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	Author	Khalilov, U.; Bogaerts, A.; Hussain, S.; Kovacevic, E.; Brault, P.; Boulmer-Leborgne, C.; Neyts, E.C.
	Title	Nanoscale mechanisms of CNT growth and etching in plasma environment			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2017	Publication	Journal of physics: D: applied physics	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys D Appl Phys
	Volume	50	Issue	50	Pages	184001
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Plasma-enhanced chemical deposition (PECVD) of carbon nanotubes has already been shown to allow chirality control to some extent. In PECVD, however, etching may occur simultaneously with the growth, and the occurrence of intermediate processes further significantly complicates the growth process. We here employ a computational approach with experimental support to study the plasma-based formation of Ni nanoclusters, Ni-catalyzed CNT growth and subsequent etching processes, in order to understand the underpinning nanoscale mechanisms. We find that hydrogen is the dominant factor in both the re-structuring of a Ni film and the subsequent appearance of Ni nanoclusters, as well as in the CNT nucleation and etching processes. The obtained results are compared with available theoretical and experimental studies and provide a deeper understanding of the occurring nanoscale mechanisms in plasma-assisted CNT nucleation and growth.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000398300900001	Publication Date	2017-04-03
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-3727	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.588	Times cited	6	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	UK gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO), Belgium (Grant No. 12M1315N). The work was carried out in part using the Turing HPC infrastructure of the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen, a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Centre VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the Universiteit Antwerpen. The authors also thank Prof A C T van Duin for sharing the ReaxFF code.			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.588
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:141918			Serial	4533
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Autrique, D.; Gornushkin, I.; Alexiades, V.; Chen, Z.; Bogaerts, A.; Rethfeld, B.
	Title	Revisiting the interplay between ablation, collisional, and radiative processes during ns-laser ablation			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Applied physics letters	Abbreviated Journal	Appl Phys Lett
	Volume	103	Issue	17	Pages	174102-174105
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	A study of ns-laser ablation is presented, which focuses on the transient behavior of the physical processes that act in and above a copper sample. A dimensionless multiphase collisional radiative model describes the interplay between the ablation, collisional, and radiative mechanisms. Calculations are done for a 6 ns-Nd:YAG laser pulse operating at 532 nm and fluences up to 15 J/cm2. Temporal intensity profiles as well as transmissivities are in good agreement with experimental results. It is found that volumetric ablation mechanisms and photo-processes both play an essential role in the onset of ns-laser induced breakdown.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Institute of Physics	Place of Publication	New York, N.Y.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000326455100107	Publication Date	2013-10-21
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.411	Times cited	13	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.411; 2013 IF: 3.515
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:110944			Serial	2906
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	Author	Bogaerts, A.; Eckert, M.; Mao, M.; Neyts, E.
	Title	Computer modelling of the plasma chemistry and plasma-based growth mechanisms for nanostructured materials			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Journal of physics: D: applied physics	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys D Appl Phys
	Volume	44	Issue	17	Pages	174030-174030,16
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	In this review paper, an overview is given of different modelling efforts for plasmas used for the formation and growth of nanostructured materials. This includes both the plasma chemistry, providing information on the precursors for nanostructure formation, as well as the growth processes itself. We limit ourselves to carbon (and silicon) nanostructures. Examples of the plasma modelling comprise nanoparticle formation in silane and hydrocarbon plasmas, as well as the plasma chemistry giving rise to carbon nanostructure formation, such as (ultra)nanocrystalline diamond ((U)NCD) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The second part of the paper deals with the simulation of the (plasma-based) growth mechanisms of the same carbon nanostructures, i.e. (U)NCD and CNTs, both by mechanistic modelling and detailed atomistic simulations.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos	000289512700030	Publication Date	2011-04-15
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-3727;1361-6463;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.588	Times cited	25	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.588; 2011 IF: 2.544
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:88364			Serial	463
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	Author	van ‘t Veer, K.; van Alphen, S.; Remy, A.; Gorbanev, Y.; De Geyter, N.; Snyders, R.; Reniers, F.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Spatially and temporally non-uniform plasmas: microdischarges from the perspective of molecules in a packed bed plasma reactor			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2021	Publication	Journal Of Physics D-Applied Physics	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys D Appl Phys
	Volume	54	Issue	17	Pages	174002
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) typically operate in the filamentary regime and thus exhibit great spatial and temporal non-uniformity. In order to optimize DBDs for various applications, such as in plasma catalysis, more fundamental insight is needed. Here, we consider how the millions of microdischarges, characteristic for a DBD, influence individual gas molecules. We use a Monte Carlo approach to determine the number of microdischarges to which a single molecule would be exposed, by means of particle tracing simulations through a full-scale packed bed DBD reactor, as well as an empty DBD reactor. We find that the fraction of microdischarges to which the molecules are exposed can be approximated as the microdischarge volume over the entire reactor gas volume. The use of this concept provides good agreement between a plasma-catalytic kinetics model and experiments for plasma-catalytic NH3 synthesis. We also show that the concept of the fraction of microdischarges indicates the efficiency by which the plasma power is transferred to the gas molecules. This generalised concept is also applicable for other spatially and temporally non-uniform plasmas.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000618776000001	Publication Date	2021-04-29
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-3727	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.588	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	Excellence of Science FWO-FNRS project, FWO grant ID GoF9618n ; Flemish Government, project P2C (HBC.2019.0108) ; H2020 European Research Council, grant agreement No 810182 – SCOPE ERC Synergy pr ; This research was supported by the Excellence of Science FWO-FNRS project (FWO Grant ID GoF9618n, EOS ID 30505023), the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreement No 810182—SCOPE ERC Synergy project) and by the Flemish Government through the Moonshot cSBO project P2C (HBC. 2019.0108). The calculations were performed using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UAntwerpen. The authors would also like to thank Hamid Ahmadi Eshtehardi for discussions on the plasma-kinetic DBD model and Yannick Engelmann for discussions on the surface kinetics model.			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.588
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:175878			Serial	6674
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	Author	Zhang, Q.-Z.; Tinck, S.; de Marneffe, J.-F.; Zhang, L.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Mechanisms for plasma cryogenic etching of porous materials			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2017	Publication	Applied physics letters	Abbreviated Journal	Appl Phys Lett
	Volume	111	Issue	17	Pages	173104
