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Author (down) Yu, CP.; Vega Ibañez, F.; Béché, A.; Verbeeck, J. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Quantum wavefront shaping with a 48-element programmable phase plate for electrons Type A1 Journal Article
  Year 2023 Publication SciPost Physics Abbreviated Journal SciPost Phys.  
  Volume 15 Issue Pages 223  
  Keywords A1 Journal Article; Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT)  
  Abstract We present a 48-element programmable phase plate for coherent electron waves produced by a combination of photolithography and focused ion beam. This brings the highly successful concept of wavefront shaping from light optics into the realm of electron optics and provides an important new degree of freedom to prepare electron quantum states. The phase plate chip is mounted on an aperture rod placed in the C2 plane of a transmission electron microscope operating in the 100-300 kV range. The phase plate's behavior is characterized by a Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm, showing a phase sensitivity of 0.075 rad/mV at 300 kV, with a phase resolution of approximately 3x10e−3π. In addition, we provide a brief overview of possible use cases and support it with both simulated and experimental results.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher SciPost Place of Publication Editor  
  Language English Wos 001116838500002 Publication Date 2023-12-04  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2542-4653 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 5.5 Times cited 1 Open Access  
  Notes This project is the result of a long-term effort involving many differ- ent sources of funding: JV acknowledges funding from an ERC proof of concept project DLV- 789598 ADAPTEM, as well as a University IOF proof of concept project towards launching the AdaptEM spin-off and the eBEAM project, supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program FETPROACT-EIC-07-2020: emerging paradigms and com- munities. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 823717 – ESTEEM3 and via The IMPRESS project from the HORIZON EUROPE framework program for research and innovation under grant agreement n. 101094299. FV, JV, and AB acknowledge funding from G042820N ‘Explor- ing adaptive optics in transmission electron microscopy.’ CPY acknowledges funding from a TOP-BOF project from the University of Antwerp. Approved Most recent IF: 5.5; 2023 IF: NA  
  Call Number EMAT @ emat @c:irua:202037 Serial 8984  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author (down) Wolf, D.; Rodriguez, L.A.; Béché, A.; Javon, E.; Serrano, L.; Magen, C.; Gatel, C.; Lubk, A.; Lichte, H.; Bals, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Fernández-Pacheco, A.; De Teresa, J.M.; Snoeck, E. url  doi
openurl 
  Title 3D Magnetic Induction Maps of Nanoscale Materials Revealed by Electron Holographic Tomography Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2015 Publication Chemistry of materials Abbreviated Journal Chem Mater  
  Volume 27 Issue 27 Pages 6771-6778  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)  
  Abstract The investigation of three-dimensional (3D) ferromagnetic nanoscale materials constitutes one of the key research areas of the current magnetism roadmap, and carries great potential to impact areas such as data storage, sensing and biomagnetism. The properties of such nanostructures are closely connected with their 3D magnetic nanostructure, making their determination highly valuable. Up to now, quantitative 3D maps providing both the internal magnetic and electric configuration of the same specimen with high spatial resolution are missing. Here, we demonstrate the quantitative 3D reconstruction of the dominant axial component of the magnetic induction and electrostatic potential within a cobalt nanowire (NW) of 100 nm in diameter with spatial resolution below 10 nanometers by applying electron holographic tomography. The tomogram was obtained using a dedicated TEM sample holder for acquisition, in combination with advanced alignment and tomographic reconstruction routines. The powerful approach presented here is widely applicable to a broad range of 3D magnetic nanostructures and may trigger the progress of novel spintronic non-planar nanodevices.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000362920700037 Publication Date 2015-09-08  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0897-4756;1520-5002; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 9.466 Times cited 50 Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes This work was supported by the European Union under the Seventh Framework Program under a contract for an Inte-grated Infrastructure Initiative Reference 312483-ESTEEM2. S.B. and A.B. gratefully acknowledge funding by ERC Starting grants number 335078 COLOURATOMS and number 278510 VORTEX. AF-P acknowledges an EPSRC Early Career fellowship and support from the Winton Foundation. E.S., C.G. and L.A. R. acknowledge the French ANR program for support though the project EMMA.; esteem2jra4; ECASJO;; ECAS_Sara; (ROMEO:white; preprint:; postprint:restricted 12 months embargo; pdfversion:cannot); Approved Most recent IF: 9.466; 2015 IF: 8.354  
  Call Number c:irua:129180 c:irua:129180 c:irua:129180 Serial 3950  
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Author (down) Vijayakumar, J.; Savchenko, T.M.; Bracher, D.M.; Lumbeeck, G.; Béché, A.; Verbeeck, J.; Vajda, Š.; Nolting, F.; Vaz, Ca.f.; Kleibert, A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Absence of a pressure gap and atomistic mechanism of the oxidation of pure Co nanoparticles Type A1 Journal Article
  Year 2023 Publication Nature communications Abbreviated Journal Nat Commun  
  Volume 14 Issue 1 Pages 174  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)  
  Abstract Understanding chemical reactivity and magnetism of 3<italic>d</italic>transition metal nanoparticles is of fundamental interest for applications in fields ranging from spintronics to catalysis. Here, we present an atomistic picture of the early stage of the oxidation mechanism and its impact on the magnetism of Co nanoparticles. Our experiments reveal a two-step process characterized by (i) the initial formation of small CoO crystallites across the nanoparticle surface, until their coalescence leads to structural completion of the oxide shell passivating the metallic core; (ii) progressive conversion of the CoO shell to Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>and void formation due to the nanoscale Kirkendall effect. The Co nanoparticles remain highly reactive toward oxygen during phase (i), demonstrating the absence of a pressure gap whereby a low reactivity at low pressures is postulated. Our results provide an important benchmark for the development of theoretical models for the chemical reactivity in catalysis and magnetism during metal oxidation at the nanoscale.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000955726400021 Publication Date 2023-01-12  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2041-1723 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 16.6 Times cited 1 Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, 200021160186 2002153540 ; EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, 810310 823717 ; University of Basel | Swiss Nanoscience Institute, P1502 ; This work is funded by Swiss National Foundation (SNF) (Grants. No 200021160186 and 2002153540) and the Swiss Nanoscience Institut (SNI) (Grant No. SNI P1502). S.V. acknowledges support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 810310, which corresponds to the J. Heyrovsky Chair project (“ERA Chair at J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry AS CR – The institutional approach towards ERA”). The funders had no role in the preparation of the article. Part of this work was performed at the Surface/Interface: Microscopy (SIM) beamline of the Swiss Light Source (SLS), Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland. We kindly acknowledge Anja Weber and Elisabeth Müller from PSI for their help in fabricating the sample markers. A.B. and J. Verbeeck received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research Infrastructure – Integrating Activities for Advanced Communities under grant agreement No. 823717 – ESTEEM3 reported Approved Most recent IF: 16.6; 2023 IF: 12.124  
  Call Number EMAT @ emat @c:irua:196738 Serial 8804  
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Author (down) Verbeeck, J.; Tian, H.; Béché, A. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title A new way of producing electron vortex probes for STEM Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2012 Publication Ultramicroscopy Abbreviated Journal Ultramicroscopy  
  Volume 113 Issue Pages 83-87  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)  
  Abstract A spiral holographic aperture is used in the condensor plane of a scanning transmission electron microscope to produce a focussed electron vortex probe carrying a topological charge of either −1, 0 or +1. The spiral aperture design has a major advantage over the previously used forked aperture in that the three beams with topological charge m=−1, 0, and 1 are not side by side in the specimen plane, but rather on top of each other, focussed at different heights. This allows us to have only one selected beam in focus on the sample while the others contribute only to a background signal. In this paper we describe the working principle as well as first experimental results demonstrating atomic resolution HAADF STEM images obtained with electron vortex probes. These results pave the way for atomic resolution magnetic information when combined with electron energy loss spectroscopy.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Amsterdam Editor  
