbers than expected. Furthermore, the long time scale simulations suggest that a single oxidation has an effect on the 3D conformation due to an increase in hydrophilicity and intra- and intermolecular interactions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000396969900037	Publication Date	2017-03-16
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	5	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, G012413N ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:142202			Serial	4537
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	Author	Berthelot, A.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Modeling of CO₂Splitting in a Microwave Plasma: How to Improve the Conversion and Energy Efficiency			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2017	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	121	Issue	121	Pages	8236-8251
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Microwave plasmas are one of the most promising techniques for CO2 conversion into value-added chemicals and fuels since they are very energy efficient. Nevertheless, experiments show that this high energy efficiency is only reached at low pressures and significantly drops toward atmospheric pressure, which is a clear limitation for industrial applications. In this paper, we use a zerodimensional reaction kinetics model to simulate a CO2 microwave plasma in a pressure range from 50 mbar to 1 bar, in order to evaluate the reasons for this decrease in energy efficiency at atmospheric pressure. The code includes a detailed description of the vibrational kinetics of CO2, CO, and O2 as well as the energy exchanges between them because the vibrational kinetics is known to be crucial for energy efficient CO2 splitting. First, we use a self-consistent gas temperature calculation in order to assess the key performance indicators for CO2 splitting, i.e., the CO2 conversion and corresponding energy efficiency. Our results indicate that lower pressures and higher power densities lead to more vibrational excitation, which is beneficial for the conversion. We also demonstrate the key role of the gas temperature. The model predicts the highest conversion and energy efficiencies at pressures around 300 mbar, which is in agreement with experiments from the literature. We also show the beneficial aspect of fast gas cooling in the afterglow at high pressure. In a second step, we study in more detail the effects of pressure, gas temperature, and power density on the vibrational distribution function and on the dissociation and recombination mechanisms of CO2, which define the CO2 splitting efficiency. This study allows us to identify the limiting factors of CO2 conversion and to propose potential solutions to improve the process.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000400039300002	Publication Date	2017-04-20
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	47	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	Federaal Wetenschapsbeleid;			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:142809			Serial	4567
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	Author	Grubova, I.Y.; Surmeneva, M.A.; Huygh, S.; Surmenev, R.A.; Neyts, E.C.
	Title	Density functional theory study of interface interactions in hydroxyapatite/rutile composites for biomedical applications			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2017	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	121	Issue	29	Pages	15687-15695
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	To gain insight into the nature of the adhesion mechanism between hydroxyapatite (HA) and rutile (rTiO(2)), the mutual affinity between their surfaces was systematically studied using density functional theory (DFT). We calculated both bulk and surface properties of HA and rTiO(2), and explored the interfacial bonding mechanism of amorphous HA (aHA) surface onto amorphous as well as stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric crystalline rTiO(2). Formation energies of bridging and subbridging oxygen vacancies considered in the rTiO(2)(110) surface were evaluated and compared with other theoretical and experimental results. The interfacial interaction was evaluated through the work of adhesion. For the aHA/rTiO(2)(110) interfaces, the work of adhesion is found to depend strongly on the chemical environment of the rTiO(2)(110) surface. Electronic analysis indicates that the charge transfer is very small in the case of interface formation between aHA and crystalline rTiO(2)(110). In contrast, significant charge transfer occurs between aHA and amorphous rTiO(2) (aTiO(2)) slabs during the formation of the interface. Charge density difference (CDD) analysis indicates that the dominant interactions in the interface have significant covalent character, and in particular the Ti-O and Ca-O bonds. Thus, the obtained results reveal that the aHA/aTiO(2) interface shows a more preferable interaction and is thermodynamically more stable than other interfaces. These results are particularly important for improving the long-term stability of HA-based implants.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000406726200022	Publication Date	2017-06-27
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447; 1932-7455	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	5	Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:145195			Serial	4715
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	Author	Vets, C.; Neyts, E.C.