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Porous materials are commonly used in microelectronics, as they can meet the demand for continuously shrinking electronic feature dimensions. However, they are facing severe challenges in plasma etching, due to plasma induced damage. In this paper, we present both the plasma characteristics and surface processing during the etching of porous materials. We explain how the damage occurs in the porous material during plasma etching for a wide range of chuck temperatures and the responsible mechanism for plasma damage-free etching at cryogenic temperature, by a combination of experiments and numerical modeling.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000413863400032	Publication Date	2017-10-23
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.411	Times cited	2	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	We acknowledge the support from Marie Skłodowska- Curie actions (Grant Agreement-702604). This work was carried out in part using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of Universiteit Antwerpen, a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI), and the University of Antwerp. L. Zhang and J.-F. de Marneffe acknowledge Dr. M. Cooke and A. Goodyear from Oxford Instruments Plasma Technology for processing the samples at their Yatton facility in the United Kingdom.			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.411
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:147022			Serial	4762
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	Author	Chen, Z.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Response to “Comment on 'Laser ablation of Cu and plume expansion into 1 atm ambient gas'” [J. Appl. Phys. 115, 166101 (2014)]			Type	Editorial
	Year	2014	Publication	Journal of applied physics	Abbreviated Journal	J Appl Phys
	Volume	115	Issue	16	Pages	166102
	Keywords	Editorial; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Institute of Physics	Place of Publication	New York, N.Y.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000335228400092	Publication Date	2014-05-01
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8979;1089-7550;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.068	Times cited	1	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.068; 2014 IF: 2.183
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:117171			Serial	2898
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	Author	Tinck, S.; Tillocher, T.; Dussart, R.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Cryogenic etching of silicon with SF₆ inductively coupled plasmas: a combined modelling and experimental study			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Journal of physics: D: applied physics	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys D Appl Phys
	Volume	48	Issue	48	Pages	155204
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	A hybrid Monte Carlofluid model is applied to simulate the wafer-temperature-dependent etching of silicon with SF6 inductively coupled plasmas (ICP). The bulk plasma within the ICP reactor volume as well as the surface reactions occurring at the wafer are self-consistently described. The calculated etch rates are validated by experiments. The calculations and experiments are performed at two different wafer temperatures, i.e. 300 and 173 K, resembling conventional etching and cryoetching, respectively. In the case of cryoetching, a physisorbed SFx layer (x = 06) is formed on the wafer, which is negligible at room temperature, because of fast thermal desorption, However, even in the case of cryoetching, this layer can easily be disintegrated by low-energy ions, so it does not affect the etch rates. In the investigated pressure range of 19 Pa, the etch rate is always slightly higher at cryogenic conditions, both in the experiments and in the model, and this could be explained in the model due to a local cooling of the gas above the wafer, making the gas denser and increasing the flux of reactive neutrals, like F and F2, towards the wafer.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos	000351856600009	Publication Date	2015-03-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-3727;1361-6463;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.588	Times cited	9	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.588; 2015 IF: 2.721
	Call Number	c:irua:124209			Serial	551
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	Author	Van der Paal, J.; Verlackt, C.C.; Yusupov, M.; Neyts, E.C.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Structural modification of the skin barrier by OH radicals : a reactive molecular dynamics study for plasma medicine			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Journal of physics: D: applied physics	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys D Appl Phys
	Volume	48	Issue	48	Pages	155202
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	While plasma treatment of skin diseases and wound healing has been proven highly effective, the underlying mechanisms, and more generally the effect of plasma radicals on skin tissue, are not yet completely understood. In this paper, we perform ReaxFF-based reactive molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the interaction of plasma generated OH radicals with a model system composed of free fatty acids, ceramides, and cholesterol molecules. This model system is an approximation of the upper layer of the skin (stratum corneum). All interaction mechanisms observed in our simulations are initiated by H-abstraction from one of the ceramides. This reaction, in turn, often starts a cascade of other reactions, which eventually lead to the formation of aldehydes, the dissociation of ceramides or the elimination of formaldehyde, and thus eventually to the degradation of the skin barrier function.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos	000351856600007	Publication Date	2015-03-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-3727;1361-6463;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.588	Times cited	20	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.588; 2015 IF: 2.721
	Call Number	c:irua:124230			Serial	3242
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	Author	Maerivoet, S.; Tsonev, I.; Slaets, J.; Reniers, F.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Coupled multi-dimensional modelling of warm plasmas: Application and validation for an atmospheric pressure glow discharge in CO2/CH4/O2			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	Chemical Engineering Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chemical Engineering Journal
	Volume	492	Issue		Pages	152006
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	To support experimental research into gas conversion by warm plasmas, models should be developed to explain the experimental observations. These models need to describe all physical and chemical plasma properties in a coupled way. In this paper, we present a modelling approach to solve the complete set of assumed relevant equations, including gas flow, heat balance and species transport, coupled with a rather extensive chemistry set, consisting of 21 species, obtained by reduction of a more detailed chemistry set, consisting of 41 species. We apply this model to study the combined CO2 and CH4 conversion in the presence of O2, in a direct current atmospheric pressure glow discharge. Our model can predict the experimental trends, and can explain why higher O2 fractions result in higher CH4 conversion, namely due to the higher gas temperature, rather than just by additional chemical reactions. Indeed, our model predicts that when more O2 is added, the energy required to reach any set temperature (i.e., the enthalpy) drops, allowing the system to reach higher temperatures with similar amounts of energy. This is in turn related to the higher H2O fraction and lower H2 fraction formed in the plasma, as demonstrated by our model. Altogether, our new self-consistent model can capture the main physics and chemistry occurring in this warm plasma, which is an important step towards predictive modelling for plasma-based gas conversion.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2024-05-09
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	This research was supported by the Excellence of Science FWO-FNRS project (FWO grant ID G0I1822N; EOS ID 40007511) and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 810182–SCOPE ERC Synergy project, and grant agreement No. 101081162–PREPARE ERC Proof of Concept project). computational resources and services used in this work were provided by the HPC core facility CalcUA of the Universiteit Antwerpen, and VSC (Flemish Supercomputer Center), funded by the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO) and the Flemish Government.			Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1; 2024 IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @			Serial	9132
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	Author	de Bleecker, K.; Bogaerts, A.; Goedheer, W.
