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	Author	Li, Z.Z.; Raffy, H.; Bals, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Megtert, S.
	Title	Interplay of doping and structural modulation in superconducting Bi₂Sr_2-xLa_xCuO_6+\delta thin films			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2005	Publication	Physical review : B : condensed matter and materials physics	Abbreviated Journal	Phys Rev B
	Volume	71	Issue	17	Pages	174503,1-7
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	We have studied the evolution of the structural modulation in epitaxial, c-axis-oriented, Bi2Sr2-xLaCuO6+delta thin films when varying the La content x and for a given x as a function of oxygen content. A series of thin films with 0 <= x <= 0.8 has been prepared in situ by rf-magnetron sputtering and characterized by R(T) measurements, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction techniques. The oxygen content of each individual film was varied by thermal annealing across the phase diagram. The evolution of the structural modulation has been thoroughly studied by x-ray diffraction in determining the variation of the amplitude of satellite reflections in special two axes 2 theta/theta-theta scans (reciprocal space scans). It is shown that the amplitude of the modulation along the c axis decreases strongly when x increases from 0 to 0.2. It is demonstrated that this variation is essentially governed by La content x and that changing the oxygen content by thermal treatments has a much lower influence, even becoming negligible for x > 0.2. Such study is important to understand the electronical properties of Bi2Sr2-xLaxCuO6+gamma thin films.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Lancaster, Pa	Editor
	Language		Wos	000229935000092	Publication Date	2005-05-06
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1098-0121;1550-235X;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.836	Times cited	11	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.836; 2005 IF: 3.185
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:54746			Serial	1707
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	Author	Bals, S.; Rijnders, G.; Blank, D.H.A.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	TEM of ultra-thin DyBa₂Cu₃O_7-x films deposited on TiO₂ terminated SrTiO₃			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2001	Publication	Physica: C : superconductivity	Abbreviated Journal	Physica C
	Volume	355	Issue	3/4	Pages	225-230
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Using pulsed laser deposition ultra-thin DyBa2Cu3O7-x films were deposited on a single terminated (0 0 1) SrTiOr(3) substrate. The initial growth was studied by high-resolution electron microscopy. Two different types of interface arrangements occur and were determined as: bulk-SrO-TiO2-BaO-CuO-BaO-CuO2-Dy-CuO2-BaO bulk and bulk-SrO-TiO2-BaO-CuO2-Dy-CuO2-BaO-CuO-BaO-bulk This variable growth sequence causes structural shifts, resulting in antiphase boundaries with displacement vector R = [0 0 1/3]. as well as local chemical variations. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000169479500006	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0921-4534;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	1.404	Times cited	26	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 1.404; 2001 IF: 0.806
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:54793			Serial	3484
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	Author	Bals, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Rijnders, G.; Blank, D.H.A.; Leca, V.; Salluzzo, M.
	Title	Optimisation of superconducting thin films by TEM			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2002	Publication	Physica: C : superconductivity	Abbreviated Journal	Physica C
	Volume	372/376	Issue	part 2	Pages	711-714
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	High-resolution electron microscopy is used to study the initial growth of different REBa2CU3O7-5 thin films. In DyBa2CU3O7-5 ultra-thin films, deposited on TiO2 terminated SrTiO3, two different types of interface arrangements occur: bulk-SrO-TiO2-BaO-CuO-BaO-CuO2-Dy-CuO2-BaO-bulk and bulk-SrO-TiO2-BaO-CuO2-Dy-CuO2-BaO-CuO-BaO-bulk. This variable growth sequence is the origin of the presence of antiphase boundaries. In Nd1+xBa2-xCu3O7-5 thin films, antiphase boundaries tend to annihilate by the insertion of extra Nd-layers. This annihilation is correlated with the flat morphology of the film and the absence of growth spirals at the surface of the Nd-rich films. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000178018800033	Publication Date	2002-08-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0921-4534;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	1.404	Times cited	6	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 1.404; 2002 IF: 0.912
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:54796			Serial	2485
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	Author	Musolino, N.; Bals, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Clayton, N.; Walker, E.; Flükiger, R.
