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	Author	Daems, E.; Bassini, S.; Mariën, L.; Op de Beeck, H.; Stratulat, A.; Zwaenepoel, K.; Vandamme, T.; op de Beeck, K.; Koljenovic, S.; Peeters, M.; Van Camp, G.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Singlet oxygen-based photoelectrochemical detection of single-point mutations in the KRAS oncogene			Type	University Hospital Antwerp
	Year	2023	Publication	Biosensors and bioelectronics	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	249	Issue		Pages	115957-7
	Keywords	University Hospital Antwerp; A1 Journal article; Center for Oncological Research (CORE); Antwerp Electrochemical and Analytical Sciences Lab (A-Sense Lab); Medical Genetics (MEDGEN)
	Abstract	Single nucleotide point mutations in the KRAS oncogene occur frequently in human cancers, rendering them intriguing targets for diagnosis, early detection and personalized treatment. Current detection methods are based on polymerase chain reaction, sometimes combined with next-generation sequencing, which can be expensive, complex and have limited availability. Here, we propose a novel singlet oxygen (1O2)-based photoelectrochemical detection methodology for single-point mutations, using KRAS mutations as a case study. This detection method combines the use of a sandwich assay, magnetic beads and robust chemical photosensitizers, that need only air and light to produce 1O2, to ensure high specificity and sensitivity. We demonstrate that hybridization of the sandwich hybrid at high temperatures enables discrimination between mutated and wild-type sequences with a detection rate of up to 93.9%. Additionally, the presence of background DNA sequences derived from human cell-line DNA, not containing the mutation of interest, did not result in a signal, highlighting the specificity of the methodology. A limit of detection as low as 112 pM (1.25 ng/mL) was achieved without employing any amplification techniques. The developed 1O2-based photoelectrochemical methodology exhibits unique features, including rapidity, ease of use, and affordability, highlighting its immense potential in the field of nucleic acid-based diagnostics.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2023-12-23
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0956-5663	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:201875			Serial	9092
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Blust, R.J.P.; Dardenne, F.; De Wael, K.; Nagels, L.; Van Camp, G.
	Title	Electrochemical aptasensors with a gelatin B matrix : EP13175128			Type	Patent
	Year	2013	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Patent; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	An aptamer-based electrochemical sensor, wherein said aptamer is covalently bonded to or chemisorbed on an electrode, said aptamer forming a robust complex with a target molecule and is encapsulated by a gelatin B matrix; a method of manufacturing an aptamer-based electrochemical sensor for determining a concentration of a target molecule comprising the steps of: selecting an aptamer to form a robust complex with a target molecule using the SELEX procedure; synthesizing said aptamer; adsorbing said aptamer on or covalently coupling said aptamer with an electrode; and providing a gelatin B matrix for said aptamer on said electrode thereby realising said aptamer-based potentiometric or amperometric sensor; and the use of the aptamer-based electrochemical sensor produced according to the above method for the electrochemical determination of a concentration of 15 the target molecule.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:109364			Serial	5587
Permanent link to this record



	Author	De Wael, K.; Nagels, L.; Van Camp, G.
	Title	Potentiometric sensors and method for measuring intermolecular interactions			Type	Patent
	Year	2013	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Patent; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:111264			Serial	5779
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Van Loon, J.; De Jong, M.; De Wael, K.; Du Bois, E.
	Title	Transposing testing from lab to on-site environment : a case of cocaine powder sampling			Type	P3 Proceeding
	Year	2020	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	P3 Proceeding; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Product development
	Abstract	This paper reports on the transition process to convert a specific lab technique to the on-site, real-life environment. Bringing a lab test to an on-site environment involves many difficulties regarding to the context, people skills and environmental support. Within this project, a case about sampling for an electrochemical measurement, was investigated as a basis to reason upon some general conclusions related to the process of transposing lab-tests to an on-site environment. The current lab test was analysed and compared with a focus group discussion with future users. Based on the findings, assumptions for the new sampling technique in the specific case were formulated. New low-tech methods to achieve the sampling were extensively tested and verified. Starting from this chosen case an argumentation was set up to generalise the conclusions, by reasoning on other cases of products that already passed this transition to the field. Based on a comparison, we could discuss that the selected parameters related to impact of the context environment, of the people that should handle the tests, related to the reasons for transposing the technology, and related to the technology that will be transposed to the on-site environment, were of importance of almost all cases and can therefore be considered as context-independent and related to the transfer to on-site testing.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-94-6384-131-3	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:169896			Serial	6637
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	Author	Storme, P.; Selucká, A.; Rapouch, K.; Mazík, M.; Vanmeert, F.; Janssens, K.; Van de Voorde, L.; Vekemans, B.; Vincze, L.; Caen, J.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Composition and corrosion forms on archaeological and non-archaeological historic printing letters from the Moravian Museum, Memorial of Kralice Bible, the Czech Republic and the Museum Plantin-Moretus Antwerp, Belgium			Type	P1 Proceeding
	Year	2015	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	59-65
	Keywords	P1 Proceeding; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-2-87522-152-0; 0770-8505	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:126909			Serial	5535
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	Author	Horemans, B.; Schalm, O.; De Wael, K.; Cardell, C.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Atmospheric composition and micro-climate in the Alhambra monument, Granada (Spain), in the context of preventive conservation			Type	P1 Proceeding
	Year	2012	Publication	IOP conference series : materials science and engineering	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	37	Issue		Pages	012002-12008