	Title	Aromatic ring generation as a dust precursor in acetylene discharges			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2006	Publication	Applied physics letters	Abbreviated Journal	Appl Phys Lett
	Volume	88	Issue	15	Pages	151501,1-3
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Institute of Physics	Place of Publication	New York, N.Y.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000236796400010	Publication Date	2006-04-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.411	Times cited	20	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.411; 2006 IF: 3.977
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:57218			Serial	150
Permanent link to this record



	Author	De Meyer, R.; Gorbanev, Y.; Ciocarlan, R.-G.; Cool, P.; Bals, S.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Importance of plasma discharge characteristics in plasma catalysis: Dry reforming of methane vs. ammonia synthesis			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	Chemical Engineering Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chemical Engineering Journal
	Volume	488	Issue		Pages	150838
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Gas conversion Dry reforming of methane Ammonia Microdischarges Dielectric barrier discharge; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	Plasma catalysis is a rapidly growing field, often employing a packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor. Such dielectric barrier discharges are complex, especially when a packing material (e.g., a catalyst) is introduced in the discharge volume. Catalysts are known to affect the plasma discharge, though the underlying mechanisms influencing the plasma physics are not fully understood. Moreover, the effect of the catalysts on the plasma discharge and its subsequent effect on the overall performance is often overlooked. In this work, we deliberately design and synthesize catalysts to affect the plasma discharge in different ways. These Ni or Co alumina-based catalysts are used in plasma-catalytic dry reforming of methane and ammonia synthesis. Our work shows that introducing a metal to the dielectric packing can affect the plasma discharge, and that the distribution of the metal is crucial in this regard. Further, the altered discharge can greatly influence the overall performance. In an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge reactor, this apparently more uniform plasma yields a significantly better performance for ammonia synthesis compared to the more conventional filamentary discharge, while it underperforms in dry reforming of methane. This study stresses the importance of analyzing the plasma discharge in plasma catalysis experiments. We hope this work encourages a more critical view on the plasma discharge characteristics when studying various catalysts in a plasma reactor.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2024-03-30
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	This research was supported through long-term structural funding (Methusalem FFB15001C) and by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme with grant agreement No 810182 (SCOPE ERC Synergy project) and with grant agreement No 815128 (REALNANO). We acknowledge the practical contribution of Senne Van Doorslaer.			Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1; 2024 IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:205154			Serial	9115
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	Author	Wang, K.; Ceulemans, S.; Zhang, H.; Tsonev, I.; Zhang, Y.; Long, Y.; Fang, M.; Li, X.; Yan, J.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Inhibiting recombination to improve the performance of plasma-based CO2 conversion			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	Chemical Engineering Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chemical Engineering Journal
	Volume	481	Issue		Pages	148684
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Plasma-based CO2 splitting Recombination reactions In-situ gas sampling Fluid dynamics modeling Kinetics modeling Afterglow quenching; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	Warm plasma offers a promising route for CO2 splitting into valuable CO, yet recombination reactions of CO with oxygen, forming again CO2, have recently emerged as critical limitation. This study combines experiments and fluid dynamics + chemical kinetics modelling to comprehensively analyse the recombination reactions upon CO2 splitting in an atmospheric plasmatron. We introduce an innovative in-situ gas sampling technique, enabling 2D spatial mapping of gas product compositions and temperatures, experimentally confirming for the first time the substantial limiting effect of CO recombination reactions in the afterglow region. Our results show that the CO mole fraction at a 5 L/min flow rate drops significantly from 11.9 % at a vertical distance of z = 20 mm in the afterglow region to 8.6 % at z = 40 mm. We constructed a comprehensive 2D model that allows for spatial reaction rates analysis incorporating crucial reactions, and we validated it to kinetically elucidate this phenomenon. CO2 +M⇌O+CO+M and CO2 +O⇌CO+O2 are the dominant reactions, with the forward reactions prevailing in the plasma region and the backward reactions becoming prominent in the afterglow region. These results allow us to propose an afterglow quenching strategy for performance enhancement, which is further demonstrated through a meticulously developed plasmatron reactor with two-stage cooling. Our approach substantially increases the CO2 conversion (e.g., from 6.6 % to 19.5 % at 3 L/min flow rate) and energy efficiency (from 13.5 % to 28.5 %, again at 3 L/min) and significantly shortens the startup time (from ~ 150 s to 25 s). Our study underscores the critical role of inhibiting recombination reactions in plasma-based CO2 conversion and offers new avenues for performance enhancement.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001168999200001	Publication Date	2024-01-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes	Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province, 2023C03129 ; Vlaamse regering; European Research Council; National Natural Science Foundation of China, 51976191 52276214 ; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique – FNRS; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, 1101524N ; Vlaams Supercomputer Centrum; Horizon 2020, 101081162 810182 ; European Research Council;			Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1; 2024 IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:204352			Serial	8993
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	Author	Wang, J.; Zhang, K.; Meynen, V.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Dry reforming in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor with non-uniform discharge gap : effects of metal rings on the discharge behavior and performance			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Chemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	142953-29
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Laboratory of adsorption and catalysis (LADCA); Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The application of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reactors is promising in various environmental and energy processes, but is limited by their low energy yield. In this study, we put a number of stainless steel rings over the inner electrode rod of the DBD reactor to change the local discharge gap and electric field, and we studied the dry reforming performance. At 50 W supplied power, the metal rings mostly have a negative impact on the performance, which we attribute to the non-uniform spatial distribution of the discharges caused by the rings. However, at 30 W supplied power, the energy yield is higher than at 50 W and the placement of the rings improves the performance of the reactor. More rings and with a larger cross-sectional diameter can further improve the performance. The reactor with 20 rings with a 3.2 mm cross-sectional diameter exhibits the best performance in this study. Compared to the reactor without rings, it increases the CO2 conversion from 7% to 16 %, the CH4 conversion from 12% to 23%, and the energy yield from 0.05 mmol/kJ supplied power to 0.1 mmol/kJ (0.19 mmol/kJ if calculated from the plasma power), respectively. The presence of the rings increases the local electric field, the displaced charge and the discharge fraction, and also makes the discharge more stable and with more uniform intensity. It also slightly improves the selectivity to syngas. The performance improvement observed by placing stainless steel rings in this study may also be applicable to other plasma-based processes.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000986051300001	Publication Date	2023-04-17
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947; 1873-3212	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1; 2023 IF: 6.216
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:195603			Serial	7264
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	Author	Wang, J.; Zhang, K.; Bogaerts, A.; Meynen, V.