	Title	Modulation-free phase in heavily Pb-doped (Bi,Pb)2212 crystals			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2003	Publication	Physica: C : superconductivity	Abbreviated Journal	Physica C
	Volume	399	Issue	1/2	Pages	1-7
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	We report the complete disappearance of the structural modulation in heavily lead-doped Bi2-xPbxSr2CaCu2O8+delta crystals observed by transmission electron microscopy. Crystals with a nominal lead content of x = 0.8, corresponding to an effective lead content of x = 0.39, yield the non-modulated phase. The superconducting properties of this modulation-free phase (beta phase) have been studied and compared to those of undoped crystals displaying the modulated phase (alpha phase). Magnetisation measurements reveal that the irreversibility field H-irr(T) and relaxation rates are strongly improved within the beta phase. Measurements of the lower critical field, H-c1, show that the anisotropy factor, epsilon, is considerably reduced in the modulation-free crystals. This is the signature of stronger coupling between CuO2 layers which in turn deeply influences the effectiveness of the pinning. These measurements explain the enhanced pinning properties in moderately Pb-doped crystals in which the alpha phase and beta phase coexist. The enhanced pinning is not only due to the alpha/beta interfaces, which act as effective pinning centers: the emergence of modulation-free domains, characterized by a strongly reduced anisotropy, also significantly contribute to this effect. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000186526200001	Publication Date	2003-09-03
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0921-4534;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	1.404	Times cited	31	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 1.404; 2003 IF: 1.192
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:54797			Serial	2167
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	Author	Bals, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Salluzzo, M.; Maggio-Aprile, I.
	Title	Why are sputter deposited Nd_1+xBa_2-xCu₃O_7-\delta thin films flatter than NdBa₂Cu₃O_7-\delta films?			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2001	Publication	Applied physics letters	Abbreviated Journal	Appl Phys Lett
	Volume	79	Issue	22	Pages	3660-3662
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	High-resolution electron microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy have been used to compare the microstructure of NdBa2Cu3O7-delta and Nd1+xBa2-xCu3O7-delta thin films. Both films contain comparable amounts of Nd2CuO4 inclusions. Antiphase boundaries are induced by unit cell high steps at the substrate or by a different interface stacking. In Nd1+xBa2-xCu3O7-delta the antiphase boundaries tend to annihilate by the insertion of extra Nd layers. Stacking faults, which can be characterized as local Nd2Ba2Cu4O9 inclusions, also absorb the excess Nd. A correlation is made between the excess Nd and the absence of growth spirals at the surface of the Nd-rich films. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Institute of Physics	Place of Publication	New York, N.Y.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000172204400034	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.411	Times cited	13	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.411; 2001 IF: 3.849
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:54801			Serial	3916
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	Author	Bals, S.; Verbeeck, J.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Liu, Y.-L.; Grivel, J.-C.
	Title	Quantitative electron microscopy of (Bi,Pb)₂Sr₂Ca₂Cu₃O_10+\delta/Ag multifilament tapes during initial stages of annealing			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2005	Publication	Journal of the American Ceramic Society	Abbreviated Journal	J Am Ceram Soc
	Volume	88	Issue	2	Pages	431-436
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	The microstructural and compositional evolution during initial annealing of a superconducting (Bi,Pb)(2)Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+delta/Ag tape is studied using quantitative transmission electron microscopy. Special attention is devoted to the occurrence of Pb-rich liquids, which are crucial for the Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta to (Bi,Pb)(2)Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+delta transformation. Ca and/or Pb-rich (Bi,Pb)(2)Sr2CaCu2O8+delta grains dissolve into a liquid, which reacts with Ca-rich phases to increase the liquid's Ca-content. This leads to (Bi,Pb)(2)Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+delta formation. Apparently, a Ca/Sr ratio of around I is sufficient to keep (Bi,Pb)(2)Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+delta nucleation going. It is confirmed that Ag particles are transported from the Ag-sheath into the oxide core by the liquid and not by mechanical treatment of the tape.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Columbus, Ohio	Editor
	Language		Wos	000227510200030	Publication Date	2005-02-16
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0002-7820;1551-2916;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.841	Times cited	1	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.841; 2005 IF: 1.586
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:54876UA @ admin @ c:irua:54876			Serial	2754
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	Author	Bals, S.; Van Aert, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Avila-Brande, D.
	Title	Statistical estimation of atomic positions from exit wave reconstruction with a precision in the picometer range			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2006	Publication	Physical review letters	Abbreviated Journal	Phys Rev Lett
	Volume	96	Issue	9	Pages	096106,1-4
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	The local structure of Bi4W2/3Mn1/3O8Cl is determined using quantitative transmission electron microscopy. The electron exit wave, which is closely related to the projected crystal potential, is reconstructed and used as a starting point for statistical parameter estimation. This method allows us to refine all atomic positions on a local scale, including those of the light atoms, with a precision in the picometer range. Using this method one is no longer restricted to the information limit of the electron microscope. Our results are in good agreement with x-ray powder diffraction data demonstrating the reliability of the method. Moreover, it will be shown that local effects can be interpreted using this approach.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	New York, N.Y.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000235905700042	Publication Date	2006-03-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0031-9007;1079-7114;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	8.462	Times cited	69	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Iap V			Approved	Most recent IF: 8.462; 2006 IF: 7.072
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:56977			Serial	3154
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	Author	Bals, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Kisielowski, C.
