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Records |
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Author |
Gonzalez, V.; Cotte, M.; Vanmeert, F.; de Nolf, W.; Janssens, K. |
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Title |
X-ray diffraction mapping for cultural heritage science : a review of experimental configurations and applications |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Chemistry: a European journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Chem-Eur J |
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Volume |
26 |
Issue |
26 |
Pages |
1703-1719 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract  |
X-ray diffraction (XRD) mapping consists in the acquisition of XRD patterns at each pixel (or voxel) of an area (or volume). The spatial resolution ranges from the micrometer (mu XRD) to the millimeter (MA-XRD) scale, making the technique relevant for tiny samples up to large objects. Although XRD is primarily used for the identification of different materials in (complex) mixtures, additional information regarding the crystallite size, their orientation, and their in-depth distribution can also be obtained. Through mapping, these different types of information can be located on the studied sample/object. Cultural heritage objects are usually highly heterogeneous, and contain both original and later (degradation, conservation) materials. Their structural characterization is required both to determine ancient manufacturing processes and to evaluate their conservation state. Together with other mapping techniques, XRD mapping is increasingly used for these purposes. Here, the authors review applications as well as the various configurations for XRD mapping (synchrotron/laboratory X-ray source, poly-/monochromatic beam, micro/macro beam, 2D/3D, transmission/reflection mode). On-going hardware and software developments will further establish the technique as a key tool in heritage science. |
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Wos |
000501927300001 |
Publication Date |
2019-10-14 |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0947-6539 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
5.317 |
Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
; M.C. thanks the KNAW for supporting her stays in the Netherlands through the Descartes Huygens price. V.G. and M.C. thank the Center of Research and Restoration of French Museums (C2RMF), Paris and in particular Myriam Eveno, for the collaboration on Rembrandt's impastos (Figure 7). M.C. is indebted to the Afghan government, NRICPT and in particular, Yoko Taniguchi for providing samples shown in Figure 5. K.J. and F.V. acknowledge the University of Antwerp Research Council for financial support via GOA project SolarPaint as well as InterReg project Smart*Light. FWO projects G057419N and G056619N are also acknowledged. The authors also wish to acknowledge the Van Gogh and Kroller-Muller museums, the Rijksmuseum, the Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp and the Louvre museum for the constructive and inspiring collaborations in the past decade. Various beam lines and the staff at ESRF and DESY are thanked for providing beam time and support during experiments. ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 5.317 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:165061 |
Serial |
5911 |
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Author |
van der Snickt, G.; Legrand, S.; Slama, I.; Van Zuien, E.; Gruber, G.; Van der Stighelen, K.; Klaassen, L.; Oberthaler, E.; Janssens, K. |
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Title |
In situ macro X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) scanning as a non-invasive tool to probe for subsurface modifications in paintings by PP Rubens |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Microchemical journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Microchem J |
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Volume |
138 |
Issue |
138 |
Pages |
238-245 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
Within the last decade, the established synchrotron- and laboratory-based micro-XRF scanning technology inspired the development of mobile instruments that allow performing in situ experiments on paintings on a macro scale. Since the development of the first mobile scanner at the start of this decade, this chemical imaging technique has brought new insights with respect to several iconic paintings, especially in cases when standard imaging techniques such as X-Ray Radiography (XRR) or Infrared Refiectography (IRR) yielded ambiguous results. The ability of scanning MA-XRF to visualise the distribution of elements detected at and below the paint surface renders this spectrometric method particularly helpful for studying painting techniques and revealing materials that remain hidden below the paint surface. The latter aspect is especially relevant for the technical study of works by Pieter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) as this highly productive seventeenth century master is particularly renowned for the continuous application of modifications during (and even after) the entire course of the creative process. In this work, the added value of MA-XRF scanning experiments for visualising these subsurface features is exemplified by interpreting the chemical images obtained on three of Rubens' key works. Special attention is given to three types of adjustments that are particularly relevant for the technical study of Rubens' oeuvre: (1) compositional changes ('pentimenti'), exemplified by results obtained on The Portrait of Helene Fourment (ca. 1638), (2) extensions to the support ('Anstlickungen.), illustrated by imaging experiments performed on the Venus Frigida (1614) and (3) Rubens' intriguing halos around flesh tones, as found amongst others in The Incredulity of Saint Thomas (1613). The ensuing insights in the paint stratigraphy and the underlying supporting structure illustrate the potential of MA-XRF scanning for the non-invasive, comparative study of Rubens' oeuvre. The results do not only augment the understanding of the complex genesis of Rubens' works of art and his efficient painting technique, but prove valuable during conservation treatments as well, as addressed in this paper. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
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Wos |
000428103000027 |
Publication Date |
2018-01-17 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0026-265x; 0026-265x |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
3.034 |
Times cited |
5 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 3.034 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:151564 |
Serial |
5657 |
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Author |
Hillen, M.; Sels, S.; Ribbens, B.; Verspeek, S.; Janssens, K.; Van der Snickt, G.; Steenackers, G. |
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Title |
Qualitative Comparison of Lock-in Thermography (LIT) and Pulse Phase Thermography (PPT) in Mid-Wave and Long-Wave Infrared for the Inspection of Paintings |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Applied Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl Sci-Basel |
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Volume |
13 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
1-13 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Art; Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES); Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS) |
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Abstract |
When studying paintings with active infrared thermography (IRT), minimizing the temperature fluctuations and thermal shock during a measurement becomes important. Under these conditions, it might be beneficial to use lock-in thermography instead of the conventionally used pulse thermography (PT). This study compared the observations made with lock-in thermography (LIT) and pulse phase thermography (PPT) with halogen light excitation. Three distinctly different paintings were examined. The LIT measurements caused smaller temperature fluctuations and, overall, the phase images appeared to have a higher contrast and less noise. However, in the PPT phase images, the upper paint layer was less visible, an aspect which is of particular interest when trying to observe subsurface defects or the structure of the support. The influence of the spectral range of the cameras on the results was also investigated. All measurements were taken with a mid-wave infrared (MWIR) and long wave infrared (LWIR) camera. The results show that there is a significant number of direct reflection artifacts, caused by the use of the halogen light sources when using the MWIR camera. Adding a long-pass filter to the MWIR camera eliminated most of these artifacts. All results are presented in a side-by-side comparison. |
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Wos |
000972133900001 |
Publication Date |
2023-03-24 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
2076-3417 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
2.7 |
Times cited |
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Open Access |
OpenAccess |
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Notes |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: 2.7; 2023 IF: 1.679 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:194898 |
Serial |
7333 |
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Author |
Janssens, K.L.; Partoens, B.; Peeters, F.M. |
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Title |
Magneto-excitons in planar type II quantum dots |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Physical review : B : condensed matter and materials physics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Phys Rev B |
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Volume |
64 |
Issue |
15 |
Pages |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT) |
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Abstract |
We study an exciton in a type-II quantum dot, where the electron is confined in the dot, but the hole is located in the barrier material. The exciton properties are studied as a function of a perpendicular magnetic field using a Hartree-Fock mesh calculation. Our model system consists of a planar quantum disk. Angular momentum (l) transitions are predicted with increasing magnetic field. We, also study the transition from a type-I to a type-H quantum dot which is induced by changing the confinement potential of the hole. For sufficiently large magnetic fields a reentrant behavior is found from l(h) = 0 to l(h) not equal 0 and back to l(h) = 0, which results in a transition from type II to type I. |
