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Author Bogaerts, A.; Berthelot, A.; Heijkers, S.; Kolev, S.; Snoeckx, R.; Sun, S.; Trenchev, G.; Van Laer, K.; Wang, W.
Title CO2conversion by plasma technology: insights from modeling the plasma chemistry and plasma reactor design Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2017 Publication Plasma sources science and technology Abbreviated Journal Plasma Sources Sci T
Volume 26 Issue 26 Pages 063001
Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract In recent years there has been growing interest in the use of plasma technology for CO2 conversion. To improve this application, a good insight into the underlying mechanisms is of great importance. This can be obtained from modeling the detailed plasma chemistry in order to understand the chemical reaction pathways leading to CO2 conversion (either in pure form or mixed with another gas). Moreover, in practice, several plasma reactor types are being investigated for CO2 conversion, so in addition it is essential to be able to model these reactor geometries so that their design can be improved, and the most energy efficient CO2 conversion can be achieved. Modeling the detailed plasma chemistry of CO2 conversion in complex reactors is, however, very time-consuming. This problem can be overcome by using a combination of two different types of model: 0D chemical reaction kinetics models are very suitable for describing the detailed plasma chemistry, while the characteristic features of different reactor geometries can be studied by 2D or 3D fluid models. In the first instance the latter can be developed in argon or helium with a simple chemistry to limit the calculation time; however, the ultimate aim is to implement the more complex CO2 chemistry in these models. In the present paper, examples will be given of both the 0D plasma chemistry models and the 2D and 3D fluid models for the most common plasma reactors used for CO2 conversion in order to emphasize the complementarity of both approaches. Furthermore, based on the modeling insights, the paper discusses the possibilities and limitations of plasma-based CO2 conversion in different types of plasma reactors, as well as what is needed to make further progress in this field.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000412173700001 Publication Date 2017-05-15
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1361-6595 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 3.302 Times cited 26 Open Access OpenAccess
Notes We would like to thank T Silva, N Britoun, Th Godfroid and R Snyders (Université de Mons and Materia Nova Research Center), A Ozkan, Th Dufour and F Reniers (Université Libre de Bruxelles) andK Van Wesenbeeck and S Lenaerts (University of Antwerp) for providingexperimental data to validate our models. Furthermore, we acknowledge the financial support from the IAP/7 (Inter-university Attraction Pole) program ‘PSI-Physical Chemistry of Plasma-Surface Interactions’ by the Belgian Federal Office for Science Policy (BELSPO), the Francqui Research Foundation, the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no. 606889, the European Marie Skłodowska- Curie Individual Fellowship project ‘GlidArc’ within Horizon2020, the Methusalem financing of the University of Antwerp, the Fund for Scientific Research, Flanders (FWO; grant nos. G.0383.16N and 11U5316N) and the Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT Flanders). The calculations were carried out using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UAntwerpen. Approved Most recent IF: 3.302
Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:144429 Serial 4614
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Author Bogaerts, A.; Alves, L.L.
Title Special issue on numerical modelling of low-temperature plasmas for various applications – part II: Research papers on numerical modelling for various plasma applications Type Editorial
Year (down) 2017 Publication Plasma processes and polymers Abbreviated Journal Plasma Process Polym
Volume 14 Issue 14 Pages 1790041
Keywords Editorial; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000403074000001 Publication Date 2017-04-25
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1612-8850 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 2.846 Times cited 2 Open Access Not_Open_Access
Notes Approved Most recent IF: 2.846
Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:142637 Serial 4559
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Author Razzokov, J.; Yusupov, M.; Vanuytsel, S.; Neyts, E.C.; Bogaerts, A.
Title Phosphatidylserine flip-flop induced by oxidation of the plasma membrane: a better insight by atomic scale modeling Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2017 Publication Plasma processes and polymers Abbreviated Journal Plasma Process Polym
Volume 14 Issue 10 Pages 1700013
Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract We perform molecular dynamics simulations to study the flip-flop motion of phosphatidylserine (PS) across the plasma membrane upon increasing oxidation degree of the membrane. Our computational results show that an increase of the oxidation degree in the lipids leads to a decrease of the free energy barrier for translocation of PS through the membrane. In other words, oxidation of the lipids facilitates PS flip-flop motion across the membrane, because in native phospholipid bilayers this is only a “rare event” due to the high energy barriers for the translocation of PS. The present study provides an atomic-scale insight into the mechanisms of the PS flip-flop upon oxidation of lipids, as produced for example by cold atmospheric plasma, in living cells.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000413045800010 Publication Date 2017-04-05
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1612-8850 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 2.846 Times cited 9 Open Access Not_Open_Access
Notes Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, 1200216N ; Approved Most recent IF: 2.846
Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:149567 Serial 4910
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Author Zhang, Y.; Wang, H.-yu; Zhang, Y.-ru; Bogaerts, A.