  Language Wos 000300554400002 Publication Date 2011-10-31  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0304-3991; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 2.843 Times cited 62 Open Access  
  Notes J.V. wants to thank Miles Padgett for suggesting this setup and pointing to the relevant optics literature. Peter Schattschneider is acknowledged for in depth discussions on related topics. J.V acknowledges funding from the European Research Council under the 7th Framework Program (FP7), ERC Grant no. 46791-COUN-TATOMS and ERC Starting Grant no. 278510 VORTEX. The Qu-Ant-EM microscope is partially funded by the Hercules fund of the Flemish Government. ECASJO_; Approved Most recent IF: 2.843; 2012 IF: 2.470  
  Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:93624UA @ admin @ c:irua:93624 Serial 2336  
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Author (down) Verbeeck, J.; Guzzinati, G.; Clark, L.; Juchtmans, R.; Van Boxem, R.; Tian, H.; Béché, A.; Lubk, A.; Van Tendeloo, G. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title Shaping electron beams for the generation of innovative measurements in the (S)TEM Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2014 Publication Comptes rendus : physique Abbreviated Journal Cr Phys  
  Volume 15 Issue 2-3 Pages 190-199  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)  
  Abstract In TEM, a typical goal consists of making a small electron probe in the sample plane in order to obtain high spatial resolution in scanning transmission electron microscopy. In order to do so, the phase of the electron wave is corrected to resemble a spherical wave compensating for aberrations in the magnetic lenses. In this contribution, we discuss the advantage of changing the phase of an electron wave in a specific way in order to obtain fundamentally different electron probes opening up new applications in the (S)TEM. We focus on electron vortex states as a specific family of waves with an azimuthal phase signature and discuss their properties, production and applications. The concepts presented here are rather general and also different classes of probes can be obtained in a similar fashion, showing that electron probes can be tuned to optimize a specific measurement or interaction.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Paris Editor  
  Language Wos 000334013600009 Publication Date 2014-02-01  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1631-0705; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 2.048 Times cited 22 Open Access  
  Notes Vortex ECASJO_; Approved Most recent IF: 2.048; 2014 IF: 2.035  
  Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:116946UA @ admin @ c:irua:116946 Serial 2992  
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Author (down) Verbeeck, J.; Béché, A.; van den Broek, W. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title A holographic method to measure the source size broadening in STEM Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2012 Publication Ultramicroscopy Abbreviated Journal Ultramicroscopy  
  Volume 120 Issue Pages 35-40  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)  
  Abstract Source size broadening is an important resolution limiting effect in modern STEM experiments. Here, we propose an alternative method to measure the source size broadening making use of a holographic biprism to create interference patterns in an empty Ronchigram. This allows us to measure the exact shape of the source size broadening with a much better sampling than previously possible. We find that the shape of the demagnified source deviates considerably from a Gaussian profile that is often assumed. We fit the profile with a linear combination of a Gaussian and a bivariate Cauchy distribution showing that even though the full width at half maximum is similar to previously reported measurements, the tails of the profile are considerable wider. This is of fundamental importance for quantitative comparison of STEM simulations with experiments as these tails make the image contrast dependent on the interatomic distance, an effect that cannot be reproduced by a single Gaussian profile of fixed width alone.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Amsterdam Editor  
  Language Wos 000308082600005 Publication Date 2012-06-01  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0304-3991; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 2.843 Times cited 29 Open Access  
  Notes This work was supported by funding from the European Research Council under the 7th Framework Program (FP7), ERC Grant no. 246791 COUNTATOMS and ERC Starting Grant 278510 VORTEX. The Qu-Ant-EM microscope was partly funded by the Hercules fund from the Flemish Government. W. Van den Broek acknowledges funding from the Condor project, a project under the supervision of the Embedded Systems Institute (ESI) and FEI. This project is partially supported by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs under the BSIK program. ECASJO_; Approved Most recent IF: 2.843; 2012 IF: 2.470  
  Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:100466UA @ admin @ c:irua:100466 Serial 1483  
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Author (down) Verbeeck, J.; Béché, A.; Müller-Caspary, K.; Guzzinati, G.; Luong, M.A.; Den Hertog, M. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title Demonstration of a 2 × 2 programmable phase plate for electrons Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2018 Publication Ultramicroscopy Abbreviated Journal Ultramicroscopy  
  Volume 190 Issue Pages 58-65  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)  
  Abstract First results on the experimental realisation of a 2 × 2 programmable phase plate for electrons are presented. The design consists of an array of electrostatic elements that influence the phase of electron waves passing through 4 separately controllable aperture holes. This functionality is demonstrated in a conventional transmission electron microscope operating at 300 kV and results are in very close agreement with theoretical predictions. The dynamic creation of a set of electron probes with different phase symmetry is demonstrated, thereby bringing adaptive optics in TEM one step closer to reality. The limitations of the current design and how to overcome these in the future are discussed. Simulations show how further evolved versions of the current proof of concept might open new and exciting application prospects for beam shaping and aberration correction.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000432868800007 Publication Date 2018-04-18  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0304-3991 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 2.843 Times cited 73 Open Access Not_Open_Access: Available from 19.04.2020  
  Notes J.V. and A.B. acknowledge funding from the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders FWO project G093417N and the European Research Council under the 7th Framework Program (FP7), ERC Starting Grant 278510 VORTEX and ERC proof of concept project DLV-789598 ADAPTEM. The Qu-Ant-EM microscope used in this work was partly funded by the Hercules fund from the Flemish Government. MdH acknowledges financial support from the ANRCOSMOS (ANR-12-JS10-0002). MdH and ML acknowledge funding from the Laboratoire d’excellence LANEF in Grenoble (ANR-10-LABX-51-01). Approved Most recent IF: 2.843  
  Call Number EMAT @ emat @c:irua:150459UA @ admin @ c:irua:150459 Serial 4920  
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Author (down) Velazco, A.; Nord, M.; Béché, A.; Verbeeck, J. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Evaluation of different rectangular scan strategies for STEM imaging Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2020 Publication Ultramicroscopy Abbreviated Journal Ultramicroscopy  
  Volume Issue Pages 113021  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)  
  Abstract STEM imaging is typically performed by raster scanning a focused electron probe over a sample. Here we investigate and compare three different scan patterns, making use of a programmable scan engine that allows to arbitrarily set the sequence of probe positions that are consecutively visited on the sample. We compare the typical raster scan with a so-called ‘snake’ pattern where the scan direction is reversed after each row and a novel Hilbert scan pattern that changes scan direction rapidly and provides an homogeneous treatment of both scan directions. We experimentally evaluate the imaging performance on a single crystal test sample by varying dwell time and evaluating behaviour with respect to sample drift. We demonstrate the ability of the Hilbert scan pattern to more faithfully represent the high frequency content of the image in the presence of sample drift. It is also shown that Hilbert scanning provides reduced bias when measuring lattice parameters from the obtained scanned images while maintaining similar precision in both scan directions which is especially important when e.g. performing strain analysis. Compared to raster scanning with flyback correction, both snake and Hilbert scanning benefit from dose reduction as only small probe movement steps occur.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000544042800007 Publication Date 2020-05-21  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0304-3991 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 2.2 Times cited 13 Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes A.V., A.B. and J.V. acknowledge funding through FWO project G093417N ('Compressed sensing enabling low dose imaging in transmission electron microscopy') from the Flanders Research Fund. M.N. received support for this work from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 838001. J.V acknowledges funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 823717 – ESTEEM3. Approved Most recent IF: 2.2; 2020 IF: 2.843  