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Place of Publication |
Lancaster, Pa |
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Wos |
000171694600068 |
Publication Date |
2002-07-27 |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0163-1829;1095-3795; |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
3.836 |
Times cited |
56 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: 3.836; 2001 IF: NA |
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Call Number |
UA @ lucian @ c:irua:37281 |
Serial |
1900 |
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Author |
Ceglia, A.; Nuyts, G.; Cagno, S.; Meulebroeck, W.; Baert, K.; Cosyns, P.; Nys, K.; Thienpont, H.; Janssens, K.; Terryn, H. |
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Title |
A XANES study of chromophores : the case of black glass |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Analytical methods |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anal Methods-Uk |
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Volume |
6 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
2662-2671 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
We studied the Fe K-edge X-ray absorption near edge (XANES) spectra of several Roman black glass fragments in order to determine the Fe3+/ΣFe ratio of these materials. The selected archaeological glass samples cover the period 1st5th century AD in nine different sites of the North Western provinces of the Roman Empire. The fragments belong to two different compositional groups demonstrating a diachronic evolution: early Roman HMG (High Magnesia Glass) and Roman Imperial LMG (Low Magnesia Glass). The first group contains natural Fe levels (below 2 wt% as Fe2O3), while the LMG has concentrations above 5 wt%. This difference is also reflected by Fe3+/ΣFe values. Low iron glass was produced under strongly reducing conditions in order to obtain the black colour, with average Fe3+/ΣFe values ≈ 0.17. LMG glass is somewhat more oxidised (Fe3+/ΣFe ≈ 0.40.5). While HMG glass required active control of the furnace environment, LMG was made under ambient atmosphere and its higher oxidation degree is mainly determined by the chemistry of the raw glass. |
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Wos |
000333524200032 |
Publication Date |
2014-02-05 |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1759-9660 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
1.9 |
Times cited |
14 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; The authors are grateful to the staff of beamline L in HASYLAB for their helpful support. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement no. 265010. Support from the University of Antwerp Research Council through GOA Programme “XANES meets ELNES” is gratefully acknowledged. This work was partly supported by the Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence funding scheme, project number 223268/F50. We would like to thank M. P. Riccardi and E. Basso of the University of Pavia and R. Falcone of the Stazione Sperimentale del Vetro who provided us with the reference glasses. ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 1.9; 2014 IF: 1.821 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:116596 |
Serial |
5919 |
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Author |
Janssens, K.; Alfeld, M.; van der Snickt, G.; de Nolf, W.; Vanmeert, F.; Radepont, M.; Monico, L.; et al. |
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Title |
The use of synchrotron radiation for the characterization of artists' pigments and paintings |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Annual review of analytical chemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
Annu Rev Anal Chem |
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Volume |
6 |
Issue |
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Pages |
399-425 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
We review methods and recent studies in which macroscopic to (sub)microscopic X-ray beams were used for nondestructive analysis and characterization of pigments, paint microsamples, and/or entire paintings. We discuss the use of portable laboratory- and synchrotron-based instrumentation and describe several variants of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis used for elemental analysis and imaging and combined with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Macroscopic and microscopic (μ-)XRF variants of this method are suitable for visualizing the elemental distribution of key elements in paint multilayers. Technical innovations such as multielement, large-area XRF detectors have enabled such developments. The use of methods limited to elemental analysis or imaging usually is not sufficient to elucidate the chemical transformations that take place during natural pigment alteration processes. However, synchrotron-based combinations of μ-XRF, μ-XAS, and μ-XRD are suitable for such studies. |
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Wos |
000323887500019 |
Publication Date |
2013-06-18 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1936-1327 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
7.435 |
Times cited |
46 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 7.435; 2013 IF: 7.814 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:111315 |
Serial |
5902 |
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Author |
Centeno, S.A.; Hale, C.; Caro, F.; Cesaratto, A.; Shibayama, N.; Delaney, J.; Dooley, K.; van der Snickt, G.; Janssens, K.; Stein, S.A. |
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Title |
Van Gogh's Irises and Roses : the contribution of chemical analyses and imaging to the assessment of color changes in the red lake pigments |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Heritage science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
5 |
Issue |
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Pages |
18 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
Vincent van Gogh's still lifes Irises and Roses were investigated to shed light onto the degree to which the paintings had changed, both individually and in relation to each other since they were painted, particularly in regard to the fading of the red lakes. Non-invasive techniques, including macroscopic X-ray fluorescence mapping, reflectance imaging spectroscopy, and X-radiography, were combined with microanalytical techniques in a select number of samples. The in-depth microchemical analysis was necessary to overcome the complications that arise when evaluating by non-invasive methods alone the compositions of passages with complex layering and mixing of paints. The results obtained by these two approaches were complemented by color measurements performed on paint cross-sections and on protected edges, and with historical information provided by the artist's own descriptions, early reviews and reproductions, and the data was used to carry out digital color simulations that provided, to a certain extent, a visualization of how the paintings may have originally appeared. |
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Place of Publication |
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Wos |
000401365400001 |
Publication Date |
2017-04-21 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
2050-7445 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
21 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: NA |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:143748 |
Serial |
5903 |
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Author |
Dooley, K.A.; Chieli, A.; Romani, A.; Legrand, S.; Miliani, C.; Janssens, K.; Delaney, J.K. |
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Title |
Molecular fluorescence imaging spectroscopy for mapping low concentrations of red lake pigments : Van Gogh's painting The Olive Orchard |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Angewandte Chemie-International Edition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Angew Chem Int Edit |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
Vincent van Gogh used fugitive red lake pigments that have faded in some paintings. Mapping their distribution is key to understanding how his paintings have changed with time. While red lake pigments can be identified from microsamples, in situ identification and mapping remain challenging. This paper explores the ability of molecular fluorescence imaging spectroscopy to identify and, more importantly, map residual non-degraded red lakes. The high sensitivity of this method enabled identification of the emission spectra of eosin (tetrabromine fluorescein) lake mixed with lead or zinc white at lower concentrations than elemental X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy used on account of bromine. The molecular fluorescence mapping of residual eosin and two carmine red lakes in van Gogh's The Olive Orchard is demonstrated and compared with XRF imaging spectroscopy. The red lakes are consistent with the composition of paint tubes known to have been used by van Gogh. |
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Wos |
000512477200001 |
Publication Date |
2020-01-21 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1433-7851; 0570-0833 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
16.6 |
Times cited |
2 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; We thank Damon Conover and Roxanne Radpour for help with the fluorescence self-absorption correction, and Ella Hendricks for discussions about van Gogh~s letters and materials. K.J. and S.L. thank the Research Council of the University of Antwerp for financial support (ID grant 25805 to S.L. and GOA project SolarPaint). Also FWO, Brussels provided financial support (grants G056619N and G054719N). The European research project IPERION-CH, funded by the European Commission, H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015 (Grant agreement n. 654028) is also acknowledged. ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 16.6; 2020 IF: 11.994 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:166490 |