	Title	3D porous catalysts for plasma-catalytic dry reforming of methane : how does the pore size affect the plasma-catalytic performance?			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Chemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	464	Issue		Pages	142574-12
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Laboratory of adsorption and catalysis (LADCA); Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The effect of pore size on plasma catalysis is crucial but still unclear. Studies have shown plasma cannot enter micropores and mesopores, so catalysts for traditional thermocatalysis may not fit plasma catalysis. Here, 3D porous Cu and CuO with different pore sizes were prepared using uniform silica particles (10–2000 nm) as templates, and compared in plasma-catalytic dry reforming. In most cases, the smaller the pore size, the higher the conversion of CH4 and CO2. Large pores reachable by more electrons did not improve the reaction efficiency. We attribute this to the small surface area and large crystallite size, as indicated by N2-sorption, mercury intrusion and XRD. While the smaller pores might not be reachable by electrons, due to the sheath formed in front of them, as predicted by modeling, they can still be reached by radicals formed in the plasma, and ions can even be attracted into these pores. An exception are the samples synthesized from 1 μm silica, which show better performance. We believe this is due to the electric field enhancement for pore sizes close to the Debye length. The performances of CuO and Cu with different pore sizes can provide references for future research on oxide supports and metal components of plasma catalysts.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000966076400001	Publication Date	2023-03-21
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947; 1873-3212	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1; 2023 IF: 6.216
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:194862			Serial	7262
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Liu, R.; Hao, Y.; Wang, T.; Wang, L.; Bogaerts, A.; Guo, H.; Yi, Y.
	Title	Hybrid plasma-thermal system for methane conversion to ethylene and hydrogen			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Chemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	463	Issue		Pages	142442
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	By combining dielectric barrier discharge plasma and external heating, we exploit a two-stage hybrid plasmathermal system (HPTS), i.e., a plasma stage followed by a thermal stage, for direct non-oxidative coupling of CH4 to C2H4 and H2, yielding a CH4 conversion of ca. 17 %. In the two-stage HPTS, the plasma first converts CH4 into C2H6 and C3H8, which in the thermal stage leads to a high C2H4 selectivity of ca. 63 % by pyrolysis, with H2 selectivity of ca. 64 %.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000953890500001	Publication Date	2023-03-16
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [22272015, 21503032], the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China [DUT21JC40].			Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1; 2023 IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:195888			Serial	7253
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Morais, E.; Delikonstantis, E.; Scapinello, M.; Smith, G.; Stefanidis, G.D.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Methane coupling in nanosecond pulsed plasmas: Correlation between temperature and pressure and effects on product selectivity			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Chemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	462	Issue		Pages	142227
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	We present a zero-dimensional kinetic model to characterise specifically the gas-phase dynamics of methane conversion in a nanosecond pulsed discharge (NPD) plasma reactor. The model includes a systematic approach to capture the nanoscale power discharges and the rapid ensuing changes in electric field, gas and electron temperature, as well as species densities. The effects of gas temperature and reactor pressure on gas conversion and product selectivity are extensively investigated and validated against experimental work. We discuss the important reaction pathways and provide an analysis of the dynamics of the heating and cooling mechanisms. H radicals are found to be the most populous plasma species and they participate in hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions, which are the dominant recombination reactions leading to C2H4 and C2H2 as main products (depending on the pressure).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000983631500001	Publication Date	2023-03-02
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	We gratefully acknowledge financial support by the Flemish Government through the Moonshot cSBO project “Power-to-Olefins” (P2O; HBC.2020.2620).			Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1; 2023 IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:195881			Serial	7246
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Van Alphen, S.; Hecimovic, A.; Kiefer, C.K.; Fantz, U.; Snyders, R.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Modelling post-plasma quenching nozzles for improving the performance of CO2 microwave plasmas			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Chemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	462	Issue		Pages	142217
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Given the ecological problems associated to the CO2 emissions of fossil fuels, plasma technology has gained interest for conversion of CO2 into value-added products. Microwave plasmas operating at atmospheric pressure have proven to be especially interesting, due to the high gas temperatures inside the reactor (i.e. up to 6000 K) allowing for efficient thermal dissociation of CO2 into CO and O2. However, the performance of these high temperature plasmas is limited by recombination of CO back into CO2 once the gas cools down in the afterglow. In this work, we computationally investigated several quenching nozzles, developed and experimentally tested by Hecimovic et al., [1] for their ability to quickly cool the gas after the plasma, thereby quenching the CO recombination reactions. Using a 3D computational fluid dynamics model and a quasi-1D chemical kinetics model, we reveal that a reactor without nozzle lacks gas mixing between hot gas in the center and cold gas near the reactor walls. Especially at low flow rates, where there is an inherent lack of convective cooling due to the low gas flow velocity, the temperature in the afterglow remains high (between 2000 and 3000 K) for a relatively long time (in the 0.1 s range). As shown by our quasi-1D chemical kinetics model, this results in a important loss of CO due to recombination reactions. Attaching a nozzle in the effluent of the reactor induces fast gas quenching right after the plasma. Indeed, it introduces (i) more convective cooling by forcing cool gas near the walls to mix with hot gas in the center of the reactor, as well as (ii) more conductive cooling through the water-cooled walls of the nozzle. Our model shows that gas quenching and the suppression of recombination reactions have more impact at low flow rates, where recombination is the most limiting factor in the conversion process.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000962382600001	Publication Date	2023-03-03
