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	Author	Liu, Y.; Claes, N.; Trepka, B.; Bals, S.; Lang, P.R.
	Title	A combined 3D and 2D light scattering study on aqueous colloidal model systems with tunable interactions			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	Soft matter	Abbreviated Journal	Soft Matter
	Volume	12	Issue	12	Pages	8485-8494
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	In this article we report on the synthesis and characterization of a system of colloidal spheres suspended in an aqueous solvent which can be refractive index-matched, thus allowing for investigations of the particle near-wall dynamics by evanescent wave dynamic light scattering at concentrations up to the isotropic to ordered transition and beyond. The particles are synthesized by copolymerization of a fluorinated acrylic ester monomer with a polyethylene-glycol (PEG) oligomer by surfactant free emulsion polymerization. Static and dynamic light scattering experiments in combination with cryo transmission electron microscopy reveal that the particles have a core shell structure with a significant enrichment of the PEG chains on the particles surface. In index-matching DMSO/water suspensions the particles arrange in an ordered phase at volume fraction above 7%, if no additional electrolyte is present. The near-wall dynamics at low volume fraction are quantitatively described by the combination of electrostatic repulsion and hydrodynamic interaction between the particles and the wall. At volume fractions close to the isotropic to ordered transition, the near-wall dynamics are more complex and qualitatively reminiscent of the behaviour which was observed in hard sphere suspensions at high concentrations.
	Address	Forschugszentrum Julich, Institute of Complex Systems ICS-3, Julich, Germany. p.lang@fz-juelich.de and Heinrich-Heine Universitat, Dusseldorf, Germany
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Wos	000386247100004	Publication Date	2016-08-22
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1744-683X	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.889	Times cited	2	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	The authors thank Prof. J. K. G. Dhont and the ICS-3 group for useful discussions and support. YL would like to thank the Marie Sklodowska Curie Initial Training Network SOMATAI under the EU Grant Agreement No. 316866 for financial support. BT contributed to this work during an internship at Forschungszentrum Ju¨lich supported by the International Helmholtz Research School of Biophysics and Soft Matter (IHRS BioSoft), which is gratefully acknowledged. SB and NC acknowledge financial support from the European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant No. 335078-COLOURATOMS).; ECAS_Sara; (ROMEO:yellow; preprint:; postprint:restricted ; pdfversion:cannot);			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.889
	Call Number	EMAT @ emat @ c:irua:136166			Serial	4292
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	Author	Pacquets, L.; Irtem, E.; Neukermans, S.; Daems, N.; Bals, S.; Breugelmans, T.
	Title	Size-controlled electrodeposition of Cu nanoparticles on gas diffusion electrodes in methanesulfonic acid solution			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2020	Publication	Journal Of Applied Electrochemistry	Abbreviated Journal	J Appl Electrochem
	Volume	51	Issue	2	Pages
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Applied Electrochemistry & Catalysis (ELCAT)
	Abstract	In this paper electrodeposition is used to obtain Cu nanoparticles, as it allows good control over particle size and distribution. These Cu particles were deposited onto a gas diffusion electrode which increased the resulting surface area. Prior to deposition, the surface was pre-treated with NaOH, HNO3, MQ and TX100 to investigate the influence on the electrodeposition of Cu on the gas diffusion electrode (GDE). When using HNO3, the smallest particles with the most homogeneous distribution and high particle roughness were obtained. Once the optimal substrate was determined, we further demonstrated that by altering the electrodeposition parameters, the particle size and density could be tuned. On the one hand, increasing the nucleation potential led to a higher particle density resulting in smaller particles because of an increased competition between particles. Finally, the Cu particle size increased when applying a greater growth charge and growth potential. This fundamental study thus opens up a path towards the synthesis of supported Cu materials with increased surface areas, which is interesting from a catalytic point of view. Larger surface areas are generally correlated with a better catalyst performance and thus higher product yields. This research can contributed in obtaining new insides into the deposition of metallic nanoparticles on rough surfaces. [GRAPHICS] .
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000568651000001	Publication Date	2020-09-12
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-891x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.9	Times cited	3	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	; L. Pacquets was supported through a PhD fellowship strategic basic research (1S56918N) of the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO). N. Daems was supported through a postdoctoral fellowship (12Y3919N-ND) of the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO). S. Neukermans was supported through an FWO project grant (G093317N). This research was financed by the research counsel of the university of Antwerp (BOF-GOA 33928). The authors recognize the contribution of Thomas Kenis for analytical validation and methodology. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.9; 2020 IF: 2.235
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:171588			Serial	6603
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	Author	Boschker, H.; Huijben, M.; Vailinois, A.; Verbeeck, J.; Van Aert, S.; Luysberg, M.; Bals, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Houwman, E.P.; Koster, G.; Blank, D.H.A.; Rijnders, G.
	Title	Optimized fabrication of high-quality La_0.67Sr_0.33MnO₃ thin films considering all essential characteristics			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Journal of physics: D: applied physics	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys D Appl Phys
	Volume	44	Issue	20	Pages	205001-205001,9
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	In this paper, an overview of the fabrication and properties of high-quality La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (LSMO) thin films is given. A high-quality LSMO film combines a smooth surface morphology with a large magnetization and a small residual resistivity, while avoiding precipitates and surface segregation. In the literature, typically only a few of these issues are adressed. We therefore present a thorough characterization of our films, which were grown by pulsed laser deposition. The films were characterized with reflection high energy electron diffraction, atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction, magnetization and transport measurements, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy. The films have a saturation magnetization of 4.0 µB/Mn, a Curie temperature of 350 K and a residual resistivity of 60 µΩ cm. These results indicate that high-quality films, combining both large magnetization and small residual resistivity, were realized. A comparison between different samples presented in the literature shows that focussing on a single property is insufficient for the optimization of the deposition process. For high-quality films, all properties have to be adressed. For LSMO devices, the thin-film quality is crucial for the device performance. Therefore, this research is important for the application of LSMO in devices.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos	000290150900001	Publication Date	2011-04-29
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-3727;1361-6463;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.588	Times cited	99	Open Access
	Notes	This research was financially supported by the Dutch Science Foundation, by NanoNed, a nanotechnology program of the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, and by the NanOxide program of the European Science Foundation. This work is supported in part by the Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, under contract DE-AC02-76SF00515.			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.588; 2011 IF: 2.544
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:89557UA @ admin @ c:irua:89557			Serial	2491
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	Author	Oh, H.; Gennett, T.; Atanassov, P.; Kurttepeli, M.; Bals, S.; Hurst, K.E.; Hirscher, M.