Serial |
6563 |
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Author |
Dik, J.; Janssens, K.; van der Snickt, G.; van der Loeff, L.; Rickers, K.; Cotte, M. |
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Title |
Visualization of a lost painting by Vincent van Gogh using synchrotron radiation based X-ray fluorescence elemental mapping |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Analytical chemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anal Chem |
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Volume |
80 |
Issue |
16 |
Pages |
6436-6442 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
Vincent van Gogh (1853−1890), one of the founding fathers of modern painting, is best known for his vivid colors, his vibrant painting style, and his short but highly productive career. His productivity is even higher than generally realized, as many of his known paintings cover a previous composition. This is thought to be the case in one-third of his early period paintings. Van Gogh would often reuse the canvas of an abandoned painting and paint a new or modified composition on top. These hidden paintings offer a unique and intimate insight into the genesis of his works. Yet, current museum-based imaging tools are unable to properly visualize many of these hidden images. We present the first-time use of synchrotron radiation based X-ray fluorescence mapping, applied to visualize a womans head hidden under the work Patch of Grass by Van Gogh. We recorded decimeter-scale, X-ray fluorescence intensity maps, reflecting the distribution of specific elements in the paint layers. In doing so we succeeded in visualizing the hidden face with unprecedented detail. In particular, the distribution of Hg and Sb in the red and light tones, respectively, enabled an approximate color reconstruction of the flesh tones. This reconstruction proved to be the missing link for the comparison of the hidden face with Van Goghs known paintings. Our approach literally opens up new vistas in the nondestructive study of hidden paint layers, which applies to the oeuvre of Van Gogh in particular and to old master paintings in general. |
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Wos |
000258448100039 |
Publication Date |
2008-07-29 |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0003-2700; 5206-882x |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
6.32 |
Times cited |
178 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: 6.32; 2008 IF: 5.712 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:74466 |
Serial |
5906 |
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Author |
De Meyer, S.; Vanmeert, F.; Vertongen, R.; Van Loon, A.; Gonzalez, V.; Delaney, J.; Dooley, K.; Dik, J.; van der Snickt, G.; Vandivere, A.; Janssens, K. |
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Title |
Macroscopic x-ray powder diffraction imaging reveals Vermeer's discriminating use of lead white pigments in Girl with a Pearl Earring |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Science Advances |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
5 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
eaax1975 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES) |
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Abstract |
Until the 19th century, lead white was the most important white pigment used in oil paintings. Lead white is typically composed of two crystalline lead carbonates: hydrocerussite [2PbCO(3)center dot Pb(OH)(2)] and cerussite (PbCO3). Depending on the ratio between hydrocerussite and cerussite, lead white can be classified into different subtypes, each with different optical properties. Current methods to investigate and differentiate between lead white subtypes involve invasive sampling on a microscopic scale, introducing problems of paint damage and representativeness. In this study, a 17th century painting Girl with a Pearl Earring (by Johannes Vermeer, c. 1665, collection of the Mauritshuis, NL) was analyzed with a recently developed mobile and noninvasive macroscopic x-ray powder diffraction (MA-XRPD) scanner within the project Girl in the Spotlight. Four different subtypes of lead white were identified using XRPD imaging at the macroscopic and microscopic scale, implying that Vermeer was highly discriminatory in his use of lead white. |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
000491121200021 |
Publication Date |
2019-08-30 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| |
ISSN |
2375-2548 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
|
Times cited |
3 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; K.J. wishes to thank the Research Council of the University of Antwerp for financial support through GOA project SolarPaint. Also, FWO, Brussels is acknowledged for financial support through grants G056619N and G054719N. The support of InterReg programme Smart*Light is appreciated. ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: NA |
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| |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:163815 |
Serial |
5700 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Ayalew, E.; Janssens, K.; De Wael, K. |
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Title |
Unraveling the reactivity of minium towards bicarbonate and the role of lead oxides therein |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Analytical chemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anal Chem |
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| |
Volume |
88 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
1564-1569 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
Understanding the reactivity of (semiconductor) pigments provides vital information on how to improve conservation strategies for works of art in order to avoid rapid degradation of the pigments. This study focuses on the photoactivity of minium (Pb3O4), a semiconductor pigment, that gives rise to strong discoloration phenomena upon exposure to various environmental conditions. To demonstrate its photoactivity, an electrochemical setup with minium-modified graphite electrode (C|Pb3O4) was used. It is confirmed that minium is a p-type semiconductor which is photoactive during illumination and becomes inactive in the dark. Raman measurements confirm the formation of the degradation products. The photoactivity of a semiconductor pigment is partly defined by the presence of lead oxide (PbO) impurities; these introduce new states in the original band gap. It will be experi-mentally evidenced that the presence of PbO particles in minium leads to an upward shift of the valence band that reduces the band gap. Thus, upon photoexcitation, the electron/hole separation is more easily initialized. The PbO/Pb3O4 composite electrodes demonstrate a higher reductive photocurrent compared to the photocurrent registered at pure PbO or Pb3O4 modified electrodes. Upon exposure to light with energy close to and above the band gap, electrons are excited from the valence band to the conduction band to initialize the reduction of Pb(IV) to Pb(II), resulting in the initial formation of PbO. However in the presence of bicarbonate ions, a significantly higher photoreduction current is recorded since the PbO reacts further to form hydrocerussite. Therefore the presence of bicarbonates in the environment stimulates the photodecomposition process of minium and plays an important role in the degradation process. |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
000369471100014 |
Publication Date |
2015-12-31 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| |
ISSN |
0003-2700; 5206-882x |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
6.32 |
Times cited |
9 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; The authors acknowledge Sanne Aerts from the Laboratory of Adsorption and Catalysis (LADCA) of the University of Antwerp for her help with the UV-vis-DR. Financial support from the SOLARPAINT BOF-GOA project (University of Antwerp Research Council) is acknowledged. The authors are also indebted to F. Vanmeert for performing the XRD measurements. ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 6.32 |
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| |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:129963 |
Serial |
5888 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Janssens, K.; Legrand, S.; van der Snickt, G.; Vanmeert, F. |
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Title |
Virtual archaeology of altered paintings : multiscale chemical imaging tools |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Elements |
Abbreviated Journal |
Elements |
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| |
Volume |
12 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
39-44 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
Understanding how painted works of art were constructed, layer-by-layer, requires a range of macroscopic and microscopic X-ray and infrared-based analytical methods. Deconstructing complex assemblies of paints horizontally across a picture and vertically through it provides insight into the detailed production process of the art work and on the painting techniques and styles of its maker. The unwanted chemical transformations that some paint pigments undergo are also detectable; these changes can alter the paint's optical properties. Understanding the chemistry behind such paint degradation gives conservators vital clues to counter these effects and is an invaluable asset in protecting these cultural artefacts for future generations. |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
000370987700007 |
Publication Date |
2016-02-08 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| |
ISSN |
1811-5209 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
4.038 |
Times cited |
12 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 4.038 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:132301 |
Serial |
5904 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
van der Snickt, G.; Martins, A.; Delaney, J.; Janssens, K.; Zeibel, J.; Duffy, M.; McGlinchey, C.; Van Driel, B.; Dik, J. |
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Title |
Exploring a hidden painting below the surface of Rene Magritte's Le Portrait |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Applied spectroscopy |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl Spectrosc |