	Title	Stabilities of bimetallic nanoparticles for chirality-selective carbon nanotube growth and the effect of carbon interstitials			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2017	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	121	Issue	28	Pages	15430-15436
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Bimetallic nanoparticles play a crucial role in various applications. A better understanding of their properties would facilitate these applications and possibly even enable chirality-specific growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). We here examine the stabilities of NiFe, NiGa, and FeGa nanoparticles and the effect of carbon dissolved in NiFe nanoparticles through density functional theory (DFT) calculations and Born Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD) simulations. We establish that nanoparticles with more Fe in the core and more Ga on the surface are more stable and compare these results with well-known properties such as surface energy and atom size. Furthermore, we find that the nanoparticles become more stable with increasing carbon content, both at 0 K and at 700 K. These results provide a basis for further research into the chirality-specific growth of CNT's.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000406355700050	Publication Date	2017-06-23
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447; 1932-7455	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	2	Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:145206			Serial	4725
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	Author	Trenchev, G.; Kolev, S.; Wang, W.; Ramakers, M.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	CO₂Conversion in a Gliding Arc Plasmatron: Multidimensional Modeling for Improved Efficiency			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2017	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	121	Issue	44	Pages	24470-24479
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The gliding arc plasmatron (GAP) is a highly efficient atmospheric plasma source, which is very promising for CO2 conversion applications. To understand its operation principles and to improve its application, we present here comprehensive modeling results, obtained by means of computational fluid dynamics simulations and plasma modeling. Because of the complexity of the CO2 plasma, a full 3D plasma model would be computationally impractical. Therefore, we combine a 3D turbulent gas flow model with a 2D plasma and gas heating model in order to calculate the plasma parameters and CO2 conversion characteristics. In addition, a complete 3D gas flow and plasma model with simplified argon chemistry is used to evaluate the gliding arc evolution in space and time. The calculated values are compared with experimental data from literature as much as possible in order to validate the model. The insights obtained in this study are very helpful for improving the application of CO2 conversion, as they allow us to identify the limiting factors in the performance, based on which solutions can be provided on how to further improve the capabilities of CO2 conversion in the GAP.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000415140400014	Publication Date	2017-11-09
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	H2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, 657304 ; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, 11U5316N G038316N ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:147193			Serial	4765
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	Author	Heijkers, S.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	CO₂Conversion in a Gliding Arc Plasmatron: Elucidating the Chemistry through Kinetic Modeling			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2017	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	121	Issue	41	Pages	22644-22655
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	By means of chemical kinetics modeling, it is possible to elucidate the main dissociation mechanisms of CO2 in a gliding arc plasmatron (GAP). We obtain good agreement between the calculated and experimental conversions and energy efficiencies, indicating that the model can indeed be used to study the underlying mechanisms. The calculations predict that vibration-induced dissociation is the main dissociation mechanism of CO2, but it occurs mainly from the lowest vibrational levels because of fast thermalization of the vibrational distribution. Based on these findings, we propose ideas for improving the performance of the GAP, but testing of these ideas in the simulations reveals that they do not always lead to significant enhancement, because of other side effects, thus illustrating the complexity of the process. Nevertheless, the model allows more insight into the underlying mechanisms to be obtained and limitations to be identified.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000413617900007	Publication Date	2017-10-19
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	6	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	Federaal Wetenschapsbeleid, IAP/7 ; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, G.0383.16N ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:147436			Serial	4801
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	Author	Wang, W.; Snoeckx, R.; Zhang, X.; Cha, M.S.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Modeling Plasma-based CO₂and CH₄Conversion in Mixtures with N₂, O₂, and H₂O: The Bigger Plasma Chemistry Picture			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2018	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	122	Issue	16	Pages	8704-8723
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Because of the unique properties of plasma technology, its use in gas conversion applications is gaining significant interest around the globe. Plasma-based CO2 and CH4 conversion has become a major research area. Many investigations have already been performed regarding the single-component gases, that is, CO2 splitting and CH4 reforming, as well as for two-component mixtures, that is, dry reforming of methane (CO2/CH4), partial oxidation of methane (CH4/O2), artificial photosynthesis (CO2/H2O), CO2 hydrogenation (CO2/H2), and even first steps toward the influence of N2 impurities have been taken, that is, CO2/N2 and CH4/N2. In this Feature Article we briefly discuss the advances made in literature for these different steps from a plasma chemistry modeling point of view. Subsequently, we present a comprehensive plasma chemistry set, combining the knowledge gathered in this field so far and supported with extensive experimental data. This set can be used for chemical kinetics plasma modeling for all possible combinations of CO2, CH4, N2, O2, and H2O to investigate the bigger picture of the underlying plasmachemical pathways for these mixtures in a dielectric barrier discharge plasma. This is extremely valuable for the optimization of existing plasma-based CO2 conversion and CH4 reforming processes as well as for investigating the influence of N2, O2, and H2O on these processes and even to support plasma-based multireforming processes.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000431151200002	Publication Date	2018-04-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	28	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	Federaal Wetenschapsbeleid, IAP/7 ; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; H2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, 657304 ; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, G.0217.14N G.0383.16N G.0254.14N ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:150969			Serial	4922
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	Author	Bal, K.M.; Neyts, E.C.