	Title	Hydrogen adsorption properties of platinum decorated hierarchically structured templated carbons			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Microporous and mesoporous materials: zeolites, clays, carbons and related materials	Abbreviated Journal	Micropor Mesopor Mat
	Volume	177	Issue		Pages	66-74
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	In this report, the possibility of Pt catalytic activity for the dissociation of hydrogen molecules and subsequent hydrogen adsorption on sucrose templated carbon at ambient temperature has been studied. In order to investigate Pt catalytic effect for hydrogen storage solely, 6.8 wt.% Pt-doped (Pt/TC) and pure templated carbon (TC) possessing almost identical specific surface area (SSA) and pore volume (Vp) have been successfully synthesized. Since both Pt/TC and TC shares for their textural properties (e.g. SSA and Vp), any difference of hydrogen adsorption characteristic and storage capacity can be ascribed to the presence of Pt nanoparticles. Both samples are characterized by various techniques such as powder Xray diffraction, ICP-OES, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, cryogenic thermal desorption spectroscopy, low-pressure high-resolution hydrogen and nitrogen BET and high-pressure hydrogen adsorption isotherms in a Sieverts' apparatus. By applying hydrogen and deuterium isotope mixture, cryogenic thermal desorption spectroscopy point to a Pt catalytic activity for the dissociation of hydrogen molecules. Furthermore, the hydrogen adsorption isotherms at RT indicate an enhancement of the initial hydrogen adsorption kinetics in Pt-doped system. However, the hydrogen storage capacity of Pt/TC exhibits a negligible enhancement with a strong hysteresis, suggesting no connection between the spillover effect and a feasible hydrogen storage enhancement. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000322293000012	Publication Date	2013-04-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1387-1811;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.615	Times cited	25	Open Access
	Notes	262348 ESMI; COST Action MP1103			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.615; 2013 IF: 3.209
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:109758			Serial	1532
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	Author	Smeulders, G.; van Oers, C.; Van Havenbergh, K.; Houthoofd, K.; Mertens, M.; Martens, J.A.; Bals, S.; Maes, B.U.W.; Meynen, V.; Cool, P.
	Title	Smart heating profiles for the synthesis of benzene bridged periodic mesoporous organosilicas			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Chemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	175	Issue		Pages	585-591
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Laboratory of adsorption and catalysis (LADCA); Organic synthesis (ORSY)
	Abstract	In this study the effects of the heating rate and heating time on the formation of crystal-like benzene bridged periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) are investigated. The time needed to heat up an autoclave during the hydrothermal treatment has shown to be crucial in the synthesis of PMOs, while the total duration of heating gave rise to only minor differences. By choosing a smart heating profile, superior PMO materials can be obtained in a short time. Different heating profiles in a range from one minute to one hour are adopted by microwave equipment and compared with conventional heating methods. The heating rate has a large influence on the porosity characteristics and the uniformity of the obtained particles. Moreover, two new alternative synthetic strategies to adopt the smart heating profile are presented, in order to give some possible solutions for the expensive microwave equipment.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Lausanne	Editor
	Language		Wos	000297875900069	Publication Date	2011-10-07
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.216	Times cited	7	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Goa-Bof			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.216; 2011 IF: 3.461
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:93630			Serial	3044
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	Author	Adam, N.; Leroux, F.; Knapen, D.; Bals, S.; Blust, R.
	Title	The uptake of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles in the water-flea Daphnia magna under acute exposure scenarios			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2014	Publication	Environmental pollution	Abbreviated Journal	Environ Pollut
	Volume	194	Issue		Pages	130-137
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Veterinary physiology and biochemistry
	Abstract	In this study the uptake of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles by Daphnia magna was tested. Daphnids were exposed during 48 h to acute concentrations of the nanoparticles and corresponding metal salts. The Daphnia zinc and copper concentration was measured and the nanoparticles were localized using electron microscopy. The aggregation and dissolution in the medium was characterized. A fast dissolution of ZnO in the medium was observed, while most CuO formed large aggregates and only a small fraction dissolved. The Daphnia zinc concentration was comparable for the nanoparticles and salts. Contrarily, a much higher Daphnia copper concentration was observed in the CuO exposure, compared to the copper salt. CuO nanoparticles adsorbed onto the carapace and occurred in the gut but did not internalize in the tissues. The combined dissolution and uptake results indicate that the toxicity of both nanoparticle types was caused by metal ions dissolved from the particles in the medium.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos	000342530800016	Publication Date	2014-08-07
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0269-7491;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	5.099	Times cited	45	Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes	; We would like to thank Valentine Mubiana and Steven Joosen (Sphere, UA) for performing the ICP-OES and ICP-MS measurements and Prof. Dr. Gustaaf Van Tendeloo for making the collaboration between the EMAT and Sphere group possible. Additional thanks go to the European Commission for funding this work through the project ENNSATOX (NMP4-SL-2009-229244). ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 5.099; 2014 IF: 4.143
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:118326			Serial	3823
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	Author	Roose, D.; Leroux, F.; De Vocht, N.; Guglielmetti, C.; Pintelon, I.; Adriaensen, D.; Ponsaerts, P.; Van der Linden, A.; Bals, S.
	Title	Multimodal imaging of micron-sized iron oxide particles following in vitro and in vivo uptake by stem cells: down to the nanometer scale			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2014	Publication	Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging	Abbreviated Journal	Contrast Media Mol I
	Volume	9	Issue	6	Pages	400-408
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT);
	Abstract	In this study, the interaction between cells and micron-sized paramagnetic iron oxide (MPIO) particles was investigated by characterizing MPIO in their original state, and after cellular uptake in vitro as well as in vivo. Moreover, MPIO in the olfactory bulb were studied 9 months after injection. Using various imaging techniques, cell-MPIO interactions were investigated with increasing spatial resolution. Live cell confocal microscopy demonstrated that MPIO co-localize with lysosomes after in vitro cellular uptake. In more detail, a membrane surrounding the MPIO was observed by high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM). Following MPIO uptake in vivo, the same cell-MPIO interaction was observed by HAADF-STEM in the subventricular zone at 1 week and in the olfactory bulb at 9 months after MPIO injection. These findings provide proof for the current hypothesis that MPIO are internalized by the cell through endocytosis. The results also show MPIO are not biodegradable, even after 9 months in the brain. Moreover, they show the possibility of HAADF-STEM generating information on the labeled cell as well as on the MPIO. In summary, the methodology presented here provides a systematic route to investigate the interaction between cells and nanoparticles from the micrometer level down to the nanometer level and beyond.
	Address	EMAT, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Bio-Imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Wos	000346172100002	Publication Date	2014-04-22
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1555-4309;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.307	Times cited	8	Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes	IAP-PAI; 262348 ESMI; Hercules Type 1: AUHA 09/001 and AUHA 11/01			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.307; 2014 IF: 2.923
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @			Serial	3938
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	Author	Roose, D.; Leroux, F.; de Vocht, N.; Guglielmetti, C.; Pintelon, I.; Adriaensen, D.; Ponsaerts, P.; van der Linden, A.-M.; Bals, S.