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	This research was supported by the Excellence of Science FWO-FNRS project (FWO grant ID GoF9618n, EOS ID 30505023), the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 810182 – SCOPE ERC Synergy project), and through long-term structural funding (Methusalem). The calculations were performed using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UAntwerpen.			Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1; 2023 IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:195889			Serial	7250
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Van Alphen, S.; Hecimovic, A.; Kiefer, C.K.; Fantz, U.; Snyders, R.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Modelling post-plasma quenching nozzles for improving the performance of CO2 microwave plasmas			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Chemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	462	Issue		Pages	142217
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Given the ecological problems associated to the CO2 emissions of fossil fuels, plasma technology has gained interest for conversion of CO2 into value-added products. Microwave plasmas operating at atmospheric pressure have proven to be especially interesting, due to the high gas temperatures inside the reactor (i.e. up to 6000 K) allowing for efficient thermal dissociation of CO2 into CO and O2. However, the performance of these high temperature plasmas is limited by recombination of CO back into CO2 once the gas cools down in the afterglow. In this work, we computationally investigated several quenching nozzles, developed and experimentally tested by Hecimovic et al., [1] for their ability to quickly cool the gas after the plasma, thereby quenching the CO recombination reactions. Using a 3D computational fluid dynamics model and a quasi-1D chemical kinetics model, we reveal that a reactor without nozzle lacks gas mixing between hot gas in the center and cold gas near the reactor walls. Especially at low flow rates, where there is an inherent lack of convective cooling due to the low gas flow velocity, the temperature in the afterglow remains high (between 2000 and 3000 K) for a relatively long time (in the 0.1 s range). As shown by our quasi-1D chemical kinetics model, this results in a important loss of CO due to recombination reactions. Attaching a nozzle in the effluent of the reactor induces fast gas quenching right after the plasma. Indeed, it introduces (i) more convective cooling by forcing cool gas near the walls to mix with hot gas in the center of the reactor, as well as (ii) more conductive cooling through the water-cooled walls of the nozzle. Our model shows that gas quenching and the suppression of recombination reactions have more impact at low flow rates, where recombination is the most limiting factor in the conversion process.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000962382600001	Publication Date	2023-03-03
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	This research was supported by the Excellence of Science FWO-FNRS project (FWO grant ID GoF9618n, EOS ID 30505023), the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 810182 – SCOPE ERC Synergy project), and through long-term structural funding (Methusalem). The calculations were performed using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UAntwerpen.			Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1; 2023 IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:195889			Serial	7259
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Neyts, E.; Bogaerts, A.; van de Sanden, M.C.M.
	Title	Effect of hydrogen on the growth of thin hydrogenated amorphous carbon films from thermal energy radicals			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2006	Publication	Applied physics letters	Abbreviated Journal	Appl Phys Lett
	Volume	88	Issue		Pages	141922
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Institute of Physics	Place of Publication	New York, N.Y.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000236612000037	Publication Date	2006-04-06
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.411	Times cited	35	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.411; 2006 IF: 3.977
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:57642			Serial	817
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Andersen, Ja.; Holm, Mc.; van 't Veer, K.; Christensen, Jm.; Østberg, M.; Bogaerts, A.; Jensen, Ad.
	Title	Plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor: A combined experimental study and kinetic modeling			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Chemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	457	Issue		Pages	141294
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor has emerged as a possible route for electrification of nitrogen fixation. In this study, we use a combination of experiments and a plasma kinetic model to investigate the ammonia synthesis from N2 and H2, both with and without a solid packing material in the plasma zone. The effect of plasma power, feed flow rate, N2:H2 feed ratio, gas residence time, temperature, and packing material (MgAl2O4 alone or impregnated with Co or Ru) on the ammonia synthesis rate were examined in the experiments. The kinetic model was employed to improve our understanding of the ammonia formation pathways and identify possible changes in these pathways when altering the N2:H2 feed ratio. A higher NH3 synthesis rate was achieved when increasing the feed flow rate, as well as when increasing the gas tem-perature from 100 to 200 ◦C when a packing material was present in the plasma. At the elevated temperature of 200 ◦C, an optimum in the NH3 synthesis rate was observed at an equimolar feed ratio (N2:H2 =1:1) for the plasma alone and MgAl2O4, while a N2-rich feed was favored for Ru/MgAl2O4 and Co/MgAl2O4. The optimum in the synthesis rate with the N2-rich feed, where high energy electrons are more likely to collide with N2, suggests that the rate-limiting step is the dissociation of N2 in the gas phase. This is supported by the kinetic model when packing material was used. However, for the plasma alone, the model found that the N2 dissociation is only rate limiting in H2-rich feeds, whereas the limited access to H in N2-rich feeds makes the hydrogenation of N species limiting.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001058978000001	Publication Date	2023-01-05
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	We thank Topsoe A/S for providing the catalytic materials used in the study, the research group PLASMANT (University of Antwerp) for sharing their plasma kinetic model and allocating time on their cluster for the calculations, and the Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering (Technical University of Denmark) for funding the project.			Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1; 2023 IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:195877			Serial	7234
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Wang, Y.; Chen, Y.; Harding, J.; He, H.; Bogaerts, A.; Tu, X.