	Keywords	P1 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The world famous Alhambra monument in Granada, Southern Spain, listed as UNESCO world cultural heritage since 1984, represents probably the most beautiful example of Islamic art and architecture from the Middle Ages in Europe. It is visited by ca. 2 million people annually. Granada is situated in a natural basin, surrounded by mountains with altitudes up to 3500 m. Due to this topography and the prevailing low wind speeds, pollution-derived and especially traffic-derived particulate matter often accumulates in the urban air. In order to evaluate the potential conservation risks from the surrounding air, the atmospheric composition in the Alhambra monument was evaluated. Indoor temperature and relative humidity fluctuations were evaluated for their potential degenerative effects. Furthermore, the atmospheric composition in the Alhambra was analyzed in terms of inorganic gases (NO2, SO2, O3, and NH3) and black carbon. It was found that the open architecture protected the indoor environments from developing a potentially harmful microclimate, such as the build-up of humidity resulting from the huge number of daily tourists. On the downside, the strong ventilation made the indoor air hardly different from outdoor air, as characterized by strong diurnal temperature and relative humidity gradients and high traffic-derived pollutant levels.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000307662000002	Publication Date	2012-07-16
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1757-8981; 1757-899x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited	1	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:100112			Serial	5484
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	Author	Pilehvar, S.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Recent advances in electrochemical biosensors based on fullerene-C₆₀ nano-structured platforms			Type	H1 Book chapter
	Year	2017	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	173-196
	Keywords	H1 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-1-119-24390-8	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:146374			Serial	5804
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Cardell, C.; Urosevic, M.; Sebastián-Pardo, E.; Horemans, B.; Kontozova-Deutsch, V.; Potgieter-Vermaak, S.; Bencs, L.; Anaf, K.W.; De Wael, K.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Risks of atmospheric aerosol for cultural heritage assets in Granada (Spain)			Type	H1 Book chapter
	Year	2013	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	45-49
	Keywords	H1 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-1-138-00009-4	Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	; The authors thank the 'Patronato de la Alhambra y Generalife' and the CEAMA. Financial support was provided by Andalusian Research Groups RNM-179 and Project CGL2012-30729. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:111266			Serial	5819
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	Author	Kollarahithlu, S.C.; Sathiyamoorthy, S.; Thiruvottriyur Shanmugam, S.; De Wael, K.; Das, J.; Veluswamy, P.
	Title	Foodborne outbreaks : sources and mode of transmission of foodborne pathogenic microorganisms			Type	H1 Book chapter
	Year	2023	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	93-104 T2 - Global food safety : microbial interve
	Keywords	H1 Book chapter; Antwerp Electrochemical and Analytical Sciences Lab (A-Sense Lab)
	Abstract	The foodborne pathogens and microorganisms have played a prevalent role in the ebb and flow of the economy worldwide. The increasing population has strained the food processing industry to produce food in large quantity, which in turn has affected the quality of food. To curb this issue, there is immense pressure to produce and maintain quality food within a short time frame. Hence, high throughput technology is used to determine and timely assess the safety and hygiene of food. Further, the revolution of the food industry has also seen an upsurge of new pathogens and microorganisms, thereby increasing the risk of exposure towards rarest diseases to a larger population. This chapter sheds light on the different types of foodborne pathogens affecting the food industry and its social impact. It further emphasizes the safety measures to be taken on the prevention of the disease from the farm to the processing industries and in turn to the household.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-1-003-28314-0	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:200591			Serial	9039
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Muhammad, S.; Wuyts, K.; De Wael, K.; Samson, R.
	Title	Does leaf micro-morphology influence the recognition of particles on SEM images?			Type	A3 Journal article
	Year	2021	Publication	International Journal of Environmental Pollution and Remediation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	9	Issue		Pages	22-37
	Keywords	A3 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Electrochemical and Analytical Sciences Lab (A-Sense Lab)
	Abstract	Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) remains a popular approach to determine the shape, size, density and elemental composition of particles collected on leaf surfaces, but the effect of leaf micro-morphology on particle counts is not very well known. In this study, leaves of sixteen urban plant species were examined for particle density in June and September 2016 using SEM. The investigated plant species differed in leaf micro-morphology involving trichomes, raised stomata, epicuticular wax crystals and convex epidermal cells forming deep grooves between cells. The particle density on leaves of the investigated plant species was estimated by particle size fraction and leaf side. Particle density was significantly higher on the adaxial (AD) leaf side compared to the abaxial (AB) leaf side and higher for fine-particles than coarse-particles. The effect of trichome density on particle density of the AB and the AD leaf side was indicated to be significant and positive for both coarse and fine-particles in June but not in September. The successive repeated measurements elucidated that features constructing the topography of a leaf surface such as trichomes, stomata, and epidermal cells frequently contributed towards the edge enhancement effect, resulting in exaggerated particle counts. Besides, the mechanical drift contributed to the disparity in particle density measurements. Lastly, the reduction in particle density between successive measurements were imputed on the charging effect. These results enable us to suggest that in addition to characterization of micro-morphological features on a leaf surface, SEM will continue to be a useful approach for determining the particle: shape, size, elemental composition and density of the deposited particles. Nonetheless, the disparity in particle density measurements can occur due to abnormal particle recognition. Based on the results of September, we recommend that within-session successive repeated measurements (~ n ≥ 5) need to be performed to remove measurement uncertainties and obtain reliable quantitative data of particle counts using SEM.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2021-09-15
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:181797			Serial	7822
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Drăgan, A.-M.; Parrilla, M.; Sleegers, N.; Slosse, A.; Van Durme, F.; van Nuijs, A.; Oprean, R.; Cristea, C.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Investigating the electrochemical profile of methamphetamine to enable fast on-site detection in forensic analysis			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Talanta : the international journal of pure and applied analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	255	Issue		Pages	124208-124211
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Toxicological Centre; Antwerp Electrochemical and Analytical Sciences Lab (A-Sense Lab)
