Abstract: Bilayer (BL) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are important materials in valleytronics and twistronics. Here we study terahertz (THz) magneto-optical (MO) properties of n-type 2H-stacking BL molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) on sapphire substrate grown by chemical vapor deposition. The AFM, Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence are used for characterization of the samples. Applying THz time-domain spectroscopy (TDS), in combination with polarization test and the presence of magnetic field in Faraday geometry, THz MO transmissions through the sample are measured from 0 to 8 T at 80 K. The complex right- and left-handed circular MO conductivities for 2H-stacking BL MoS2 are obtained. Through fitting the experimental results with theoretical formula of MO conductivities for an electron gas, generalized by us previously through the inclusion of photon-induced electronic backscattering effect, we are able to determine magneto-optically the key electronic parameters of BL MoS2, such as the electron density n(e), the electronic relaxation time tau, the electronic localization factor c and, particularly, the effective electron mass m* around Q-point in between the K- and Gamma-point in the electronic band structure. The dependence of these parameters upon magnetic field is examined and analyzed. This is a pioneering experimental work to measure m* around the Q-point in 2H-stacking BL MoS2 and the experimental value is very close to that obtained theoretically. We find that n(e)/tau/ divided by c divided by /m* in 2H-stacking BL MoS2 decreases/increases/decreases/increases with increasing magnetic field. The results obtained from this study can be benefit to us in gaining an in-depth understanding of the electronic and optoelectronic properties of BL TMD systems.

Abstract: The inherent interlayer freedom in van der Waals stacked materials provides an excellent opportunity to investigate ferroelectric-like behavior through interlayer translation. Based on first-principles calculations, we find that the interlayer sliding in Fe3GeTe2 (FGT) bilayer enables the coexistence of polarization, metallicity, and ferromagnetism. We find that the polarization is induced by the uncompensated vertical interlayer charge transfer, and can be switched by an in-plane interlayer sliding. A moderate biaxial strain can reverse the polarization direction of the sliding FGT bilayer. The vertical polarization disentangles with the in-plane conductivity as was previously seen in the sliding ferroelectric WTe2 bilayer. Our work proposes an extremely rare magnetic ferroelectric metal phase that is useful for magnetoelectric and spintronic applications.

Abstract: The combination of auxetic property, ferroelasticity, and ferroelectricity in two-dimensional materials offers new avenues for next-generation multifunctional devices. However, two-dimensional materials that simultaneously exhibit those properties are rarely reported. Here, we present a class of two-dimensional Janus-like structures ScLaX2 X 2 (X X = P, As, and Sb) with a rectangular lattice based on first-principles calculations. We predict that those ScLaX2 X 2 monolayers are stable semiconductors with both intrinsic in-plane and out-of-plane auxetic properties, showing a bidirectional negative Poisson's ratio effect. The value of the out-of-plane negative Poisson's ratio effect can reach – 2.28 /- 3.06 /- 3.89. By applying uniaxial strain engineering, two transition paths can be found, including the VA main group element path and the rare-earth metal element path, corresponding to the ferroelastic and the multiferroic (ferroelastic and ferroelectric) phase transition, respectively. For the ScLaSb2 2 monolayer, the external force field can not only control the ferroelastic phase transition, but it can also lead to the reversal of the out-of-plane polarization, exhibiting potential multiferroicity. The coupling between the bidirectional negative Poisson's ratio effect and multiferroicity makes the ScLaX2 X 2 monolayers promising for future device applications.