	Title	Catalyst-free single-step plasma reforming of CH4 and CO2 to higher value oxygenates under ambient conditions			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	Chemical Engineering Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	450	Issue		Pages	137860
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Direct conversion of CH4 and CO2 to liquid fuels and chemicals under mild conditions is appealing for biogas conversion and utilization but challenging due to the inert nature of both gases. Herein, we report a promising plasma process for the catalyst-free single-step conversion of CH4 and CO2 into higher value oxygenates (i.e., methanol, acetic acid, ethanol, and acetone) at ambient pressure and room temperature using a water-cooled dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor, with methanol being the main liquid product. The distribution of liquid products could be tailored by tuning the discharge power, reaction temperature and residence time. Lower discharge powers (10–15 W) and reaction temperatures (5–20 ◦ C) were favourable for the production of liquid products, achieving the highest methanol selectivity of 43% at 5 ◦ C and 15 W. A higher discharge power and reaction temperature, on the other hand, produced more gaseous products, particularly H2 (up to 26% selectivity) and CO (up to 33% selectivity). In addition, varying these process parameters (discharge power, reaction temperature and residence time) resulted in a simultaneous change in key discharge properties, such as mean electron energy (Ee), electron density (ne) and specific energy input (SEI), all of which are essential determiners of plasma chemical reactions. According to the results of artificial neural network (ANN) models, the relative importance of these process parameters and key discharge indicators on reaction performance follows the order: discharge power > reaction temperature > residence time, and SEI > ne > Ee, respectively. This work provides new insights into the contributions and tuning mechanism of multiple parameters for optimizing the reaction performance (e.g., liquid production) in the plasma gas conversion process.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000830813300004	Publication Date	0000-00-00
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	This project received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie SklodowskaCurie grant agreement No. 813393.			Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:189502			Serial	7100
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Van Alphen, S.; Ahmadi Eshtehardi, H.; O'Modhrain, C.; Bogaerts, J.; Van Poyer, H.; Creel, J.; Delplancke, M.-P.; Snyders, R.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Effusion nozzle for energy-efficient NOx production in a rotating gliding arc plasma reactor			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	Chemical Engineering Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	443	Issue		Pages	136529
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Plasma-based NOx production is of interest for sustainable N2 fixation, but more research is needed to improve its performance. One of the current limitations is recombination of NO back into N2 and O2 molecules immediately after the plasma reactor. Therefore, we developed a novel so-called “effusion nozzle”, to improve the performance of a rotating gliding arc plasma reactor for NOx production, but the same principle can also be applied to other plasma types. Experiments in a wide range of applied power, gas flow rates and N2/O2 ratios demonstrate an enhancement in NOx concentration by about 8%, and a reduction in energy cost by 22.5%. In absolute terms, we obtain NOx concentrations up to 5.9%, at an energy cost down to 2.1 MJ/mol, which are the best values reported to date in literature. In addition, we developed four complementary models to describe the gas flow, plasma temperature and plasma chemistry, aiming to reveal why the effusion nozzle yields better performance. Our simulations reveal that the effusion nozzle acts as very efficient heat sink, causing a fast drop in gas temperature when the gas molecules leave the plasma, hence limiting the recombination of NO back into N2 and O2. This yields an overall higher NOx concentration than without the effusion nozzle. This immediate quenching right at the end of the plasma makes our effusion nozzle superior to more conventional cooling options, like water cooling In addition, this higher NOx concentration can be obtained at a slightly lower power, because the effusion nozzle allows for the ignition and sustainment of the plasma at somewhat lower power. Hence, this also explains the lower energy cost. Overall, our experimental results and detailed modeling analysis will be useful to improve plasma-based NOx production in other plasma reactors as well.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000800010600003	Publication Date	0000-00-00
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	This research was supported by the Excellence of Science FWO-FNRS project (FWO grant ID GoF9618n, EOS ID 30505023), the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 810182 – SCOPE ERC Synergy project), and through long-term structural funding (Methusalem). The calculations were performed using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UAntwerpen.			Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:188283			Serial	7057
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Girard-Sahun, F.; Biondo, O.; Trenchev, G.; van Rooij, G.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Carbon bed post-plasma to enhance the CO2 conversion and remove O2 from the product stream			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	Chemical Engineering Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	442	Issue		Pages	136268
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	CO2 conversion by plasma technology is gaining increasing interest. We present a carbon (charcoal) bed placed after a Gliding Arc Plasmatron (GAP) reactor, to enhance the CO2 conversion, promote O/O2 removal and in crease the CO fraction in the exhaust mixture. By means of an innovative (silo) system, the carbon is constantly supplied, to avoid carbon depletion upon reaction with O/O2. Using this carbon bed, the CO2 conversion is enhanced by almost a factor of two (from 7.6 to 12.6%), while the CO concentration even increases by a factor of three (from 7.2 to 21.9%), and O2 is completely removed from the exhaust mixture. Moreover, the energy ef ficiency of the conversion process drastically increases from 27.9 to 45.4%, and the energy cost significantly drops from 41.9 to 25.4 kJ.L− 1. We also present the temperature as a function of distance from the reactor outlet, as well as the CO2, CO and O2 concentrations and the temperature in the carbon bed as a function of time, which is important for understanding the underlying mechanisms. Indeed, these time-resolved measurements reveal that the initial enhancements in CO2 conversion and in CO concentration are not maintained in our current setup. Therefore, we present a model to study the gasification of carbon with different feed gases (i.e., O2, CO and CO2 separately), from which we can conclude that the oxygen coverage at the surface plays a key role in determining the product composition and the rate of carbon consumption. Indeed, our model insights indicate that the drop in CO2 conversion and in CO concentration after a few minutes is attributed to deactivation of the carbon bed, due to rapid formation of oxygen complexes at the surface.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000797716700002	Publication Date	0000-00-00
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	Horizon 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions; European Research Council; This research was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme (grant agreement No 810182 – SCOPE ERC Synergy project) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 813393 (PIONEER). The calculations were performed using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit			Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:188286			Serial	7052
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Girard-Sahun, F.; Biondo, O.; Trenchev, G.; van Rooij, G.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Carbon bed post-plasma to enhance the CO2 conversion and remove O2 from the product stream			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	Chemical Engineering Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	442	Issue		Pages	136268
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	CO2 conversion by plasma technology is gaining increasing interest. We present a carbon (charcoal) bed placed after a Gliding Arc Plasmatron (GAP) reactor, to enhance the CO2 conversion, promote O/O2 removal and in crease the CO fraction in the exhaust mixture. By means of an innovative (silo) system, the carbon is constantly supplied, to avoid carbon depletion upon reaction with O/O2. Using this carbon bed, the CO2 conversion is enhanced by almost a factor of two (from 7.6 to 12.6%), while the CO concentration even increases by a factor of three (from 7.2 to 21.9%), and O2 is completely removed from the exhaust mixture. Moreover, the energy ef ficiency of the conversion process drastically increases from 27.9 to 45.4%, and the energy cost significantly drops from 41.9 to 25.4 kJ.L− 1. We also present the temperature as a function of distance from the reactor outlet, as well as the CO2, CO and O2 concentrations and the temperature in the carbon bed as a function of time, which is important for understanding the underlying mechanisms. Indeed, these time-resolved measurements reveal that the initial enhancements in CO2 conversion and in CO concentration are not maintained in our current setup. Therefore, we present a model to study the gasification of carbon with different feed gases (i.e., O2, CO and CO2 separately), from which we can conclude that the oxygen coverage at the surface plays a key role in determining the product composition and the rate of carbon consumption. Indeed, our model insights indicate that the drop in CO2 conversion and in CO concentration after a few minutes is attributed to deactivation of the carbon bed, due to rapid formation of oxygen complexes at the surface.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000797716700002	Publication Date	0000-00-00
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	15.1	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	Horizon 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions; European Research Council; This research was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme (grant agreement No 810182 – SCOPE ERC Synergy project) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 813393 (PIONEER). The calculations were performed using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UAntwerpen. We also thank R. De Meyer, K. Leyssens and S. Defossé for performing the charcoal characterizations.			Approved	Most recent IF: 15.1
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:188286			Serial	7053
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Martens, T.; Bogaerts, A.; van Dijk, J.
