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	Author	Attri, P.; Yusupov, M.; Park, J.H.; Lingamdinne, L.P.; Koduru, J.R.; Shiratani, M.; Choi, E.H.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Mechanism and comparison of needle-type non-thermal direct and indirect atmospheric pressure plasma jets on the degradation of dyes			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	Scientific reports	Abbreviated Journal	Sci Rep-Uk
	Volume	6	Issue	6	Pages	34419
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Purified water supply for human use, agriculture and industry is the major global priority nowadays. The advanced oxidation process based on atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma (NTP) has been used for purification of wastewater, although the underlying mechanisms of degradation of organic pollutants are still unknown. In this study we employ two needle-type atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma jets, i.e., indirect (ID-APPJ) and direct (D-APPJ) jets operating at Ar feed gas, for the treatment of methylene blue, methyl orange and congo red dyes, for two different times (i.e., 20 min and 30 min). Specifically, we study the decolorization/degradation of all three dyes using the above mentioned plasma sources, by means of UV-Vis spectroscopy, HPLC and a density meter. We also employ mass spectroscopy to verify whether only decolorization or also degradation takes place after treatment of the dyes by the NTP jets. Additionally, we analyze the interaction of OH radicals with all three dyes using reactive molecular dynamics simulations, based on the density functional-tight binding method. This investigation represents the first report on the degradation of these three different dyes by two types of NTP setups, analyzed by various methods, and based on both experimental and computational studies.
	Address	Research Group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Wos	000385172300001	Publication Date	2016-10-06
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2045-2322	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.259	Times cited	23	Open Access
	Notes	We gratefully acknowledge the grant received from the SRC program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Korean Government (MEST) (No. 20100029418). PA is thankful to FY 2015 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) invitation fellowship. This work was partly supported by MEXT KAKENHI Grant Number 24108009 and JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP16H03895. M. Y. gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO), grant number 1200216N. The computational work was carried out using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UA), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UA.			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.259
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:135847			Serial	4283
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	Author	Paulussen, S.; Verheyde, B.; Tu, X.; De Bie, C.; Martens, T.; Petrovic, D.; Bogaerts, A.; Sels, B.
	Title	Conversion of carbon dioxide to value-added chemicals in atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharges			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2010	Publication	Plasma sources science and technology	Abbreviated Journal	Plasma Sources Sci T
	Volume	19	Issue	3	Pages	034015,1-034015,6
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The aim of this work consists of the evaluation of atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharges for the conversion of greenhouse gases into useful compounds. Therefore, pure CO2 feed flows are administered to the discharge zone at varying discharge frequency, power input, gas temperature and feed flow rates, aiming at the formation of CO and O2. The discharge obtained in CO2 is characterized as a filamentary mode with a microdischarge zone in each half cycle of the applied voltage. It is shown that the most important parameter affecting the CO2-conversion levels is the gas flow rate. At low flow rates, both the conversion and the CO-yield are significantly higher. In addition, also an increase in the gas temperature and the power input give rise to higher conversion levels, although the effect on the CO-yield is limited. The optimum discharge frequency depends on the power input level and it cannot be unambiguously stated that higher frequencies give rise to increased conversion levels. A maximum CO2 conversion of 30% is achieved at a flow rate of 0.05 L min−1, a power density of 14.75 W cm−3 and a frequency of 60 kHz. The most energy efficient conversions are achieved at a flow rate of 0.2 L min−1, a power density of 11 W cm−3 and a discharge frequency of 30 kHz.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Institute of Physics	Place of Publication	Bristol	Editor
	Language		Wos	000277982800016	Publication Date	2010-05-22
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0963-0252;1361-6595;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.302	Times cited	116	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.302; 2010 IF: 2.218
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:82408			Serial	512
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	Author	Si, X.-J.; Zhao, S.-X.; Xu, X.; Bogaerts, A.; Wang, Y.-N.
	Title	Fluid simulations of frequency effects on nonlinear harmonics in inductively coupled plasma			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Physics of plasmas	Abbreviated Journal	Phys Plasmas
	Volume	18	Issue	3	Pages	033504-033504,9
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	A fluid model is self-consistently established to investigate the harmonic effects in an inductively coupled plasma, where the electromagnetic field is solved by the finite difference time domain technique. The spatiotemporal distribution of harmonic current density, harmonic potential, and other plasma quantities, such as radio frequency power deposition, plasma density, and electron temperature, have been investigated. Distinct differences in current density have been observed when calculated with and without Lorentz force, which indicates that the nonlinear Lorentz force plays an important role in the harmonic effects, especially at low frequencies. Moreover, the even harmonics are larger than the odd harmonics both in the current density and the potential. Finally, the dependence of various plasma quantities with and without the Lorentz force on various driving frequencies is also examined. It is shown that the deposited power density decreases and the depth of penetration increases slightly because of the Lorentz force. The electron density increases distinctly while the electron temperature remains almost the same when the Lorentz force is taken into account.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Woodbury, N.Y.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000289151900073	Publication Date	2011-03-18
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1070-664X;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.115	Times cited	7	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.115; 2011 IF: 2.147
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:87876			Serial	1233
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	Author	Baguer, N.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Study of the sputtered Cu atoms and Cu⁺ ions in a hollow cathode glow discharge using a hybrid model			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2005	Publication	Journal of applied physics	Abbreviated Journal	J Appl Phys
	Volume	98	Issue	3	Pages	033303,1-033303,11