	Title	Multimodal imaging of micron-sized iron oxide particles following in vitro and in vivo uptake by stem cells: down to the nanometer scale			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2014	Publication	Contrast media and molecular imaging	Abbreviated Journal	Contrast Media Mol I
	Volume	9	Issue	6	Pages	400-408
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Bio-Imaging lab
	Abstract	In this study, the interaction between cells and micron-sized paramagnetic iron oxide (MPIO) particles was investigated by characterizing MPIO in their original state, and after cellular uptake in vitro as well as in vivo. Moreover, MPIO in the olfactory bulb were studied 9months after injection. Using various imaging techniques, cell-MPIO interactions were investigated with increasing spatial resolution. Live cell confocal microscopy demonstrated that MPIO co-localize with lysosomes after in vitro cellular uptake. In more detail, a membrane surrounding the MPIO was observed by high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM). Following MPIO uptake in vivo, the same cell-MPIO interaction was observed by HAADF-STEM in the subventricular zone at 1week and in the olfactory bulb at 9months after MPIO injection. These findings provide proof for the current hypothesis that MPIO are internalized by the cell through endocytosis. The results also show MPIO are not biodegradable, even after 9months in the brain. Moreover, they show the possibility of HAADF-STEM generating information on the labeled cell as well as on the MPIO. In summary, the methodology presented here provides a systematic route to investigate the interaction between cells and nanoparticles from the micrometer level down to the nanometer level and beyond. Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	S.l.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000346172100001	Publication Date	2014-04-24
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1555-4309;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.307	Times cited	5	Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes	; The authors would like to thank Sofie Thys for her technical support. The UltraVIEW VoX spinning disk confocal microscope was purchased with support of the Hercules Foundation (Hercules Type 1: AUHA 09/001 and AUHA 11/01). The authors also appreciate financial support from the European Union under the Seventh Framework Program (Integrated Infrastructure Initiative no. 262348 European Soft Matter Infrastructure, ESMI), the Fund for Scientific Research- Flanders and the Flemish Institute for Science and Technology and the Belgian government through the Interuniversity Attraction Pole Program (IAP- PAI). ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.307; 2014 IF: 2.923
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:122750			Serial	2222
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	Author	Adam, N.; Leroux, F.; Knapen, D.; Bals, S.; Blust, R.
	Title	The uptake and elimination of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles in Daphnia magna under chronic exposure scenarios			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Water research	Abbreviated Journal	Water Res
	Volume	68	Issue	68	Pages	249-261
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Veterinary physiology and biochemistry
	Abstract	In this study, the uptake and elimination of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles in Daphnia magna was tested. Daphnids were exposed during 10 days to sublethal concentrations of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles and corresponding metal salts (ZnCl2 and CuCl2.2H2O), after which they were transferred to unexposed medium for another 10 days. At different times during the exposure and none-exposure, the total and internal zinc or copper concentration of the daphnids was determined and the nanoparticles were localized in the organism using electron microscopy. The exposure concentrations were characterized by measuring the dissolved, nanoparticle and aggregated fraction in the medium. The results showed that the ZnO nanoparticles quickly dissolved after addition to the medium. Contrarily, only a small fraction (corresponding to the dissolved metal salt) of the CuO nanoparticles dissolved, while most of these nanoparticles formed large aggregates. Despite an initial increase in zinc and copper concentration during the first 48 hour to 5 day exposure, the body concentration reached a plateau level that was comparable for the ZnO nanoparticles and ZnCl2, but much higher for the CuO nanoparticles (with visible aggregates accumulating in the gut) than CuCl2.2H2O. During the remaining exposure and subsequent none-exposure phase, the zinc and copper concentration decreased fast to concentrations comparable with the unexposed daphnids. The results indicate that D. magna can regulate its internal zinc and copper concentration after exposure to ZnO and CuO nanoparticles, similar as after exposure to metal salts. The combined dissolution, accumulation and toxicity results confirm that the toxicity of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles is caused by the dissolved fraction. Keywords nano; zinc; copper; dissolution; aggregation; electron microscopy
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Oxford	Editor
	Language		Wos	000347756900022	Publication Date	2014-10-14
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0043-1354;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.942	Times cited	51	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	; The authors would like to thank Valentine Mubiana and Steven Joosen (Sphere, UA) for performing the ICP-MS and ICP-OES measurements and Prof. Dr. Gustaaf Van Tendeloo for making the collaboration between the EMAT and Sphere group possible. This study is part of the ENNSATOX-project, which was funded by the EU (NMP4-SL-2009-229244). The authors report no conflicts of interest. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.942; 2015 IF: 5.528
	Call Number	c:irua:119366 c:irua:119366			Serial	3822
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	Author	Liao, T.-W.; Verbruggen, S.; Claes, N.; Yadav, A.; Grandjean, D.; Bals, S.; Lievens, P.
	Title	TiO2 Films Modified with Au Nanoclusters as Self-Cleaning Surfaces under Visible Light			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2018	Publication	Nanomaterials	Abbreviated Journal	Nanomaterials-Basel
	Volume	8	Issue	8	Pages	30
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	In this study, we applied cluster beam deposition (CBD) as a new approach for fabricating efficient plasmon-based photocatalytic materials. Au nanoclusters (AuNCs) produced in the gas phase were deposited on TiO2 P25-coated silicon wafers with coverage ranging from 2 to 8 atomic monolayer (ML) equivalents. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images of the AuNCs modified TiO2 P25 films show that the surface is uniformly covered by the AuNCs that remain isolated at low coverage (2 ML, 4 ML) and aggregate at higher coverage (8 ML). A clear relationship between AuNCs coverage and photocatalytic activity towards stearic acid photo-oxidation was measured, both under ultraviolet and green light illumination. TiO2 P25 covered with 4 ML AuNCs showed the best stearic acid photo-oxidation performance under green light illumination (Formal Quantum Efficiency 1.6 x 10-6 over a period of 93 h). These results demonstrate the large potential of gas-phase AuNCs beam deposition technology for the fabrication of visible light active plasmonic photocatalysts.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000424131600030	Publication Date	2018-01-08
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2079-4991	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.553	Times cited	29	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n 607417 (Catsense). We also thank the Research Foundation—Flanders (FWO, Belgium), the Flemish Concerted Action (BOF KU Leuven, Project No. GOA/14/007) research program, and the microscope was partly funded by the Hercules Fund from the Flemish Government for the support. N.C. and S.B. acknowledge financial support from European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant #335078-COLOURATOM). ECAS_Sara (ROMEO:green; preprint:; postprint:can ; pdfversion:can);			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.553
	Call Number	EMAT @ emat @c:irua:147898UA @ admin @ c:irua:147898			Serial	4805
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	Author	De Schutter, B.; Devulder, W.; Schrauwen, A.; van Stiphout, K.; Perkisas, T.; Bals, S.; Vantomme, A.; Detavernier, C.