	Title	A new approach for electron tomography: annular dark-field transmission electron microscopy			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2006	Publication	Advanced materials	Abbreviated Journal	Adv Mater
	Volume	18	Issue	7	Pages	892-895
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Annular dark-field transmission electron microscopy uses an annular objective aperture that blocks the central beam and all electrons scattered up to a certain serniangle. A contrast suitable for electron tomography is generated and 3D reconstructions of CdTe tetrapods and C nanotubes (see figure) are successfully obtained. With short exposure times and high contrast, the technique could be useful not only for materials science, but also for biological applications.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Weinheim	Editor
	Language		Wos	000236950500013	Publication Date	2006-03-24
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0935-9648;1521-4095;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	19.791	Times cited	53	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo			Approved	Most recent IF: 19.791; 2006 IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:58258			Serial	2306
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	Author	Avila-Brande, D.; Otero-Díaz, L.C.; Landa-Cánovas, A.R.; Bals, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	A new Bi₄Mn_1/3W_2/3O₈Cl Sillén-Aurivillius intergrowth: synthesis and structural characterisation by quantitative transmission electron microscopy			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2006	Publication	European journal of inorganic chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Eur J Inorg Chem
	Volume		Issue	9	Pages	1853-1858
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	The synthesis and structural characterisation of a new phase with nominal composition Bi4Mn1/3W2/3O8Cl is presented. Conventional and analytical transmission electron microscopy are used to determine the composition, unit-cell symmetry and space group of the compound, whereas a structural model is deducted by exit-wave reconstruction in the transmission electron microscope. This technique allows the microscope information limit of 1.1 angstrom to be reached and the (light) oxygen atoms in the presence of heavier atoms (Bi, W, Mn) to be imaged. The average structure is refined from Xray powder diffraction data using the Rietveld method yielding an orthorhombic unit cell with lattice parameters a 5.467(4) angstrom, b = 5.466(7) angstrom and c = 14.159(3) angstrom and space group Cm2m, which could be described as a Sillen-Aurivillius intergrowth. ((c) Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Weinheim	Editor
	Language		Wos	000237617800016	Publication Date	2006-03-13
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1434-1948;1099-0682;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.444	Times cited	12	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.444; 2006 IF: 2.704
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:59436			Serial	2335
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	Author	Huijben, M.; Rijnders, G.; Blank, D.H.A.; Bals, S.; Van Aert, S.; Verbeeck, J.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Brinkman, A.; Hilgenkamp, H.
	Title	Electronically coupled complementary interfaces between perovskite band insulators			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2006	Publication	Nature materials	Abbreviated Journal	Nat Mater
	Volume	5	Issue		Pages	556-560
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos	000238708900021	Publication Date	2006-06-18
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1476-1122;1476-4660;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	39.737	Times cited	315	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo			Approved	Most recent IF: 39.737; 2006 IF: 19.194
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:59713UA @ admin @ c:irua:59713			Serial	1019
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	Author	Leca, V.; Blank, D.H.A.; Rijnders, G.; Bals, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	Superconducting single-phase Sr_1-xLa_xCuO₂ thin films with improved crystallinity grown by pulsed laser deposition			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2006	Publication	Applied physics letters	Abbreviated Journal	Appl Phys Lett
	Volume	89	Issue	9	Pages
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Sr1-xLaxCuO2-delta (x=0.10-0.20) thin films exhibiting an oxygen-deficient 2 root 2a(p)x2 root a(p) x c structure (a(p) and c represent the cell parameters of the perovskite subcell) were epitaxially grown by means of pulsed laser deposition in low-pressure oxygen ambient. (001) KTaO3 and (001) SrTiO3 single crystals were used as substrates, with BaTiO3 as buffer layer. The Sr1-xLaxCuO2-delta films were oxidized during cooling down in order to yield the infinite-layer-type structure. By applying this method, high quality single-phase Sr1-xLaxCuO2 thin films could be obtained for 0.10 <= x <= 0.175 doping range. The films grown on BaTiO3/KTaO3 show superconductivity for 0.15 <= x <= 0.175 with optimum doping at x=0.15, in contrast with previously reported data. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Institute of Physics	Place of Publication	New York, N.Y.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000240236600077	Publication Date	2006-08-31
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.411	Times cited	32	Open Access
	Notes	Fom; Fwo			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.411; 2006 IF: 3.977
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:60817			Serial	3366
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	Author	Lebedev, O.I.; Bals, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Snoeck, G.E.; Retoux, R.; Boudin, S.; Hervieu, M.