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The role of the Cu atoms sputtered from the cathode material in a cylindrical hollow cathode discharge (HCD) and the corresponding Cu+ ions are studied with a self-consistent model based on the principle of Monte Carlo (MC) and fluid simulations. In order to obtain a more realistic view of the discharge processes, this model is coupled with other submodels, which describe the behavior of electrons, fast Ar atoms, Ar+ ions, and Ar metastable atoms, also based on the principles of MC and fluid simulations. Typical results are, among others, the thermalization profile of the Cu atoms, the fast Cu atom, the thermal Cu atom and Cu+ ion fluxes and densities, and the energy distribution of the Cu+ ions. It was found that the contribution of the Ar+ ions to the sputtering was the most significant, followed by the fast Ar atoms. At the cathode bottom, there was no net sputtered flux but a net amount of redeposition. Throughout the discharge volume, at all the conditions investigated, the largest concentration of Cu atoms was found in the lower half of the HCD, close to the bottom. Penning ionization was found the main ionization mechanism for the Cu atoms. The ionization degree of copper atoms was found to be in the same order as for the argon atoms (10-4). (c) 2005 American Institute of Physics.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Institute of Physics	Place of Publication	New York, N.Y.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000231246100007	Publication Date	2005-08-08
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8979;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.068	Times cited	18	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.068; 2005 IF: 2.498
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:54597			Serial	3340
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	Author	Zhao, S.-X.; Gao, F.; Wang, Y.-P.; Wang, Y.-N.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Effects of feedstock availability on the negative ion behavior in a C₄F₈ inductively coupled plasma			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Journal of applied physics	Abbreviated Journal	J Appl Phys
	Volume	118	Issue	118	Pages	033301
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	In this paper, the negative ion behavior in a C4F8 inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is investigated using a hybrid model. The model predicts a non-monotonic variation of the total negative ion density with power at low pressure (1030 mTorr), and this trend agrees well with experiments that were carried out in many fluorocarbon (fc) ICP sources, like C2F6, CHF3, and C4F8. This behavior is explained by the availability of feedstock C4F8 gas as a source of the negative ions, as well as by the presence of low energy electrons due to vibrational excitation at low power. The maximum of the negative ion density shifts to low power values upon decreasing pressure, because of the more pronounced depletion of C4F8 molecules, and at high pressure (∼50 mTorr), the anion density continuously increases with power, which is similar to fc CCP sources. Furthermore, the negative ion composition is identified in this paper. Our work demonstrates that for a clear understanding of the negative ion behavior in radio frequency C4F8 plasma sources, one needs to take into account many factors, like the attachment characteristics, the anion composition, the spatial profiles, and the reactor configuration. Finally, a detailed comparison of our simulation results with experiments is conducted.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Institute of Physics	Place of Publication	New York, N.Y.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000358429200004	Publication Date	2015-07-20
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8979;1089-7550;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.068	Times cited	1	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.068; 2015 IF: 2.183
	Call Number	c:irua:126735			Serial	861
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	Author	Yusupov, M.; Bultinck, E.; Depla, D.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Behavior of electrons in a dual-magnetron sputter deposition system : a Monte Carlo model			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	New journal of physics	Abbreviated Journal	New J Phys
	Volume	13	Issue		Pages	033018-033018,17
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	A Monte Carlo model has been developed for investigating the electron behavior in a dual-magnetron sputter deposition system. To describe the three-dimensional (3D) geometry, different reference frames, i.e. a local and a global coordinate system, were used. In this study, the influence of both closed and mirror magnetic field configurations on the plasma properties is investigated. In the case of a closed magnetic field configuration, the calculated electron trajectories show that if an electron is emitted in (or near) the center of the cathode, where the influence of the magnetic field is low, it is able to travel from one magnetron to the other. On the other hand, when an electron is created at the race track area, it is more or less trapped in the strong magnetic field and cannot easily escape to the second magnetron region. In the case of a mirror magnetic field configuration, irrespective of where the electron is emitted from the cathode, it cannot travel from one magnetron to the other because the magnetic field lines guide the electron to the substrate. Moreover, the electron density and electron impact ionization rate have been calculated and studied in detail for both configurations.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Bristol	Editor
	Language		Wos	000289064600001	Publication Date	2011-03-15
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1367-2630;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.786	Times cited	12	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.786; 2011 IF: 4.177
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:87544			Serial	224
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	Author	Van Gaens, W.; Iseni, S.; Schmidt-Bleker, A.; Weltmann, K.-D.; Reuter, S.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Numerical analysis of the effect of nitrogen and oxygen admixtures on the chemistry of an argon plasma jet operating at atmospheric pressure			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	New journal of physics	Abbreviated Journal	New J Phys
	Volume	17	Issue	17	Pages	033003
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	In this paper we study the cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet, called kinpen, operating in Ar with different admixture fractions up to 1% pure , and + . Moreover, the device is operating with a gas curtain of dry air. The absolute net production rates of the biologically active ozone () and nitrogen dioxide () species are measured in the far effluent by quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy in the mid-infrared. Additionally, a zero-dimensional semi-empirical reaction kinetics model is used to calculate the net production rates of these reactive molecules, which are compared to the experimental data. The latter model is applied throughout the entire plasma jet, starting already within the device itself. Very good qualitative and even quantitative agreement between the calculated and measured data is demonstrated. The numerical model thus yields very useful information about the chemical pathways of both the and the generation. It is shown that the production of these species can be manipulated by up to one order of magnitude by varying the amount of admixture or the admixture type, since this affects the electron kinetics significantly at these low concentration levels.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Bristol	Editor
	Language		Wos	000352898500003	Publication Date	2015-03-03
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1367-2630;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.786	Times cited	29	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.786; 2015 IF: 3.558
	Call Number	c:irua:124228			Serial	2391
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	Author	Andersen, J.A.; Christensen, J.M.; Østberg, M.; Bogaerts, A.; Jensen, A.D.