	Abstract	Methamphetamine (MA) is a synthetic psychoactive drug which is consumed both licitly and illicitly. In some countries it is prescribed for attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder, and short-term treatment of obesity. More often though, it is abused for its psychostimulant properties. Unfortunately, the spread and abuse of this synthetic drug have increased globally, being reported as the most widely consumed synthetic psychoactive drug in the world in 2019. Attempting to overcome the shortcomings of the currently used on-site methods for MA detection in suspected cargos, the present study explores the potential of electrochemical identification of MA by means of square wave voltammetry on disposable graphite screen-printed electrodes. Hence, the analytical characterization of the method was evaluated under optimal conditions exhibiting a linear range between 50 mu M and 2.5 mM MA, a LOD of 16.7 mu M, a LOQ of 50.0 mu M and a sensitivity of 5.3 mu A mM-1. Interestingly, two zones in the potential window were identified for the detection of MA, depending on its concentration in solution. Furthermore, the oxidative pathway of MA was elucidated employing liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry to understand the change in the electrochemical profile. Thereafter, the selectivity of the method towards MA in mixtures with other drugs of abuse as well as common adulterants/cutting agents was evaluated. Finally, the described method was employed for the analysis of MA in confiscated samples and compared with forensic methods, displaying its potential as a fast and easy-to-use method for on-site analysis.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000925076200001	Publication Date	2023-01-05
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0039-9140; 1873-3573	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.1	Times cited		Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 6.1; 2023 IF: 4.162
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:194314			Serial	8890
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	Author	Khan, S.U.; Trashin, S.; Beltran, V.; Korostei, Y.S.; Pelmus, M.; Gorun, S.M.; Dubinina, T., V.; Verbruggen, S.W.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Photoelectrochemical behavior of phthalocyanine-sensitized TiO₂ in the presence of electron-shuttling mediators			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	94	Issue	37	Pages	12723-12731
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL); Antwerp Electrochemical and Analytical Sciences Lab (A-Sense Lab)
	Abstract	Dye-sensitized TiO(2 )has found many applications for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC), solar-to-chemical energy conversion, water/air purification systems, and (electro)chemical sensors. We report an electrochemical system for testing dye-sensitized materials that can be utilized in photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensors and energy conversion. Unlike related systems, the reported system does not require a direct electron transfer from semiconductors to electrodes. Rather, it relies on electron shuttling by redox mediators. A range of model photocatalytic materials were prepared using three different TiO2 materials (P25, P90, and PC500) and three sterically hindered phthalocyanines (Pcs) with electron-rich tert-butyl substituents (t-Bu4PcZn, t-Bu4PcAlCl, and t-Bu4PcH2). The materials were compared with previously developed TiO(2 )modified by electron-deficient, also sterically hindered fluorinated phthalocyanine F64PcZn, a singlet oxygen (O-1(2)) producer, as well as its metal-free derivative, F64PcH2. The PEC activity depended on the redox mediator, as well as the type of TiO2 and Pc. By comparing the responses of one-electron shuttles, such as K4Fe(CN)(4), and O-1(2)-reactive electron shuttles, such as phenol, it is possible to reveal the action mechanism of the supported photosensitizers, while the overall activity can be assessed using hydroquinone. t-Bu4PcAlCl showed significantly lower blank responses and higher specific responses toward chlorophenols compared to t-Bu4PcZn due to the electron-withdrawing effect of the Al3+ metal center. The combination of reactivity insights and the need for only microgram amounts of sensing materials renders the reported system advantageous for practical applications.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000855284300001	Publication Date	2022-09-12
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.4	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 7.4
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:190602			Serial	7190
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Drăgan, A.-M.; Parrilla, M.; Cambré, S.; Domínguez-Robles, J.; Detamornrat, U.; Donnelly, R.F.; Oprean, R.; Cristea, C.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Microneedle array-based electrochemical sensor functionalized with SWCNTs for the highly sensitive monitoring of MDMA in interstitial fluid			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Microchemical journal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	193	Issue		Pages	109257-11
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; Nanostructured and organic optical and electronic materials (NANOrOPT); Antwerp Electrochemical and Analytical Sciences Lab (A-Sense Lab)
	Abstract	Illicit drug consumption constitutes a great concern worldwide due to its increased spread and abuse, and the negative consequences exerted on society. For instance, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a synthetic amphetamine-type substance, was abused by 20 million people worldwide in 2020. This psychoactive substance exerts a myriad of effects on the human body being dangerous for the consumer’s health. Besides, MDMA has been used in the treatment of some psychiatric conditions. Therefore, the development of wearable devices for MDMA sensing in biological fluids is of great importance for forensic toxicology (e.g., monitoring of patients with suspected or known MDMA consumption) as well as for therapeutic management of patients. Herein, we report the development of a wearable electrochemical platform based on a hollow microneedle (MN) array sensor for the monitoring of MDMA in the interstitial fluid by square-wave voltammetry. First, the holes of the MN array were modified with conductive pastes to devise a MN patch with a three-electrode system. Subsequently, the functionalization of the working electrode with nanomaterials enhanced MDMA detection. Thereafter, analytical parameters were evaluated exhibiting a slope of 0.05 µA µM−1 within a linear range from 1 to 50 µM and a limit of detection of 0.75 µM in artificial interstitial fluid. Importantly, critical parameters such as selectivity, piercing capability, temperature, reversibility and stability were assessed. Overall, the obtained MN sensor exhibited excellent analytical performance, making it a promising tool for MDMA tracking in interstitial fluid for individuals on probation or under therapeutic treatment.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001067945900001	Publication Date	2023-08-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0026-265x; 0026-265x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor	4.8	Times cited		Open Access	Not_Open_Access: Available from 27.02.2024
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.8; 2023 IF: 3.034
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:198183			Serial	8898
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	Author	Joosten, F.; Parrilla, M.; van Nuijs, A.L.N.; Ozoemena, K.Id; De Wael, K.