	Title	Phase formation in intermixed NiGe thin films : influence of Ge content and low-temperature nucleation of hexagonal nickel germanides			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2014	Publication	Microelectronic engineering	Abbreviated Journal	Microelectron Eng
	Volume	120	Issue		Pages	168-173
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	In this study, we focus on phase formation in intermixed NiGe thin films as they represent a simplified model of the small intermixed interface layer that is believed to form upon deposition of Ni on Ge and where initial phase formation happens. A combinatorial sputter deposition technique was used to co-deposit a range of intermixed NiGe thin films with Ge concentrations varying between 0 and 50 at.%Ge in a single deposition on both Ge (100) and inert SiO2 substrates. In situ X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy where used to study phase formation. In almost the entire composition range under investigation, crystalline phases where found to be present in the as-deposited films. Between 36 and 48 at.%Ge, high-temperature hexagonal nickel germanides were found to occur metastabily below 300 °C, both on SiO2 and Ge (100) substrates. For Ge concentrations in the range between 36 and 42 at.%, this hexagonal germanide phase was even found to be present at room temperature in the as-deposited films. The results obtained in this work could provide more insight in the phase sequence of a pure Ni film on Ge.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000336697300028	Publication Date	2013-09-20
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0167-9317;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	1.806	Times cited	9	Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes	FWO project Nr. G076112N			Approved	Most recent IF: 1.806; 2014 IF: 1.197
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:116958			Serial	2584
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	Author	El-Gogary, R.I.; Rubio, N.; Wang, J.T.W.; Al-Jamal, W.T.; Bourgognon, M.; Kafa, H.; Naeem, M.; Klippstein, R.; Abbate, V.; Leroux, F.; Bals, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Kamel, A.O.; Awad, G.A.S.; Mortada, N.D.; Al-Jamal, K.T.;
	Title	Polyethylene glycol conjugated polymeric nanocapsules for targeted delivery of quercetin to folate-expressing cancer cells in vitro and in vivo			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2014	Publication	ACS nano	Abbreviated Journal	Acs Nano
	Volume	8	Issue	2	Pages	1384-1401
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	In this work we describe the formulation and characterization of chemically modified polymeric nanocapsules incorporating the anticancer drug, quercetin, for the passive and active targeting to tumors. Folic acid was conjugated to poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) polymer to facilitate active targeting to cancer cells. Two different methods for the conjugation of PLGA to folic acid were employed utilizing polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a spacer. Characterization of the conjugates was performed using FTIR and H-1 NMR studies. The PEG and folk acid content was independent of the conjugation methodology employed. PEGylation has shown to reduce the size of the nanocapsule; moreover, zeta-potential was shown to be polymer-type dependent. Comparative studies on the cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of the different formulations by He La cells, in the presence and absence of excess folic acid, were carried out using MTT assay and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, respectively. Both results confirmed the selective uptake and cytotoxicity of the folic acid targeted nanocapsules to the folate enriched cancer cells in a folate-dependent manner. Finally, the passive tumor accumulation and the active targeting of the nanocapsules to folate-expressing cells were confirmed upon intravenous administration in He La or IGROV-1 tumor-bearing mice. The developed nanocapsules provide a system for targeted delivery of a range of hydrophobic anticancer drugs in vivo.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000332059200032	Publication Date	2014-01-07
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1936-0851;1936-086X;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	13.942	Times cited	144	Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes	290023 Raddel; 262348 Esmi; Iap-Pai			Approved	Most recent IF: 13.942; 2014 IF: 12.881
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:115862			Serial	2670
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	Author	Martin, É.; Gossuin, Y.; Bals, S.; Kavak, S.; Vuong, Q.L.
	Title	Monte Carlo simulations of the magnetic behaviour of iron oxide nanoparticle ensembles: taking size dispersion, particle anisotropy, and dipolar interactions into account			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	European physical journal : B : condensed matter and complex systems	Abbreviated Journal	Eur Phys J B
	Volume	95	Issue	12	Pages	201
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	In this work, the magnetic properties of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) submitted to an external magnetic field are studied using a Metropolis algorithm. The influence on the M(B) curves of the size distribution of the nanoparticles, of uniaxial anisotropy, and of dipolar interaction between the cores are examined, as well as the influence of drying the samples under a zero or non-zero magnetic field. It is shown that the anisotropy impacts the shape of the magnetization curves, which then deviate from a pure Langevin behaviour, whereas the dipolar interaction has no influence on the curves at 300 K for small particles (with a radius of 3 nm). The fitting of the magnetization curves of particles with magnetic anisotropy to a Langevin model (including a size distribution of the particles) can then lead to erroneous values of the distribution parameters. The simulation results are qualitatively compared to experimental results obtained for iron oxide nanoparticles (with a 3.21 nm median radius).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000901937400001	Publication Date	2022-12-21
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1434-6028	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor	1.6	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	The authors would like to thank Sophie Laurent from the University of Mons for the access to the Dynamic Light Scattering equipment. Computational resources have been provided by the Consortium des Equipements de Calcul Intensif (C ´ ECI), funded by the ´ Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique de Belgique (F.R.S.- FNRS) under Grant No. 2.5020.11 and by the Walloon Region.			Approved	Most recent IF: 1.6
	Call Number	EMAT @ emat @c:irua:192706			Serial	7232
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	Author	Goris, B.; Roelandts, T.; Batenburg, K.J.; Heidari Mezerji, H.; Bals, S.
	Title	Advanced reconstruction algorithms for electron tomography : from comparison to combination			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Ultramicroscopy	Abbreviated Journal	Ultramicroscopy
	Volume	127	Issue		Pages	40-47
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
	Abstract	In this work, the simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique (SIRT), the total variation minimization (TVM) reconstruction technique and the discrete algebraic reconstruction technique (DART) for electron tomography are compared and the advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Furthermore, we describe how the result of a three dimensional (3D) reconstruction based on TVM can provide objective information that is needed as the input for a DART reconstruction. This approach results in a tomographic reconstruction of which the segmentation is carried out in an objective manner.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000316659100007	Publication Date	2012-08-02
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0304-3991;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.843	Times cited	63	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.843; 2013 IF: 2.745
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:101217			Serial	72
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	Author	Ren, P.; Zhang, T.; Jain, N.; Ching, H.Y.V.; Jaworski, A.; Barcaro, G.; Monti, S.; Silvestre-Albero, J.; Celorrio, V.; Chouhan, L.; Rokicinska, A.; Debroye, E.; Kustrowski, P.; Van Doorslaer, S.; Van Aert, S.; Bals, S.; Das, S.