	Title	Plasma-catalytic ammonia decomposition using a packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge reactor			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	International Journal Of Hydrogen Energy	Abbreviated Journal	Int J Hydrogen Energ
	Volume	47	Issue	75	Pages	32081-32091
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Plasma-catalytic ammonia decomposition as a method for producing hydrogen was studied in a packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor at ambient pressure and a fixed plasma power. The influence of packing the plasma zone with various dielectric materials, typically used as catalyst supports, was examined. At conditions (21 W, 75 Nml/min NH3) where an NH3 conversion of 5% was achieved with plasma alone, an improved decomposition was found when introducing dielectric materials with dielectric constants between 4 and 30. Of the tested materials, MgAl2O4 yielded the highest conversion (15.1%). The particle size (0.3-1.4 mm) of the MgAl2O4 packing was found to have a modest influence on the conversion, which dropped from 15.1% to 12.6% with increasing particle size. Impregnation of MgAl2O4 with different metals was found to decrease the NH3 conversion, with the Ni impregnation still showing an improved conversion (7%) compared to plasma-only. The plasma-assisted ammonia decomposition occurs in the gas phase due to micro-discharges, as evident from a linear correlation between the conversion and the frequency of micro-discharges for both plasma alone and with the various solid packing materials. The primary function of the solid is thus to facilitate the gas phase reaction by assisting the creation of micro-discharges. Lastly, insulation of the reactor to raise the temperature to 230 degrees C in the plasma zone was found to have a negative effect on the conversion, as a change from volume discharges to surface discharges occurred. The study shows that NH3 can be decomposed to provide hydrogen by exposure to a non-thermal plasma, but further developments are needed for it to become an energy efficient technology. (C)2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000865421200012	Publication Date	2022-08-17
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0360-3199	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.2	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 7.2
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:191512			Serial	7191
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	Author	Eckert, M.; Neyts, E.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	On the reaction behaviour of hydrocarbon species at diamond (1 0 0) and (1 1 1) surfaces: a molecular dynamics investigation			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2008	Publication	Journal of physics: D: applied physics	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys D Appl Phys
	Volume	41	Issue		Pages	032006,1-3
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos	000253177800006	Publication Date	2008-01-09
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-3727;1361-6463;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.588	Times cited	17	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.588; 2008 IF: 2.104
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:66107			Serial	2449
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	Author	Vanraes, P.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Plasma physics of liquids—A focused review			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2018	Publication	Applied physics reviews	Abbreviated Journal	Appl Phys Rev
	Volume	5	Issue	3	Pages	031103
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The interaction of plasma with liquids has led to various established industrial implementations as well as promising applications, including high-voltage switching, chemical analysis, nanomaterial synthesis, and plasma medicine. Along with these numerous accomplishments, the physics of plasma in liquid or in contact with a liquid surface has emerged as a bipartite research field, for which we introduce here the term “plasma physics of liquids.” Despite the intensive research investments during the recent decennia, this field is plagued by some controversies and gaps in knowledge, which might restrict further progress. The main difficulties in understanding revolve around the basic mechanisms of plasma initiation in the liquid phase and the electrical interactions at a plasma-liquid interface, which require an interdisciplinary approach. This review aims to provide the wide applied physics community with a general overview of the field, as well as the opportunities for interdisciplinary research on topics, such as nanobubbles and the floating water bridge, and involving the research domains of amorphous semiconductors, solid state physics, thermodynamics, material science, analytical chemistry, electrochemistry, and molecular dynamics simulations. In addition, we provoke awareness of experts in the field on yet underappreciated question marks. Accordingly, a strategy for future experimental and simulation work is proposed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000446117000003	Publication Date	2018-07-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1931-9401	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	13.667	Times cited	33	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	P. Vanraes acknowledges funding by a University of Antwerp BOF grant. The authors express their gratitude to Professor Dr. Peter Bruggeman (University of Minnesota, USA) for very useful comments on a draft of Sec. III C. P. Vanraes is very grateful to Professor Dr. Lars Pettersson (Stockholm University, Sweden) for the interesting discussions on the microscopic structure of water, to Dr. Xiaolong Deng (National University of Defense Technology, China) for his help with the figures, to Dr. Anton Nikiforov (Ghent University, Belgium) for the help with retrieving the relevant chapter of Ref. 319, and to Dr. Tatiana Nikitenko (Vitebst State Masherov University, Belarus), Katja Nygard (Netherlands), Iryna Kuchakova (Ghent University, Belgium), and Mindaugas Kersys (Lithuania) for their tremendous help with the translation of the corresponding chapter.			Approved	Most recent IF: 13.667
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:152823			Serial	5001
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	Author	Tinck, S.; Neyts, E.C.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Fluorinesilicon surface reactions during cryogenic and near room temperature etching			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2014	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	118	Issue	51	Pages	30315-30324
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Cyrogenic etching of silicon is envisaged to enable better control over plasma processing in the microelectronics industry, albeit little is known about the fundamental differences compared to the room temperature process. We here present molecular dynamics simulations carried out to obtain sticking probabilities, thermal desorption rates, surface diffusion speeds, and sputter yields of F, F2, Si, SiF, SiF2, SiF3, SiF4, and the corresponding ions on Si(100) and on SiF13 surfaces, both at cryogenic and near room temperature. The different surface behavior during conventional etching and cryoetching is discussed. F2 is found to be relatively reactive compared to other species like SiF03. Thermal desorption occurs at a significantly lower rate under cryogenic conditions, which results in an accumulation of physisorbed species. Moreover, ion incorporation is often observed for ions with energies of 30400 eV, which results in a relatively low net sputter yield. The obtained results suggest that the actual etching of Si, under both cryogenic and near room temperature conditions, is based on the complete conversion of the Si surface to physisorbed SiF4, followed by subsequent sputtering of these molecules, instead of direct sputtering of the SiF03 surface.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000347360200101	Publication Date	2014-11-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447;1932-7455;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	11	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536; 2014 IF: 4.772
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:122957			Serial	1239