  Call Number EMAT @ emat @c:irua:169225 Serial 6369  
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Author (down) Velazco, A.; Béché, A.; Jannis, D.; Verbeeck, J. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Reducing electron beam damage through alternative STEM scanning strategies, Part I: Experimental findings Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2022 Publication Ultramicroscopy Abbreviated Journal Ultramicroscopy  
  Volume 232 Issue Pages 113398  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)  
  Abstract The highly energetic electrons in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) can alter or even completely destroy the structure of samples before sufficient information can be obtained. This is especially problematic in the case of zeolites, organic and biological materials. As this effect depends on both the electron beam and the sample and can involve multiple damage pathways, its study remained difficult and is plagued with irreproducibility issues, circumstantial evidence, rumors, and a general lack of solid data. Here we take on the experimental challenge to investigate the role of the STEM scan pattern on the damage behavior of a commercially available zeolite sample with the clear aim to make our observations as reproducible as possible. We make use of a freely programmable scan engine that gives full control over the tempospatial distribution of the electron probe on the sample and we use its flexibility to obtain multiple repeated experiments under identical conditions comparing the difference in beam damage between a conventional raster scan pattern and a newly proposed interleaved scan pattern that provides exactly the same dose and dose rate and visits exactly the same scan points. We observe a significant difference in beam damage for both patterns with up to 11 % reduction in damage (measured from mass loss). These observations demonstrate without doubt that electron dose, dose rate and acceleration voltage are not the only parameters affecting beam damage in (S)TEM experiments and invite the community to rethink beam damage as an unavoidable consequence of applied electron dose.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000714819200002 Publication Date 2021-10-02  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0304-3991 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 2.2 Times cited 18 Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes A.V., D.J., A.B. and J.V. acknowledge funding from FWO project G093417N (’Compressed sensing enabling low dose imaging in transmission electron microscopy’) and G042920N (’Coincident event detection for advanced spectroscopy in transmission electron microscopy’). This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 823717 ESTEEM3. The Qu-Ant-EM microscope was partly funded by the Hercules fund from the Flemish Government. J.V. acknowledges funding from GOA project “Solarpaint” of the University of Antwerp.; JRA; reported Approved Most recent IF: 2.2  
  Call Number EMAT @ emat @c:irua:183282 Serial 6818  
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Author (down) Vega Ibañez, F.; Béché, A.; Verbeeck, J. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Can a programmable phase plate serve as an aberration corrector in the transmission electron microscope (TEM)? Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2022 Publication Microscopy and microanalysis Abbreviated Journal Microsc Microanal  
  Volume Issue Pages Pii S1431927622012260-10  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)  
  Abstract Current progress in programmable electrostatic phase plates raises questions about their usefulness for specific applications. Here, we explore different designs for such phase plates with the specific goal of correcting spherical aberration in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). We numerically investigate whether a phase plate could provide down to 1 angstrom ngstrom spatial resolution on a conventional uncorrected TEM. Different design aspects (fill factor, pixel pattern, symmetry) were evaluated to understand their effect on the electron probe size and current density. Some proposed designs show a probe size () down to 0.66 angstrom, proving that it should be possible to correct spherical aberration well past the 1 angstrom limit using a programmable phase plate consisting of an array of electrostatic phase-shifting elements.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000849975400001 Publication Date 2022-09-21  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1431-9276 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 2.8 Times cited 3 Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes All authors acknowledge funding from the Flemish Research Fund under contract G042820N “Exploring adaptive optics in transmission electron microscopy”. J.V. acknowledges funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research Infrastructure – Integrating Activities for Advanced Communities under grant agreement No 823717 – ESTEEM3 and from the University of Antwerp through a TOP BOF project.; esteem3reported; esteem3jra Approved Most recent IF: 2.8  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:190627 Serial 7134  
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Author (down) Vanrompay, H.; Skorikov, A.; Bladt, E.; Béché, A.; Freitag, B.; Verbeeck, J.; Bals, S. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Fast versus conventional HAADF-STEM tomography of nanoparticles: advantages and challenges Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2021 Publication Ultramicroscopy Abbreviated Journal Ultramicroscopy  
  Volume 221 Issue Pages 113191  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)  
  Abstract HAADF-STEM tomography is a widely used experimental technique for analyzing nanometer-scale crystalline structures of a large variety of materials in three dimensions. Unfortunately, the acquisition of conventional HAADF-STEM tilt series can easily take up one hour or more, depending on the complexity of the experiment. It is therefore far from straightforward to investigate samples that do not withstand long acquisition or to acquire large amounts of tilt series during a single TEM experiment. The latter would lead to the ability to obtain statistically meaningful 3D data, or to perform in situ 3D characterizations with a much shorter time resolution. Various HAADF-STEM acquisition strategies have been proposed to accelerate the tomographic acquisition and reduce the required electron dose. These methods include tilting the holder continuously while acquiring a projection “movie” and a hybrid, incremental, methodology which combines the benefits of the conventional and continuous technique. However, until now an experimental evaluation has been lacking. In this paper, the different acquisition strategies will be experimentally compared in terms of speed, resolution and electron dose. This evaluation will be performed based on experimental tilt series acquired for various metallic nanoparticles with different shapes and sizes. We discuss the data processing involved with the fast HAADF-STEM tilt series and provide a general guideline when which acquisition strategy should be preferentially used.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000612539600003 Publication Date 2020-12-08  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0304-3991 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 2.843 Times cited 15 Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes We acknowledge Prof. Luis M. Liz-Marzán and co-workers of the Bionanoplasmonics Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Spain for providing the Au@Ag nanoparticles, Prof. Sara. E. Skrabalak and co-workers of Indiana University, United States for the provision of the Au octopods and Prof. Teri W. Odom of Northwestern University, United States for the provision of the Au nanostars. H.V. acknowledges financial support by the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO grant 1S32617N). S.B acknowledges financial support by the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO grant G.0381.16N). This project received funding as well from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 731019 (EUSMI) and No 815128 (REALNANO). The authors acknowledge the entire EMAT technical staff for their support.; sygma Approved Most recent IF: 2.843  
  Call Number EMAT @ emat @c:irua:174551 Serial 6660  
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Author (down) Vanrompay, H.; Bladt, E.; Albrecht, W.; Béché, A.; Zakhozheva, M.; Sánchez-Iglesias, A.; Liz-Marzán, L.M.; Bals, S. url  doi
openurl 
  Title 3D characterization of heat-induced morphological changes of Au nanostars by fast in situ electron tomography Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2018 Publication Nanoscale Abbreviated Journal Nanoscale  
  Volume 10 Issue 10 Pages 22792-22801  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)  