	Title	An atomically dispersed Mn-photocatalyst for generating hydrogen peroxide from seawater via the Water Oxidation Reaction (WOR)			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Journal of the American Chemical Society	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	145	Issue	30	Pages	16584-16596
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Organic synthesis (ORSY); Theory and Spectroscopy of Molecules and Materials (TSM²)
	Abstract	In this work, we have fabricatedan aryl amino-substitutedgraphiticcarbon nitride (g-C3N4) catalyst with atomicallydispersed Mn capable of generating hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) directly from seawater. This new catalyst exhibitedexcellent reactivity, obtaining up to 2230 & mu;M H2O2 in 7 h from alkaline water and up to 1800 & mu;Mfrom seawater under identical conditions. More importantly, the catalystwas quickly recovered for subsequent reuse without appreciable lossin performance. Interestingly, unlike the usual two-electron oxygenreduction reaction pathway, the generation of H2O2 was through a less common two-electron water oxidation reaction(WOR) process in which both the direct and indirect WOR processesoccurred; namely, photoinduced h(+) directly oxidized H2O to H2O2 via a one-step 2e(-) WOR, and photoinduced h(+) first oxidized a hydroxide (OH-) ion to generate a hydroxy radical ((OH)-O-& BULL;), and H2O2 was formed indirectly by thecombination of two (OH)-O-& BULL;. We have characterized thematerial, at the catalytic sites, at the atomic level using electronparamagnetic resonance, X-ray absorption near edge structure, extendedX-ray absorption fine structure, high-resolution transmission electronmicroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, magic-angle spinningsolid-state NMR spectroscopy, and multiscale molecular modeling, combiningclassical reactive molecular dynamics simulations and quantum chemistrycalculations.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001034983300001	Publication Date	2023-07-24
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0002-7863	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	15	Times cited	21	Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes	S.D. thanks the IOF grant and Francqui start up grant from the University of Antwerp, Belgium, for the financial support. P.R. thanks CSC and T.Z. thanks FWO for their financial assistance to finish this work. E.D. would like to thank the KU Leuven Research Fund for financial support through STG/21/010. J.S.A. acknowledges financial support from MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and EU NextGeneration/PRTR (Project PCI2020-111968/3D-Photocat) and Diamond Synchrotron (rapid access proposal SP32609). This work was supported by the European Research Council (grant 770887-PICOMETRICS to S.V.A. and Grant 815128-REALNANO to S.B.). S.B. and S.V.A. acknowledge financial support from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO, Belgium, project G.0346.21 N). We also thank Mr. Jian Zhu and Mr. Shahid Ullah Khan from the University of Antwerp, Belgium, for helpful discussions.			Approved	Most recent IF: 15; 2023 IF: 13.858
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:198426			Serial	8831
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	Author	Yalcin, A.O.; Goris, B.; van Dijk-Moes, R.J.A.; Fan, Z.; Erdamar, A.K.; Tichelaar, F.D.; Vlugt, T.J.H.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Bals, S.; Vanmaekelbergh, D.; Zandbergen, H.W.; van Huis, M.A.;
	Title	Heat-induced transformation of CdSe-CdS-ZnS coremultishell quantum dots by Zn diffusion into inner layers			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Chemical communications	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Commun
	Volume	51	Issue	51	Pages	3320-3323
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	In this work, we investigate the thermal evolution of CdSeCdSZnS coremultishell quantum dots (QDs) in situ using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Starting at a temperature of approximately 250 °C, Zn diffusion into inner layers takes place together with simultaneous evaporation of particularly Cd and S. As a result of this transformation, CdxZn1−xSeCdyZn1−yS coreshell QDs are obtained.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos	000349325000004	Publication Date	2014-11-21
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1359-7345;1364-548X;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.319	Times cited	21	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	262348 Esmi; Fwo; 246791 Countatoms; 335078 Colouratom; ECAS_Sara; (ROMEO:yellow; preprint:; postprint:restricted ; pdfversion:cannot);			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.319; 2015 IF: 6.834
	Call Number	c:irua:132582			Serial	1412
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	Author	Li, W.; Tong, W.; Yadav, A.; Bladt, E.; Bals, S.; Funston, A.M.; Etheridge, J.
	Title	Shape control beyond the seeds in gold nanoparticles			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2021	Publication	Chemistry Of Materials	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Mater
	Volume	33	Issue	23	Pages	9152-9164
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	In typical seed-mediated syntheses of metal nanocrystals, the shape of the nanocrystal is determined largely by the seed nucleation environment and subsequent growth environment (where “environment” refers to the chemical environment, including the surfactant and additives). In this approach, crystallinity is typically determined by the seeds, and surfaces are controlled by the environment(s). However, surface energies, and crystallinity, are both influenced by the choice of environment(s). This limits the permutations of crystallinity and surface facets that can be mixed and matched to generate new nanocrystal morphologies. Here, we control post-seed growth to deliberately incorporate twin planes during the growth stage to deliver new final morphologies, including twinned cubes and bipyramids from single-crystal seeds. The nature and number of twin planes, together with surfactant control of facet growth, define the final nanoparticle morphology. Moreover, by breaking symmetry, the twin planes introduce new facet orientations. This additional mechanism opens new routes for the synthesis of different morphologies and facet orientations.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000753956100012	Publication Date	0000-00-00
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0897-4756; 1520-5002	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	9.466	Times cited	3	Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes	This work was supported by the Australian Research Council (ARC) Grants DP160104679 and CE170100026 and used microscopes at the Monash Centre for Electron Microscopy funded by ARC Grants LE0454166, LE110100223, and LE140100104. W.L. thanks the support of the Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) scholarship. W.T. thanks the Australian Department of Education and Monash University for the IPRS and APA scholarships. E.B. acknowledges financial support and a post-doctoral grant from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO, Belgium). The authors thank Dr. Matthew Weyland and Dr. Tim Peterson for helpful discussions. A.Y. thanks the support from Post Graduation Publication Award (PPA) scholarship from Monash University.			Approved	Most recent IF: 9.466
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:187229			Serial	7065
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	Author	Cui, J.; Faria, M.; Bjornmalm, M.; Ju, Y.; Suma, T.; Gunawan, S.T.; Richardson, J.J.; Heidar, H.; Bals, S.; Crampin, E.J.; Caruso, F.
	Title	A framework to account for sedimentation and diffusion in particle-cell interactions			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	Langmuir: the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids	Abbreviated Journal	Langmuir
	Volume	32	Issue	32	Pages	12394-12402
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	In vitro experiments provide a solid basis for understanding the interactions between particles and biological systems. An important confounding variable for these studies is the difference between the amount of particles administered and that which reaches the surface of cells. Here, we engineer a hydrogel-based nanoparticle system and combine in situ characterization techniques, 3D-printed cell cultures, and computational modeling to evaluate and study particle cell interactions of advanced particle systems. The framework presented demonstrates how sedimentation and diffusion can explain differences in particle cell association, and provides a means to account for these effects. Finally, using in silico modeling, we predict the proportion of particles that reaches the cell surface using common experimental conditions for a wide range of inorganic and organic micro- and nanoparticles. This work can assist in the understanding and control of sedimentation and diffusion when investigating cellular interactions of engineered particles.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000389117600017	Publication Date	2016-07-06
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0743-7463	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.833	Times cited	40	Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes	; This work was supported by the Australian Research Council (ARC) under the Australian Laureate Fellowship scheme (F.C., FL120100030), the Australian Government through an Australian Postgraduate Award (M.B.), and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology (Project Number CE140100036). This work was performed in part at the Materials Characterization and Fabrication Platform (MCFP) at the University of Melbourne and the Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility (ANFF). ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.833
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:139210			Serial	4438
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	Author	Van Goethem, C.; Verbeke, R.; Pfanmoeller, M.; Koschine, T.; Dickmann, M.; Timpel-Lindner, T.; Egger, W.; Bals, S.; Vankelecom, I.F.J.