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	Author	Snoeckx, R.; Zeng, Y.X.; Tu, X.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Plasma-based dry reforming : improving the conversion and energy efficiency in a dielectric barrier discharge			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	RSC advances	Abbreviated Journal	Rsc Adv
	Volume	5	Issue	5	Pages	29799-29808
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Dry reforming of methane has gained significant interest over the years. A novel reforming technique with great potential is plasma technology. One of its drawbacks, however, is energy consumption. Therefore, we performed an extensive computational study, supported by experiments, aiming to identify the influence of the operating parameters (gas mixture, power, residence time and frequency) of a dielectric barrier discharge plasma on the conversion and energy efficiency, and to investigate which of these parameters lead to the most promising results and whether these are eventually sufficient for industrial implementation. The best results, in terms of both energy efficiency and conversion, are obtained at a specific energy input (SEI) of 100 J cm−3, a 1090 CH4CO2 ratio, 10 Hz, a residence time of 1 ms, resulting in a total conversion of 84% and an energy efficiency of 8.5%. In general, increasing the CO2 content in the gas mixture leads to a higher conversion and energy efficiency. The SEI couples the effect of the power and residence time, and increasing the SEI always results in a higher conversion, but somewhat lower energy efficiencies. The effect of the frequency is more complicated: we observed that the product of frequency (f) and residence time (τ), being a measure for the total number of micro-discharge filaments which the gas molecules experience when passing through the reactor, was critical. For most cases, a higher number of filaments yields higher values for conversion and energy efficiency. To benchmark our model predictions, we also give an overview of measured conversions and energy efficiencies reported in the literature, to indicate the potential for improvement compared to the state-of-the art. Finally, we identify the limitations as well as the benefits and future possibilities of plasma technology.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000352789500026	Publication Date	2015-03-19
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2046-2069;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.108	Times cited	67	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.108; 2015 IF: 3.840
	Call Number	c:irua:132577			Serial	2629
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	Author	Wende, K.; Williams, P.; Dalluge, J.; Van Gaens, W.; Aboubakr, H.; Bischof, J.; von Woedtke, T.; Goyal, S.M.; Weltmann, K.D.; Bogaerts, A.; Masur, K.; Bruggeman, P.J.;
	Title	Identification of the biologically active liquid chemistry induced by a nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma jet			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Biointerphases	Abbreviated Journal	Biointerphases
	Volume	10	Issue	10	Pages	029518
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The mechanism of interaction of cold nonequilibrium plasma jets with mammalian cells in physiologic liquid is reported. The major biological active species produced by an argon RF plasma jet responsible for cell viability reduction are analyzed by experimental results obtained through physical, biological, and chemical diagnostics. This is complemented with chemical kinetics modeling of the plasma source to assess the dominant reactive gas phase species. Different plasma chemistries are obtained by changing the feed gas composition of the cold argon based RF plasma jet from argon, humidified argon (0.27%), to argon/oxygen (1%) and argon/air (1%) at constant power. A minimal consensus physiologic liquid was used, providing isotonic and isohydric conditions and nutrients but is devoid of scavengers or serum constituents. While argon and humidified argon plasma led to the creation of hydrogen peroxide dominated action on the mammalian cells, argonoxygen and argonair plasma created a very different biological action and was characterized by trace amounts of hydrogen peroxide only. In particular, for the argonoxygen (1%), the authors observed a strong negative effect on mammalian cell proliferation and metabolism. This effect was distance dependent and showed a half life time of 30 min in a scavenger free physiologic buffer. Neither catalase and mannitol nor superoxide dismutase could rescue the cell proliferation rate. The strong distance dependency of the effect as well as the low water solubility rules out a major role for ozone and singlet oxygen but suggests a dominant role of atomic oxygen. Experimental results suggest that O reacts with chloride, yielding Cl2 − or ClO−. These chlorine species have a limited lifetime under physiologic conditions and therefore show a strong time dependent biological activity. The outcomes are compared with an argon MHz plasma jet (kinpen) to assess the differences between these (at least seemingly) similar plasma sources.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000357195600036	Publication Date	2015-05-06
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1934-8630;1559-4106;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.603	Times cited	137	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.603; 2015 IF: 3.374
	Call Number	c:irua:126774			Serial	1549
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	Author	Khosravian, N.; Bogaerts, A.; Huygh, S.; Yusupov, M.; Neyts, E.C.
	Title	How do plasma-generated OH radicals react with biofilm components? Insights from atomic scale simulations			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Biointerphases	Abbreviated Journal	Biointerphases
	Volume	10	Issue	10	Pages	029501
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The application of nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma is emerging as an alternative and efficient technique for the inactivation of bacterial biofilms. In this study, reactive molecular dynamics simulations were used to examine the reaction mechanisms of hydroxyl radicals, as key reactive oxygen plasma species in biological systems, with several organic molecules (i.e., alkane, alcohol, carboxylic acid, and amine), as prototypical components of biomolecules in the biofilm. Our results demonstrate that organic molecules containing hydroxyl and carboxyl groups may act as trapping agents for the OH radicals. Moreover, the impact of OH radicals on N-acetyl-glucosamine, as constituent component of staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms, was investigated. The results show how impacts of OH radicals lead to hydrogen abstraction and subsequent molecular damage. This study thus provides new data on the reaction mechanisms of plasma species, and particularly the OH radicals, with fundamental components of bacterial biofilms.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000357195600019	Publication Date	2014-12-17
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1934-8630;1559-4106;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.603	Times cited	10	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.603; 2015 IF: 3.374
	Call Number	c:irua:121371			Serial	1492
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	Author	Georgieva, V.; Bogaerts, A.; Gijbels, R.
	Title	Numerical investigation of ion energy distribution functions in single and dual frequency capacitively coupled plasma reactors			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2004	Publication	Physical review : E : statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics	Abbreviated Journal	Phys Rev E
	Volume	69	Issue		Pages	026406
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Lancaster, Pa	Editor
	Language		Wos	000220255500058	Publication Date	2004-02-24
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1539-3755;1550-2376;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.366	Times cited	97	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.366; 2004 IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:44025			Serial	2395
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	Author	de Bleecker, K.; Bogaerts, A.; Goedheer, W.