Abstract: A straightforward electrochemical method was developed to modify titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO2 NTs), creating oxygen vacancies via electrochemical reduction (ER) and depositing nickel hydroxide nanospheres (Ni (OH)2 NSs). This was done to discover the electrochemical properties of a TiO2 NTs based binder-free supercapacitor electrode. The improved conductivity of the reduced TiO2 NTs (R-TiO2 NTs) electrode provided a 90fold increase in the specific capacitance compared to that of pristine TiO2 NTs. R-TiO2 NTs were further decorated with Ni(OH)2 NSs by an electrodeposition method to further improve the supercapacitive performance. Fabricated R-TiO2 NTs/Ni(OH)2 electrodes exhibited a high areal specific capacitance value of 305.91 mF/cm2 at a current density of 0.75 mA/cm2. The modified electrode shows an improved charge-storage capacity compared to the TiO2 NTs/Ni(OH)2 electrodes, and to previously reported 1D-TiO2/Ni(OH)2 nanocomposite structures. Furthermore, the proposed electrode showed good cyclic stability by retaining 71% of its initial capacitance after 1500 cycles and a promising rate capability with a capacitive retention of 86% while increasing the current density from 0.75 to 5 mA/cm2. Overall, the ER step proved to improve the conductivity of the R-TiO2 NTs, which favors the deposition of the Ni(OH)2 NSs and promotes the Faradaic reactions at the electrode-electrolyte interface demonstrating a promising supercapacitor electrode material.

Abstract: Metallo-phthalocyanines molecules, especially ironphthalocyanines (Fe-Pc), are often examined due to their rich chemical, magnetic, and optoelectronic features. Due to these, Fe-Pc molecules are promising for applications in gas sensors, field-effect transistors, organic LEDs, and data storage. Motivated by this potential, this study investigates Fe-Pc molecules adsorbed on a magnetic monolayer, CrI3. Using quantum-mechanical simulations, the aim of this work was to find pathways to selectively tune and engineer the magnetic and electronic properties of the molecules when they form hybrid complexes. The results quantitatively underline how adsorption alters the magnetic properties of the Fe-Pc molecules. Interestingly, the analysis points to changes in the molecular magnetic anisotropy when comparing the magnetic moment of the isolated molecule to that of the molecule/monolayer complex formed after adsorption. The presence of iodine vacancies was shown to enhance the magnetic interactions between the iron of the Fe-Pc molecule and the chromium of the monolayer. Our findings suggest ways to control oxygen capture-release properties through material choice and defect creation. Insights into the stability and charge density depletion on the molecule provide critical information for selective tuning of the magnetic properties and engineering of the functionalities of these molecule/material complexes.

Abstract: Spintronics, utilizing both the charge and spin of electrons, benefits from the nonvolatility, low switching energy, and collective behavior of magnetization. These properties allow the development of magnetoresistive random access memories, with magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) playing a central role. Various spin logic concepts are also extensively explored. Among these, spin logic devices based on the motion of magnetic domain walls (DWs) enable the implementation of compact and energy-efficient logic circuits. In these devices, DW motion within a magnetic track enables spin information processing, while MTJs at the input and output serve as electrical writing and reading elements. DW logic holds promise for simplifying logic circuit complexity by performing multiple functions within a single device. Nevertheless, the demonstration of DW logic circuits with electrical writing and reading at the nanoscale is still needed to unveil their practical application potential. In this review, we discuss material advancements for high-speed DW motion, progress in DW logic devices, groundbreaking demonstrations of current-driven DW logic, and its potential for practical applications. Additionally, we discuss alternative approaches for current-free information propagation, along with challenges and prospects for the development of DW logic.

Abstract: Carbon-based screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) are extensively employed in electrochemistry due to their reproducibility, low-cost production, disposability and versatility. It is commonly accepted that batch to batch variations may occur due to variations in the ink formulation or the use of a different ink to print the electrodes. In this paper, three different commercial carbon-based inks (DuPont, Loctite and SunChemical) were used to manufacture SPEs, referred to respectively as Dup-SPE, Loc-SPE and Sun-SPE, using a semi-automated screen-printing technology. This study focuses on evaluating the quality, characteristics and electrochemical performance of the fabricated SPEs. Furthermore, the study aimed to investigate potential correlations between the ink composition and the nature of different target molecules, as well as their electroanalytical responses. Specifically, phenolic compounds and cocaine cutting agents are tested in alkaline conditions, while benzodiazepines and cephalosporine antibiotics are investigated in acidic media using square wave voltammetry (SWV). This aims to extract insights for the proper selection of inks and SPEs in both conditions. Additionally, a scan rate study of cephalosporine antibiotics using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) is performed confirming the ion-exchange polymer layer on the electrode surface of Loc-SPE, which impact surface and electrochemical properties, leading to drawbacks in alkaline SWV sensing, but strategic benefits in reductive sensing resulting in an enhanced selective detection of specific targets. The insights on ink-specific influences on the surface and electrochemical properties of the SPEs obtained, may be useful for facilitating the electrode selection in diverse electrochemical applications, emphasizing the critical role of ink composition in achieving desired sensing capabilities.