Title Formation of microdischarges inside a mesoporous catalyst in dielectric barrier discharge plasmas Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2017 Publication Plasma sources science and technology Abbreviated Journal Plasma Sources Sci T
Volume 26 Issue 26 Pages 054002
Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract The formation process of a microdischarge (MD) in both μm- and nm-sized catalyst pores is simulated by a two-dimensional particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision model. A parallel-plate dielectric barrier discharge configuration in filamentary mode is considered in ambient air. The discharge is powered by a high voltage pulse. Our calculations reveal that a streamer can penetrate into the surface features of a porous catalyst and MDs can be formed inside both μm- and nm-sized pores, yielding ionization inside the pore. For the μm-sized pores, the ionization mainly occurs inside the pore, while for the nm-sized pores the ionization is strongest near and inside the pore. Thus, enhanced discharges near and inside the mesoporous catalyst are observed. Indeed, the maximum values of the electric field, ionization rate and electron density occur near and inside the pore. The maximum electric field and electron density inside the pore first increase when the pore size rises from 4 nm to 10 nm, and then they decrease for the 100 nm pore, due to

a more pronounced surface discharge for the smaller pores. However, the ionization rate is highest for the 100 nm pore due to the largest effective ionization region.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000399277700001 Publication Date 2017-04-05
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1361-6595 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 3.302 Times cited 15 Open Access OpenAccess
Notes This work was supported by the NSFC (11405067, 11275007, 11375163). Y Zhang gratefully acknowledges the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office for financial support. The authors are very grateful to Wei Jiang for the useful discussions on the photo-ionization model and the particle-incell/ Monte-Carlo model. Approved Most recent IF: 3.302
Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:142806 Serial 4566
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Author Sun, S.R.; Kolev, S.; Wang, H.X.; Bogaerts, A.
Title Investigations of discharge and post-discharge in a gliding arc: a 3D computational study Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2017 Publication Plasma sources science and technology Abbreviated Journal Plasma Sources Sci T
Volume 26 Issue 26 Pages 055017
Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract In this study we quantitatively investigate for the first time the plasma characteristics of an argon gliding arc with a 3D model. The model is validated by comparison with available experimental data from literature and a reasonable agreement is obtained for the calculated gas temperature and electron density. A complete arc cycle is modeled from initial ignition to arc decay. We investigate how the plasma characteristics, i.e., the electron temperature, gas temperature,

reduced electric field, and the densities of electrons, Ar+ and Ar2+ ions and Ar(4s) excited states, vary over one complete arc cycle, including their behavior in the discharge and post-discharge. These plasma characteristics exhibit a different evolution over one arc cycle, indicating that either the active discharge stage or the post-discharge stage can be beneficial for certain applications.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000399278100002 Publication Date 2017-04-05
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1361-6595 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 3.302 Times cited 11 Open Access OpenAccess
Notes This work is financially supported by the Methusalem financing, by the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO) and by the IAP/7 (Inter-university Attraction Pole) program ‘Physical Chemistry of Plasma-Surface Interactions’ from the Belgian Federal Office for Science Policy (BELSPO). The work was carried out in part using the Turing HPC infrastructure of the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen, a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the Universiteit Antwerpen. This work was also supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11275021, 11575019). SR Sun thanks the financial support from the China Scholarship Council (CSC). Approved Most recent IF: 3.302
Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:142204 Serial 4550
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Author Tennyson, J.; Rahimi, S.; Hill, C.; Tse, L.; Vibhakar, A.; Akello-Egwel, D.; Brown, D.B.; Dzarasova, A.; Hamilton, J.R.; Jaksch, D.; Mohr, S.; Wren-Little, K.; Bruckmeier, J.; Agarwal, A.; Bartschat, K.; Bogaerts, A.; Booth, J.-P.; Goeckner, M.J.; Hassouni, K.; Itikawa, Y.; Braams, B.J.; Krishnakumar, E.; Laricchiuta, A.; Mason, N.J.; Pandey, S.; Petrovic, Z.L.; Pu, Y.-K.; Ranjan, A.; Rauf, S.; Schulze, J.; Turner, M.M.; Ventzek, P.; Whitehead, J.C.; Yoon, J.-S.