	Title	Detailed modeling of hydrocarbon nanoparticle nucleation in acetylene discharges			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2006	Publication	Physical review : E : statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics	Abbreviated Journal	Phys Rev E
	Volume	73	Issue	2	Pages	026405,1-16
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The initial stage of nanoparticle formation and growth in radiofrequency acetylene (C2H2) plasmas is investigated by means of a self-consistent one-dimensional fluid model. A detailed chemical kinetic scheme, containing electron impact, ion-neutral, and neutral-neutral reactions, has been developed in order to predict the underlying dust growth mechanisms and the most important dust precursors. The model considers 41 different species (neutrals, radicals, ions, and electrons) describing hydrocarbons (CnHm) containing up to 12 carbon atoms. Possible routes for particle growth are discussed. Both positive and negative ion reaction pathways are considered, as consecutive anion- and cation-molecule reactions seem to lead to a fast build up of the carbon skeleton.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Lancaster, Pa	Editor
	Language		Wos	000235667700086	Publication Date	2006-03-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1539-3755;1550-2376;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.366	Times cited	89	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.366; 2006 IF: 2.438
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:56337			Serial	666
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	Author	Zhang, Y.-R.; Neyts, E.C.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Influence of the Material Dielectric Constant on Plasma Generation inside Catalyst Pores			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	120	Issue	120	Pages	25923-25934
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Plasma catalysis is gaining increasing interest for various environmental applications, but the crucial question is whether plasma can be created inside catalyst pores and under which conditions. In practice, various catalytic support materials are used, with various dielectric constants. We investigate here the influence of the dielectric constant on the plasma properties inside catalyst pores and in the sheath in front of the pores, for various pore sizes. The calculations are performed by a two-dimensional fluid model for an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge in helium. The electron impact ionization rate, electron temperature, electron and ion density, as well as the potential distribution and surface charge density, are analyzed for a better understanding of the discharge behavior inside catalyst pores. The results indicate that, in a 100 μm pore, the electron impact ionization in the pore, which is characteristic for the plasma generation inside the pore, is greatly enhanced for dielectric constants below 300. Smaller pore sizes only yield enhanced ionization for smaller dielectric constants, i.e., up to εr = 200, 150, and 50 for pore sizes of 50, 30, and 10 μm. Thus, the most common catalyst supports, i.e., Al2O3 and SiO2, which have dielectric constants around εr = 8−11 and 4.2, respectively, should allow more easily that microdischarges can be formed inside catalyst pores, even for smaller pore sizes. On the other hand, ferroelectric materials with dielectric constants above 300 never seem to yield plasma enhancement inside catalyst pores, not even for 100 μm pore sizes. Furthermore, it is clear that the dielectric constant of the material has a large effect on the extent of plasma enhancement inside the catalyst pores, especially in the range between εr = 4 and εr = 200. The obtained results are explained in detail based on the surface charge density at the pore walls, and the potential distribution and electron temperature inside and above the pores. The results obtained with this model are important for plasma catalysis, as the production plasma species in catalyst pores might affect the catalyst properties, and thus improve the applications of plasma catalysis.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000388429100029	Publication Date	2016-11-17
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	34	Open Access
	Notes	This work was supported by the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO) (Grant G.0217.14N), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 11405019), and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant 2015T80244). This work was carried out in part using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen, a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI), and the University of Antwerp.			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:138602			Serial	4319
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	Author	Vermeiren, V.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Supersonic Microwave Plasma: Potential and Limitations for Energy-Efficient CO₂Conversion			Type	A1 Journal Article
	Year	2018	Publication	Journal Of Physical Chemistry C	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	122	Issue	45	Pages	25869-25881
	Keywords	A1 Journal Article; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
	Abstract	Supersonic flows provide a high thermodynamic nonequilibrium, which is crucial for energy-efficient conversion of CO 2 in microwave plasmas and are therefore of great interest. However, the effect of the flow on the chemical reactions is poorly understood. In this work, we present a combined flow and plasma chemical kinetics model of a microwave CO 2 plasma in a Laval nozzle setup. The effects of the flow field on the different dissociation and recombination mechanisms, the vibrational distribution, and the vibrational transfer mechanism are discussed. In addition, the effect of experimental parameters, like position of power deposition, outlet pressure, and specific energy input, on the CO 2 conversion and energy efficiency is examined. The short residence time of the gas in the plasma region, the shockwave, and the maximum critical heat, and thus power, that can be added to the flow to avoid thermal choking are the main obstacles to reaching high energy efficiencies.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000451101400016	Publication Date	2018-11-15
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	5	Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes	Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, G.0383.16N ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:155412			Serial	5070
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	Author	Michiels, R.; Engelmann, Y.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Plasma Catalysis for CO₂Hydrogenation: Unlocking New Pathways toward CH₃OH			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2020	Publication	Journal Of Physical Chemistry C	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	124	Issue	47	Pages	25859-25872
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT); Movement Antwerp (MOVANT)
	Abstract	We developed a microkinetic model to reveal the eﬀects of plasma-generated radicals, intermediates, and vibrationally excited species on the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to CH3OH on a Cu(111) surface. As a benchmark, we ﬁrst present the mechanisms of thermal catalytic CH3OH formation. Our model predicts that the reverse water-gas shift reaction followed by CO hydrogenation, together with the formate path, mainly contribute to CH3OH formation in thermal catalysis. Adding plasma-generated radicals and intermediates results in a higher CH3OH turnover frequency (TOF) by six to seven orders of magnitude, showing the potential of plasma-catalytic CO2 hydrogenation into CH3OH, in accordance with the literature. In addition, CO2 vibrational excitation further increases the CH3OH TOF, but the eﬀect is limited due to relatively low vibrational temperatures under typical plasma catalysis conditions. The predicted increase in CH3OH formation by plasma catalysis is mainly attributed to the increased importance of the formate path. In addition, the conversion of plasma-generated CO to HCO* and subsequent HCOO* or H2CO* formation contribute to CH3OH formation. Both pathways bypass the HCOO* formation from CO2, which is the main bottleneck in the process. Hence, our model points toward the important role of CO, but also O, OH, and H radicals, as they inﬂuence the reactions that consume CO2 and CO. In addition, our model reveals that the H pressure should not be smaller than ca. half of the O pressure in the plasma as this would cause O* poisoning, which would result in very small product TOFs. Thus, plasma conditions should be targeted with a high CO and H content as this is favorable for CH3OH formation, while the O content should be minimized.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000595545800023	Publication Date	2020-11-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.7	Times cited		Open Access	Not_Open_Access: Available from 15.07.2021