	Title	Electrochemical detection of illicit drugs in oral fluid : potential for forensic drug testing			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	Electrochimica acta	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	2022	Issue	436	Pages	141309-141315
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; Engineering sciences. Technology; Toxicological Centre; Antwerp Electrochemical and Analytical Sciences Lab (A-Sense Lab)
	Abstract	Illicit drugs continue to pose a serious threat to society and public health. Drug (ab)use is linked to organised crime and violence. Therefore, to fight the so-called war on drugs, police and law enforcement agencies need to be equipped with accurate and efficient sensors for the detection of illicit drugs and drug use. Even though colour tests (for powders) and lateral flow immunoassays (for biological samples) lack accuracy, they are relied upon for fast and easy on-site detection. Alternatively, in recent years, there has been an increasing interest in electrochemical sensors as a promising technique for the rapid and accurate on-site detection of illicit drugs. While a myriad of literature exists on the use of electrochemical sensors for drug powder analysis, literature on their use for the detection of drug use in biological samples is scarce. To this end, this review presents an overview of strategies for the electrochemical detection of illicit drugs in oral fluid. First, pharmacokinetics of drugs in oral fluid and the legal limit dilemma regarding the analytical cut-offs for roadside drug detection tests are elaborated to present the reader with the background knowledge required to develop such a test. Subsequently, an overview of electrochemical strategies developed for the detection of illicit drugs in oral fluid is given. Importantly, key challenges to address in the development of roadside tests are highlighted to improve the design of the next electrochemical devices and to bring them to the field. Overall, electrochemical sensors for illicit drugs detection in oral fluid show promise to disrupt current strategies for roadside testing.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000882442300001	Publication Date	2022-10-13
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0013-4686	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:191107			Serial	8855
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	Author	Schram, J.; Parrilla, M.; Sleegers, N.; Van Durme, F.; van den Berg, J.; van Nuijs, A.L.N.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Electrochemical profiling and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry characterization of synthetic cathinones : from methodology to detection in forensic samples			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2021	Publication	Drug Testing And Analysis	Abbreviated Journal	Drug Test Anal
	Volume	13	Issue	7	Pages	1282-1294
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Toxicological Centre
	Abstract	The emergence of new psychoactive drugs in the market demands rapid and accurate tools for the on‐site classification of illegal and legal compounds with similar structures. Herein, a novel method for the classification of synthetic cathinones (SC) is presented based on their electrochemical profile. First, the electrochemical profile of five common SC (i.e., mephedrone, ethcathinone, methylone, butylone and 4‐chloro‐alpha‐pyrrolidinovalerophenone) is collected to build calibration curves using square wave voltammetry on graphite screen‐printed electrodes (SPE). Second, the elucidation of the oxidation pathways, obtained by liquid chromatography‐high resolution mass spectrometry, allows the pairing of the oxidation products to the SC electrochemical profile, providing a selective and robust classification. Additionally, the effect of common adulterants and illicit drugs on the electrochemical profile of the SC is explored. Interestingly, a cathodic pretreatment of the SPE allows the selective detection of each SC in presence of electroactive adulterants. Finally, the electrochemical approach is validated with gas‐chromatography‐mass spectrometry by analyzing 26 confiscated samples from seizures and illegal webshops. Overall, the electrochemical method exhibits a successful classification of SC including structural derivatives, a crucial attribute in an ever‐diversifying drug market.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000624902500001	Publication Date	2021-02-24
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1942-7603; 1942-7611	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.469	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.469
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:175583			Serial	7863
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Amiri-Aref, M.; Raoof, J.B.; Kiekens, F.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Mixed hemi/ad-micelles coated magnetic nanoparticles for the entrapment of hemoglobin at the surface of a screen-printed carbon electrode and its direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Biosensors and bioelectronics	Abbreviated Journal	Biosens Bioelectron
	Volume	74	Issue		Pages	518-525
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	An efficient procedure for the physical entrapment of proteins within a biocompatible matrix and their immobilization on electrode surfaces is of utmost importance in the fabrication of biosensors. In this work, the magnetic entrapment of hemoglobin (Hb) at the surface of a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE), through mixed hemi/ad-micelles (MHAM) array of positively charged surfactant supported iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (Mag-NPs), is reported. The Hb/MHAM@Mag-NPs biocomposite is captured at SPCE by a super magnet (Hb/MHAM@Mag-NPs/SPCE). To gain insight in the configuration of the mixed hemi/ad-micelles of CTAB at Mag-NPs, zeta-potential measurements were performed. The entrapment of Hb at MHAM@Mag-NPs was confirmed by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Direct electron transfer of the Hb intercalated into the composite film showed a pair of well-defined quasi-reversible redox peak at formal potential of −0.255 V vs. Ag/AgCl corresponding to heme Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple. It shows that the MHAM@Mag-NPs composite could increase the adsorption ability for Hb, thus provides a facile direct electron transfer between the Hb and the substrate. The proposed biosensor showed excellent electrocatalytic activity to the H2O2 reduction in the wide concentration range from 5.0 to 300.0 µM obtained by amperometric measurement. The MichaelisMenten constant (Km) value of Hb at the modified electrode is 55.4 µM, showing its high affinity. Magnetic entrapment offers a promising design for fast, convenient and effective immobilization of protein within a few minutes for determination of the target molecule in low sample volume at disposable cost-effective SPCE.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000360772800071	Publication Date	2015-07-05
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0956-5663	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.78	Times cited	14	Open Access
	Notes	; We are thankful for the BOF financial support from the University of Antwerp and Hercules financial support (SEM). ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.78; 2015 IF: 6.409
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:126535			Serial	5731
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	Author	Slavkovic, S.; Shoara, A.A.; Churcher, Z.R.; Daems, E.; De Wael, K.; Sobott, F.; Johnson, P.E.