	Title	The role of MOFs in Thin-Film Nanocomposite (TFN) membranes			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2018	Publication	Journal of membrane science	Abbreviated Journal	J Membrane Sci
	Volume	563	Issue	563	Pages	938-948
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Incorporation of MOFs in interfacially polymerized Thin-Film Nanocomposite (TFN) membranes has widely been shown to result in increased membrane performance. However, the exact functioning of these membranes is poorly understood as large variability in permeance increase, filler incorporation and rejection changes can be observed in literature. The synthesis and functioning of TFN membranes (herein exemplified by ZIF-8 filled polyamide (PA) membranes prepared via the EFP method) was investigated via targeted membrane synthesis and thorough characterization via STEM-EDX, XRD and PALS. It is hypothesized that the acid generated during the interfacial polymerization (IP) at least partially degrades the crystalline, acid-sensitive ZIF-8 and that this influences the membrane formation (through so-called secondary effects, i.e. not strictly linked to the pore morphology of the MOF). Nanoscale HAADF-STEM imaging and STEM-EDX Zn-mapping revealed no ZIF-8 particles but rather the presence of randomly shaped regions with elevated Zn-content. Also XRD failed to show the presence of crystalline areas in the composite PA films. As the addition of the acid-quenching TEA led to an increase in the diffraction signal observed in XRD, the role of the acid was confirmed. The separate addition of dissolved Zn2+ to the synthesis of regular TFC membranes showed an increase in permeance while losing some salt retention, similar to observations regularly made for TFN membranes. While the addition of a porous material to a TFC membrane is a straightforward concept, all obtained results indicate that the synthesis and performance of such composite membranes is often more complex than commonly accepted.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000441897200099	Publication Date	2018-06-22
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0376-7388	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.035	Times cited	84	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	; C.V.G. and R.V. kindly acknowledge respectively the Flemish Agency for Innovation through Science and Technology (IWT) (IWT, 141697) and the Flemish Fund for Scientific Research (FWO, 1500917N) for a PhD scholarship. The authors kindly acknowledge funding from KU Leuven through C16/17/005 and from the Belgian Federal Government through IAP 6/27 Functional Supramolecular systems. S.B. and M.P. acknowledge financial support from the European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant #335078-COLOURATOM). M.P. acknowledges funding from the European Union (ESTEEM2, No. 312483) and the HEiKA centre FunTECH-3D (Ministry of Science, Research and Art Baden-Wurttemberg, AZ: 33-753-30-20/3/3). The MLZ-Garching is kindly acknowledged for providing access to the NEPOMUC facilities (project no 11541). ; ecas_sara			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.035
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:153618UA @ admin @ c:irua:153618			Serial	5132
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	Author	Tessier, M.D.; Baquero, E.A.; Dupont, D.; Grigel, V.; Bladt, E.; Bals, S.; Coppel, Y.; Hens, Z.; Nayral, C.; Delpech, F.
	Title	Interfacial oxidation and photoluminescence of InP-Based core/shell quantum dots			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2018	Publication	Chemistry of materials	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Mater
	Volume	30	Issue	30	Pages	6877-6883
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Indium phosphide colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are emerging as an efficient cadmium-free alternative for optoelectronic applications. Recently, syntheses based on easy-to-implement aminophosphine precursors have been developed. We show by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that this new approach allows oxide-free indium phosphide core or core/shell quantum dots to be made. Importantly, the oxide-free core/shell interface does not help in achieving higher luminescence efficiencies. We demonstrate that in the case of InP/ZnS and InP/ZnSe QDs, a more pronounced oxidation concurs with a higher photoluminescence efficiency. This study suggests that a II-VI shell on a III-V core generates an interface prone to defects. The most efficient InP/ZnS or InP/ZnSe QDs are therefore made with an oxide buffer layer between the core and the shell: it passivates these interface defects but also results in a somewhat broader emission line width.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Chemical Society	Place of Publication	Washington, D.C	Editor
	Language		Wos	000447237800031	Publication Date	2018-09-12
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0897-4756	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	9.466	Times cited	74	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	; The authors thank L. Biadala and C. Delerue for fruitful discussion. Z.H. acknowledges support by the European Commission via the Marie-Sklodowska Curie action Phonsi (H2020-MSCA-ITN-642656), by Research Foundation Flanders (Project 17006602), and by Ghent University (GOA No. 01G01513). Z.H., M.D.T., and D.D. acknowledge the Strategisch Initiatief Materialen in Vlaanderen of Agentschap Innoveren en Ondernemen (SIM VLAIO), vzw (SBO-QDOCCO, ICON-QUALIDI). This work was supported by the Universite Paul Sabatier, the Region Midi-Pyrenees, the CNRS, the Institut National des Sciences Appliquees of Toulouse, and the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (Project ANR-13-IS10-0004-01). E.A.B. is grateful to Marie Curie Actions and Campus France for a PRESTIGE postdoc fellowship (FP7 /2007-2013) under REA Grant Agreement PCOFUND-GA-2013-609102. E.B. acknowledges financial support from Research Foundation Flanders (FWO). ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 9.466
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:154732UA @ admin @ c:irua:154732			Serial	5109
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	Author	Mulder, J.T.; Kirkwood, N.; De Trizio, L.; Li, C.; Bals, S.; Manna, L.; Houtepen, A.J.
	Title	Developing lattice matched ZnMgSe shells on InZnP quantum dots for phosphor applications			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2020	Publication	ACS applied nano materials	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	3	Issue	4	Pages	3859-3867
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Indium phosphide quantum dots (QDs) have drawn attention as alternatives to cadmium- and lead-based QDs that are currently used as phosphors in lamps and displays. The main drawbacks of InP QDs are, in general, a lower photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), a decreased color purity, and poor chemical stability. In this research, we attempted to increase the PLQY and stability of indium phosphide QDs by developing lattice matched InP/MgSe core-shell nanoheterostructures. The choice of MgSe comes from the fact that, in theory, it has a near-perfect lattice match with InP, provided MgSe is grown in the zinc blende crystal structure, which can be achieved by alloying with zinc. To retain lattice matching, we used Zn in both the core and shell and we fabricated InZnP/ZnxMg1-xSe core/shell QDs. To identify the most suitable conditions for the shell growth, we first developed a synthesis route to ZnxMg1-xSe nanocrystals (NCs) wherein Mg is effectively incorporated. Our optimized procedure was employed for the successful growth of ZnxMg1-xSe shells around In(Zn)P QDs. The corresponding core/ shell systems exhibit PLQYs higher than those of the starting In(Zn)P QDs and, more importantly, a higher color purity upon increasing the Mg content. The results are discussed in the context of a reduced density of interface states upon using better lattice matched ZnxMg1-xSe shells.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000529206200076	Publication Date	2020-03-16
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2574-0970	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	5.9	Times cited	22	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 766900 (testing the large-scale limit of quantum mechanics). A.J.H. acknowledges support from the European Research Council Horizon 2020 ERC Grant Agreement No. 678004 (Doping on Demand). This research is supported by the Dutch Technology Foundation TTW, which is part of The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and which is partly funded by Ministry of Economic Affairs. The authors thank Wiel Evers for performing the TEM imaging and the EDX analysis. The authors also thank Lea Pasquale and Mirko Prato for their help with performing and analyzing the XPS measurements and Filippo Drago for the ICP measurements. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 5.9; 2020 IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:169563			Serial	6482
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	Author	Mayer, M.; Scarabelli, L.; March, K.; Altantzis, T.; Tebbe, M.; Kociak, M.; Bals, S.; Garcia de Abajo, F.J.; Fery, A.; Liz-Marzan, L.M.