	Notes	Universiteit Antwerpen; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, 1114921N ; H2020 European Research Council, 810182 ; We acknowledge the ﬁnancial support from the Fund for Scientiﬁc Research (FWO-Vlaanderen; grant ID 1114921N) and from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 810182 − SCOPE ERC Synergy project) as well as from the DOC-PRO3 and the TOPBOF projects of the University of Antwerp.			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.7; 2020 IF: 4.536
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:173864			Serial	6443
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	Author	De Bie, C.; van Dijk, J.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	CO₂Hydrogenation in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Revealed			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	120	Issue	120	Pages	25210-25224
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The hydrogenation of carbon dioxide in a dielectric barrier discharge plasma is studied with a one-dimensional fluid model. The spatially averaged densities of the most important end products formed in the CO2/H2 mixture are determined as a function of the initial gas mixing ratio. CO and H2O are found to be present at the highest densities and to a lower content also CH4, C2H6, CH2O, CH3OH, O2, and some other higher hydrocarbons and oxygenates. The main underlying reaction pathways for the conversion of the inlet gases and the formation of CO, CH4, CH2O, and CH3OH are pointed out for various gas mixing ratios. The CO2 conversion and the production of value added products is found to be quite low, also in comparison to a CO2/CH4 mixture, and this can be explained by the model.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000387737900007	Publication Date	2016-11-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	16	Open Access
	Notes	Federaal Wetenschapsbeleid; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek;			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:140082 c:irua:139167			Serial	4414
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	Author	Yusupov, M.; Neyts, E.C.; Simon, P.; Berdiyorov, G.; Snoeckx, R.; van Duin, A.C.T.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Reactive molecular dynamics simulations of oxygen species in a liquid water layer of interest for plasma medicine			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2014	Publication	Journal of physics: D: applied physics	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys D Appl Phys
	Volume	47	Issue	2	Pages	025205-25209
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The application of atmospheric pressure plasmas in medicine is increasingly gaining attention in recent years, although very little is currently known about the plasma-induced processes occurring on the surface of living organisms. It is known that most bio-organisms, including bacteria, are coated by a liquid film surrounding them, and there might be many interactions between plasma species and the liquid layer before the plasma species reach the surface of the bio-organisms. Therefore, it is essential to study the behaviour of the reactive species in a liquid film, in order to determine whether these species can travel through this layer and reach the biomolecules, or whether new species are formed along the way. In this work, we investigate the interaction of reactive oxygen species (i.e. O, OH, HO2 and H2O2) with water, which is assumed as a simple model system for the liquid layer surrounding biomolecules. Our computational investigations show that OH, HO2 and H2O2 can travel deep into the liquid layer and are hence in principle able to reach the bio-organism. Furthermore, O, OH and HO2 radicals react with water molecules through hydrogen-abstraction reactions, whereas no H-abstraction reaction takes place in the case of H2O2. This study is important to gain insight into the fundamental operating mechanisms in plasma medicine, in general, and the interaction mechanisms of plasma species with a liquid film, in particular.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos	000329108000013	Publication Date	2013-12-13
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-3727;1361-6463;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.588	Times cited	51	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.588; 2014 IF: 2.721
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:112286			Serial	2823
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	Author	Gul, B.; Tinck, S.; De Schepper, P.; Aman-ur-Rehman; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Numerical investigation of HBr/He transformer coupled plasmas used for silicon etching			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Journal of physics: D: applied physics	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys D Appl Phys
	Volume	48	Issue	48	Pages	025202
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	A two-dimensional hybrid Monte Carlofluid model is applied to study HBr/He inductively coupled plasmas used for etching of Si. Complete sets of gas-phase and surface reactions are presented and the effects of the gas mixing ratio on the plasma characteristics and on the etch rates are discussed. A comparison with experimentally measured etch rates is made to validate the modelling results. The etch rate in the HBr plasma is found to be quite low under the investigated conditions compared to typical etch rates of Si with F- or Cl-containing gases. This allows for a higher control and fine-tuning of the etch rate when creating ultra-small features. Our calculations predict a higher electron temperature at higher He fraction, because the electrons do not lose their energy so efficiently in vibrational and rotational excitations. As a consequence, electron impact ionization and dissociation become more important, yielding higher densities of ions, electrons and H atoms. This results in more pronounced sputtering of the surface. Nevertheless, the overall etch rate decreases upon increasing He fraction, suggesting that chemical etching is still the determining factor for the overall etch rate.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos	000347980100011	Publication Date	2014-12-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-3727;1361-6463;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.588	Times cited	7	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.588; 2015 IF: 2.721
	Call Number	c:irua:121335			Serial	2394
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	Author	Zhang, Q.-Z.; Liu, Y.-X.; Jiang, W.; Bogaerts, A.; Wang, Y.-N.
	Title	Heating mechanism in direct current superposed single-frequency and dual-frequency capacitively coupled plasmas			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Plasma sources science and technology	Abbreviated Journal	Plasma Sources Sci T
	Volume	22	Issue	2	Pages	025014-25018
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	In this work particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision simulations are performed to study the heating mechanism and plasma characteristics in direct current (dc) superposed radio-frequency (RF) capacitively coupled plasmas, operated both in single-frequency (SF) and dual-frequency (DF) regimes. An RF (60/2 MHz) source is applied on the bottom electrode to sustain the discharge, and a dc source is fixed on the top electrode. The heating mechanism appears to be very different in dc superposed SF and DF discharges. When only a single source of 60 MHz is applied, the plasma bulk region is reduced by the dc source, thus the ionization rate and hence the electron density decrease with rising dc voltage. However, when a DF source of 60 and 2 MHz is applied, the electron density can increase upon addition of a dc voltage, depending on the gap length and applied dc voltage. This is explained from the spatiotemporal ionization rates in the DF discharge. In fact, a completely different behavior is observed for the ionization rate in the two half-periods of the LF source. In the first LF half-period, the situation resembles the dc superposed SF discharge, and the reduced plasma bulk region due to the negative dc bias results in a very small effective discharge area and a low ionization rate. On the other hand, in the second half-period, the negative dc bias is to some extent counteracted by the LF voltage, and the sheath close to the dc electrode becomes particularly thin. Consequently, the amplitude of the high-frequency sheath oscillations at the top electrode is largely enhanced, while the LF sheath at the bottom electrode is in its expanding phase and can thus well confine the high-energy electrons. Therefore, the ionization rate increases considerably in this second LF half-period. Furthermore, in addition to the comparison between SF and DF discharges and the effect of gap length and dc voltage, the effect of secondary electrons is examined.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Institute of Physics	Place of Publication	Bristol	Editor
	Language		Wos	000317275400016	Publication Date	2013-03-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0963-0252;1361-6595;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.302	Times cited	9	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.302; 2013 IF: 3.056
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:106877			Serial	1413
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	Author	Ozkan, A.; Dufour, T.; Silva, T.; Britun, N.; Snyders, R.; Bogaerts, A.; Reniers, F.