	Title	DNA binding by the antimalarial compound artemisinin			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	Scientific reports	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	12	Issue	1	Pages	133
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; Engineering sciences. Technology; Antwerp Electrochemical and Analytical Sciences Lab (A-Sense Lab)
	Abstract	Artemisinin (ART) is a vital medicinal compound that is used alone or as part of a combination therapy against malaria. ART is thought to function by attaching to heme covalently and alkylating a range of proteins. Using a combination of biophysical methods, we demonstrate that ART is bound by three-way junction and duplex containing DNA molecules. Binding of ART by DNA is first shown for the cocaine-binding DNA aptamer and extensively studied using this DNA molecule. Isothermal titration calorimetry methods show that the binding of ART is both entropically and enthalpically driven at physiological NaCl concentration. Native mass spectrometry methods confirm DNA binding and show that a non-covalent complex is formed. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy shows that ART binds at the three-way junction of the cocaine-binding aptamer, and that binding results in the folding of the structure-switching variant of this aptamer. This structure-switching ability was exploited using the photochrome aptamer switch assay to demonstrate that ART can be detected using this biosensing assay. This study is the first to demonstrate the DNA binding ability of ART and should lay the foundation for further work to study implications of DNA binding for the antimalarial activity of ART.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000740510500120	Publication Date	2022-01-07
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2045-2322	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:184507			Serial	8851
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	Author	de Jong, M.; Van Echelpoel, R.; Langley, A.R.; Eliaerts, J.; van den Berg, J.; De Wilde, M.; Somers, N.; Samyn, N.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Real-time electrochemical screening of cocaine in lab and field settings with automatic result generation			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	Drug testing and analysis	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	14	Issue	8	Pages	1471-1481
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; Engineering sciences. Technology; Antwerp Electrochemical and Analytical Sciences Lab (A-Sense Lab)
	Abstract	This work presents the results of a novel application for the fast on-site screening of cocaine and its main cutting agents in suspicious and confiscated samples. The methodology behind the novel application consists of portable electrochemical detection coupled with a peak-recognition algorithm for automated result output generation, validated both in laboratory and field settings. Currently used field tests, predominantly colorimetric tests, are lacking accuracy, often giving false positive or negative results. This presses the need for alternative approaches to field testing. By combining portable electrochemical approaches with peak-recognition algorithms, an accuracy of 98.4% concerning the detection of cocaine was achieved on a set of 374 powder samples. In addition, the approach was tested on multiple 'smuggled', colored cocaine powders and cocaine mixtures in solid and liquid states, typically in matrices such as charcoal, syrup and clothing. Despite these attempts to hide cocaine, our approach succeeded in detecting cocaine during on-site screening scenarios. This feature presents an advantage over colorimetric and optical detection techniques, which can fail with colored sample matrices. This enhanced accuracy on smuggled samples will lead to increased efficiency in confiscation procedures in the field, thus significantly reducing societal economic and safety concerns and highlighting the potential for electrochemical approaches in on-the-spot identification of drugs of abuse.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000790965700001	Publication Date	2022-04-23
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1942-7603; 1942-7611	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:187767			Serial	8921
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	Author	Sleegers, N.; van Nuijs, A.L.N.; van den Berg, M.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Cephalosporin antibiotics : electrochemical fingerprints and core structure reactions investigated by LC-MSMS			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	91	Issue	3	Pages	2035-2041
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Toxicological Centre
	Abstract	Electrochemistry and exploiting electrochemical fingerprints is a potent approach to address newly emerging surveillance needs, for instance for antibiotics. However, a comprehensive insight in the electrochemical oxidation behaviour and mechanism is re-quired for this sensing strategy. To address the lack in knowledge of the voltammetric behaviour of the cephalosporins antibiotics, a selection of cephalosporin antibiotics and two main intermediates were subjected to an electrochemical study of their redox behaviour by means of pulsed voltammetric techniques and small-scale electrolysis combined with HPLC-MS/MS analyses. Sur-prisingly, the detected oxidation products did not fit the earlier suggested oxidation of the sulfur group to the corresponding sul-foxide. The influence of different side chains, both at the three and the seven position of the β-lactam core structure on the elec-trochemical fingerprint were investigated. Additional oxidation signals at lower potentials were elucidated and linked to different side chains. These signals were further exploited to allow simultaneous detection of different cephalosporins in one voltammetric sweep. These fundamental insights can become the building blocks for an new on-site screening method.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000458220300055	Publication Date	2019-01-03
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	6	Open Access
	Notes	; The authors acknowledge financial support from the Fund for Scientific Research (FWO) Flanders, Grant 1S 37658 17N. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:156046			Serial	5497
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	Author	Alvarez-Martin, A.; Trashin, S.; Cuykx, M.; Covaci, A.; De Wael, K.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Photodegradation mechanisms and kinetics of Eosin-Y in oxic and anoxic conditions			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2017	Publication	Dyes and pigments	Abbreviated Journal	Dyes Pigments
	Volume	145	Issue		Pages	376-384
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Toxicological Centre
	Abstract	Lakes based on Eosin-Y are extensively used by 19th century artists. Unfortunately, the identification of these pigments in paintings is a difficult task because Eosin-Y degrades very fast under the influence of light. The characterization of the (photo)degradation products of Eosin-Y can be very useful for the identification of these pigments in historic works of art and related cultural heritage artifacts. Furthermore, knowledge on how different factors influence the discoloration process (e.g. different types of irradiation sources and presence/absence of oxygen) is a valuable tool for preventive conservation. To this aim we performed a study on the photodegradation of Eosin-Y in solution under different illumination and in both oxic and anoxic conditions. The photodegradation of Eosin-Y was monitored by UV-VIS spectrophotometry, LC-QTOFMS and electrochemistry techniques. Results indicated higher degradation rates, by a factor of 20 or higher, under illumination with wavelengths near to the main absorbance band of the red pigment. Two different degradation pathways are observed under the conditions studied. LC-QTOFMS and electrochemistry suggested that in the presence of oxygen the degradation mechanism is an oxidative process where the breakdown of the structure causes the total discoloration. Meanwhile under anoxic conditions, a debromination process takes place while the chromophore, and consequently the color of the molecule in solution, remains essentially intact.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000405972900046	Publication Date	2017-06-16
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0143-7208	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.473	Times cited	18	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.473
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:144385			Serial	5770
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	Author	de Jong, M.; Florea, A.; Daems, D.; Van Loon, J.; Samyn, N.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Electrochemical Analysis of Speedball-like Polydrug Samples			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2020	Publication	Analyst	Abbreviated Journal	Analyst