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| |
Volume |
70 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
57-67 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
Two state-of-the-art methods for non-invasive visualization of subsurface (or overpainted) pictorial layers present in painted works of art are employed to study Le portrait, painted by Belgian artist Rene Magritte in 1935. X-ray radiography, a commonly used method for the nondestructive inspection of paintings, had revealed the presence of an underlying figurative composition, part of an earlier Magritte painting entitled La pose enchantee (1927) which originally depicted two full length nude female figures with exaggerated facial features. On the one hand, macroscopic X-ray fluorescence analysis (MA-XRF), a method capable of providing information on the distribution of the key chemical elements present in many artists' pigments, was employed. The ability of the X-rays to penetrate the upper layer of paint enabled the imaging of the facial features of the female figure and provided information on Magritte's palette for both surface and hidden composition. On the other hand, visible and near infrared hyperspectral imaging spectroscopies in transmission mode were also used, especially in the area of the table cloth in order to look through the upper representation and reveal the pictorial layer(s) below. MA-XRF provided elemental information on the pigment distributions in both the final painting and the prior whereas the transmission mode provided information related to preparatory sketches as well as revealing differences between the paints used in both compositions. These results illustrate very well the manner in which the two imaging methods complement each other, both in the sense of providing different types of information on the nature and presence of paint components/pigments and in the sense of being optimally suited to easily penetrate through different types of overpaint. |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
000368604500007 |
Publication Date |
2016-01-27 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0003-7028 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
1.529 |
Times cited |
13 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; GvdS and KJ acknowledge the support of the Fund Inbev-Baillet Latour. JKD acknowledges support from the Andrew Mellon Foundation and the National Science Foundation. BvD and JD acknowledge support from The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 1.529 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:131544 |
Serial |
5620 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Schalm, O.; Janssens, K.; Caen, J. |
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Title |
Characterization of the main causes of deterioration of grisaille paint layers in 19th C. stained-glass windows by J.-B. Capronnier |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Spectrochimica acta: part B : atomic spectroscopy |
Abbreviated Journal |
Spectrochim Acta B |
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Volume |
58 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
589-607 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
Twenty-seven glass fragments containing dark coloured grisaille paint layers of different qualities were collected from ten windows of the cathedral St. Michael & St. Gudule in Brussels (Belgium). The windows were made by J.-B. Capronnier (18141891) and cover the period between 1843 and 1878. The samples were cross-sectioned and examined in an electron microscope. Grisaille paint layers are not homogeneous and therefore, it is not meaningful to characterize them in terms of their average composition. Instead, parameters such as granularity, the number of residual gas bubbles per running millimetre of paint, the type of pigments, and the thickness of the paint layer were used to characterize them. The microscopic morphology allows a classification of the grisaille paint layers in four groups, every group associated with a quality level. Moreover, the main causes of the accelerated degradation of some of these paint layers could be explained. The classification made it possible to distinguish two periods in the work of Capronnier: (1) the early period (18431848) is characterized by the presence of either single granular paint layers or of double-layered systems consisting of a granular paint layer on top of a well-melted paint layer. The granular grisaille paint layers tend to pulverize; (2) the later period (18481878) is characterized by the presence of only well-vitrified paint layers. No sign of deterioration was found on the well-vitrified paint layers. |
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Corporate Author |
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Place of Publication |
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Language |
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Wos |
000182744200002 |
Publication Date |
2003-04-23 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0584-8547; 0038-6987 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
3.241 |
Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: 3.241; 2003 IF: 2.361 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:41208 |
Serial |
5505 |
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Author |
Eliaerts, J.; Dardenne, P.; Meert, N.; Van Durme, F.; Samyn, N.; Janssens, K.; De Wael, K. |
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Title |
Rapid classification and quantification of cocaine in seized powders with ATR-FTIR and chemometrics |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Drug testing and analysis |
Abbreviated Journal |
Drug Test Anal |
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Volume |
9 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
1480-1489 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
Traditionally, fast screening for the presence of cocaine in unknown powders is performed by means of colour tests. The major drawbacks of these tests are subjective colour evaluation depending on the operator (50 shades of blue) and a lack of selectivity. An alternative fast screening technique is Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectrometry. This technique provides spectra that are difficult to interpret without specialized expertise and showing a lack of sensitivity for the detection of cocaine in mixtures. To overcome these limitations, a portable FTIR spectrometer using Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) sampling was combined with a multivariate technique, called Support Vector Machines (SVM). Representative street drug powders (n = 482), seized during the period January 2013 to July 2015, and reference powders (n = 33) were used to build and validate a classification model (n = 515) and a quantification model (n = 378). Both models were compared with the conventional chromatographic techniques. The SVM classification model showed a high sensitivity, specificity and efficiency (99%). The SVM quantification model determined cocaine content with a root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) of 6% calculated over a wide working range from 4 to 99 w%. In conclusion, the developed models resulted in a clear output (cocaine detected or cocaine not detected) and a reliable estimation of the cocaine content in a wide variety of mixtures. The ATR-FTIR technique combined with SVM is a straightforward, user-friendly and fast approach for routine classification and quantification of cocaine in seized powders. |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
000413685200001 |
Publication Date |
2016-12-17 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1942-7603; 1942-7611 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
3.469 |
Times cited |
9 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 3.469 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:139483 |
Serial |
5799 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Terzano, R.; Denecke, M.A.; Falkenberg, G.; Miller, B.; Paterson, D.; Janssens, K. |
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Title |
Recent advances in analysis of trace elements in environmental samples by X-ray based techniques (IUPAC Technical Report) |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Pure and applied chemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
Pure Appl Chem |
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Volume |
91 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1029-1063 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
Trace elements analysis is a fundamental challenge in environmental sciences. Scientists measure trace elements in environmental media in order to assess the quality and safety of ecosystems and to quantify the burden of anthropogenic pollution. Among the available analytical techniques, X-ray based methods are particularly powerful, as they can quantify trace elements in situ. Chemical extraction is not required, as is the case for many other analytical techniques. In the last few years, the potential for X-ray techniques to be applied in the environmental sciences has dramatically increased due to developments in laboratory instruments and synchrotron radiation facilities with improved sensitivity and spatial resolution. In this report, we summarize the principles of the X-ray based analytical techniques most frequently employed to study trace elements in environmental samples. We report on the most recent developments in laboratory and synchrotron techniques, as well as advances in instrumentation, with a special attention on X-ray sources, detectors, and optics. Lastly, we inform readers on recent applications of X-ray based analysis to different environmental matrices, such as soil, sediments, waters, wastes, living organisms, geological samples, and atmospheric particulate, and we report examples of sample preparation. |
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Corporate Author |
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Place of Publication |
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Language |
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Wos |
000471262400011 |
Publication Date |
2019-05-21 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0033-4545 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
2.626 |
Times cited |