	Title	Mixed (Sr_1-xCa_x)₃₃Bi₂₄Al₄₈O₁₄₁ fullerenoids: the defect structure analysed by (S)TEM techniques			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2006	Publication	International journal of materials research	Abbreviated Journal	Int J Mater Res
	Volume	97	Issue	7	Pages	978-984
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	(Sr1-xCax)(33)Bi-24,partial derivative Al48O141+3 partial derivative/2 fullerenoid solid solutions have been synthesized and the effect of partial substitution of Sr by Ca has been characterized by (scanning) transmission electron microscopy, applying different imaging methods. Most of the defects commonly observed in face centered cubic compounds, have also been observed in (Sr1-xCax)(33)Bi24-partial derivative Al48O141+3 partial derivative/2. Based on purely geometrical and topological models, structural presentations for the coherent twin boundaries and stacking faults have been constructed on the basis of complex spherical “Al84O210” units. The results are compared to defects observed in the crystallite fullerite C-60.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000239916700017	Publication Date	2013-12-09
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1862-5282;2195-8556;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	0.681	Times cited	1	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 0.681; 2006 IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:60966			Serial	2091
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	Author	Abakumov, A.M.; Hadermann, J.; Bals, S.; Nikolaev, I.V.; Antipov, E.V.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	Crystallographic shear structures as a route to anion-deficient perovskites			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2006	Publication	Angewandte Chemie: international edition in English	Abbreviated Journal	Angew Chem Int Edit
	Volume	45	Issue	40	Pages	6697-6700
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Weinheim	Editor
	Language		Wos	000241474500022	Publication Date	2006-09-13
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1433-7851;1521-3773;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	11.994	Times cited	62	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 11.994; 2006 IF: 10.232
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:61689			Serial	589
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	Author	Bals, S.; Kilaas, R.; Kisielowski, C.
	Title	Nonlinear imaging using annular dark field TEM			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2005	Publication	Ultramicroscopy	Abbreviated Journal	Ultramicroscopy
	Volume	104	Issue	3/4	Pages	281-289
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Annular dark field TEM images exhibit a dominant mass-thickness contrast that can be quantified to extract single atom scattering cross sections. On top of this incoherent background, additional lattice fringes appear with a nonlinear information limit of 1.2 angstrom at 150 kV. The formation of these fringes is described by coherent nonlinear imaging theory and good agreement is found between experimental and simulated images. Calculations furthermore predict that the use of aberration corrected microscopes will improve the image quality dramatically. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000231297100012	Publication Date	2005-06-16
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0304-3991;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.843	Times cited	15	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.843; 2005 IF: 2.490
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:64685			Serial	2352
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	Author	Monticelli, O.; Musina, Z.; Russo, S.; Bals, S.
	Title	On the use of TEM in the characterization of nanocomposites			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2007	Publication	Materials letters	Abbreviated Journal	Mater Lett
	Volume	61	Issue	16	Pages	3446-3450
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Both an organically modified commercial clay of montmorillonite type (MMT) and its nanocomposites, based either on polyamide 6 (PA6) or an epoxy resin, as matrix polymer, have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Sample micrographs, taken at increasing exposure times (t(e)), have shown the gradual disappearance of clay layers, because of an amorphisation of the MMT crystalline structures caused by prolonged sample exposure to electron beam. Indeed, the above phenomenon, which is mostly evident in the case of intercalated nanocomposites, makes the detection of the layered silicate dispersion in the polymer matrix rather difficult and compels to perform TEM measurements using very short exposure times. Moreover, the microscopy accelerating voltage has turned out to affect sample stability; namely, when decreasing the above parameter, the disappearance of clay structure occurs at lower exposure times. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000247146100034	Publication Date	2006-12-06
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0167-577X;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.572	Times cited	28	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.572; 2007 IF: 1.625
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:64757			Serial	2460
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	Author	Bals, S.; Tirry, W.; Geurts, R.; Yang, Z.; Schryvers, D.