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Product development
	Abstract	Increasing global production, trafficking and consumption of drugs of abuse cause an emerging threat to people’s health and safety. Electrochemical approaches have proven to be useful for on-site analysis of drugs of abuse. However, few attention has been focused on the analysis of polydrug samples, despite these samples causing severe health concerns, certainly when stimulants and depressants are combined, as is the case for Speedball, a mixture of cocaine and heroin. In this work, we provide solutions for the selective detection of cocaine (stimulant) in polydrug samples adulterated with heroin and codeine (depressants). The presence of either one of these compounds in cocaine street samples leads to an overlap with the cocaine signal in square-wave voltammetry measurements at unmodified carbon screen-printed electrodes, leading to inconclusive screening results in the field. The provided solutions to this problem consist of two parallel approaches: (i) cathodic pretreatment of the carbon screen-printed electrode surface prior to measurement in both alkaline and neutral conditions; (ii) electropolymerization of orthophenylenediamine on graphene modified carbon screen-printed electrodes prior to measurement in neutral conditions. Both strategies allow simultaneous detection of cocaine and heroin in speedball samples as well as simultaneous detection of cocaine and codeine. Implementing these strategies in portable devices holds great potential for significantly improved accuracy of on-site cocaine screening in polydrug samples.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000568961600011	Publication Date	2020-07-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2654	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.2	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	This work was supported by IOF-SBO and IOF-POC from University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; and VLAIO IM [HBC.2019.2181], Brussels, Belgium.			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.2; 2020 IF: 3.885
	Call Number	AXES @ axes @c:irua:170444			Serial	6395
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	Author	Van Echelpoel, R.; Kranenburg, R.; van Asten, A.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Electrochemical detection of MDMA and 2C-B in ecstasy tablets using a selectivity enhancement strategy by in-situ derivatization			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	Forensic chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	27	Issue		Pages	100383
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Electrochemical and Analytical Sciences Lab (A-Sense Lab)
	Abstract	Forensic drug laboratories are confronted with increasing amounts of drugs and a demand for faster results that are directly available on-site. In addition, the drug market is getting more complex with hundreds of new psychoactive substances (NPS) entering the market in recent years. Rapid and on-scene presumptive drug testing therefore faces a shift from manual colorimetric tests towards approaches that can detect a wider range of components and process results automatically. Electrochemical detection offers these desired characteristics, making it a suitable candidate for on-site drug detection. In this study, a two-step electrochemical sensor is introduced for the detection of MDMA and 2C-B. Firstly, a direct electrochemical analysis was performed to detect MDMA. Validation experiments on over 70 substances revealed that 2C-B was the only frequently encountered drug that gave a false positive result for MDMA in this first analysis. A second step using in-situ derivatization was subsequently introduced. To this end, formaldehyde was used for N-methylation of 2C-B thereby enhancing its electrochemical profile. The enriched electrochemical fingerprint in the second step allowed for clear differentiation between MDMA and 2C-B. The applicability of this approach was demonstrated with 71 ecstasy tablets seized by the Amsterdam Police. The MDMA/2C-B sensor correctly identified all 39 MDMA-containing tablets and 10 out of 11 tablets containing 2C-B. Most notably, correct results were also obtained for dark colored tablets in which both spectroscopic analysis and colorimetric tests failed due to obscured signals.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000725708200002	Publication Date	2021-11-23
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2468-1709	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.7	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.7
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:183340			Serial	7149
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	Author	Pilehvar, S.; Gielkens, K.; Trashin, S.A.; Dardenne, F.; Blust, R.; De Wael, K.
	Title	(Electro)sensing of phenicol antibiotics : a review			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	Critical reviews in food science and nutrition	Abbreviated Journal	Crit Rev Food Sci
	Volume	56	Issue	14	Pages	2416-2429
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The presence of residues from frequent antibiotic use in animal feed can cause serious health risks by contaminating products for human consumption such as meat and milk. The present article gives an overview of the electrochemical methods developed for the detection of phenicol antibiotic residues (chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, and florfenicol) in different kinds of foodstuffs. Electrochemical sensors based on different biomolecules and nanomaterials are described. The detection limit of various developed methods with their advantages and disadvantage will be highlighted.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000382757200015	Publication Date	2015-04-02
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1040-8398	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.077	Times cited	13	Open Access
	Notes	; The authors are highly thankful for the University of Antwerp Grants (DOCPRO/ IWS). ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.077
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:125663			Serial	5585
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	Author	Ranjbari, E.; Hadjmohammadi, M.R.; Kiekens, F.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Mixed hemi/ad-micelle sodium dodecyl sulfate-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for the efficient removal and trace determination of rhodamine-B and rhodamine-6G			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	87	Issue	15	Pages	7894-7901
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Mixed hemi/ad-micelle sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MHAMS-MIONPs) were used as an efficient adsorbent for both removal and preconcentration of two important carcinogenic xanthine dyes named rhodamine-B (RB) and rhodamine-6G (RG). To gain insight in the configuration of SDS molecules on the surface of MIONPs, zeta potential measurements were performed in different [SDS]/[MIONP] ratios. Zeta potential data indicated that mixed hemi/ad-micelle MHAM was formed in [SDS]/[MIONP] ratios over the range of 1.1 to 7.3. Parameters affecting the adsorption of dyes were optimized as removal efficiency by one variable at-a-time and response surface methodology; the obtained removal efficiencies were ∼100%. Adsorption kinetic and equilibrium studies, under the optimum condition (pH = 2; amount of MIONPs = 87.15 mg; [SDS]/[MIONP] ratio = 2.9), showed that adsorption of both dyes are based on the pseudo-second-order and the Langmuir isotherm models, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities for RB and RG were 385 and 323 mg g1, respectively. MHAMS-MIONPs were also applied for extraction of RB and RG. Under optimum conditions (pH = 2; amount of damped MHAMS-MIONPs = 90 mg; eluent solvent volume = 2.6 mL of 3% acetic acid in acetonitrile), extraction recoveries for 0.5 mg L1 of RB and RG were 98% and 99%, with preconcentration factors of 327 and 330, respectively. Limit of detection obtained for rhodamine dyes were <0.7 ng mL1. Finally, MHAMS-MIONPs were successfully applied for both removal and trace determination of RB and RG in environmental and wastewater samples.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000359277900056	Publication Date	2015-07-08
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	36	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2015 IF: 5.636
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:126583			Serial	5730
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	Author	Eliaerts, J.; Meert, N.; Van Durme, F.; Samyn, N.; De Wael, K.; Dardenne, P.