	Title	Pulse shape influence on the atmospheric barrier discharge			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2010	Publication	Applied physics letters	Abbreviated Journal	Appl Phys Lett
	Volume	96	Issue	13	Pages	131503,1-131503,3
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	In this letter we compare the effect of a radio-frequency sine, a low frequency sine, a rectangular and a pulsed dc voltage profile on the calculated electron production and power consumption in the dielectric barrier discharge. We also demonstrate using calculated potential distribution profiles of high time and space resolution how the pulsed dc discharge generates a secondary discharge pulse by deactivating the power supply.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Institute of Physics	Place of Publication	New York, N.Y.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000276275300019	Publication Date	2010-03-31
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.411	Times cited	35	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.411; 2010 IF: 3.841
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:81538			Serial	2738
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Yusupov, M.; Bultinck, E.; Depla, D.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Elucidating the asymmetric behavior of the discharge in a dual magnetron sputter deposition system			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Applied physics letters	Abbreviated Journal	Appl Phys Lett
	Volume	98	Issue	13	Pages	131502-131502,3
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	A magnetron discharge is characterized by drifts of the charged particles guiding center, caused by the magnetic field, in contrast to unmagnetized discharges. Because of these drifts, a pronounced asymmetry of the discharge can be observed in a dual magnetron setup. In this work, it is found that the shape of the discharge in a dual magnetron configuration depends on the magnetic field configuration. In a closed configuration, strong drifts were observed in one preferential direction, whereas in a mirror configuration the deflection of the discharge was not so pronounced. Our calculations confirm experimental observations.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Institute of Physics	Place of Publication	New York, N.Y.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000289153600017	Publication Date	2011-04-01
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.411	Times cited	4	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.411; 2011 IF: 3.844
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:87867			Serial	1026
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	Author	Slaets, J.; Loenders, B.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Plasma-based dry reforming of CH4: Plasma effects vs. thermal conversion			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	Fuel	Abbreviated Journal	Fuel
	Volume	360	Issue		Pages	130650
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	In this work we evaluate the chemical kinetics of dry reforming of methane in warm plasmas (1000–4000 K) using modelling with a newly developed chemistry set, for a broad range of parameters (temperature, power density and CO2/CH4 ratio). We compare the model against thermodynamic equilibrium concentrations, serving as validation of the thermal chemical kinetics. Our model reveals that plasma-specific reactions (i.e., electron impact collisions) accelerate the kinetics compared to thermal conversion, rather than altering the overall kinetics pathways and intermediate products, for gas temperatures below 2000 K. For higher temperatures, the kinetics are dominated by heavy species collisions and are strictly thermal, with negligible influence of the electrons and ions on the overall kinetics. When studying the effects of different gas mixtures on the kinetics, we identify important intermediate species, side reactions and side products. The use of excess CO2 leads to H2O formation, at the expense of H2 formation, and the CO2 conversion itself is limited, only approaching full conversion near 4000 K. In contrast, full conversion of both reactants is only kinetically limited for mixtures with excess CH4, which also gives rise to the formation of C2H2, alongside syngas. Within the given parameter space, our model predicts the 30/70 ratio of CO2/CH4 to be the most optimal for syngas formation with a H2/CO ratio of 2.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001138077700001	Publication Date	2023-12-15
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0016-2361	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.4	Times cited		Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes	This research was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreement No. 810182 – SCOPE ERC Synergy project), the Catalisti-ICON project BluePlasma (Project No. HBC.2022.0445), the FWO-SBO project PlasMaCatDESIGN (FWO Grant ID S001619N), the Independent Research Fund Denmark (Project No. 0217-00231B) and through long-term structural funding (Methusalem). The computational resources and services used in this work were provided by the HPC core facility CalcUA of the Universiteit Antwerpen, and VSC (Flemish Supercomputer Center), funded by the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO) and the Flemish Government. We also thank Bart Wanten, Roel Michiels, Pepijn Heirman, Claudia Verheyen, dr. Senne Van Alphen, dr. Elise Vervloessem, dr. Kevin van ’t Veer, dr. Joshua Boothroyd, dr. Omar Biondo and dr. Eduardo Morais for their expertise and feedback regarding the kinetics scheme.			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.4; 2024 IF: 4.601
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:201669			Serial	8973
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	Author	Mercer, Er.; Van Alphen, S.; van Deursen, Cf.a.m.; Righart, Tw.h.; Bongers, Wa.; Snyders, R.; Bogaerts, A.; van de Sanden, Mc.m.; Peeters, Fj.j.