  Abstract A thorough understanding of the thermal stability and potential reshaping of anisotropic gold nanostars is required for various potential applications. Combination of a tomographic heating holder with fast tilt series acquisition has been used to monitor temperature-induced morphological changes of Au nanostars. The outcome of our 3D investigations can be used as an input for boundary element method simulations, enabling us to investigate the influence of reshaping on the nanostars’ plasmonic properties. Our work leads to a better understanding of the mechanism behind thermal reshaping. In addition, the approach presented here is generic and can hence be applied to a wide variety of nanoparticles made of different materials and with arbitrary morphology.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000453248100010 Publication Date 2018-11-28  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2040-3364 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 7.367 Times cited 55 Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes H.V. acknowledges financial support by the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO grant 1S32617N). E.B. acknowledges a post-doctoral grant from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO, Belgium). W.A. acknowledges an Individual Fellowship funded by the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) in Horizon 2020. The authors acknowledge funding from European Commission Grant (EUSMI 731019 to S.B., L.M.L.-M. and M.Z. and MUMMERING 765604 to S.B. and M.Z.). S.B. acknowledges financial support from European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant #335078- COLOURATOMS).; Ecas_sara Approved Most recent IF: 7.367  
  Call Number EMAT @ emat @c:irua:155718UA @ admin @ c:irua:155718 Serial 5071  
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Author (down) Vanrompay, H.; Béché, A.; Verbeeck, J.; Bals, S. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title Experimental Evaluation of Undersampling Schemes for Electron Tomography of Nanoparticles Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2019 Publication Particle and particle systems characterization Abbreviated Journal Part Part Syst Char  
  Volume 36 Issue 36 Pages 1900096  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)  
  Abstract One of the emerging challenges in the field of 3D characterization of nanoparticles by electron tomography is to avoid degradation and deformation of the samples during the acquisition of a tilt series. In order to reduce the required electron dose, various undersampling approaches have been proposed. These methods include lowering the number of 2D projection images, reducing the probe current during the acquisition, and scanning a smaller number of pixels in the 2D images. A comparison is made between these approaches based on tilt series acquired for a gold nanoparticle.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000477679400014 Publication Date 2019-05-29  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0934-0866 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 4.474 Times cited 12 Open Access Not_Open_Access  
  Notes H.V. acknowledges financial support by the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO Grant No. 1S32617N). A.B. and J.V. acknowledge FWO project 6093417N “Compressed sensing enabling low dose imaging in STEM.” The authors thank G. González-Rubio, A. Sánchez-Iglesias, and L.M. Liz-Marzán for provision of the samples. Approved Most recent IF: 4.474  
  Call Number EMAT @ emat @UA @ admin @ c:irua:159986 Serial 5175  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author (down) van Huis, M.A.; Figuerola, A.; Fang, C.; Béché, A.; Zandbergen, H.W.; Manna, L. doi  openurl
  Title Letter Chemical transformation of Au-tipped CdS nanorods into AuS/Cd core/shell particles by electron beam irradiation Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2011 Publication Nano letters Abbreviated Journal Nano Lett  
  Volume 11 Issue 11 Pages 4555-4561  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)  
  Abstract We demonstrate that electron irradiation of colloidal CdS nanorods carrying Au domains causes their evolution into AuS/Cd core/shell nanoparticles as a result of a concurrent chemical and morphological transformation. The shrinkage of the CdS nanorods and the growth of the Cd shell around the Au tips are imaged in real time, while the displacement of S atoms from the CdS nanorod to the Au domains is evidenced by high-sensitivity energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The various nanodomains display different susceptibility to the irradiation, which results in nanoconfigurations that are very different from those obtained after thermal annealing. Such physical manipulations of colloidal nanocrystals can be exploited as a tool to access novel nanocrystal heterostructures.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Washington Editor  
  Language Wos 000296674700009 Publication Date 2011-10-13  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1530-6984;1530-6992; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 12.712 Times cited 25 Open Access  
  Notes Approved Most recent IF: 12.712; 2011 IF: 13.198  
  Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:93710 Serial 1814  
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Author (down) Van den Broek, W.; Reed, B.W.; Béché, A.; Velazco, A.; Verbeeck, J.; Koch, C.T. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title Various compressed sensing setups evaluated against Shannon sampling under constraint of constant illumination Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2019 Publication IEEE transactions on computational imaging Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 5 Issue 3 Pages 502-514  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)  
  Abstract Under the constraint of constant illumination, an information criterion is formulated for the Fisher information that compressed sensing measurements in optical and transmission electron microscopy contain about the underlying parameters. Since this approach requires prior knowledge of the signal's support in the sparse basis, we develop a heuristic quantity, the detective quantum efficiency (DQE), that tracks this information criterion well without this knowledge. In this paper, it is shown that for the investigated choice of sensing matrices, and in the absence of read-out noise, i.e., with only Poisson noise present, compressed sensing does not raise the amount of Fisher information in the recordings above that of Shannon sampling. Furthermore, enabled by the DQE's analytical tractability, the experimental designs are optimized by finding out the optimal fraction of on pixels as a function of dose and read-out noise. Finally, we introduce a regularization and demonstrate, through simulations and experiment, that it yields reconstructions attaining minimum mean squared error at experimental settings predicted by the DQE as optimal.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000480352600013 Publication Date 2019-01-24  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2333-9403 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 4.546 Times cited 7 Open Access  
  Notes ; This work was supported by the Hercules fund from the Flemish Government (Qu-Ant-EM microscope used for the experimental data). The work of W. Van den Broek was supported by the DFG under Grant BR 5095/2-1 (Compressed sensing in ptychography and transmission electron microscopy). The work of A. Beche, A. Velazco, and J. Verbeeck was supported by the FWO under Grant G093417N (Compressed sensing enabling low dose imaging in transmission electron microscopy). The work of Christoph T. Koch was supported by the DFG under Grant CRC 951. The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Dr. Chrysanthe Preza. ; Approved Most recent IF: NA  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:161792 Serial 5368  
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Author (down) van den Bos, K.H.W.; Krause, F.F.; Béché, A.; Verbeeck, J.; Rosenauer, A.; Van Aert, S. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Locating light and heavy atomic column positions with picometer precision using ISTEM Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2016 Publication Ultramicroscopy Abbreviated Journal Ultramicroscopy  
  Volume 172 Issue 172 Pages 75-81  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)  
  Abstract Recently, imaging scanning transmission electron microscopy (ISTEM) has been proposed as a promising new technique combining the advantages of conventional TEM (CTEM) and STEM [1]. The ability to visualize light and heavy elements together makes it a particularly interesting new, spatially incoherent imaging mode. Here, we evaluate this technique in term of precision with which atomic column locations can be measured. By using statistical parameter estimation theory, we will show that these locations can be accurately measured with a precision in the picometer range. Furthermore, a quantitative comparison is made with HAADF STEM imaging to investigate the advantages of ISTEM.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000390600200009 Publication Date 2016-10-09  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0304-3991 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 2.843 Times cited 8 Open Access  
  Notes The authors acknowledge financial support from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO, Belgium) through project fundings (G.0374.13N, G.0368.15N, G.0369.15N), and by a Ph.D. grant to K.H.W. van den Bos. The research leading to these results has received funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft under Contract No. RO 2057/4-2 and the European Union Seventh Framework Programme under Grant Agreement 312483 – ESTEEM2. We thank Prof. G. Koster from the University of Twente for kindly providing us with the PbTiO3 test sample. Approved Most recent IF: 2.843  
  Call Number EMAT @ emat @ c:irua:136109UA @ admin @ c:irua:136109 Serial 4288  
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Author (down) Van Aert, S.; De Backer, A.; Jones, L.; Martinez, G.T.; Béché, A.; Nellist, P.D. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title Control of Knock-On Damage for 3D Atomic Scale Quantification of Nanostructures: Making Every Electron Count in Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2019 Publication Physical review letters Abbreviated Journal Phys Rev Lett  