	Title	The influence of power and frequency on the filamentary behavior of a flowing DBD—application to the splitting of CO₂			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	Plasma sources science and technology	Abbreviated Journal	Plasma Sources Sci T
	Volume	25	Issue	25	Pages	025013
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	In this experimental study, a flowing dielectric barrier discharge operating at atmospheric pressure is used for the splitting of CO2 into O2 and CO. The influence of the applied frequency and plasma power on the microdischarge properties is investigated to understand their role on the CO2 conversion. Electrical measurements are carried out to explain the conversion trends and to characterize the microdischarges through their number, their lifetime, their intensity and the induced electrical charge. Their influence on the gas and electrode temperatures is also evidenced through optical emission spectroscopy and infrared imaging. It is shown that, in our configuration, the conversion depends mostly on the charge delivered in the plasma and not on the effective plasma voltage when the applied power is modified. Similarly, at constant total current, a better conversion is observed at low frequencies, where a less filamentary discharge regime with a higher effective plasma voltage than that at a higher frequency is obtained.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000372337900015	Publication Date	2016-02-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0963-0252	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.302	Times cited	40	Open Access
	Notes	The authors acknowledge financial support from the IAPVII/ 12, P7/34 (Inter-university Attraction Pole) program ‘PSI-Physical Chemistry of Plasma-Surface Interactions’, financially supported by the Belgian Federal Office for Science Policy (BELSPO). A Ozkan would like to thank the financial support given by ‘Fonds David et Alice Van Buuren’. N Britun is a postdoctoral researcher of the F.R.S.-FNRS, Belgium.			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.302
	Call Number	c:irua:131904			Serial	4021
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	Author	Liu, Y.-X.; Zhang, Q.-Z.; Liu, L.; Song, Y.-H.; Bogaerts, A.; Wang, Y.-N.
	Title	Electron bounce resonance heating in dual-frequency capacitively coupled oxygen discharges			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Plasma sources science and technology	Abbreviated Journal	Plasma Sources Sci T
	Volume	22	Issue	2	Pages	025012-11
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The electron bounce resonance heating (BRH) in dual-frequency capacitively coupled plasmas operated in oxygen is studied by different experimental methods and a particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision (PIC/MCC) simulation, and compared with the electropositive argon discharge. In comparison with argon, the experimental results show that in an oxygen discharge the resonance peaks in positive-ion density and light intensity tend to occur at larger electrode gaps. Moreover, at electrode gaps L > 2.5 cm, the positive-ion (and electron) density and the light emission drop monotonically in the oxygen discharge upon increasing L, whereas they rise (after an initial drop) in the argon case. At resonance gap the electronegativity reaches its maximum due to the BRH. All these experimental observations are explained by PIC/MCC simulations, which show that in the oxygen discharge the bulk electric field becomes quite strong and is out of phase with the sheath field. Therefore, it retards the resonance electrons when traversing the bulk, resulting in a suppressed BRH. Both experiment and simulation results show that this effect becomes more pronounced at lower high-frequency power, when the discharge mode changes from electropositive to electronegative. In a pure oxygen discharge, the BRH is suppressed with increasing pressure and almost diminishes at 12 Pa. Finally, the driving frequency significantly affects the BRH, because it determines the phase relation between bulk electric field and sheath electric field.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Institute of Physics	Place of Publication	Bristol	Editor
	Language		Wos	000317275400014	Publication Date	2013-03-18
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0963-0252;1361-6595;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.302	Times cited	20	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.302; 2013 IF: 3.056
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:106534			Serial	911
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	Author	Sun, S.R.; Wang, H.X.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Chemistry reduction of complex CO₂chemical kinetics: application to a gliding arc plasma			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2020	Publication	Plasma Sources Science & Technology	Abbreviated Journal	Plasma Sources Sci T
	Volume	29	Issue	2	Pages	025012
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	A gliding arc (GA) plasma has great potential for CO2 conversion into value-added chemicals, because of its high energy efﬁciency. To improve the application, a 2D/3D ﬂuid model is needed to investigate the CO2 conversion mechanisms in the actual discharge geometry. Therefore, the complex CO2 chemical kinetics description must be reduced due to the huge computational cost associated with 2D/3D models. This paper presents a chemistry reduction method for CO2 plasmas, based on the so-called directed relation graph method. Depending on the deﬁned threshold values, some marginal species are identiﬁed. By means of a sensitivity analysis, we can further reduce the chemistry set by removing one by one the marginal species. Based on the socalled ﬂux-sensitivity coupling, we obtain a reduced CO2 kinetics model, consisting of 36 or 15 species (depending on whether the 21 asymmetric mode vibrational states of CO2 are explicitly included or lumped into one group), which is applied to a GA discharge. The results are compared with those predicted with the full chemistry set, and very good agreement is reached. Moreover, the range of validity of the reduced CO2 chemistry set is checked, telling us that this reduced set is suitable for low power GA discharges. Finally, the time and spatial evolution of the CO2 plasma characteristics are presented, based on a 2D model with the reduced kinetics.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000525600600001	Publication Date	2020-02-11
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1361-6595	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.8	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	We acknowledge ﬁnancial support from the Fund for Scientiﬁc Research Flanders (FWO; Grant No. G.0383.16 N). The calculations were performed using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UAntwerpen. This work was also supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. (Grant Nos. 11735004, 11575019). SR Sun thanks the ﬁnancial support from the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents (BX20180029).			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.8; 2020 IF: 3.302
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:167135			Serial	6338
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	Author	Van Laer, K.; Tinck, S.; Samara, V.; de Marneffe, J.F.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Etching of low-k materials for microelectronics applications by means of a N₂/H₂ plasma : modeling and experimental investigation			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Plasma sources science and technology	Abbreviated Journal	Plasma Sources Sci T
	Volume	22	Issue	2	Pages	025011-25019