	Title	High-quality sample preparation by low kV FIB thinning for analytical TEM measurements			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2007	Publication	Microscopy and microanalysis	Abbreviated Journal	Microsc Microanal
	Volume	13	Issue	2	Pages	80-86
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Focused ion beam specimen preparation has been used for NiTi samples and SrTiO(3)/SrRuO(3) multilayers with prevention of surface amorphization and Ga implantation by a 2-kV cleaning procedure. Transmission electron microscopy techniques show that the samples are of high quality with a controlled thickness over large scales. Furthermore, preferential thinning effects in multicompounds are avoided, which is important when analytical transmission electron microscopy measurements need to be interpreted in a quantitative manner. The results are compared to similar measurements acquired for samples obtained using conventional preparation techniques such as electropolishing for alloys and ion milling for oxides.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Cambridge, Mass.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000245662200002	Publication Date	2007-03-19
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1431-9276;1435-8115;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	1.891	Times cited	82	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Goa			Approved	Most recent IF: 1.891; 2007 IF: 1.941
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:65850			Serial	1441
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	Author	Bals, S.; Batenburg, J.; Verbeeck, J.; Sijbers, J.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	Quantitative three-dimensional reconstruction of catalyst particles for bamboo-like carbon nanotubes			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2007	Publication	Nano letters	Abbreviated Journal	Nano Lett
	Volume	7	Issue	12	Pages	3669-3674
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
	Abstract	The three-dimensional (3D) structure and chemical composition of bamboo-like carbon nanotubes including the catalyst particles that are. used during their growth are studied by discrete electron tomography in combination with energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy. It is found that cavities are present in the catalyst particles. Furthermore, only a small percentage of the catalyst particles consist of pure Cu, since a large volume fraction of the particles is oxidized to CU(2)0. These volume fractions are determined quantitatively from 3D reconstructions obtained by discrete tomography.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington	Editor
	Language		Wos	000251581600022	Publication Date	2007-11-14
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1530-6984;1530-6992;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	12.712	Times cited	78	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Esteem			Approved	Most recent IF: 12.712; 2007 IF: 9.627
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:66762UA @ admin @ c:irua:66762			Serial	2768
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	Author	Montoya, E.; Bals, S.; Rossell, M.D.; Schryvers, D.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	Evaluation of top, angle, and side cleaned FIB samples for TEM analysis			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2007	Publication	Microscopy research and technique	Abbreviated Journal	Microsc Res Techniq
	Volume	70	Issue	12	Pages	1060-1071
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	ITEM specimens of a LaAlO3/SrTiO3 multilayer are prepared by FIB with internal lift out. Using a Ga+1 beam of 5 kV, a final cleaning step yielding top, top-angle, side, and bottom-angle cleaning is performed. Different cleaning procedures, which can be easily implemented in a dual beam FIB system, are described and compared; all cleaning types produce thin lamellae, useful for HRTEM and HAADF-STEM work up to atomic resolution. However, the top cleaned lamellae are strongly affected by the curtain effect. Top-angle cleaned specimens show an amorphous layer of around 5 nm at the specimen surfaces, due to damage and redeposition. Furthermore, it is observed that the LaAlO3 layers are preferentially destroyed and transformed into amorphous material, during the thinning process.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	New York, N.Y.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000251868200008	Publication Date	2007-08-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1059-910X;1097-0029;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	1.147	Times cited	36	Open Access
	Notes	Aip; Fwo			Approved	Most recent IF: 1.147; 2007 IF: 1.644
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:67282			Serial	1090
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	Author	Krsmanovic, R.; Bals, S.; Bertoni, G.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	Structural characterization of Er-doped Li₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ glass ceramics			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2008	Publication	Optical materials	Abbreviated Journal	Opt Mater
	Volume	30	Issue	7	Pages	1183-1188
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Particularly favourable properties of glass ceramics are developed on the basis of two key advantages of these materials: the variation of chemical composition and of microstructure. Therefore, detailed structural and chemical information are necessary to get insight in novel glass ceramic materials. We present here two examples of Er-doped Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2, with different quantities of ZrO2, both obtained with sol-gel synthesis. Different transmission electron microscopy techniques: conventional TEM, HRTEM, and EELS are used and the results are compared with those previously obtained with XRD and Rietveld analysis. We also demonstrate the 3D reconstruction, obtained from HAADF-STEM imaging, to determine the morphology of nanosize precipitates in these composites. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000254419100035	Publication Date	2007-07-11
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0925-3467;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.238	Times cited	12	Open Access
	Notes	Iap-V1; Esteem			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.238; 2008 IF: 1.714
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:70004			Serial	3219
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	Author	Batenburg, K.J.; Bals, S.; Sijbers, J.; Kübel, C.; Midgley, P.A.; Hernandez, J.C.; Kaiser, U.; Encina, E.R.; Coronado, E.A.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	3D imaging of nanomaterials by discrete tomography			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2009	Publication	Ultramicroscopy	Abbreviated Journal	Ultramicroscopy
	Volume	109	Issue	6	Pages	730-740
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
	Abstract	The field of discrete tomography focuses on the reconstruction of samples that consist of only a few different materials. Ideally, a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of such a sample should contain only one grey level for each of the compositions in the sample. By exploiting this property in the reconstruction algorithm, either the quality of the reconstruction can be improved significantly, or the number of required projection images can be reduced. The discrete reconstruction typically contains fewer artifacts and does not have to be segmented, as it already contains one grey level for each composition. Recently, a new algorithm, called discrete algebraic reconstruction technique (DART), has been proposed that can be used effectively on experimental electron tomography datasets. In this paper, we propose discrete tomography as a general reconstruction method for electron tomography in materials science. We describe the basic principles of DART and show that it can be applied successfully to three different types of samples, consisting of embedded ErSi2 nanocrystals, a carbon nanotube grown from a catalyst particle and a single gold nanoparticle, respectively.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000265816400005	Publication Date	2009-02-01
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0304-3991;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.843	Times cited	220	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Esteem 026019			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.843; 2009 IF: 2.067
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:74665 c:irua:74665			Serial	12
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	Author	Figuerola, A.; Franchini, I.R.; Fiore, A.; Mastria, R.; Falqui, A.; Bertoni, G.; Bals, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Kudera, S.; Cingolani, R.; Manna, L.