  Volume 122 Issue 6 Pages 066101  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)  
  Abstract Understanding nanostructures down to the atomic level is the key to optimizing the design of advancedmaterials with revolutionary novel properties. This requires characterization methods capable of quantifying the three-dimensional (3D) atomic structure with the highest possible precision. A successful approach to reach this goal is to count the number of atoms in each atomic column from 2D annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy images. To count atoms with single atom sensitivity, a minimum electron dose has been shown to be necessary, while on the other hand beam damage, induced by the high energy electrons, puts a limit on the tolerable dose. An important challenge is therefore to develop experimental strategies to optimize the electron dose by balancing atom-counting fidelity vs the risk of knock-on damage. To achieve this goal, a statistical framework combined with physics-based modeling of the dose-dependent processes is here proposed and experimentally verified. This model enables an investigator to theoretically predict, in advance of an experimental measurement, the optimal electron dose resulting in an unambiguous quantification of nanostructures in their native state with the highest attainable precision.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000458824200008 Publication Date 2019-02-13  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0031-9007 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 8.462 Times cited 3 Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreement No. 770887). The authors acknowledge financial support from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO, Belgium) through project fundings (WO.010.16N, G.0934.17N, G.0502.18N, G.0267.18N), and a grant to A. D. B. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme under Grant Agreement No. 312483— ESTEEM2 (Integrated Infrastructure Initiative-I3) and the UK EPSRC (Grant No. EP/M010708/1). Approved Most recent IF: 8.462  
  Call Number EMAT @ emat @UA @ admin @ c:irua:157175 Serial 5156  
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Author (down) Tan, H.; Egoavil, R.; Béché, A.; Martinez, G.T.; Van Aert, S.; Verbeeck, J.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Rotella, H.; Boullay, P.; Pautrat, A.; Prellier, W. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Mapping electronic reconstruction at the metal-insulator interface in LaVO3/SrVO3 heterostructures Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2013 Publication Physical review : B : condensed matter and materials physics Abbreviated Journal Phys Rev B  
  Volume 88 Issue 15 Pages 155123-155126  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)  
  Abstract A (LaVO3)6/(SrVO3)(3) superlattice is studied with a combination of sub-A resolved scanning transmission electron microscopy and monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy. The V oxidation state is mapped with atomic spatial resolution enabling us to investigate electronic reconstruction at the LaVO3/SrVO3 interfaces. Surprisingly, asymmetric charge distribution is found at adjacent chemically symmetric interfaces. The local structure is proposed and simulated with a double channeling calculation which agrees qualitatively with our experiment. We demonstrate that local strain asymmetry is the likely cause of the electronic asymmetry of the interfaces. The electronic reconstruction at the interfaces extends much further than the chemical composition, varying from 0.5 to 1.2 nm. This distance corresponds to the length of charge transfer previously found in the (LaVO3)./(SrVO3). metal/insulating and the (LaAlO3)./(SrTiO3). insulating/insulating interfaces.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000326087100003 Publication Date 2013-10-21  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1098-0121;1550-235X; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 3.836 Times cited 15 Open Access  
  Notes Hercules; 246791 COUNTATOMS; 278510 VORTEX; 246102 IFOX; 312483 ESTEEM2; FWO; GOA XANES meets ELNES; esteem2jra3 ECASJO; Approved Most recent IF: 3.836; 2013 IF: 3.664  
  Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:112733UA @ admin @ c:irua:112733 Serial 1944  
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Author (down) Savchenko, T.M.; Buzzi, M.; Howald, L.; Ruta, S.; Vijayakumar, J.; Timm, M.; Bracher, D.; Saha, S.; Derlet, P.M.; Béché, A.; Verbeeck, J.; Chantrell, R.W.; Vaz, C.A.F.; Nolting, F.; Kleibert, A. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title Single femtosecond laser pulse excitation of individual cobalt nanoparticles Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2020 Publication Physical Review B Abbreviated Journal Phys Rev B  
  Volume 102 Issue 20 Pages 205418  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)  
  Abstract Laser-induced manipulation of magnetism at the nanoscale is a rapidly growing research topic with potential for applications in spintronics. In this work, we address the role of the scattering cross section, thermal effects, and laser fluence on the magnetic, structural, and chemical stability of individual magnetic nanoparticles excited by single femtosecond laser pulses. We find that the energy transfer from the fs laser pulse to the nanoparticles is limited by the Rayleigh scattering cross section, which in combination with the light absorption of the supporting substrate and protective layers determines the increase in the nanoparticle temperature. We investigate individual Co nanoparticles (8 to 20 nm in size) as a prototypical model system, using x-ray photoemission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy upon excitation with single femtosecond laser pulses of varying intensity and polarization. In agreement with calculations, we find no deterministic or stochastic reversal of the magnetization in the nanoparticles up to intensities where ultrafast demagnetization or all-optical switching is typically reported in thin films. Instead, at higher fluences, the laser pulse excitation leads to photo-chemical reactions of the nanoparticles with the protective layer, which results in an irreversible change in the magnetic properties. Based on our findings, we discuss the conditions required for achieving laser-induced switching in isolated nanomagnets.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000589602000005 Publication Date 2020-11-16  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2469-9950 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record  
  Impact Factor 3.7 Times cited 1 Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes This work received funding by the Swiss National Foundation (SNF) (Grants No. 200021160186 and No. 2002153540), the Swiss Nanoscience Institute (SNI) (Grant No. SNI P1502), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 737093 (FEMTOTERABYTE), and the COST Action CA17123 (MAGNETOFON). Part of this work was performed at the SIM beamline of the Swiss Light Source (SLS), Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland. Part of the simulations were undertaken on the VIKING cluster, which is a high-performance compute facility provided by the University of York. We kindly acknowledge Anja Weber from PSI for preparation of substrates with marker structures. A.B. and Jo Verbeeck acknowledge funding through FWO Project No. G093417N (“Compressed sensing enabling low dose imaging in transmission electron microscopy”) from the Flanders Research Fund. Jo Verbeeck acknowledges funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant Agreement No. 823717 – ESTEEM3. S.S. acknowledges ETH Zurich Post-Doctoral fellowship and Marie Curie actions for people COFUND program.; esteem3JRA; esteem3reported Approved Most recent IF: 3.7; 2020 IF: 3.836  
  Call Number EMAT @ emat @c:irua:174273 Serial 6669  
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Author (down) Rouvière, J.-L.; Béché, A.; Martin, Y.; Denneulin, T.; Cooper, D. doi  openurl
  Title Improved strain precision with high spatial resolution using nanobeam precession electron diffraction Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2013 Publication Applied physics letters Abbreviated Journal Appl Phys Lett  
  Volume 103 Issue Pages 241913  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)  
  Abstract NanoBeam Electron Diffraction is a simple and efficient technique to measure strain in nanostructures. Here, we show that improved results can be obtained by precessing the electron beam while maintaining a few nanometer probe size, i.e., by doing Nanobeam Precession Electron Diffraction (N-PED). The precession of the beam makes the diffraction spots more uniform and numerous, making N-PED more robust and precise. In N-PED, smaller probe size and better precision are achieved by having diffraction disks instead of diffraction dots. Precision in the strain measurement better than 2 × 10−4 is obtained with a probe size approaching 1 nm in diameter.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher American Institute of Physics Place of Publication New York, N.Y. Editor  
  Language Wos 000328706500031 Publication Date 2013-12-14  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0003-6951; 1077-3118 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 3.411 Times cited 53 Open Access  
  Notes Approved Most recent IF: 3.411; 2013 IF: 3.515  
  Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:136442 Serial 4502  
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Author (down) Prabhakara, V.; Jannis, D.; Guzzinati, G.; Béché, A.; Bender, H.; Verbeeck, J. url  doi
openurl 