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	In this paper, we investigate the etch process of so-called low-k organic material by means of a N2/H2 capacitively coupled plasma, as applied in the micro-electronics industry for the manufacturing of computer chips. In recent years, such an organic material has emerged as a possible alternative for replacing bulk SiO2 as a dielectric material in the back-end-of-line, because of the smaller parasitic capacity between adjacent conducting lines, and thus a faster propagation of the electrical signals throughout the chip. Numerical simulations with a hybrid plasma model, using an extensive plasma and surface chemistry set, as well as experiments are performed, focusing on the plasma properties as well as the actual etching process, to obtain a better insight into the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, the effects of gas pressure, applied power and gas composition are investigated to try to optimize the etch process. In general, the plasma density reaches a maximum near the wafer edge due to the so-called 'edge effect'. As a result, the etch rate is not uniform but will also reach its maximum near the wafer edge. The pressure seems not to have a big effect. A higher power increases the etch rate, but the uniformity becomes (slightly) worse. The gas mixing ratio has no significant effect on the etch process, except when a pure H2 or N2 plasma is used, illustrating the synergistic effects of a N2/H2 plasma. In fact, our calculations reveal that the N2/H2 plasma entails an ion-enhanced etch process. The simulation results are in reasonable agreement with the experimental values. The microscopic etch profile shows the desired anisotropic shape under all conditions under study.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Institute of Physics	Place of Publication	Bristol	Editor
	Language		Wos	000317275400013	Publication Date	2013-03-18
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0963-0252;1361-6595;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.302	Times cited	13	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.302; 2013 IF: 3.056
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:106654			Serial	1084
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	Author	Zhao, S.-X.; Gao, F.; Wang, Y.-N.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	The effect of F₂ attachment by low-energy electrons on the electron behaviour in an Ar/CF₄ inductively coupled plasma			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2012	Publication	Plasma sources science and technology	Abbreviated Journal	Plasma Sources Sci T
	Volume	21	Issue	2	Pages	025008-025008,13
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The electron behaviour in an Ar/CF4 inductively coupled plasma is investigated by a Langmuir probe and a hybrid model. The simulated and measured results include electron density, temperature and electron energy distribution function for different values of Ar/CF4 ratio, coil power and gas pressure. The hybrid plasma equipment model simulations show qualitative agreement with experiment. The effect of F2 electron attachment on the electron behaviour is explored by comparing two sets of data based on different F atom boundary conditions. It is demonstrated that electron attachment at F2 molecules is responsible for the depletion of low-energy electrons, causing a density decrease as well as a temperature increase when CF4 is added to an Ar plasma.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Institute of Physics	Place of Publication	Bristol	Editor
	Language		Wos	000302779400022	Publication Date	2012-03-12
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0963-0252;1361-6595;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.302	Times cited	23	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.302; 2012 IF: 2.515
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:96549			Serial	841
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	Author	Peerenboom, K.; Parente, A.; Kozák, T.; Bogaerts, A.; Degrez, G.
	Title	Dimension reduction of non-equilibrium plasma kinetic models using principal component analysis			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Plasma sources science and technology	Abbreviated Journal	Plasma Sources Sci T
	Volume	24	Issue	24	Pages	025004
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The chemical complexity of non-equilibrium plasmas poses a challenge for plasma modeling because of the computational load. This paper presents a dimension reduction method for such chemically complex plasmas based on principal component analysis (PCA). PCA is used to identify a low-dimensional manifold in chemical state space that is described by a small number of parameters: the principal components. Reduction is obtained since continuity equations only need to be solved for these principal components and not for all the species. Application of the presented method to a CO2 plasma model including state-to-state vibrational kinetics of CO2 and CO demonstrates the potential of the PCA method for dimension reduction. A manifold described by only two principal components is able to predict the CO2 to CO conversion at varying ionization degrees very accurately.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Institute of Physics	Place of Publication	Bristol	Editor
	Language		Wos	000356816200008	Publication Date	2015-01-27
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0963-0252;1361-6595;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.302	Times cited	11	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.302; 2015 IF: 3.591
	Call Number	c:irua:123534			Serial	704
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	Author	Trenchev, G.; Kolev, S.; Wang, W.; Ramakers, M.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	CO₂Conversion in a Gliding Arc Plasmatron: Multidimensional Modeling for Improved Efficiency			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2017	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	121	Issue	44	Pages	24470-24479
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The gliding arc plasmatron (GAP) is a highly efficient atmospheric plasma source, which is very promising for CO2 conversion applications. To understand its operation principles and to improve its application, we present here comprehensive modeling results, obtained by means of computational fluid dynamics simulations and plasma modeling. Because of the complexity of the CO2 plasma, a full 3D plasma model would be computationally impractical. Therefore, we combine a 3D turbulent gas flow model with a 2D plasma and gas heating model in order to calculate the plasma parameters and CO2 conversion characteristics. In addition, a complete 3D gas flow and plasma model with simplified argon chemistry is used to evaluate the gliding arc evolution in space and time. The calculated values are compared with experimental data from literature as much as possible in order to validate the model. The insights obtained in this study are very helpful for improving the application of CO2 conversion, as they allow us to identify the limiting factors in the performance, based on which solutions can be provided on how to further improve the capabilities of CO2 conversion in the GAP.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000415140400014	Publication Date	2017-11-09
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	H2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, 657304 ; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, 11U5316N G038316N ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:147193			Serial	4765
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