Abstract: We analyze, from first -principles calculations, the excitonic properties of monolayer black phosphorus (BP) under strain, as well as of bilayer BP with different stacking registries, as a base platform for the observation and use of hyperbolic polaritons. In the unstrained case, our results confirm the in -plane hyperbolic behavior of polaritons coupled to the ground -state excitons in both mono- and bilayer systems, as observed in recent experiments. With strain, we reveal that the exciton-polariton hyperbolicity in monolayer BP is enhanced (reduced) by compressive (tensile) strain in the zig-zag direction of the crystal. In the bilayer case, different stacking registries are shown to exhibit hyperbolic exciton polaritons with different dispersion, while also peaking at different frequencies. This renders both mechanical stress and stacking registry control as practical tools for tuning physical properties of hyperbolic exciton polaritons in black phosphorus, which facilitates detection and further optoelectronic use of these quasiparticles.

Abstract: The illicit drug market has been constantly evolving in the last decades, with a significant rise in counterfeit medicines posing serious public health risks. Benzodiazepines (BZDs) such as alprazolam (generally sold under the brand name Xanax), have particularly become the target of counterfeiting efforts due to their addictive nature and upsurge of unregulated designer BZDs. These counterfeit versions frequently resemble legitimate products but contain harmful adulterants or other potent illicit substances. Few methods have been developed to tackle counterfeit pills, usually limited to accurate and sophisticated laboratory equipment. This study explores the feasibility of combining electrochemical fingerprinting with data analysis to overcome the limitations of traditional methods. First, the electrochemical behavior of selected BZDs is studied, and analytical parameters such as pH are optimized. Then, the electroanalysis of common adulterants and illicit drugs is addressed and integrated into a user-friendly app, including a flowchart system. The proposed electrochemical strategy enables the detection of counterfeit Xanax by identifying the presence or absence of alprazolam. It also allows determination of the alprazolam content within a pill while meeting the fundamental requirements of the end users. This study represents an on-site methodology to address the growing challenges posed by BZDs, easily transferable to counterfeit medicines from other drug groups.

Abstract: Cu is one of the most promising materials as an electrocatalyst for the nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) to ammonia, a reaction that can simultaneously remove nitrates from wastewater and produce ammonia, a high-value commodity chemical. However, a rational approach to catalyst design is lacking, limiting efficient catalyst optimization. In this work, we propose a way to synthesize monodisperse, polycrystalline Cu NPs with small variances in size by changing the carbon chain length of the phosphonic acid-based ligand. Cu NPs with 8.3, 10.0, and 11.9 nm diameters are successfully synthesized, and high-resolution electron microscopy and tomography are used to characterize these NPs in depth. By isolating Cu NP size as a parameter, we can unequivocally establish its effect on electrochemical performance for the NO3RR to ammonia under optimal operating conditions for the catalyst (0.1 M KOH electrolyte at -1.25 V vs RHE, as established in the first phase). The smallest Cu NPs (8.3 nm with a TDPA ligand) perform best, achieving Faradaic efficiencies (FEs) of 85.4% and absolute current densities of similar to 250 mA cm(-2), with increasing current densities and constant FEs as the particle size decreases. To allow for a rational approach to Cu-based catalyst design from a stability perspective, this work completed a first study of the main degradation pathway that the Cu NPs undergo during NO3RR. High-resolution electron microscopy and tomography are used to characterize the particles at various stages of the reaction. The NPs undergo agglomeration, pulverization, and particle detachment due to the reaction, starting at a particle size of 8.3 nm and progressively getting smaller, but leveling off, until a NP size of 2.6 nm is reached after 2 h of electrolysis. This decrease in NP size goes paired with a decrease in FE from 83% after the first 15 min to 74% after 2 h at -0.75 V vs RHE, despite the increase in active surface area. These insights into the most prominent degradation mechanisms allow for rational adjustments to future catalysts to combat these changes; for example, by embedding NPs in a tailored support, morphological degradation could be impeded. Therefore, these insights allow for a rational approach to the improvement of the stability of Cu-based catalysts for the NO3RR, a very important but often an overlooked aspect of catalyst design.