  Title HAADF-STEM block-scanning strategy for local measurement of strain at the nanoscale Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2020 Publication Ultramicroscopy Abbreviated Journal Ultramicroscopy  
  Volume 219 Issue Pages 113099  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)  
  Abstract Lattice strain measurement of nanoscale semiconductor devices is crucial for the semiconductor industry as strain substantially improves the electrical performance of transistors. High resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (HR-STEM) imaging is an excellent tool that provides spatial resolution at the atomic scale and strain information by applying Geometric Phase Analysis or image fitting procedures. However, HR-STEM images regularly suffer from scanning distortions and sample drift during image acquisition. In this paper, we propose a new scanning strategy that drastically reduces artefacts due to drift and scanning distortion, along with extending the field of view. It consists of the acquisition of a series of independent small subimages containing an atomic resolution image of the local lattice. All subimages are then analysed individually for strain by fitting a nonlinear model to the lattice images. The method allows flexible tuning of spatial resolution and the field of view within the limits of the dynamic range of the scan engine while maintaining atomic resolution sampling within the subimages. The obtained experimental strain maps are quantitatively benchmarked against the Bessel diffraction technique. We demonstrate that the proposed scanning strategy approaches the performance of the diffraction technique while having the advantage that it does not require specialized diffraction cameras.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000594768500006 Publication Date 2020-09-01  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0304-3991 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 2.2 Times cited 4 Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes A.B. D.J. and J.V. acknowledge funding through FWO project G093417N ('Compressed sensing enabling low dose imaging in transmission electron microscopy') from the Flanders Research Fund. J.V acknowledges funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 823717 – ESTEEM3. The Qu-Ant-EM microscope and the direct electron detector used in the diffraction experiments was partly funded by the Hercules fund from the Flemish Government. This project has received funding from the GOA project “Solarpaint” of the University of Antwerp. GG acknowledges support from a postdoctoral fellowship grant from the Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek – Vlaanderen (FWO). Special thanks to Dr. Thomas Nuytten, Prof. Dr. Wilfried Vandervorst, Dr. Paola Favia, Dr. Olivier Richard from IMEC, Leuven and Prof. Dr. Sara Bals from EMAT, Antwerp for their continuous support and collaboration with the project and to the IMEC processing group for the device fabrication. Approved Most recent IF: 2.2; 2020 IF: 2.843  
  Call Number EMAT @ emat @c:irua:172485 Serial 6404  
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Author (down) Prabhakara, V.; Jannis, D.; Béché, A.; Bender, H.; Verbeeck, J. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Strain measurement in semiconductor FinFET devices using a novel moiré demodulation technique Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2019 Publication Semiconductor science and technology Abbreviated Journal Semicond Sci Tech  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)  
  Abstract Moiré fringes are used throughout a wide variety of applications in physics and

engineering to bring out small variations in an underlying lattice by comparing with another reference lattice. This method was recently demonstrated in Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy imaging to provide local strain measurement in crystals by comparing the crystal lattice with the scanning raster that then serves as the reference. The images obtained in this way contain a beating fringe pattern with a local period that represents the deviation of the lattice from the reference. In order to obtain the actual strain value, a region containing a full period of the fringe is required, which results in a compromise between strain sensitivity and spatial resolution. In this paper we propose an advanced setup making use of an optimised scanning pattern and a novel phase stepping demodulation scheme. We demonstrate the novel method on a series of 16 nm Si-Ge semiconductor FinFET devices in which strain plays a crucial role in modulating the charge carrier mobility. The obtained results are compared with both Nano-beam diffraction and the recently proposed Bessel beam diffraction technique. The setup provides a much improved spatial resolution over conventional moiré imaging in STEM while at the same time being fast and requiring no specialised diffraction camera as opposed to the diffraction techniques we compare to.
 
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000537721200002 Publication Date 2019-11-29  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0268-1242 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 2.305 Times cited 8 Open Access  
  Notes The Qu-Ant-EM microscope and the direct electron detector used in the diffraction experiments was partly funded by the Hercules fund from the Flemish Government. This project has received funding from the GOA project “Solarpaint” of the University of Antwerp. We would also like to thank Dr. Thomas Nuytten and Prof. Dr. Wilfried Vandervorst from IMEC, Leuven for their continuous support and collaboration with the project. Approved Most recent IF: 2.305  
  Call Number EMAT @ emat @c:irua:165794 Serial 5445  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author (down) Parastaev, A.; Muravev, V.; Osta, E.H.; Kimpel, T.F.; Simons, J.F.M.; van Hoof, A.J.F.; Uslamin, E.; Zhang, L.; Struijs, J.J.C.; Burueva, D.B.; Pokochueva, E.V.; Kovtunov, K.V.; Koptyug, I.V.; Villar-Garcia, I.J.; Escudero, C.; Altantzis, T.; Liu, P.; Béché, A.; Bals, S.; Kosinov, N.; Hensen, E.J.M. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Breaking structure sensitivity in CO2 hydrogenation by tuning metal–oxide interfaces in supported cobalt nanoparticles Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2022 Publication Nature Catalysis Abbreviated Journal Nat Catal  
  Volume 5 Issue 11 Pages 1051-1060  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Applied Electrochemistry & Catalysis (ELCAT)  
  Abstract A high dispersion of the active metal phase of transition metals on oxide supports is important when designing efficient heterogeneous catalysts. Besides nanoparticles, clusters and even single metal atoms can be attractive for a wide range of reactions. However, many industrially relevant catalytic transformations suffer from structure sensitivity, where reducing the size of the metal particles below a certain size substantially lowers catalytic performance. A case in point is the low activity of small cobalt nanoparticles in the hydrogenation of CO and CO2. Here we show how engineering of catalytic sites at the metal–oxide interface in cerium oxide–zirconium dioxide (ceria–zirconia)-supported cobalt can overcome this structure sensitivity. Few-atom cobalt clusters dispersed on 3 nm cobalt(II)-oxide particles stabilized by ceria–zirconia yielded a highly active CO2 methanation catalyst with a specific activity higher than that of larger particles under the same conditions.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000884939300006 Publication Date 2022-11-17  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2520-1158 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 37.8 Times cited 32 Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes This research was supported by the Applied and Engineering Sciences division of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research through the Alliander (now Qirion) Perspective program on Plasma Conversion of CO2. We acknowledge Diamond Light Source for time on beamline B18 under proposal SP20715-1. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 823717 – ESTEEM3. S.B. acknowledges support from the European Research Council (ERC Consolidator Grant #815128 REALNANO) and T.A. acknowledges funding from the University of Antwerp Research fund (BOF). A.B. received funding from the European Union under grant agreement No 823717 – ESTEEM3. The authors acknowledge funding through the Hercules grant (FWO, University of Antwerp) I003218N “Infrastructure for imaging nanoscale processes in gas/vapour or liquid environments”. I.V.K., D.B.B., and E.V.P. acknowledge the Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education (contract 075-15-2021-580) for financial support of parahydrogen-based studies. Experiments using synchrotron radiation XPS were performed at the CIRCE beamline at ALBA Synchrotron with the collaboration of ALBA staff. F. Oropeza Palacio and Rim C.J. van de Poll are acknowledged for the help with RPES measurements.; esteem3reported; esteem3jra Approved Most recent IF: 37.8  
  Call Number EMAT @ emat @c:irua:192068 Serial 7230  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author (down) Müller-Caspary, K.; Krause, F.F.; Winkler, F.; Béché, A.; Verbeeck, J.; Van Aert, S.; Rosenauer, A. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title Comparison of first moment STEM with conventional differential phase contrast and the dependence on electron dose Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2019 Publication Ultramicroscopy Abbreviated Journal Ultramicroscopy  
  Volume 203 Issue 203 Pages 95-104  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)  