	Title	Overcoming Old Scaling Relations and Establishing New Correlations in Catalytic Surface Chemistry: Combined Effect of Charging and Doping			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	123	Issue	10	Pages	6141-6147
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Optimization of catalytic materials for a given application is greatly constrained by linear scaling relations. Recently, however, it has been demonstrated that it is possible to reversibly modulate the chemisorption of molecules on nanomaterials by charging (i.e., injection or removal of electrons) and hence reversibly and selectively modify catalytic activity beyond structure−activity correlations. The fundamental physical relation between the properties of the material, the charging process, and the chemisorption energy, however, remains unclear, and a systematic exploration and optimization of charge-switchable sorbent materials is not yet possible. Using hybrid DFT calculations of CO2 chemisorption on hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets with several types of defects and dopants, we here reveal the existence of fundamental correlations between the electron aﬃnity of a material and charge-induced chemisorption, show how defect engineering can be used to modulate the strength and eﬃciency of the adsorption process, and demonstrate that excess electrons stabilize many topological defects. We then show how these insights could be exploited in the development of new electrocatalytic materials and the synthesis of doped nanomaterials. Moreover, we demonstrate that calculated chemical properties of charged materials are highly sensitive to the employed computational methodology because of the self-interaction error, which underlines the theoretical challenge posed by such systems.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000461537400035	Publication Date	2019-03-14
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	5	Open Access	Not_Open_Access: Available from 21.02.2020
	Notes	Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, 11V8915N ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @UA @ admin @ c:irua:158117			Serial	5160
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	Author	Heijkers, S.; Martini, L.M.; Dilecce, G.; Tosi, P.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Nanosecond Pulsed Discharge for CO₂Conversion: Kinetic Modeling To Elucidate the Chemistry and Improve the Performance			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	123	Issue	19	Pages	12104-12116
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	We study the mechanisms of CO2 conversion in a nanosecond repetitively pulsed (NRP) discharge, by means of a chemical kinetics model. The calculated conversions and energy eﬃciencies are in reasonable agreement with experimental results over a wide range of speciﬁc energy input values, and the same applies to the evolution of gas temperature and CO2 conversion as a function of time in the afterglow, indicating that our model provides a realistic picture of the underlying mechanisms in the NRP discharge and can be used to identify its limitations and thus to suggest further improvements. Our model predicts that vibrational excitation is very important in the NRP discharge, explaining why this type of plasma yields energy-eﬃcient CO2 conversion. A signiﬁcant part of the CO2 dissociation occurs by electronic excitation from the lower vibrational levels toward repulsive electronic states, thus resulting in dissociation. However, vibration−translation (VT) relaxation (depopulating the higher vibrational levels) and CO + O recombination (CO + O + M → CO2 + M), as well as mixing of the converted gas with fresh gas entering the plasma in between the pulses, are limiting factors for the conversion and energy eﬃciency. Our model predicts that extra cooling, slowing down the rate of VT relaxation and of the above recombination reaction, thus enhancing the contribution of the highest vibrational levels to the overall CO2 dissociation, can further improve the performance of the NRP discharge for energy-eﬃcient CO2 conversion.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000468368800009	Publication Date	2019-05-16
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	4	Open Access	Not_Open_Access: Available from 26.04.2020
	Notes	Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, G.0383.16N ; The authors acknowledge ﬁnancial support from the Fund for Scientiﬁc Research, Flanders (FWO; Grant no. G.0383.16N).			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @UA @ admin @ c:irua:159976			Serial	5174
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	Author	Jafarzadeh, A.; Bal, K.M.; Bogaerts, A.; Neyts, E.C.