	Title	End-to-end assembly of shape-controlled nanocrystals via a nanowelding approach mediated by gold domains			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2009	Publication	Advanced materials	Abbreviated Journal	Adv Mater
	Volume	21	Issue	5	Pages	550-554
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Welding nanocrystals for assembly: The welding of Au domains grown on the tips of shape-controlled cadmium chalcogenide colloidal nanocrystals is used as a strategy for their assembly. Iodine-induced coagulation of selectively grown Au domains leads to assemblies such as flowerlike structures based on bullet-shaped nanocrystals, linear and cross-linked chains of nanorods, and globular networks with tetrapods as building blocks.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Weinheim	Editor
	Language		Wos	000263371800005	Publication Date	2008-11-14
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0935-9648;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	19.791	Times cited	110	Open Access
	Notes	Esteem 026019; Fwo			Approved	Most recent IF: 19.791; 2009 IF: 8.379
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:75960			Serial	1037
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	Author	Werner, R.; Raisch, C.; Leca, V.; Ion, V.; Bals, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Chasse, T.; Kleiner, R.; Koelle, D.
	Title	Transport, magnetic, and structural properties of La_0.7Ce_0.3MnO₃ thin films: evidence for hole-doping			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2009	Publication	Physical review : B : solid state	Abbreviated Journal	Phys Rev B
	Volume	79	Issue	5	Pages	054416,1-054416,8
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Cerium-doped manganite thin films were grown epitaxially by pulsed laser deposition at 720 °C and oxygen pressure pO2=125 Pa and were subjected to different annealing steps. According to x-ray diffraction (XRD) data, the formation of CeO2 as a secondary phase could be avoided for pO28 Pa. However, transmission electron microscopy shows the presence of CeO2 nanoclusters even in those films which appear to be single phase in XRD. With O2 annealing, the metal-to-insulator transition temperature increases, while the saturation magnetization decreases and stays well below the theoretical value for electron-doped La0.7Ce0.3MnO3 with mixed Mn3+/Mn2+ valences. The same trend is observed with decreasing film thickness from 100 to 20 nm, indicating a higher oxygen content for thinner films. Hall measurements on a film which shows a metal-to-insulator transition clearly reveal holes as dominating charge carriers. Combining data from x-ray photoemission spectroscopy, for determination of the oxygen content, and x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), for determination of the hole concentration and cation valences, we find that with increasing oxygen content the hole concentration increases and Mn valences are shifted from 2+ to 4+. The dominating Mn valences in the films are Mn3+ and Mn4+, and only a small amount of Mn2+ ions can be observed by XAS. Mn2+ and Ce4+ XAS signals obtained in surface-sensitive total electron yield mode are strongly reduced in the bulk-sensitive fluorescence mode, which indicates hole-doping in the bulk for those films which do show a metal-to-insulator transition.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Lancaster, Pa	Editor
	Language		Wos	000263815400057	Publication Date	2009-02-13
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1098-0121;1550-235X;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.836	Times cited	25	Open Access
	Notes	Esteem 026019; Fwo			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.836; 2009 IF: 3.475
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:76221			Serial	3725
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	Author	Bals, S.; Batenburg, K.J.; Liang, D.; Lebedev, O.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Aerts, A.; Martens, J.A.; Kirschhock, C.E.