Title QDB: a new database of plasma chemistries and reactions Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2017 Publication Plasma sources science and technology Abbreviated Journal Plasma Sources Sci T
Volume 26 Issue 26 Pages 055014
Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract One of the most challenging and recurring problems when modeling plasmas is the lack of data on the key atomic and molecular reactions that drive plasma processes. Even when there are data for some reactions, complete and validated datasets of chemistries are rarely available. This hinders research on plasma processes and curbs development of industrial applications. The QDB project aims to address this problem by providing a platform for provision, exchange, and validation of chemistry datasets. A new data model developed for QDB is presented. QDB collates published data on both electron scattering and heavy-particle reactions. These data are formed into reaction sets, which are then validated against experimental data where possible. This process produces both complete chemistry sets and identifies key reactions that are currently unreported in the literature. Gaps in the datasets can be filled using established theoretical methods. Initial validated chemistry sets for SF6/CF4/O2 and SF6/CF4/N2/H2 are presented as examples.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000398394500001 Publication Date 2017-04-04
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1361-6595 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 3.302 Times cited 18 Open Access OpenAccess
Notes Approved Most recent IF: 3.302
Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:142206 Serial 4549
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Author Tinck, S.; Tillocher, T.; Georgieva, V.; Dussart, R.; Neyts, E.; Bogaerts, A.
Title Concurrent effects of wafer temperature and oxygen fraction on cryogenic silicon etching with SF6/O2plasmas Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2017 Publication Plasma processes and polymers Abbreviated Journal Plasma Process Polym
Volume 14 Issue 9 Pages 1700018
Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract Cryogenic plasma etching is a promising technique for high-control wafer development with limited plasma induced damage. Cryogenic wafer temperatures effectively reduce surface damage during etching, but the fundamental mechanism is not well understood. In this study, the influences of wafer temperature, gas mixture and substrate bias on the (cryogenic) etch rates of Si with SF6/O2 inductively coupled plasmas are experimentally and computationally investigated. The etch rates are measured in situ with double-point reflectometry and a hybrid computational Monte Carlo – fluid model is applied to calculate plasma properties. This work allows the reader to obtain a better insight in the effects of wafer temperature on the etch rate and to find operating conditions for successful anisotropic (cryo)etching.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000410773200012 Publication Date 2017-04-03
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1612-8850 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 2.846 Times cited Open Access Not_Open_Access
Notes Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, 0880.212.840 ; Hercules Foundation; Flemish Government (Department EWI); Universiteit Antwerpen; Approved Most recent IF: 2.846
Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @c:irua:145637 Serial 4708
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Author Trenchev, G.; Kolev, S.; Kiss’ovski, Z.
Title Modeling a Langmuir probe in atmospheric pressure plasma at different EEDFs Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2017 Publication Plasma sources science and technology Abbreviated Journal Plasma Sources Sci T
Volume 26 Issue 26 Pages 055013
Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract In this study, we present a computational model of a cylindrical electric probe in atmospheric pressure argon plasma. The plasma properties are varied in terms of density and electron temperature. Furthermore, results for plasmas with Maxwellian and non-Maxwellian electron energy distribution functions are also obtained and compared. The model is based on the fluid description of plasma within the COMSOL software package. The results for the ion saturation current are compared and show good agreement with existing analytical Langmuir probe theories. A strong dependence between the ion saturation current and electron transport properties was observed, and attributed to the effects of ambipolar diffusion.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000398327900002 Publication Date 2017-04-03
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1361-6595 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 3.302 Times cited 4 Open Access OpenAccess
Notes Approved Most recent IF: 3.302
Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:141914 Serial 4535
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Author Truong, B.; Siegert, K.; Lin, A.; Miller, V.; Krebs, F.C.