	Title	Practical tool for sampling and fast analysis of large cocaine seizures			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2018	Publication	Drug testing and analysis	Abbreviated Journal	Drug Test Anal
	Volume	10	Issue	6	Pages	1039-1042
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Large quantities of illicit drugs are frequently seized by law enforcement. In such cases, a representative number of samples needs to be quickly examined prior to destruction. No procedure has yet been set up which rapidly provides information regarding the homogeneity of the samples, the presence of controlled substances and the degree of purity. This study establishes a protocol for fast analysis of cocaine and its most common cutting agent, levamisole, in large seizures. The protocol is based on a hypergeometric sampling approach combined with FTIR spectrometry and Support Vector Machines (SVM) algorithms as analysis methods. To demonstrate the practical use of this approach, five large cocaine seizures (consisting between 45 and 85 units) were analysed simultaneously with GC-MS, GC-FID and a portable FTIR spectrometer using Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) sampling combined with SVM models. According to the hypergeometric sampling plan of the Drugs Working Group ENFSI guidelines, the required number of subsamples ranged between 19 and 23. Considering the identification analyses, the SVM models detected cocaine and levamisole in all subsamples of cases 1 to 5 (100% correct classification), which was confirmed by GC-MS analysis. Considering the quantification analyses, the SVM models were able to estimate the cocaine and levamisole content in each subsample, compared to GC-FID data. The developed strategy is easy, cost effective and provides immediate information about both the presence and concentration of cocaine and levamisole. By using this new strategy, the number of confirmation analyses with laborious and expensive chromatographic techniques could be significantly reduced.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000435270300016	Publication Date	2018-02-03
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1942-7603; 1942-7611	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.469	Times cited	1	Open Access
	Notes	; Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO), Grant/Award Number: WE/49/N14-O14 ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.469
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:148760			Serial	5781
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	Author	Eliaerts, J.; Dardenne, P.; Meert, N.; Van Durme, F.; Samyn, N.; Janssens, K.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Rapid classification and quantification of cocaine in seized powders with ATR-FTIR and chemometrics			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2017	Publication	Drug testing and analysis	Abbreviated Journal	Drug Test Anal
	Volume	9	Issue	10	Pages	1480-1489
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Traditionally, fast screening for the presence of cocaine in unknown powders is performed by means of colour tests. The major drawbacks of these tests are subjective colour evaluation depending on the operator (50 shades of blue) and a lack of selectivity. An alternative fast screening technique is Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectrometry. This technique provides spectra that are difficult to interpret without specialized expertise and showing a lack of sensitivity for the detection of cocaine in mixtures. To overcome these limitations, a portable FTIR spectrometer using Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) sampling was combined with a multivariate technique, called Support Vector Machines (SVM). Representative street drug powders (n = 482), seized during the period January 2013 to July 2015, and reference powders (n = 33) were used to build and validate a classification model (n = 515) and a quantification model (n = 378). Both models were compared with the conventional chromatographic techniques. The SVM classification model showed a high sensitivity, specificity and efficiency (99%). The SVM quantification model determined cocaine content with a root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) of 6% calculated over a wide working range from 4 to 99 w%. In conclusion, the developed models resulted in a clear output (cocaine detected or cocaine not detected) and a reliable estimation of the cocaine content in a wide variety of mixtures. The ATR-FTIR technique combined with SVM is a straightforward, user-friendly and fast approach for routine classification and quantification of cocaine in seized powders.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000413685200001	Publication Date	2016-12-17
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1942-7603; 1942-7611	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.469	Times cited	9	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.469
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:139483			Serial	5799
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	Author	Hrdlickova Kuckova, S.; Hamidi-Asl, E.; Sofer, Z.; Marvan, P.; De Wael, K.; Sanyova, J.; Janssens, K.
	Title	A simplified protocol for usage of new immuno-SERS probes for detection of casein, collagens and ovalbumin in cross-sections of artworks			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2018	Publication	Analytical methods	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Methods-Uk
	Volume	10	Issue	9	Pages	1054-1062
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Although it is now relatively straightforward to identify protein binders in works of art, their proper localization within the corresponding layer still represents a significant analytical challenge. Until now, the identification of proteins has mainly been performed by peptide mass fingerprinting using mass spectrometric methods and their localization in polished paint cross-sections have been realized by optical microscopy via the use of fluorescent stain Sypro Ruby (SR). In this work we propose a simplified protocol for immuno-surface enhanced Raman scattering (immuno-SERS) using gold nanoparticles attached to biphenyl-4,4-dithiol (BPDT) as the SERS-nanotag. These nanoparticles are easily obtainable in the lab and have been used to label multilayered mock up samples prepared as cross-sections to estimate the detection limits of the suggested method. The layers contain egg, casein, and different animal glues binders (prepared in various ratios with linseed oil or a carbohydrate component) mixed with the pigments azurite, vermilion and chalk. The sensitivity of staining agent SR is compared to that of the immuno-SERS protocol for the first time.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000426696100017	Publication Date	2018-02-02
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1759-9660	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	1.9	Times cited	3	Open Access
	Notes	; The authors wish to acknowledge the Fund for Scientific Research-Flanders (FWO-Vlaanderen) for the support to act as a Postdoctoral Fellow – Pegasus of the Research Foundation – Flanders, and the grant from Specific University research (MSMT No. 20/2017) from the Czech Republic. This work was supported by the project Advanced Functional Nanorobots (reg. No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15_003/ 0000444 financed by the EFRR). Zdenek Sofer and Petr Marvan were supported by specific university research (MSMT No. 20-SVV/2018). ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 1.9
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:148803			Serial	5831
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	Author	Ayalew, E.; Gebre, Y.; De Wael, K.