Abstract: Acoustic plasmons in graphene exhibit strong confinement induced by a proximate metal surface and hybridize with phonons of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) when these materials are combined in a van der Waals heterostructure, thus forming screened graphene plasmon-phonon polaritons (SGPPPs), a type of acoustic mode. While SGPPPs are shown to be very sensitive to the dielectric properties of the environment, enhancing the SGPPPs coupling strength in realistic heterostructures is still challenging. Here we employ the quantum electrostatic heterostructure model, which builds upon the density functional theory calculations for monolayers, to show that the use of a metal as a substrate for graphene-TMD heterostructures (i) vigorously enhances the coupling strength between acoustic plasmons and the TMD phonons, and (ii) markedly improves the sensitivity of the plasmon wavelength on the structural details of the host platform in real space, thus allowing one to use the effect of environmental screening on acoustic plasmons to probe the structure and composition of a van der Waals heterostructure down to the monolayer resolution.

Abstract: It was recently shown that a chiral topological phase emerges from the coupling of two twisted monolayers of superconducting Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta for 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 +delta for certain twist angles. In this work, we reveal the behavior of such twisted superconducting bilayers with d x 2 – y 2 pairing symmetry in the presence of an applied magnetic field. Specifically, we show that the emergent vortex matter can serve as a smoking gun for the detection of topological superconductivity in such bilayers. Moreover, we report two distinct skyrmionic states that characterize the chiral topological phase and provide a full account of their experimental signatures and their evolution with the twist angle.

Abstract: The idea of this Review is to introduce newly developed possibilities of advanced electron microscopy to the materials science community. Over the last decade, electron microscopy has evolved into a full analytical tool, able to provide atomic scale information on the position, nature, and even the valency atoms. This information is classically obtained in two dimensions (2D), but can now also be obtained in 3D. We show examples of applications in the field of nanoparticles and interfaces.

Abstract: Cobalt nanorods possess ideal magnetic properties for applications requiring magnetically hard nanoparticles. However, their exploitation is undermined by their sensitivity toward oxygen and water, which deteriorates their magnetic properties. The development of a continuous metal shell inert to oxidation could render them stable, opening perspectives not only for already identified applications but also for uses in which contact with air and/or aqueous media is inevitable. However, the direct growth of a conformal noble metal shell on magnetic metals is a challenge. Here, we show that prior treatment of Co nanorods with a tin coordination compound is the crucial step that enables the subsequent growth of a continuous noble metal shell on their surface, rendering them air- and water-resistant, while conserving the monocrystallity, metallicity and the magnetic properties of the Co core. Thus, the as-synthesized coreshell ferromagnetic nanorods combine high magnetization and strong uniaxial magnetic anisotropy, even after exposure to air and water, and hold promise for successful implementation in in vitro biodiagnostics requiring probes of high magnetization and anisotropic shape.

Abstract: We solve the linear GinzburgLandau (GL) equation in the presence of a uniform magnetic field with cylindrical symmetry and we find analytic expressions for the eigenfunctions in terms of the confluent hypergeometric functions. The discrete spectrum results from an implicit equation associated to the boundary conditions and it is resolved in analytic form using the continued fractions formalism. We study the dependence of the spectrum and the eigenfunctions on the sample size and the surface conditions for solid and hollow cylindrical superconductors. Finally, the solutions of the nonlinear GL formalism are constructed as expansions in the linear GL eigenfunction basis and selected by minimization of the free energy. We present examples of vortex states and their energies for different samples in enhancing/suppressing superconductivity surroundings.