	Title	Controlled Living Nanowire Growth: Precise Control over the Morphology and Optical Properties of AgAuAg Bimetallic Nanowires			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Nano letters	Abbreviated Journal	Nano Lett
	Volume	15	Issue	15	Pages	5427-5437
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Inspired by the concept of living polymerization reaction, we are able to produce silver-gold-silver nanowires with a precise control over their total length and plasmonic properties by establishing a constant silver deposition rate on the tips of penta-twinned gold nanorods used as seed cores. Consequently, the length of the wires increases linearly in time. Starting with approximately 210 nm x 32 nm gold cores, we produce nanowire lengths up to several microns in a highly controlled manner, with a small self-limited increase in thickness of approximately 4 nm, corresponding to aspect ratios above 100, whereas the low polydispersity of the product allows us to detect up to nine distinguishable plasmonic resonances in a single colloidal solution. We analyze the spatial distribution and the nature of the plasmons by electron energy loss spectroscopy and obtain excellent agreement between measurements and electromagnetic simulations, clearly demonstrating that the presence of the gold core plays a marginal role, except for relatively short wires or high-energy modes.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Wos	000359613700087	Publication Date	2015-07-03
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1530-6984;1530-6992;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	12.712	Times cited	117	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	L.M.L.-M. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council Advanced Grant PLASMAQUO (No. 267867) and from the Spanish MINECO (grant MAT2013-46101-R). S.B. acknowledges funding from ERC Starting Grant COLOURATOMS (335078). The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme under Grant Agreements 312483 (ESTEEM2) and 262348 (ESMI). M.M., M.T., and A.F. acknowledge funding from the European Research Council starting grant METAMECH (No 306686). M.T. was supported by the Elite Network Bavaria in the frame of the Elite Study Program “Macromolecular Science” and funded via a grant for Ph.D. candidates according to Bavarian elite promotion law (BayEFG). F.J.G.deA. acknowledges funding from the Spanish MINECO (grant MAT2014-59096-P).; esteem2jra3; esteem2jra4; ECAS_Sara; (ROMEO:white; preprint:; postprint:restricted 12 months embargo; pdfversion:cannot);			Approved	Most recent IF: 12.712; 2015 IF: 13.592
	Call Number	c:irua:129687 c:irua:129687			Serial	3975
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	Author	Grzelczak, M.; Sanchez-Iglesias, A.; Heidari, H.; Bals, S.; Pastoriza-Santos, I.; Perez-Juste, J.; Liz-Marzan, L.M.
	Title	Silver Ions Direct Twin-Plane Formation during the Overgrowth of Single-Crystal Gold Nanoparticles			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	ACS Omega	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	1	Issue	1	Pages	177-181
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	It is commonly agreed that the crystalline structure of seeds dictates the crystallinity of final nanoparticles in a seeded-growth process. Although the formation of monocrystalline particles does require the use of single-crystal seeds, twin planes may stem from either single-or polycrystalline seeds. However, experimental control over twin-plane formation remains difficult to achieve synthetically. Here, we show that a careful interplay between kinetics and selective surface passivation offers a unique handle over the emergence of twin planes (in decahedra and triangles) during the growth over single-crystalline gold nanoparticles of quasi-spherical shape. Twinning can be suppressed under conditions of slow kinetics in the presence of silver ions, yielding single-crystalline particles with high-index facets.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000391203300002	Publication Date	2016-08-03
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2470-1343;2470-1343;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited	18	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	; This work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad MINECO (grants: MAT2013-46101-R, MAT2013-49375-EXP, MAT2013-45168-R). Financial support is acknowledged by the European Research Council (ERC Advanced Grant # 267867, PLASMAQUO; ERC Starting Grant #335078-COLOURATOM). ; ecas_Sara			Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:140398			Serial	4446
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	Author	Filippov, S.K.; Sedlacek, O.; Bogomolova, A.; Vetrik, M.; Jirak, D.; Kovar, J.; Kucka, J.; Bals, S.; Turner, S.; Stepanek, P.; Hruby, M.;
	Title	Glycogen as a biodegradable construction nanomaterial for in vivo use			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2012	Publication	Macromolecular bioscience	Abbreviated Journal	Macromol Biosci
	Volume	12	Issue	12	Pages	1731-1738
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	It is demonstrated that glycogen as a biodegradable and inexpensive material coming from renewable resources can be used as a carrier for the construction of in vivo imaging nanoagents. The model system considered is composed of glycogen modified with gadolinium and fluorescent labels. Systematic studies of properties of these nanocarriers by a variety of physical methods and results of in vivo tests of biodegradability are reported. This represents, to the authors' best knowledge, the first such use of glycogen.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Weinheim	Editor
	Language		Wos	000312242600016	Publication Date	2012-11-21
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1616-5187;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.238	Times cited	22	Open Access
	Notes	262348 ESMI; FWO; Hercules			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.238; 2012 IF: 3.742
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:105286			Serial	1354
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	Author	Heidari Mezerji, H.; van den Broek, W.; Bals, S.
	Title	A practical method to determine the effective resolution in incoherent experimental electron tomography			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Ultramicroscopy	Abbreviated Journal	Ultramicroscopy
	Volume	111	Issue	5	Pages	330-336
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
	Abstract	It is not straightforward to determine resolution for a 3D reconstruction when performing an electron tomography experiment. Different contributions such as missing wedge and misalignment add up and often influence the final resolution in an anisotropic manner. The conventional resolution measures can not be used for all of the reconstruction techniques, especially for iterative techniques which are more commonly used for electron tomography in materials science. Here we define a quantitative resolution measure that determines the resolution in three orthogonal directions of the reconstruction. As an application we use this measure to determine the optimum number of simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique (SIRT) iterations to reconstruct the gold nanoparticles, based on a high angle annular dark field STEM (HAADF-STEM) tilt series.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000289396900005	Publication Date	2011-01-24
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0304-3991;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.843	Times cited	26	Open Access
	Notes	Esteem 026019; Fwo			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.843; 2011 IF: 2.471
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:87606			Serial	2688
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	Author	Zanaga, D.; Altantzis, T.; Sanctorum, J.; Freitag, B.; Bals, S.
	Title	An alternative approach for \zeta-factor measurement using pure element nanoparticles			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	Ultramicroscopy	Abbreviated Journal	Ultramicroscopy
	Volume	164	Issue		Pages	11-16
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	It is very challenging to measure the chemical composition of hetero nanostructures in a reliable and quantitative manner. Here, we propose a novel and straightforward approach that can be used to quantify energy dispersive X-ray spectra acquired in a transmission electron microscope. Our method is based on a combination of electron tomography and the so-called zeta-factor technique. We will demonstrate the reliability of our approach as well as its applicability by investigating Au-Ag and Au-Pt hetero nanostructures. Given its simplicity, we expect that the method could become a new standard in the field of chemical characterization using electron microscopy. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000373526200002	Publication Date	2016-03-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0304-3991	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.843	Times cited	19	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	; The authors acknowledge financial support from the European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant # 335078-COLOURATOMS) and the European Union under the FP7 (Integrated Infrastructure Initiative N. 312483 – ESTEEM2). ; ecas_Sara			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.843
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:133259			Serial	4439
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	Author	Zanaga, D.; Altantzis, T.; Sanctorum, J.; Freitag, B.; Bals, S.