	Title	Quantitative three-dimensional modeling of zeotile through discrete electron tomography			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2009	Publication	Journal of the American Chemical Society	Abbreviated Journal	J Am Chem Soc
	Volume	131	Issue	13	Pages	4769-4773
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
	Abstract	Discrete electron tomography is a new approach for three-dimensional reconstruction of nanoscale objects. The technique exploits prior knowledge of the object to be reconstructed, which results in an improvement of the quality of the reconstructions. Through the combination of conventional transmission electron microscopy and discrete electron tomography with a model-based approach, quantitative structure determination becomes possible. In the present work, this approach is used to unravel the building scheme of Zeotile-4, a silica material with two levels of structural order. The layer sequence of slab-shaped building units could be identified. Successive layers were found to be related by a rotation of 120°, resulting in a hexagonal space group. The Zeotile-4 material is a demonstration of the concept of successive structuring of silica at two levels. At the first level, the colloid chemical properties of Silicalite-1 precursors are exploited to create building units with a slablike geometry. At the second level, the slablike units are tiled using a triblock copolymer to serve as a mesoscale structuring agent.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000264806300050	Publication Date	2009-03-16
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0002-7863;1520-5126;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	13.858	Times cited	58	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Iap; Esteem 026019			Approved	Most recent IF: 13.858; 2009 IF: 8.580
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:76393			Serial	2767
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	Author	Van Aert, S.; Chang, L.Y.; Bals, S.; Kirkland, A.I.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	Effect of amorphous layers on the interpretation of restored exit waves			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2009	Publication	Ultramicroscopy	Abbreviated Journal	Ultramicroscopy
	Volume	109	Issue	3	Pages	237-246
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	The effects of amorphous layers on the quality of exit wave restorations have been investigated. Two independently developed software implementations for exit wave restoration have been used to simulated focal series of images of SrTiO3 with amorphous carbon layers incorporated. The restored exit waves have been compared both qualitatively and quantitatively. We have shown that amorphous layers have a strong impact on the quantitative measurements of atomic column positions, however, the error in the position measurements is still in the picometer range.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000264280200005	Publication Date	2008-11-15
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0304-3991;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.843	Times cited	10	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Esteem 026019			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.843; 2009 IF: 2.067
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:76421			Serial	796
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	Author	Montoya, E.; Bals, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	Redeposition and differential sputtering of La in transmission electron microscopy samples of LaAIO₃/SrTiO₃ multilayers prepared by focused ion beam			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2008	Publication	Journal of microscopy	Abbreviated Journal	J Microsc-Oxford
	Volume	231	Issue	3	Pages	359-363
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Oxford	Editor
	Language		Wos	000259611000001	Publication Date	2008-08-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-2720;1365-2818;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor	1.692	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	The authors are grateful to M. Huijben and G. Rijnders of the MESA+ group at the University of Twente (NI) for the growth of the multilayers. This work has been performed under the Interuniversity Attraction Poles programme – Belgian State Belgian Science Policy. The authors acknowledge financial support from the European Union under the framework 6 program under a contract for an Integrated Infrastructure initiative. Part of this work was performed with financial support from the European Union under the framework 6 programme, under a contract for an Integrated Infrastructure Initiative (Reference No. 02601.9 ESTEEM).			Approved	Most recent IF: 1.692; 2008 IF: 1.409
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:76522			Serial	2849
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	Author	Beyers, E.; Biermans, E.; Ribbens, S.; de Witte, K.; Mertens, M.; Meynen, V.; Bals, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Vansant, E.F.; Cool, P.
	Title	Combined TiO₂/SiO₂ mesoporous photocatalysts with location and phase controllable TiO₂ nanoparticles			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2009	Publication	Applied catalysis : B : environmental	Abbreviated Journal	Appl Catal B-Environ
	Volume	88	Issue	3/4	Pages	515-524
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Laboratory of adsorption and catalysis (LADCA)
	Abstract	Combined TiO2/SiO2 mesoporous materials were prepared by deposition of TiO2 nanoparticles synthesised via the acid-catalysed solgel method. In the first synthesis step a titania solution is prepared, by dissolving titaniumtetraisopropoxide in nitric acid. The influences of the initial titaniumtetraisopropoxide concentration and the temperature of dissolving on the final structural properties were investigated. In the second step of the synthesis, the titania nanoparticles were deposited on a silica support. Here, the influence of the temperature during deposition was studied. The depositions were carried out on two different mesoporous silica supports, SBA-15 and MCF, leading to substantial differences in the catalytic and structural properties. The samples were analysed with N2-sorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to obtain structural information, determining the amount of titania, the crystal phase and the location of the titania particles on the mesoporous material (inside or outside the mesoporous channels). The structural differences of the support strongly determine the location of the nanoparticles and the subsequent photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of rhodamine 6G in aqueous solution under UV irradiation.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000266513400032	Publication Date	2008-10-29