	Title	CO₂ activation on TiO₂-supported Cu₅ and Ni₅ nanoclusters : effect of plasma-induced surface charging			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	123	Issue	11	Pages	6516-6525
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Surface charging is an often overlooked factor in many plasma-surface interactions and in particular in plasma catalysis. In this study, we investigate the effect of excess electrons induced by a plasma on the adsorption properties of CO2 on titania-supported Cu-5 and Ni-5 clusters using spin-polarized and dispersion-corrected density functional theory calculations. The effect of excess electrons on the adsorption of Ni and Cu pentamers as well as on CO2 adsorption on a pristine anatase TiO2(101) slab is studied. Our results indicate that adding plasma-induced excess electrons to the system leads to further stabilization of the bent CO2 structure. Also, dissociation of CO2 on charged clusters is energetically more favorable than on neutral clusters. We hypothesize that surface charge is a plausible cause for the synergistic effects sometimes observed in plasma catalysis.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000462260700024	Publication Date	2019-02-21
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447; 1932-7455	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	4	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:159422			Serial	5281
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	Author	Vermeiren, V.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Improving the Energy Efficiency of CO₂Conversion in Nonequilibrium Plasmas through Pulsing			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	123	Issue	29	Pages	17650-17665
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Nonequilibrium plasmas oﬀer a pathway for energy-eﬃcient CO2 conversion through vibrationally induced dissociation. However, the eﬃciency of this pathway is limited by a rise in gas temperature, which increases vibrational−translational (VT) relaxation and quenches the vibrational levels. Therefore, we investigate here the eﬀect of plasma pulsing on the VT nonequilibrium and on the CO2 conversion by means of a zerodimensional chemical kinetics model, with self-consistent gas temperature calculation. Speciﬁcally, we show that higher energy eﬃciencies can be reached by correctly tuning the plasma pulse and interpulse times. The ideal plasma pulse time corresponds to the time needed to reach the highest vibrational temperature. In addition, the highest energy eﬃciencies are obtained with long interpulse times, that is, ≥0.1 s, in which the gas temperature can entirely drop to room temperature. Furthermore, additional cooling of the reactor walls can give higher energy eﬃciencies at shorter interpulse times of 1 ms. Finally, our model shows that plasma pulsing can signiﬁcantly improve the energy eﬃciency at low reduced electric ﬁelds (50 and 100 Td, typical for microwave and gliding arc plasmas) and intermediate ionization degrees (5 × 10−7 and 10−6).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000477785000003	Publication Date	2019-07-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	1	Open Access
	Notes	Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, G.0383.16N ; This research was supported by the FWO project (grant G.0383.16N). The calculations were performed using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI), and the UAntwerpen. We also like to thank N. Britun (ChIPS) for the interesting discussions.			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:161621			Serial	5289
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	Author	Tchakoua, T.; Powell, A.D.; Gerrits, N.; Somers, M.F.; Doblhoff-Dier, K.; Busnengo, H.F.; Kroes, G.-J.
	Title	Simulating highly activated sticking of H₂ on Al(110) : quantum versus quasi-classical dynamics			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	127	Issue	11	Pages	5395-5407
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	We evaluate the importance of quantum effects on the sticking of H2 on Al(110) for conditions that are close to those of molecular beam experiments that have been done on this system. Calculations with the quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) method and with quantum dynamics (QD) are performed using a model in which only motion in the six molecular degrees of freedom is allowed. The potential energy surface used has a minimum barrier height close to the value recently obtained with the quantum Monte Carlo method. Monte Carlo averaging over the initial rovibrational states allowed the QD calculations to be done with an order of magnitude smaller computational expense. The sticking probability curve computed with QD is shifted to lower energies relative to the QCT curve by 0.21 to 0.05 kcal/mol, with the highest shift obtained for the lowest incidence energy. Quantum effects are therefore expected to play a small role in calculations that would evaluate the accuracy of electronic structure methods for determining the minimum barrier height to dissociative chemisorption for H2 + Al(110) on the basis of the standard procedure for comparing results of theory with molecular beam experiments.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000971346700001	Publication Date	2023-03-14
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447; 1932-7455	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.7	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.7; 2023 IF: 4.536
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:196071			Serial	8525
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