	Title	A survey of occupational exposure to inhalable wood dust among workers in small- and medium-scale wood-processing enterprises in Ethiopia			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	The annals of occupational hygiene	Abbreviated Journal	Ann Occup Hyg
	Volume	59	Issue	2	Pages	253-257
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	A study of wood dust exposure in 20 small- and medium-scale wood-processing enterprises was performed in Ethiopia. Sampling was conducted daily from January to June, 2013 and a total of 360 samples from 113 workers were collected with Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) personal samplers. Eight-hour time-weighted average exposure to wood dust ranged from 0.24 to 23.3mg m−3 with a geometric mean (GM) of 6.82mg m−3 and a geometric standard deviation of 1.82. Although Ethiopia did not have any defined standard of Occupational Exposure Limit for wood dust exposure, 71% of the measurements exceeded the limit of 5mg m−3 set by the European Union (EU). Higher than the EU exposure limit was measured while workers perform sanding and sawing activities with a GM of 9.72 and 7.60mg m−3, respectively. In conclusion, wood workers in the small- and medium-scale enterprises are at a higher risk of developing different respiratory health problems with continuous exposure trends.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000352158700011	Publication Date	2014-10-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-4878	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	1.71	Times cited	4	Open Access
	Notes	; Eyasu Ayalew thanks the Addis Ababa University (Center for Environmental Sciences) for the personal grant for independent study. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 1.71; 2015 IF: 2.101
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:119739			Serial	5857
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	Author	Eliaerts, J.; Meert, N.; Dardenne, P.; Baeten, V.; Pierna, J.-A.F.; Van Durme, F.; De Wael, K.; Samyn, N.
	Title	Comparison of spectroscopic techniques combined with chemometrics for cocaine powder analysis			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2020	Publication	Journal Of Analytical Toxicology	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Toxicol
	Volume	44	Issue	8	Pages	851-860
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Spectroscopic techniques combined with chemometrics are a promising tool for analysis of seized drug powders. In this study, the performance of three spectroscopic techniques [Mid-InfraRed (MIR), Raman and Near-InfraRed (NIR)] was compared. In total, 364 seized powders were analyzed and consisted of 276 cocaine powders (with concentrations ranging from 4 to 99 w%) and 88 powders without cocaine. A classification model (using Support Vector Machines [SVM] discriminant analysis) and a quantification model (using SVM regression) were constructed with each spectral dataset in order to discriminate cocaine powders from other powders and quantify cocaine in powders classified as cocaine positive. The performances of the models were compared with gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (GC-FID). Different evaluation criteria were used: number of false negatives (FNs), number of false positives (FPs), accuracy, root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) and determination coefficients (R-2). Ten colored powders were excluded from the classification data set due to fluorescence background observed in Raman spectra. For the classification, the best accuracy (99.7%) was obtained with MIR spectra. With Raman and NIR spectra, the accuracy was 99.5% and 98.9%, respectively. For the quantification, the best results were obtained with NIR spectra. The cocaine content was determined with a RMSECV of 3.79% and a R-2 of 0.97. The performance of MIR and Raman to predict cocaine concentrations was lower than NIR, with RMSECV of 6.76% and 6.79%, respectively and both with a R-2 of 0.90. The three spectroscopic techniques can be applied for both classification and quantification of cocaine, but some differences in performance were detected. The best classification was obtained with MIR spectra. For quantification, however, the RMSECV of MIR and Raman was twice as high in comparison with NIR. Spectroscopic techniques combined with chemometrics can reduce the workload for confirmation analysis (e.g., chromatography based) and therefore save time and resources.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000606735000011	Publication Date	2020-08-04
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0146-4760; 1945-2403	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.5	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.5; 2020 IF: 2.409
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:175117			Serial	7697
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	Author	Truta, F.M.; Cruz, A.G.; Dragan, A.-M.; Tertis, M.; Cowen, T.; Stefan, M.-G.; Topala, T.; Slosse, A.; Piletska, E.; Van Durme, F.; Kiss, B.; De Wael, K.; Piletsky, S.A.; Cristea, C.
	Title	Design of smart nanoparticles for the electrochemical detection of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine to allow in field screening by law enforcement officers			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Drug testing and analysis	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-14
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; Antwerp Electrochemical and Analytical Sciences Lab (A-Sense Lab)
	Abstract	A portable and highly sensitive sensor was designed for the specific detection of 3,4-methyl-enedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), in a range of field-testing situations. The sensor can detect MDMA in street samples, even when other controlled substances drugs, or adulterants are present. In this work, we report for the first time a sensor using electroactive molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles computationally designed to recognize MDMA and then produced using solid phase synthesis. A composite comprising chitosan, reduced graphene oxide, and molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles synthesized for MDMA for the first time was immobilized on screen-printed carbon electrodes. The sensors displayed a satisfactory sensitivity (106.8 nA x mu M-1), limit of detection (1.6 nM; 0.31 ng/mL), and recoveries (92-99%). The accuracy of the results was confirmed through validation using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). This technology could be used in forensic analysis and make it possible to selectively detect MDMA in street samples. A highly sensitive and portable sensor has been developed to detect MDMA in street samples. It uses electroactive molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles computationally designed to recognize MDMA, which were immobilized on screen-printed carbon electrodes with chitosan and graphene. The sensor showed good sensitivity and satisfactory recoveries (92-99%), confirmed with UPLC-MS/MS validation. This technology has the potential to be used in forensic analysis.image
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001107703400001	Publication Date	2023-11-24
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1942-7603; 1942-7611	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:202058			Serial	9020
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