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0926-3373;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	9.446	Times cited	69	Open Access
	Notes	Goa-Bof; Fwo			Approved	Most recent IF: 9.446; 2009 IF: 5.252
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:77150			Serial	403
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	Author	Lisiecki, I.; Turner, S.; Bals, S.; Pileni, M.P.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	The remarkable and intriguing resistance to oxidation of 2D ordered hcp Co nanocrystals: a new intrinsic property			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2009	Publication	Chemistry of materials	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Mater
	Volume	21	Issue	12	Pages	2335-2338
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000267049200001	Publication Date	2009-05-14
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0897-4756;1520-5002;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	9.466	Times cited	28	Open Access
	Notes	Iap-Vi; Esteem 026019			Approved	Most recent IF: 9.466; 2009 IF: 5.368
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:77887			Serial	2867
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	Author	Van Aert, S.; Verbeeck, J.; Erni, R.; Bals, S.; Luysberg, M.; van Dyck, D.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	Quantitative atomic resolution mapping using high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2009	Publication	Ultramicroscopy	Abbreviated Journal	Ultramicroscopy
	Volume	109	Issue	10	Pages	1236-1244
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
	Abstract	A model-based method is proposed to relatively quantify the chemical composition of atomic columns using high angle annular dark field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images. The method is based on a quantification of the total intensity of the scattered electrons for the individual atomic columns using statistical parameter estimation theory. In order to apply this theory, a model is required describing the image contrast of the HAADF STEM images. Therefore, a simple, effective incoherent model has been assumed which takes the probe intensity profile into account. The scattered intensities can then be estimated by fitting this model to an experimental HAADF STEM image. These estimates are used as a performance measure to distinguish between different atomic column types and to identify the nature of unknown columns with good accuracy and precision using statistical hypothesis testing. The reliability of the method is supported by means of simulated HAADF STEM images as well as a combination of experimental images and electron energy-loss spectra. It is experimentally shown that statistically meaningful information on the composition of individual columns can be obtained even if the difference in averaged atomic number Z is only 3. Using this method, quantitative mapping at atomic resolution using HAADF STEM images only has become possible without the need of simultaneously recorded electron energy loss spectra.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000270015200004	Publication Date	2009-05-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0304-3991;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.843	Times cited	166	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Esteem 026019			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.843; 2009 IF: 2.067
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:78585UA @ admin @ c:irua:78585			Serial	2748
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	Author	Ke, X.; Bals, S.; Romo Negreira, A.; Hantschel, T.; Bender, H.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	TEM sample preparation by FIB for carbon nanotube interconnects			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2009	Publication	Ultramicroscopy	Abbreviated Journal	Ultramicroscopy
	Volume	109	Issue	11	Pages	1353-1359
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	A powerful method to study carbon nanotubes (CNTs) grown in patterned substrates for potential interconnects applications is transmission electron microscopy (TEM). However, high-quality TEM samples are necessary for such a study. Here, TEM specimen preparation by focused ion beam (FIB) has been used to obtain lamellae of patterned samples containing CNTs grown inside contact holes. A dual-cap Pt protection layer and an extensive 5 kV cleaning procedure are applied in order to preserve the CNTs and avoid deterioration during milling. TEM results show that the inner shell structure of the carbon nanotubes has been preserved, which proves that focused ion beam is a useful technique to prepare TEM samples of CNT interconnects.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000270765800006	Publication Date	2009-07-11
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0304-3991;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.843	Times cited	21	Open Access
	Notes	Esteem 026019; Iap			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.843; 2009 IF: 2.067
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:79074			Serial	3485
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	Author	di Vece, M.; Bals, S.; Lievens, P.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	Compositional changes of Pd-Au bimetallic nanoclusters upon hydrogenation			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2009	Publication	Physical review : B : solid state	Abbreviated Journal	Phys Rev B
	Volume	80	Issue	12	Pages	125420,1-125420,4
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Changes in the size distribution and composition of bimetallic Pd-Au nanoclusters have been observed after hydrogen exposure. This effect is caused by hydrogen-induced Ostwald ripening whereby the hydrogen reduces the binding energy of the cluster atoms leading to their detachment from the cluster. The composition changes due to a difference in mobility of the detached palladium and gold atoms on the surface. Fast palladium atoms contribute to the formation of larger nanoclusters, while the slower gold atoms are confined to the smaller nanoclusters. These transformations in the Pd-Au nanocluster size and composition set a limit for chemical reactions in which such nanoclusters are involved together with hydrogen.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Lancaster, Pa	Editor
	Language		Wos	000270383300121	Publication Date	2009-09-23
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1098-0121;1550-235X;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.836	Times cited	28	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Goa; Iap-Vi; Esteem 026019			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.836; 2009 IF: 3.475
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:79232			Serial	445
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