3 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; This document was developed as a part of IUPAC, Funder Id: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.13039/100006987, Project #2016-019-2-600 “Trace elements analysis of environmental samples with X-rays: from synchrotron to lab and from lab to synchrotron” led by Roberto Terzano (Task Group Chair). Task Group Members for this project were: Melissa Anne Denecke, Gerald Falkenberg, Armin Gross, Koen Janssens, Bradley Miller, David Paterson, Ryan Tappero, Fang-Jie Zhao. Their contribution to the project is gratefully acknowledged. ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 2.626 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:161369 |
Serial |
5803 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Lopes, F.; Lima, A.; Pires de Matos, A.; Custódio, J.; Cagno, S.; Schalm, O.; Janssens, K. |
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Title |
Characterization of 18th century Portuguese glass from Real Fábrica de Vidros de Coina |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
14 |
Issue |
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Pages |
137-145 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES) |
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Abstract |
This work reports the first systematic chemical characterization of Portuguese 18th century glassware. 28 selected glass fragments, recovered from an archaeological excavation carried out in the site where King D. João V of Portugal established an important glass manufacture, Real Fábrica de Vidros de Coina (Coina Royal Glass Factory), were studied. This factory operated from 1719 until 1747, the year in which the factory was transferred to Marinha Grande. The fragments were analysed by micro-energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (micro-EDXRF), using a portable spectrometer ArtTAX, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX). The analytical data showed that a large variety of glass types was manufactured in that factory, namely soda-lime glass, mixed-alkali glass, high lime-low alkali glass, potash glass and lead glass. In general, the composition of the glass varies according to the function of the objects. It was demonstrated that micro-EDXRF can be an important tool to characterize museum glass objects when only in situ non-invasive analytical methods are allowed. |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
000415616700015 |
Publication Date |
2017-05-31 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
2352-409x |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
3 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; This study was supported by FCT (Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia) under the project POCI/HAR/55882/2004 and UID/EAT/00729/2013. The PhD grant SFRH/BD/ 85329/2012 by FCT to Filipa Lopes is also acknowledged. The authors are grateful to Rosario Gil and Camara Municipal do Barreiro for their help in accessing the archaeological glass collection. We would like to thank in particular Manuela Almeida Ferreira for her valuable support in this project. ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: NA |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:143545 |
Serial |
5500 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
De Kerf, T.; Gestels, A.; Janssens, K.; Scheunders, P.; Steenackers, G.; Vanlanduit, S. |
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Title |
Quantitative detection of corrosion minerals in carbon steel using shortwave infrared hyperspectral imaging |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
RSC advances |
Abbreviated Journal |
Rsc Adv |
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Volume |
12 |
Issue |
50 |
Pages |
32775-32783 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Vision lab; Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS) |
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Abstract |
This study presents a novel method for the detection and quantification of atmospheric corrosion products on carbon steel. Using hyperspectral imaging (HSI) in the short-wave infrared range (SWIR) (900-1700 nm), we are able to identify the most common corrosion minerals such as: alpha-FeO(OH) (goethite), gamma-FeO(OH) (lepidocrocite), and gamma-Fe2O3 (maghemite). Six carbon steel samples were artificially corroded in a salt spray chamber, each sample with a different duration (between 1 h and 120 hours). These samples were analysed by scanning X-ray diffraction (XRD) and also using a SWIR HSI system. The XRD data is used as baseline data. A random forest regression algorithm is used for training on the combined XRD and HSI data set. Using the trained model, we can predict the abundance map based on the HSI images alone. Several image correlation metrics are used to assess the similarity between the original XRD images and the HSI images. The overall abundance is also calculated and compared for XRD and HSI images. The analysis results show that we are able to obtain visually similar images, with error rates ranging from 3.27 to 13.37%. This suggests that hyperspectral imaging could be a viable tool for the study of corrosion minerals. |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
000885554600001 |
Publication Date |
2022-11-15 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
2046-2069 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record |
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Impact Factor |
3.9 |
Times cited |
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Open Access |
OpenAccess |
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Notes |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: 3.9 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:192085 |
Serial |
7334 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Schalm, O.; Nuyts, G.; Janssens, K. |
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Title |
Some critical observations about the degradation of glass : the formation of lamellae explained |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Journal Of Non-Crystalline Solids |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Non-Cryst Solids |
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Volume |
569 |
Issue |
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Pages |
120984 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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| |
Abstract |
This study demonstrates that the mechanism responsible for the transformation of glass into a degradation layer is pH-dependent. In acid conditions, the transformed glass is homogeneous and brittle. In mild alkaline conditions, transformed glass is heterogeneous due to the presence of lamellae composed of silica nanoparticles and the occurrence of Ca-rich inclusions. The fundamental difference between acid and alkaline conditions cannot be explained by the currently accepted degradation mechanism based on ion exchange. To explain this critical observation, we propose a refined degradation mechanism based on existing knowledge that involves several inwardly moving reaction fronts. The fronts responsible for the transformation of the silicate network into amorphous silica are also responsible for the morphology of the transformed glass. We have identified the feedback mechanism that explains the formation of lamellae in alkaline conditions. |
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Corporate Author |
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Place of Publication |
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Language |
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Wos |
000674487200009 |
Publication Date |
2021-06-20 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| |
ISSN |
0022-3093 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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| |
Impact Factor |
2.124 |
Times cited |
|
Open Access |
OpenAccess |
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Notes |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: 2.124 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:179835 |
Serial |
8551 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Terzano, R.; Spagnuolo, M.; Medici, L.; Vekemans, B.; Vincze, L.; Janssens, K.; Ruggiero, P. |
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Title |
Copper stabilization by zeolite synthesis in polluted soils treated with coal fly ash |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Environmental science and technology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Environ Sci Technol |
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| |
Volume |
39 |
Issue |
16 |
Pages |
6280-6287 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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| |
Abstract |
This study deals with the process of zeolite formation in an agricultural soil artificially polluted by high amounts of Cu (15 mg of Cu/g of soil dry weight) and treated with fused coal fly ash at 30 and 60 degrees C and how this process affects the mobility and availability of the metal. As a consequence of the treatment, the amount of dissolved Cu, and thus its mobility, was strongly reduced, and the percentage of the metal stabilized in the solid phase increased over time, reaching values of 30% at 30 degrees C and 40% at 60 degrees C. The physicochemical phenomena responsible for Cu stabilization in the solid phase have been evaluated by EDTA sequential extractions and synchrotron radiation based X-ray microanalytical techniques. These techniques were used for the visualization of the spatial distribution and the speciation of Cu in and/or on the neo-formed zeolite particles. In particular, micro XRF (X-ray fluorescence) tomography showed direct evidence that Cu can be entrapped as clusters inside the porous zeolitic structures while,mu-XANES (X-ray absorption near edge structure) spectroscopy determinations revealed Cu to be present mainly as Cu(II) hydroxide and Cu(II) oxide. The reported results could be useful as a basic knowledge for planning new technologies for the on site physicochemical stabilization of heavy metals in heavily polluted soils. |
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Corporate Author |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
000231203100053 |
Publication Date |
2005-08-11 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| |
ISSN |
0013-936x; 1520-5851 |