Title Apical application of nanosecond-pulsed dielectric barrier discharge plasma causes the basolateral release of adenosine triphosphate as a damage-associated molecular pattern from polarized HaCaT cells Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2017 Publication Plasma medicine Abbreviated Journal
Volume 7 Issue 2 Pages 117-131
Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract Promising biomedical uses for nonthermal plasma (NTP) in the fields of regenerative medicine, cancer therapy, and vaccine delivery involve the noninvasive application of uniform nonequilibrium plasma (including dielectric barrier discharge plasma) to living skin. Whereas most investigations have focused on achieving desired therapeutic outcomes, fewer studies have examined the mechanisms and pathways by which epithelial cells respond to NTP exposure. Using a transwell apical-basolateral-chambered system to culture the human keratinocyte HaCaT cell line, in vitro experiments were performed to demonstrate the effects of nanosecond-pulsed dielectric barrier discharge (nsDBD) plasma on polarized epithelial cell viability, monolayer permeability, intracellular oxidative stress, and the release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Application of nsDBD plasma at 60 Hz or below had minimal or no effect on HaCaT monolayer viability or permeability. nsDBD plasma exposure did, however, result in frequency-dependent reductions in intracellular glutathione (indicating direct induction of oxidative stress by nsDBD plasma) and increased extracellular ATP concentrations in the ba-solateral (subepithelial) media, which are indicators of cellular stress and an NTP-induced inflammatory response. These studies provide new insights into nsDBD plasma-induced inflammation and local innate immune responses initiated by polarized epithelial tissues.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos Publication Date 2017-02-24
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Additional Links UA library record
Impact Factor Times cited Open Access
Notes Approved no
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:155656 Serial 7465
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Author Alves, L.L.; Bogaerts, A.
Title Special Issue on Numerical Modelling of Low-Temperature Plasmas for Various Applications – Part I: Review and Tutorial Papers on Numerical Modelling Approaches Type Editorial
Year (down) 2017 Publication Plasma processes and polymers Abbreviated Journal Plasma Process Polym
Volume 14 Issue 14 Pages 1690011
Keywords Editorial; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos Publication Date 2017-01-19
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1612-8850 ISBN Additional Links UA library record
Impact Factor 2.846 Times cited 3 Open Access Not_Open_Access
Notes Approved Most recent IF: 2.846
Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:141721 Serial 4475
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Author Garzia Trulli, M.; Claes, N.; Pype, J.; Bals, S.; Baert, K.; Terryn, H.; Sardella, E.; Favia, P.; Vanhulsel, A.
Title Deposition of aminosilane coatings on porous Al2O3microspheres by means of dielectric barrier discharges Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2017 Publication Plasma processes and polymers Abbreviated Journal Plasma Process Polym
Volume 14 Issue 14 Pages 1600211
Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Laboratory of adsorption and catalysis (LADCA)
Abstract Advances in the synthesis of porous microspheres and in their functionalization are increasing the interest in applications of alumina. This paper deals with coatings plasma deposited from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane by means of dielectric barrier discharges on alumina porous microspheres, shaped by a vibrational droplet coagulation technique. Aims of the work are the functionalization of the particles with active amino groups, as well as the evaluation of their surface coverage and of the penetration of the coatings into their pores. A multi-diagnostic approach was used for the chemical/morphological characterization of the particles. It was found that 5 min exposure to plasma discharges promotes the deposition of homogeneous coatings onto the microspheres and within their pores, down to 1 μm.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000410773200003 Publication Date 2017-01-05
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1612-8850 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 2.846 Times cited 8 Open Access OpenAccess
Notes The technical assistance of the VITO staff (Materials Dpt.) is gratefully acknowledged, especially D. Havermans, E. Van Hoof, R. Kemps (SEM-EDX), and A. De Wilde (Hg Porosimetry). Drs. S. Mullens and G. Scheltjens are kindly acknowledged for constructive discussions. Strategic Initiative Materials in Flanders (SIM) is gratefully acknowledged for its financial support. This research was carried out in the framework of the SIM-TRAP program (Tools for rational processing of nano-particles: controlling and tailoring nanoparticle based or nanomodified particle based materials). N. Claes and S. Bals acknowledge financial support from European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant #335078-COLOURATOM). (ROMEO:white; preprint:; postprint:restricted ; pdfversion:cannot); saraecas; ECAS_Sara; Approved Most recent IF: 2.846
Call Number EMAT @ emat @ c:irua:139511UA @ admin @ c:irua:139511 Serial 4342
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Author Sun, S.R.; Kolev, S.; Wang, H.X.; Bogaerts, A.
Title Coupled gas flow-plasma model for a gliding arc: investigations of the back-breakdown phenomenon and its effect on the gliding arc characteristics Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2017 Publication Plasma sources science and technology Abbreviated Journal Plasma Sources Sci T
Volume 26 Issue 26 Pages 015003
Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract We present a 3D and 2D Cartesian quasi-neutral plasma model for a low current argon gliding arc discharge, including strong interactions between the gas flow and arc plasma column.