  Abstract This study addresses the comparison of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) measurements of momentum transfers using the first moment approach and the established method that uses segmented annular detectors. Using an ultrafast pixelated detector to acquire four-dimensional, momentum-resolved STEM signals, both the first moment calculation and the calculation of the differential phase contrast (DPC) signals are done for the same experimental data. In particular, we investigate the ability to correct the segment-based signal to yield a suitable approximation of the first moment for cases beyond the weak phase object approximation. It is found that the measurement of momentum transfers using segmented detectors can approach the first moment measurement as close as 0.13 h/nm in terms of a root mean square (rms) difference in 10 nm thick SrTiO3 for a detector with 16 segments. This amounts to 35% of the rms of the momentum transfers. In addition, we present a statistical analysis of the precision of first moment STEM as a function of dose. For typical experimental settings with recent hardware such as a Medipix3 Merlin camera attached to a probe-corrected STEM, we find that the precision of the measurement of momentum transfers stagnates above certain doses. This means that other instabilities such as specimen drift or scan noise have to be taken into account seriously for measurements that target, e.g., the detection of bonding effects in the charge density.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000465021000013 Publication Date 2018-12-30  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0304-3991 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 2.843 Times cited 25 Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes ; The direct electron detector (Medipix3 Merlin) was funded by the Hercules fund from the Flemish Government. K. Muller-Caspary acknowledges funding from the Initiative and Network Fund of the Helmholtz Association within the framework of the Helmholtz Young Investigator Group moreSTEM (VH-NG-1317) at Forschungszentrum Julich, Germany. F. F. Krause acknowledges funding from the Central Research Development Fund of the University of Bremen, Germany. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreement No. 770887). The authors acknowledge financial support from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO, Belgium) and the Research Fund of the University of Antwerp. ; Approved Most recent IF: 2.843  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:160213 Serial 5242  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author (down) Muller-Caspary, K.; Krause, F.F.; Grieb, T.; Loffler, S.; Schowalter, M.; Béché, A.; Galioit, V.; Marquardt, D.; Zweck, J.; Schattschneider, P.; Verbeeck, J.; Rosenauer, A. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title Measurement of atomic electric fields and charge densities from average momentum transfers using scanning transmission electron microscopy Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2016 Publication Ultramicroscopy Abbreviated Journal Ultramicroscopy  
  Volume 178 Issue 178 Pages 62-80  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)  
  Abstract This study sheds light on the prerequisites, possibilities, limitations and interpretation of high-resolution differential phase contrast (DPC) imaging in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). We draw particular attention to the well-established DPC technique based on segmented annular detectors and its relation to recent developments based on pixelated detectors. These employ the expectation value of the momentum transfer as a reliable measure of the angular deflection of the STEM beam induced by an electric field in the specimen. The influence of scattering and propagation of electrons within the specimen is initially discussed separately and then treated in terms of a two-state channeling theory. A detailed simulation study of GaN is presented as a function of specimen thickness and bonding. It is found that bonding effects are rather detectable implicitly, e.g., by characteristics of the momentum flux in areas between the atoms than by directly mapping electric fields and charge densities. For strontium titanate, experimental charge densities are compared with simulations and discussed with respect to experimental artifacts such as scan noise. Finally, we consider practical issues such as figures of merit for spatial and momentum resolution, minimum electron dose, and the mapping of larger-scale, built-in electric fields by virtue of data averaged over a crystal unit cell. We find that the latter is possible for crystals with an inversion center. Concerning the optimal detector design, this study indicates that a sampling of 5mrad per pixel is sufficient in typical applications, corresponding to approximately 10x10 available pixels.  
  Address Institut fur Festkr perphysik, Universitat Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language English Wos 000403862900009 Publication Date 2016-05-12  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0304-3991 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 2.843 Times cited 93 Open Access  
  Notes K.M.-C. acknowledges support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under contract MU3660/1-1. This work was further supported by the DFG under contract RO2057/4-2 and O2057/11-1. J.V. and A.B. acknowledge funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the 7th Framework Program (FP7), and ERC Starting Grant No. 278510-VORTEX. Experimental results are obtained on the Qu-Ant-EM microscope partly funded by the Hercules fund from the Flemish government. J.V. also acknowledges funding through a GOA project “Solarpaint” of the University of Antwerp. SL and PS acknowledge financial support by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) under grants No. I543-N20 and J3732-N27. ECASJO_; Approved Most recent IF: 2.843  
  Call Number c:irua:134125UA @ admin @ c:irua:134125 Serial 4098  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author (down) Mueller, K.; Krause, F.F.; Béché, A.; Schowalter, M.; Galioit, V.; Loeffler, S.; Verbeeck, J.; Zweck, J.; Schattschneider, P.; Rosenauer, A. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title Atomic electric fields revealed by a quantum mechanical approach to electron picodiffraction Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2014 Publication Nature communications Abbreviated Journal Nat Commun  
  Volume 5 Issue Pages 5653  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)  
  Abstract By focusing electrons on probes with a diameter of 50 pm, aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is currently crossing the border to probing subatomic details. A major challenge is the measurement of atomic electric fields using differential phase contrast (DPC) microscopy, traditionally exploiting the concept of a field- induced shift of diffraction patterns. Here we present a simplified quantum theoretical interpretation of DPC. This enables us to calculate the momentum transferred to the STEM probe from diffracted intensities recorded on a pixel array instead of conventional segmented bright- field detectors. The methodical development yielding atomic electric field, charge and electron density is performed using simulations for binary GaN as an ideal model system. We then present a detailed experimental study of SrTiO3 yielding atomic electric fields, validated by comprehensive simulations. With this interpretation and upgraded instrumentation, STEM is capable of quantifying atomic electric fields and high-contrast imaging of light atoms.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000347227700003 Publication Date 2014-12-15  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2041-1723; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 12.124 Times cited 197 Open Access  
  Notes 246791 COUNTATOMS; 278510 VORTEX; Hercules; 312483 ESTEEM2; esteem2ta; ECASJO; Approved Most recent IF: 12.124; 2014 IF: 11.470  
  Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:122835UA @ admin @ c:irua:122835 Serial 166  
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Author (down) Milagres de Oliveira, T.; Albrecht, W.; González-Rubio, G.; Altantzis, T.; Lobato Hoyos, I.P.; Béché, A.; Van Aert, S.; Guerrero-Martínez, A.; Liz-Marzán, L.M.; Bals, S. url  doi
openurl 
  Title 3D Characterization and Plasmon Mapping of Gold Nanorods Welded by Femtosecond Laser Irradiation Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2020 Publication Acs Nano Abbreviated Journal Acs Nano  
  Volume 14 Issue Pages acsnano.0c02610  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Applied Electrochemistry & Catalysis (ELCAT)  