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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| |
Impact Factor |
6.198 |
Times cited |
39 |
Open Access |
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| |
Notes |
|
Approved |
Most recent IF: 6.198; 2005 IF: 4.054 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:103658 |
Serial |
5560 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Al-Emam, E.; Motawea, A.G.; Janssens, K.; Caen, J. |
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Title |
Evaluation of polyvinyl alcohol–borax/agarose (PVA–B/AG) blend hydrogels for removal of deteriorated consolidants from ancient Egyptian wall paintings |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Heritage science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| |
Volume |
7 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
22 |
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| |
Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES) |
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Abstract |
This study concerns the assessment of a new polyvinyl alcohol–borax/agarose blend hydrogel (PVA–B/AG) tailored for the conservation of ancient Egyptian wall paintings. The increasing problems of deteriorated consolidants affecting ancient wall paintings have attracted the interest of conservation scientists in the last 20 years. The ability of a new blend for removing aged Paraloid® B-72 layers from painted stone and plaster samples has been evaluated. The hydrogel blend was used to expose the aged Paraloid in a controlled manner to six different cleaning system (CS). CS1–CS4 consist of solvents or solvent mixtures; CS5 and CS6 are nanostructured fluids (NSFs). The evaluation of the removal process was carried out by quantitative and qualitative methods, namely, visual examination, 3D microscopy, contact angle and colorimetric measurements and by Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry in reflectance mode. The results showed that the PVA–B/AG blend hydrogel, loaded with specific cleaning systems, was able to remove deteriorated B-72 and allowed to restore the painted surface to a state close to the original one. The PVA–B/AG blend showed good workability, permitting it to be easily cut, shaped, applied and removed. It could also be verified by means of different investigation methods that the blend left no detectable residues. As a final realistic check of the method, the PVA–B/AG hydrogel loaded with the best functioning cleaning system (CS3) was used to remove an aged consolidant layer from an ancient Egyptian wall painting. |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
000463733900001 |
Publication Date |
2019-04-05 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| |
ISSN |
2050-7445 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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| |
Impact Factor |
|
Times cited |
2 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; Ehab Al-Emam acknowledges the Egyptian Ministry of Higher Education for funding his PhD scholarship. ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: NA |
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| |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:158879 |
Serial |
5615 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
van Loon, A.; Noble, P.; Krekeler, A.; van der Snickt, G.; Janssens, K.; Abe, Y.; Nakai, I.; Dik, J. |
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Title |
Artificial orpiment, a new pigment in Rembrandt's palette |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Heritage science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| |
Volume |
5 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
26 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
This paper reports on how the application of macro X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) imaging, in combination with the re-examination of existing paint cross-sections, has led to the discovery of a new pigment in Rembrandt's palette: artificial orpiment. In the NWO Science4Arts 'ReVisRembrandt' project, novel chemical imaging techniques are being developed and applied to the study of Rembrandt's late paintings in order to help resolve outstanding questions and to gain a better understanding of his late enigmatic painting technique. One of the selected case studies is the Portrait of a Couple as Isaac and Rebecca, known as 'The Jewish Bride', dated c. 1665 and on view in the Rijksmuseum. During the re-installation of the Rijksmuseum in 2013, the picture was scanned using the Bruker M6 Jetstream MAXRF scanner. The resulting elemental distribution maps made it possible to distinguish many features in the painting, such as bone black remains of the original hat (P, Ca maps), and the now discolored smalt-rich background (Co, Ni, As, K maps). The arsenic (As) map also revealed areas of high-intensity in Isaac's sleeve and Rebecca's dress where it could be established that it was not related with the pigment smalt that also contains arsenic. This pointed to the presence of a yellow or orange arsenic-containing pigment, such as realgar or orpiment that is not associated with the artist's palette. Subsequent examination of existing paint cross-sections from these locations taken by Karin Groen in the 1990s identified isolated, almost perfectly round particles of arsenic sulfide. The round shape corresponds with published findings on a purified form of artificial orpiment glass obtained by dry processing, a sublimation reaction. In bright field, the particles characteristically exhibit a dark cross in the middle caused by internal light reflections. The results of additional non-invasive techniques (portable XRD and portable Raman) are discussed, as well as the implications of this finding and how it fits with Rembrandt's late experimental painting technique. |
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Corporate Author |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
000404916400001 |
Publication Date |
2017-06-02 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
2050-7445 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
|
Times cited |
6 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; This research is part of the Science4Arts Program, funded by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) (Grant No. SFA-11-12). GVdS is supported by the Baillet Latour Fund. The authors would like to thank Lisette Vos, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, for assisting with the MA-XRF scanning; Arisa Izumi and Airi Hirayama, students of the Tokyo University of Science, and Frederik Vanmeert, University of Antwerp, for assisting with the pXRD and pRaman measurements. We are also grateful to Rob Erdmann, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, who made the curtain viewer to facilitate comparison of the visible image with the elemental distribution maps of the painting. ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: NA |
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| |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:144864 |
Serial |
5479 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Monico, L.; Janssens, K.; Hendriks, E.; Vanmeert, F.; van der Snickt, G.; Cotte, M.; Falkenberg, G.; Brunetti, B.G.; Miliani, C. |
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Title |
Evidence for degradation of the chrome yellows in Van Gogh's sunflowers : a study using noninvasive in situ methods and synchrotron-radiation-based x-ray techniques |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Angewandte Chemie: international edition in English |
Abbreviated Journal |
Angew Chem Int Edit |
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| |
Volume |
54 |
Issue |
47 |
Pages |
13923-13927 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
This paper presents firm evidence for the chemical alteration of chrome yellow pigments in Van Gogh's Sunflowers (Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam). Noninvasive in situ spectroscopic analysis at several spots on the painting, combined with synchrotron-radiation-based X-ray investigations of two microsamples, revealed the presence of different types of chrome yellow used by Van Gogh, including the lightfast PbCrO4 and the sulfur-rich PbCr1-xSxO4 (x approximate to 0.5) variety that is known for its high propensity to undergo photoinduced reduction. The products of this degradation process, i.e., Cr-III compounds, were found at the interface between the paint and the varnish. Selected locations of the painting with the highest risk of color modification by chemical deterioration of chrome yellow are identified, thus calling for careful monitoring in the future. |
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Corporate Author |
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Place of Publication |
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Wos |
000367722500009 |
Publication Date |
2015-10-20 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1433-7851; 0570-0833 |
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
11.994 |
Times cited |
24 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; We acknowledge financial support from the Italian MIUR project SICH-PRIN (2010329WPF_001) and BELSPO (Brussels) Project S2-ART (SD04A), GOA “SOLARPAINT” (Research Fund Antwerp University, BOF-2015), and FWO (Brussels) projects G.0C12.13, G.0704.08, G.01769.09. We thank ESRF (EC-1051, HG-26) and DESY (I-20120312 EC) for beamtime grants received. Noninvasive analysis of Sunflowers were supported by the EU FP7 programme CHARISMA (Grant 228330) and the Fund Inbev-Baillet Latour (Brussels). L.M. acknowledges financial support from the CNR Short Term Mobility Programme-2013. We thank Muriel Geldof, Luc Megens, Suzan de Groot (The Netherlands Cultural Heritage Agency, RCE), Chiara Grazia, David Buti (CNR-ISTM and SMAArt Centre), and the staff of the Van Gogh Museum for their collaboration. ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 11.994; 2015 IF: 11.261 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:131110 |
Serial |
5617 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Anitha, A.; Brasoveanu, A.; Duarte, M.; Hughes, S.; Daubechies, I.; Dik, J.; Janssens, K.; Alfeld, M. |
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Title |
Restoration of X-ray fluorescence images of hidden paintings |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Signal processing |