	Title	An alternative approach for ζ-factor measurement using pure element nanoparticles			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	Ultramicroscopy	Abbreviated Journal	Ultramicroscopy
	Volume	164	Issue	164	Pages	11-16
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	It is very challenging to measure the chemical composition of hetero nanostructures in a reliable and quantitative manner. Here, we propose a novel and straightforward approach that can be used to quantify energy dispersive X-ray spectra acquired in a transmission electron microscope. Our method is based on a combination of electron tomography and the so-called ζ-factor technique. We will demonstrate the reliability of our approach as well as its applicability by investigating Au-Ag and Au-Pt hetero nanostructures. Given its simplicity, we expect that the method could become a new standard in the field of chemical characterization using electron microscopy.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000373526200002	Publication Date	2016-03-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0304-3991	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.843	Times cited	19	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	The authors acknowledge financial support from the European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant # 335078-COLOURATOMS) and the European Union under the FP7 (Integrated Infrastructure Initiative N. 312483 – ESTEEM2). The authors would also like to thank Luis M. Liz-Marzán, Ana Sánchez-Iglesias, Stefanos Mourdikoudis and Cristina Fernández-López for sample provision and useful discussions.; esteem2jra4; ECASSara; (ROMEO:green; preprint:; postprint:can ; pdfversion:cannot);			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.843
	Call Number	EMAT @ emat @			Serial	4019
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	Author	Goris, B.; Bals, S.; van den Broek, W.; Carbó-Argibay, E.; Gómez-Graña, S.; Liz-Marzán, L.M.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	Atomic-scale determination of surface facets in gold nanorods			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2012	Publication	Nature materials	Abbreviated Journal	Nat Mater
	Volume	11	Issue	11	Pages	930-935
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	It is widely accepted that the physical properties of nanostructures depend on the type of surface facets1, 2. For Au nanorods, the surface facets have a major influence on crucial effects such as reactivity and ligand adsorption and there has been controversy regarding facet indexing3, 4. Aberration-corrected electron microscopy is the ideal technique to study the atomic structure of nanomaterials5, 6. However, these images correspond to two-dimensional (2D) projections of 3D nano-objects, leading to an incomplete characterization. Recently, much progress was achieved in the field of atomic-resolution electron tomography, but it is still far from being a routinely used technique. Here we propose a methodology to measure the 3D atomic structure of free-standing nanoparticles, which we apply to characterize the surface facets of Au nanorods. This methodology is applicable to a broad range of nanocrystals, leading to unique insights concerning the connection between the structure and properties of nanostructures.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos	000310434600015	Publication Date	2012-10-19
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1476-1122;1476-4660;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	39.737	Times cited	261	Open Access
	Notes	262348 ESMI; Hercules 3; 24691 COUNTATOMS; 267867 PLASMAQUO			Approved	Most recent IF: 39.737; 2012 IF: 35.749
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:101778			Serial	182
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	Author	Yang, S.; An, H.; Arnouts, S.; Wang, H.; Yu, X.; de Ruiter, J.; Bals, S.; Altantzis, T.; Weckhuysen, B.M.; van der Stam, W.
	Title	Halide-guided active site exposure in bismuth electrocatalysts for selective CO₂ conversion into formic acid			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Nature Catalysis	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	6	Issue	9	Pages	796-806
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Applied Electrochemistry & Catalysis (ELCAT)
	Abstract	It remains a challenge to identify the active sites of bismuth catalysts in the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction. Here we show through in situ characterization that the activation of bismuth oxyhalide electrocatalysts to metallic bismuth is guided by the halides. In situ X-ray diffraction results show that bromide promotes the selective exposure of planar bismuth surfaces, whereas chloride and iodide result in more disordered active sites. Furthermore, we find that bromide-activated bismuth catalysts outperform the chloride and iodide counterparts, achieving high current density (>100 mA cm(-2)) and formic acid selectivity (>90%), suggesting that planar bismuth surfaces are more active for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction. In addition, in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements reveal that the reconstruction proceeds rapidly in chloride-activated bismuth and gradually when bromide is present, facilitating the formation of ordered planar surfaces. These findings show the pivotal role of halogens on selective facet exposure in activated bismuth-based electrocatalysts during the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001050367400001	Publication Date	2023-08-17
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2520-1158	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	37.8	Times cited	13	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	B.M.W. acknowledges support from the Strategic UU-TU/e Alliance project 'Joint Centre for Chemergy Research' as well as from the Netherlands Center for Multiscale Catalytic Energy Conversion (MCEC), an NWO gravitation programme funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science of the government of the Netherlands. S.B. acknowledges support from the European Research Council (ERC Consolidator Grant #815128 REALNANO). S.A. and T.A. acknowledge funding from the University of Antwerp Research fund (BOF). We also thank J. Wijten, J. Janssens and T. Prins (all from the Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Utrecht University) for helpful technical support. S. Deelen (Faculty of Science, Utrecht University) and L. Wu (Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Utrecht University) are acknowledged for the design of the in situ XRD cell. We also acknowledge B. Detlefs, P. Glatzel and V. Paidi (ESRF) for the support during the HERFD-XANES measurements on the ID26 beamline of the ESRF.			Approved	Most recent IF: 37.8; 2023 IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:199190			Serial	8877
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	Author	Yang, S.; An, H.; Anastasiadou, D.; Xu, W.; Wu, L.; Wang, H.; de Ruiter, J.; Arnouts, S.; Figueiredo, M.C.; Bals, S.; Altantzis, T.; van der Stam, W.; Weckhuysen, B.M.
	Title	Waste-derived copper-lead electrocatalysts for CO₂ reduction			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	ChemCatChem	Abbreviated Journal	Chemcatchem
	Volume	14	Issue	18	Pages	e202200754-11
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Applied Electrochemistry & Catalysis (ELCAT)
	Abstract	It remains a real challenge to control the selectivity of the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (eCO(2)R) reaction to valuable chemicals and fuels. Most of the electrocatalysts are made of non-renewable metal resources, which hampers their large-scale implementation. Here, we report the preparation of bimetallic copper-lead (CuPb) electrocatalysts from industrial metallurgical waste. The metal ions were extracted from the metallurgical waste through simple chemical treatment with ammonium chloride, and CuxPby electrocatalysts with tunable compositions were fabricated through electrodeposition at varying cathodic potentials. X-ray spectroscopy techniques showed that the pristine electrocatalysts consist of Cu-0, Cu1+ and Pb2+ domains, and no evidence for alloy formation was found. We found a volcano-shape relationship between eCO(2)R selectivity toward two electron products, such as CO, and the elemental ratio of Cu and Pb. A maximum Faradaic efficiency towards CO was found for Cu9.00Pb1.00, which was four times higher than that of pure Cu, under the same electrocatalytic conditions. In situ Raman spectroscopy revealed that the optimal amount of Pb effectively improved the reducibility of the pristine Cu1+ and Pb2+ domains to metallic Cu and Pb, which boosted the selectivity towards CO by synergistic effects. This work provides a framework of thinking to design and tune the selectivity of bimetallic electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction through valorization of metallurgical waste.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000853941300001	Publication Date	2022-06-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1867-3880; 1867-3899	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.5	Times cited	7	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	S.Y and B.M.W. acknowledge support from the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020 (SOCRATES-721385; project website: http://etn-socrates.eu/). W.v.d.S., M.C.F. and B.M.W. acknowledge support from the Strategic UU-TU/e Alliance project 'Joint Centre for Chemergy Research'. S.B. acknowledges support from the European Research Council (ERC Consolidator Grant #815128 REALNANO). S.A. and T.A. acknowledge funding from the University of Antwerp Research fund (BOF). The Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (1W1B, BSRF) is acknowledged for the beamtime. We are grateful to Annelies van der Bok and Bas Salzmann (Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Utrecht University, UU) for the support with the ICP-OES measurements. The authors thank dr. Robin Geitenbeek, Nikos Nikolopoulos, Ioannis Nikolopoulos, Jochem Wijten and Joris Janssens (Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, UU) for helpful discussions and technical support. The authors also thank Yuang Piao (Materials Chemistry and Catalysis, UU) for the help in the preparation of the figures of the article.			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.5
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:190703			Serial	7226
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