  Abstract Ultrafast laser irradiation can induce morphological and structural changes in plasmonic nanoparticles. Gold nanorods (Au NRs), in particular, can be welded together upon irradiation with femtosecond laser pulses, leading to dimers and trimers through the formation of necks between individual nanorods. We used electron tomography to determine the 3D (atomic) structure at such necks for representative welding geometries and to characterize the induced defects. The spatial distribution of localized surface plasmon modes for different welding configurations was assessed by electron energy loss spectroscopy. Additionally, we were able to directly compare the plasmon line width of single-crystalline and welded Au NRs with single defects at the same resonance energy, thus making a direct link between the structural and plasmonic properties. In this manner, we show that the occurrence of (single) defects results in significant plasmon broadening.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000586793400016 Publication Date 2020-08-19  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1936-0851 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 17.1 Times cited 25 Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes This project has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (ERC Consolidator Grants #815128 – REALNANO and #770887 – PICOMETRICS). The authors gratefully acknowledge funding from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO, Belgium) through project funding G.0381.16N and G.0267.18N. W.A. acknowledges an Individual Fellowship funded by the Marie 27 Sklodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) in Horizon 2020 program (grant 797153, SOPMEN). G.G.-R. acknowledge receipt of FPI Fellowship from the Spanish MINECO. This work has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MICIU) (Grants RTI2018-095844-B-I00 and MAT2017-86659-R) and the Madrid Regional Government (Grant P2018/NMT-4389). A.B. acknowledges funding from FWO project G093417N and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 823717 – ESTEEM3. L.M.L.-M. acknowledges the Maria de Maeztu Units of Excellence Program from the Spanish State Research Agency (Grant No. MDM-2017-0720); Comunidad de Madrid, P2018/NMT-4389 ; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, MAT2017-86659-R RTI2018-095844-B-I00 ; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; H2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, 797153 ; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, G.0267.18N G.0381.16N G093417N ; H2020 Research Infrastructures, 823717 ; H2020 European Research Council, 770887 815128 ; Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, MDM-2017-0720 ; sygma Approved Most recent IF: 17.1; 2020 IF: 13.942  
  Call Number EMAT @ emat @c:irua:172440 Serial 6426  
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Author (down) Martinez, G.T.; Jones, L.; de Backer, A.; Béché, A.; Verbeeck, J.; Van Aert, S.; Nellist, P.D. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title Quantitative STEM normalisation : the importance of the electron flux Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2015 Publication Ultramicroscopy Abbreviated Journal Ultramicroscopy  
  Volume 159 Issue 159 Pages 46-58  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)  
  Abstract Annular dark-field (ADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has become widely used in quantitative studies based on the opportunity to directly compare experimental and simulated images. This comparison merely requires the experimental data to be normalised and expressed in units of fractional beam-current. However, inhomogeneities in the response of electron detectors can complicate this normalisation. The quantification procedure becomes both experiment and instrument specific, requiring new simulations for the particular response of each instrument's detector, and for every camera-length used. This not only impedes the comparison between different instruments and research groups, but can also be computationally very time consuming. Furthermore, not all image simulation methods allow for the inclusion of an inhomogeneous detector response. In this work, we propose an alternative method for normalising experimental data in order to compare these with simulations that consider a homogeneous detector response. To achieve this, we determine the electron flux distribution reaching the detector by means of a camera-length series or a so-called atomic column cross-section averaged convergent beam electron diffraction (XSACBED) pattern. The result is then used to determine the relative weighting of the detector response. Here we show that the results obtained by this new electron flux weighted (EFW) method are comparable to the currently used method, while considerably simplifying the needed simulation libraries. The proposed method also allows one to obtain a metric that describes the quality of the detector response in comparison with the ideal detector response.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Amsterdam Editor  
  Language Wos 000366220000006 Publication Date 2015-08-01  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0304-3991; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 2.843 Times cited 27 Open Access  
  Notes 246791 Countatoms; 278510 Vortex; 312483 Esteem2; Fwo G036815; G036915; G037413; G004413; esteem2ta ECASJO; Approved Most recent IF: 2.843; 2015 IF: 2.436  
  Call Number c:irua:127293 c:irua:127293UA @ admin @ c:irua:127293 Serial 2762  
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Author (down) MacArthur, K.E.; Yankovich, A.B.; Béché, A.; Luysberg, M.; Brown, H.G.; Findlay, S.D.; Heggen, M.; Allen, L.J. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title Optimizing Experimental Conditions for Accurate Quantitative Energy-Dispersive X-ray Analysis of Interfaces at the Atomic Scale Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2021 Publication Microscopy And Microanalysis Abbreviated Journal Microsc Microanal  
  Volume Issue Pages 1-15  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)  
  Abstract The invention of silicon drift detectors has resulted in an unprecedented improvement in detection efficiency for energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy in the scanning transmission electron microscope. The result is numerous beautiful atomic-scale maps, which provide insights into the internal structure of a variety of materials. However, the task still remains to understand exactly where the X-ray signal comes from and how accurately it can be quantified. Unfortunately, when crystals are aligned with a low-order zone axis parallel to the incident beam direction, as is necessary for atomic-resolution imaging, the electron beam channels. When the beam becomes localized in this way, the relationship between the concentration of a particular element and its spectroscopic X-ray signal is generally nonlinear. Here, we discuss the combined effect of both spatial integration and sample tilt for ameliorating the effects of channeling and improving the accuracy of EDX quantification. Both simulations and experimental results will be presented for a perovskite-based oxide interface. We examine how the scattering and spreading of the electron beam can lead to erroneous interpretation of interface compositions, and what approaches can be made to improve our understanding of the underlying atomic structure.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000664532400007 Publication Date 2021-04-12  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1431-9276 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 1.891 Times cited Open Access OpenAccess  
  Notes The authors would like to thank Jürgen Schubert for helping to supply the sample and valuable discussions on the topic. K. E. MacArthur and M. Heggen acknowledge the Helmholtz Funding agency and the DFG (grant number HE 7192/1-2) for their financial support of this work. L. J. Allen acknowledges the support of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. This research was supported under the Discovery Projects funding scheme of the Australian Research Council (Projects DP140102538 and FT190100619). K.E. MacArthur, A.B. Yankovich and A. Béché acknowledge support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research innovation program under grant agreement No. 823717 – ESTEEM3. A.B. Yankovich also acknowledges support from the Materials Science Area of Advance at Chalmers and the Swedish Research Council (VR, under grant No: 2020-04986).; esteem3TA; esteem3reported Approved Most recent IF: 1.891  
  Call Number EMAT @ emat @c:irua:178129 Serial 6760  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author (down) Lubk, A.; Béché, A.; Verbeeck, J. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title Electron Microscopy of Probability Currents at Atomic Resolution Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2015 Publication Physical review letters Abbreviated Journal Phys Rev Lett  
  Volume 115 Issue 115 Pages 176101  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)  
  Abstract Atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy records the spatially resolved scattered electron density to infer positions, density, and species of atoms. These data are indispensable for studying the relation between structure and properties in solids. Here, we show how this signal can be augmented by the lateral probability current of the scattered electrons in the object plane at similar resolutions and fields of view. The currents are reconstructed from a series of three atomic resolution TEM images recorded under a slight difference of perpendicular line foci. The technique does not rely on the coherence of the electron beam and can be used to reveal electric, magnetic, and strain fields with incoherent electron beams as well as correlations in inelastic transitions, such as electron magnetic chiral dichroism.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos 000363023700011 Publication Date 2015-10-20  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0031-9007;1079-7114; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 8.462 Times cited 12 Open Access  
  Notes J. V. and A. B. acknowledge funding from the European Research Council under the 7th Framework Program (FP7), ERC Starting Grant No. 278510 VORTEX. The Qu-Ant- EM microscope was partly funded by the Hercules fund from the Flemish Government. All authors acknowledge financial support from the European Union under the Seventh Framework Program under a contract for an Integrated Infrastructure Initiative. Reference No. 312483- ESTEEM2. J. V. acknowledges funding from the FWO under Project No. G.0044.13N.; esteem2jra2; esteem2jra3 ECASJO_; Approved Most recent IF: 8.462; 2015 IF: 7.512  
  Call Number c:irua:129190 c:irua:129190UA @ admin @ c:irua:129190 Serial 3954  
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