	Title	Post-plasma quenching to improve conversion and energy efficiency in a CO2 microwave plasma			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Fuel	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	334	Issue		Pages	126734
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Transforming CO2 into value-added chemicals is crucial to realizing a carbon–neutral economy, and plasma-based conversion, a Power-2-X technology, offers a promising route to realizing an efficient and scalable process. This paper investigates the effects of post-plasma placement of a converging–diverging nozzle in a vortex-stabilized 2.45 GHz CO2 microwave plasma reactor to increase energy efficiency and conversion. The CDN leads to a 21 % relative increase in energy efficiency (31 %) and CO2 conversion (13 %) at high flow rates and near-atmospheric conditions. The most significant performance improvement was seen at low flow rates and sub-atmospheric pressure (300 mbar), where energy efficiency was 23 % and conversion was 28 %, a 71 % relative increase over conditions without the CDN. Using CFD simulations, we found that the CDN produces a change in the flow geometry, leading to a confined temperature profile at the height of the plasma, and forced extraction of CO to the post-CDN region.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000891307400008	Publication Date	2022-11-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0016-2361	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.4	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	This research was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No 810182 – SCOPE ERC Synergy project) and the Excellence of Science FWO-FNRS project (FWO grant ID GoF9618n, EOS ID 30505023). The computational resources and services used in this work were provided by the HPC core facility CalcUA of the Universiteit Antwerpen, and VSC (Flemish Supercomputer Center), funded by the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO) and the Flemish Government. In addition, this work has been carried out as part of the Plasma Power to Gas research program with reference 15325, which is by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and Alliander N.V.			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.4; 2023 IF: 4.601
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:192784			Serial	7235
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	Author	Uytdenhouwen, Y.; Bal, Km.; Neyts, Ec.; Meynen, V.; Cool, P.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	On the kinetics and equilibria of plasma-based dry reforming of methane			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2021	Publication	Chemical Engineering Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	405	Issue		Pages	126630
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Laboratory of adsorption and catalysis (LADCA); Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Plasma reactors are interesting for gas-based chemical conversion but the fundamental relation between the plasma chemistry and selected conditions remains poorly understood. Apparent kinetic parameters for the loss and formation processes of individual components of gas conversion processes, can however be extracted by performing experiments in an extended residence time range (2–75 s) and ﬁtting the gas composition to a ﬁrstorder kinetic model of the evolution towards partial chemical equilibrium (PCE). We speciﬁcally investigated the diﬀerences in kinetic characteristics and PCE state of the CO2 dissociation and CH4 reforming reactions in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor (DBD), how these are mutually aﬀected when combining both gases in the dry reforming of methane (DRM) reaction, and how they change when a packing material (non-porous SiO2) is added to the reactor. We ﬁnd that CO2 dissociation is characterized by a comparatively high reaction rate of 0.120 s−1 compared to CH4 reforming at 0.041 s−1; whereas CH4 reforming reaches higher equilibrium conversions, 82% compared to 53.6% for CO2 dissociation. Combining both feed gases makes the DRM reaction to proceed at a relatively high rate (0.088 s−1), and high conversion (75.4%) compared to CO2 dissociation, through accessing new chemical pathways between the products of CO2 and CH4. The addition of the packing material can also distinctly inﬂuence the conversion rate and position of the equilibrium, but its precise eﬀect depends strongly on the gas composition. Comparing diﬀerent CO2:CH4 ratios reveals the delicate balance of the combined chemistry. CO2 drives the loss reactions in DRM, whereas CH4 in the mixture suppresses back reactions. As a result, our methodology provides some of the insight necessary to systematically tune the conversion process.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000621197700003	Publication Date	2020-08-12
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.216	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	The authors acknowledge ﬁnancial support from the European Fund for Regional Development through the cross-border collaborative Interreg V program Flanders-the Netherlands (project EnOp), the Fund for Scientiﬁc Research (FWO; grant number: G.0254.14N), a TOP-BOF project and an IOF-SBO (SynCO2Chem) project from the University of Antwerp.			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:172458			Serial	6411
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	Author	Uytdenhouwen, Y.; Hereijgers, J.; Breugelmans, T.; Cool, P.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	How gas flow design can influence the performance of a DBD plasma reactor for dry reforming of methane			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2021	Publication	Chemical Engineering Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	405	Issue		Pages	126618
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Laboratory of adsorption and catalysis (LADCA); Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT); Applied Electrochemistry & Catalysis (ELCAT)
	Abstract	DBD plasma reactors are commonly used in a static ‘one inlet – one outlet’ design that goes against reactor design principles for multi-component reactions, such as dry reforming of methane (DRM). Therefore, in this paper we have developed a novel reactor design, and investigated how the shape and size of the reaction zone, as well as gradual gas addition, and the method of mixing CO2 and CH4 can influence the conversion and product com position of DRM. Even in the standard ‘one inlet – one outlet’ design, the direction of the gas flow (i.e. short or long path through the reactor, which defines the gas velocity at fixed residence time), as well as the dimensions of the reaction zone and the power delivery to the reactor, largely affect the performance. Using gradual gas addition and separate plasma activation zones for the individual gases give increased conversions within the same operational parameters, by optimising mixing ratios and kinetics. The choice of the main (pre-activated) gas and the direction of gas flow largely affect the conversion and energy cost, while the gas inlet position during separate addition only influences the product distribution.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000626511800005	Publication Date	2020-08-12
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.216	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	Interreg; Flanders; FWO; University of Antwerp; The authors acknowledge financial support from the European Fund for Regional Development through the cross-border collaborative Interreg V program Flanders-the Netherlands (project EnOp), the Fund 13 for Scientific Research (FWO; grant number: G.0254.14N), and an IOFSBO (SynCO2Chem) project from the University of Antwerp.			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.216
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:170609			Serial	6410
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