Abbreviated Journal |
Signal Process |
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Volume |
93 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
592-604 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
This paper describes our methods for repairing and restoring images of hidden paintings (paintings that have been painted over and are now covered by a new surface painting) that have been obtained via noninvasive X-ray fluorescence imaging of their canvases. This recently developed imaging technique measures the concentrations of various chemical elements at each two-dimensional spatial location across the canvas. These concentrations in turn result from pigments present both in the surface painting and in the hidden painting beneath. These X-ray fluorescence images provide the best available data from which to noninvasively study a hidden painting. However, they are typically marred by artifacts of the imaging process, features of the surface painting, and areas of information loss. Repairing and restoring these images thus consists of three stages: (1) repairing acquisition artifacts in the dataset, (2) removal of features in the images that result from the surface painting rather than the hidden painting, and (3) identification and repair of areas of information loss. We describe methods we have developed to address each of these stages: a total-variation minimization approach to artifact correction, a novel method for underdetermined blind source separation with multimodal side information to address surface feature removal, and two application-specific new methods for automatically identifying particularly thick or X-ray absorbent surface features in the painting. Finally, we demonstrate the results of our methods on a hidden painting by the artist Vincent van Gogh. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
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Wos |
000312521400007 |
Publication Date |
2012-10-13 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0165-1684 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
3.11 |
Times cited |
13 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; Marco F. Duarte was supported during this research by NSF Supplemental Funding DMS-0439872 to UCLA-IPAM, PI: R. Caflisch. Matthias Alfeld receives support in the form of a Ph.D. fellowship of the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO). This research was also supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16). The text also presents results of GOA “XANES meets ELNES” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 3.11; 2013 IF: 2.238 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:105921 |
Serial |
5817 |
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Author |
Cagno, S.; van der Snickt, G.; Legrand, S.; Caen, J.; Patin, M.; Meulebroeck, W.; Dirkx, Y.; Hillen, M.; Steenackers, G.; Rousaki, A.; Vandenabeele, P.; Janssens, K. |
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Title |
Comparison of four mobile, non‐invasive diagnostic techniques for differentiating glass types in historical leaded windows : MA‐XRF , UV–Vis–NIR, Raman spectroscopy and IRT |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
X-Ray Spectrometry |
Abbreviated Journal |
X-Ray Spectrom |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
xrs.3185-17 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES) |
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Abstract |
This paper critically compares the performance of four non-invasive techniques that match the accuracy, flexibility, time-efficiency, and transportability required for in situ characterization of leaded glass windows: macroscopic X-ray fluorescence imaging (MA-XRF), UV-Vis-NIR, Raman spectroscopy, and infrared thermography (IRT). In order to compare the techniques on equal grounds, all techniques were tested independently of each other by separate research groups on the same historical leaded window tentatively dated to the 17th century, without prior knowledge. The aim was to assess the ability of these techniques to document the conservation history of the window by classifying and grouping the colorless glass panes, based on differences in composition. IRT, MA-XRF and UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy positively distinguished at least two glass groups, with MA-XRF providing the most detailed chemical information. In particular, based on the ratio between the network modifier (K) and network stabilizer (Ca) and on the level of colorants and decolorizers (Fe, Mn, As), the number of plausible glass families could be strongly reduced. In addition, UV-Vis-NIR detected cobalt at ppm level and gave more specific information on the chromophore Fe2+/Fe(3+)ratio. Raman spectroscopy was hampered by fluorescence caused by the metal ions of the decolorizer in most of the panes, but nevertheless identified one group as HLLA. |
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Wos |
000561869600001 |
Publication Date |
2020-08-24 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0049-8246 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
1.2 |
Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, Grant/Award Number: BR/175/A3/FENESTRA; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Grant/Award Number: 12X1919N; Baillet-Latour Fund ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 1.2; 2020 IF: 1.298 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:170972 |
Serial |
6473 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Monico, L.; Hendriks, E.; Geldof, M.; Miliani, C.; Janssens, K.; Brunetti, B.G.; Cotte, M.; Vanmeert, F.; Chieli, A.; Van der Snickt, G.; Romani, A.; Melo, M.J. |
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Title |
Chemical alteration and colour changes in the Amsterdam sunflowers |
Type |
H1 Book chapter |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
125-158
T2 - Van Gogh’s Sunflowers illuminated – a |
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Keywords |
H1 Book chapter; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES) |
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Abstract |
This chapter provides a description of colour changes in the Amsterdam Sunflowers due to chemical alteration of pigments, with a focus on geranium lakes and chrome yellows. The brilliant and forceful colours of these and other late nineteenth-century synthetic materials offered artists such as Vincent van Gogh new means of artistic expression that exploited a range of contrasting hues and tints. However, geranium lakes have a strong tendency to fade and chrome yellows to darken under the influence of light. Van Gogh, like other artists of his day, was aware of this drawback, yet he continued to favour the use of both pigments up until his death in July 1890 due to the unparalleled effects they gave. In April 1888, Vincent wrote to his brother Theo: Van Gogh's use of unstable colours opens a series of questions regarding the extent to which colour change affects the way his paintings look today, as discussed here in relation to the Amsterdam Sunflowers. Furthermore, given the frequency with which geranium lakes and chrome yellows occur in Van Gogh's paintings of the period 1888–90 and the predominance of chrome yellows in Sunflowers, it becomes important to understand the factors that can drive these processes of deterioration in order to develop appropriate strategies for conserving the artist's works. |
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Wos |
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Publication Date |
2020-11-25 |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
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ISBN |
978-94-6372-532-3 |
Additional Links |
UA library record |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:190779 |
Serial |
7640 |
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Author |
Hendriks, E.; Geldof, M.; van den Berg, K.J.; Monico, L.; Miliani, C.; Moretti, P.; Iwanicka, M.; Targowski, P.; Megens, L.; de Groot, S.; van Keulen, H.; Janssens, K.; Vanmeert, F.; van der Snickt, G. |
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Title |
Conservation of the Amsterdam sunflowers : from past to future |
Type |
H1 Book chapter |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
175-205
T2 - Van Gogh’s Sunflowers illuminated – a |
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Keywords |
H1 Book chapter; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES) |
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Abstract |
This chapter lays out a conservation timeline, from past to future, for the Amsterdam version of Van Gogh's Sunflowers. It starts by considering the restoration history of the painting in order to assess its current physical state, and looks ahead to formulate an appropriate strategy for future conservation treatment and display. Due attention is paid to the two recorded episodes of restoration performed in 1927 and 1961 by the Dutch restorer, Jan Cornelis Traas. Based on physical and chemical investigation of Sunflowers we attempt to reconstruct what these former treatments (which are barely documented) entailed and consider the repercussions for the present condition of the painting. The former interventions by Traas also serve as a benchmark to reflect on current choices made, highlighting the extent to which ideas and methodologies have continued to evolve over the past century as conservation has moved further away from being a singularly craft-based activity to become an established historical and scientific discipline underpinned by ethical guidelines. Jan Cornelis Traas (1898–1984) As mentioned, the two main recorded interventions to the Amsterdam Sunflowers may be associated with the Dutch restorer, Jan Cornelis Traas, who treated the picture in 1927, close to the start of his career, and again in 1961, shortly before he retired. Traas was the first restorer to be appointed at the Mauritshuis in The Hague where he worked from 1931 to 1962 and treated hundreds of paintings, including iconic masterpieces such as Girl with a Pearl Earring by Johannes Vermeer. Yet despite the magnitude and importance of his restoration oeuvre, J.C. Traas (as he is usually referred to in surviving documents), has remained somewhat obscure. He is shown here in the only known surviving photograph of him at work, shortly before he retired (fig. 7.1). Unlike his illustrious contemporaries, A. Martin de Wild (1899–1969) and Helmut Ruhemann (1891–1973), for example, Traas did not publish anything, he appears to have kept no records of his work and no personal archive is known. However, the study of some newly discovered historical documents, combined with physical examination of Sunflowers and a large number of other works he treated, allows us to recover an idea of his working practices and approaches viewed within the context of his day. |
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2020-11-25 |
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ISBN |
978-94-6372-532-3 |
Additional Links |
UA library record |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:190780 |
Serial |
7727 |
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Author |
Geldof, M.; Monico, L.; Johnson, D.H.; Miliani, C.; Romani, A.; Grazia, C.; Buti, D.; Brunetti, B.G.; Janssens, K.; Van der Snickt, G.; Vanmeert, F. |
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Title |
Methods and materials of the Amsterdam sunflowers |
Type |
H1 Book chapter |
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Year |
2019 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Pages |
85-123
T2 - Van Gogh’s Sunflowers illuminated – ar |
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Keywords |
H1 Book chapter; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES) |
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Abstract |
This chapter explains the materials and techniques employed in the Amsterdam Sunflowers, enabling a comparison with the London version described in chapter 3. Building upon the 2016 article published in the National Gallery Technical Bulletin, it incorporates the latest findings gained by computer-assisted methods used to characterize the canvas support, as well as in-situ campaigns of non-invasive investigation together with further analysis of microscopic paint samples. The chapter sequence follows the steps in Van Gogh's working practice. Starting with the canvas, automated analysis of the weave enables the provenance of the canvas to be traced back to a particular roll of linen ordered by Van Gogh. Combining technical evidence with knowledge of historical manufacturing techniques further allows us to reconstruct the way in which Van Gogh divided his canvas roll into pieces used for Sunflowers and other paintings. We go on to consider how, with the original painting at hand, he used charcoal to transfer the motif of the London Sunflowers onto his blank canvas. Despite careful planning of the composition, an adjustment was required late in the working process, when Van Gogh added a painted wooden strip to extend the background above the flower at the top edge of the canvas. The artist's process of working up the composition in paint is described, paying special attention to his use of colour. The pigments and pigment mixtures used in the Amsterdam Sunflowers have been comprehensively mapped and are compared with the London picture, with discussion of some similarities and differences that account for the distinctive colour scheme of each painting. This understanding of colour application in the Amsterdam Sunflowers lays the foundation for subsequent chapters that will go on to consider the impact of light-induced colour changes that have taken place over time, and the related need to define appropriate lighting guidelines for the future safe preservation of this painting and others made with similar materials (chapters 5 and 7). |
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Publication Date |
2020-11-25 |
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Edition |
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ISBN |
978-94-6372-532-3 |
Additional Links |
UA library record |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:190781 |
Serial |
8223 |
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Author |
De Keyser, N.; van der Snickt, G.; Van Loon, A.; Legrand, S.; Wallert, A.; Janssens, K. |
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Title |
Jan Davidsz. de Heem (1606-1684): a technical examination of fruit and flower still lifes combining MA-XRF scanning, cross-section analysis and technical historical sources |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Heritage science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
5 |
Issue |
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Pages |
38 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
This article discusses the technical examination of five flower and fruit still life paintings by the seventeenth century artist Jan Davidsz. de Heem (1606-1684). The painter is known for his meticulously composed and finely detailed still life paintings and is a master in imitating the surface textures of various fruits, flowers, and objects. Macro X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) scanning experiments were supplemented with a study of paint cross-sections and contemporary art technical sources with the aim of reconstructing the complex build-up of the overall lay-in of the composition and individual subjects. MA-XRF provided information on the distribution of key chemical elements present in painting materials and made it possible to recapture evidence of the different phases in the artist's working methods: from the application of the ground layers, to De Heem's characteristic oval-shaped underpaintings, and finally, the superposition of multiple paint layers in the working up of the paintings. SEM-EDX analysis of a limited number of paint cross-sections complemented the chemical images with local and layer-specific information on the microscale, providing more accuracy on the layer sequence and enabling the study of elements with a low atomic number for which the non-invasive technique is less sensitive. The results from this technical examination were in addition compared with recipes and paint instructions, to obtain a better understanding of the relation between the general practice and actual painting technique of Jan Davidsz. de Heem. Ultimately, this combined approach uncovered new information on De Heem's artistic practice and demonstrated the complementarity of the methods. |
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Wos |
000410414000001 |
Publication Date |
2017-08-14 |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
2050-7445 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
5 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; This work is an extension of the Master thesis in Conservation-restoration (University of Antwerp, 2015-2016) of Nouchka De Keyser. Thesis supervisors were Dr. Geert Van der Snickt (Cultural heritage scientist, AXES, UA) and Dr. Olivier Schalm (Research scientist, UA). This research was supported by the Baillet Latour fund. The authors gratefully acknowledge the involved institutes (Rijksmuseum, the Mauritshuis and KMSKA) for the opportunity to examine the still life paintings of Jan Davidsz. de Heem. A great thanks is therefore due to Petria Noble, Pieter Roelofs, Anna Krekeler, Susan Smelt, Robert Erdmann, Abbie Vandivere, Edwin Buijsen and Masayuki Hinoue. SEM-EDX measurements were performed by Katrien Keune, scientific researcher at the Rijksmuseum. ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: NA |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:145628 |
Serial |
5681 |
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Author |
't Hart, L.; Storme, P.; Anaf, W.; Nuyts, G.; Vanmeert, F.; Dorriné, W.; Janssens, K.; De Wael, K.; Schalm, O. |
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Title |
Monitoring the impact of the indoor air quality on silver cultural heritage objects using passive and continuous corrosion rate assessments |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Applied physics A : materials science & processing |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl Phys A-Mater |
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Volume |
122 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
923-10 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES) |
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Abstract |
There is a long tradition in evaluating industrial atmospheres by measuring the corrosion rate of exposed metal coupons. The heritage community also uses this method, but the interpretation of the corrosion rate often lacks clarity due to the low corrosivity in indoor museum environments. This investigation explores the possibilities and drawbacks of different silver corrosion rate assessments. The corrosion rate is determined by three approaches: (1) chemical characterization of metal coupons using analytical techniques such as electrochemical measurements, SEM-EDX, XRD, and µ-Raman spectroscopy, (2) continuous corrosion monitoring methods based on electrical resistivity loss of a corroding nm-sized metal wire and weight gain of a corroding silver coated quartz crystal, and (3) characterization of the visual degradation of the metal coupons. This study confirms that subtle differences in corrosivity between locations inside a museum can be determined on condition that the same corrosion rate assessment is used. However, the impact of the coupon orientation with respect to the prevailing direction of air circulation can be substantially larger than the impact of the coupon location. |
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Wos |
000384753800053 |
Publication Date |
2016-09-28 |
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ISSN |
0947-8396 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
1.455 |
Times cited |
3 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; This research has been sponsored by the Belgian Federal Public Planning Service Science Policy (BELSPO) under Project Number BR/132/A6/AIRCHECQ. In this project an innovative monitoring kit is developed that continuously and simultaneously measures both environmental parameters and material behaviour, enabling the study of the cause-effect relationships. The Quanta 250 FEG microscope at the University of Antwerp was funded by the Hercules foundation of the Flemish Government. ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 1.455 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:135511 |
Serial |
5733 |
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