The 3D model is applied only for a short time of 0.2 ms due to its huge computational cost. It mainly serves to verify the reliability of the 2D model. As the results in 2D compare well with those in 3D, they can be used for a better understanding of the gliding arc basic characteristics. More specifically, we investigate the back-breakdown phenomenon induced by an artificially controlled plasma channel, and we discuss its effect on the gliding arc characteristics. The

back-breakdown phenomenon, or backward-jump motion of the arc, as observed in the experiments, results in a drop of the gas temperature, as well as in a delay of the arc velocity with respect to the gas flow velocity, allowing more gas to pass through the arc, and thus increasing the efficiency of the gliding arc for gas treatment applications.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000419253000001 Publication Date 2016-11-22
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1361-6595 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 3.302 Times cited 9 Open Access OpenAccess
Notes This work is financially supported by the Methusalem financing, by the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO) and by the IAP/7 (Inter-university Attraction Pole) program ‘Physical Chemistry of Plasma-Surface Interactions’ from the Belgian Federal Office for Science Policy (BELSPO). The work was carried out in part using the Turing HPC infrastructure of the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen, a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the Universiteit Antwerpen. This work was also supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11275021, 11575019). S R Sun thanks the financial support from the China Scholarship Council. Approved Most recent IF: 3.302
Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:138993 Serial 4337
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Author Georgieva, V.; Berthelot, A.; Silva, T.; Kolev, S.; Graef, W.; Britun, N.; Chen, G.; van der Mullen, J.; Godfroid, T.; Mihailova, D.; van Dijk, J.; Snyders, R.; Bogaerts, A.; Delplancke-Ogletree, M.-P.
Title Understanding Microwave Surface-Wave Sustained Plasmas at Intermediate Pressure by 2D Modeling and Experiments: Understanding Microwave Surface-Wave Sustained Plasmas … Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2017 Publication Plasma processes and polymers Abbreviated Journal Plasma Process Polym
Volume 14 Issue 14 Pages 1600185
Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract An Ar plasma sustained by a surfaguide wave launcher is investigated at intermediate pressure (200–2667 Pa). Two 2D self-consistent models (quasi-neutral and plasma bulk-sheath) are developed and benchmarked. The complete set of electromagnetic and fluid equations and the boundary conditions are presented. The transformation of fluid equations from a local reference frame, that is, moving with plasma or when the gas flow is zero, to a laboratory reference frame, that is,

accounting for the gas flow, is discussed. The pressure range is extended down to 80 Pa by experimental measurements. The electron temperature decreases with pressure. The electron density depends linearly on power, and changes its behavior with pressure depending on the product of pressure and radial plasma size.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000403074000012 Publication Date 2016-11-17
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1612-8850 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 2.846 Times cited 8 Open Access Not_Open_Access
Notes Federaal Wetenschapsbeleid; European Marie Curie RAPID project; European Union's Seventh Framework Programme, 606889 ; Approved Most recent IF: 2.846
Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:142807 Serial 4568
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Author Neyts, E.C.; Bal, K.M.
Title Effect of electric fields on plasma catalytic hydrocarbon oxidation from atomistic simulations Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2017 Publication Plasma processes and polymers Abbreviated Journal Plasma Process Polym
Volume 14 Issue 6 Pages e1600158
Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract The catalytic oxidative dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons is an industrially important process, in which selectivity is a key issue. We here investigate the conversion of methanol to formaldehyde on a vanadia surface employing long timescale simulations, reaching a time scale of seconds. In particular, we compare the thermal process to the case where an additional external electric field is applied, as would be the case in a direct plasma-catalysis setup. We find that the electric field influences the retention time of the molecules at the catalyst surface. These simulations provide an atomic scale insight in the thermal catalytic oxidative dehydrogenation process, and in how an external electric field may affect this process.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Weinheim Editor
Language Wos 000403699900013 Publication Date 2016-11-08
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1612-8850 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 2.846 Times cited 2 Open Access Not_Open_Access
Notes Approved Most recent IF: 2.846
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:144210 Serial 4647
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Author Snoeckx, R.; Rabinovich, A.; Dobrynin, D.; Bogaerts, A.; Fridman, A.
Title Plasma-based liquefaction of methane: The road from hydrogen production to direct methane liquefaction Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2017 Publication Plasma processes and polymers Abbreviated Journal Plasma Process Polym
Volume 14 Issue 14 Pages 1600115
Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract For the energy industry, a process that is able to transform methane—being the prime component of natural gas—efficiently into a liquid product would be equivalent to a goose with golden eggs. As such it is no surprise that research efforts in this field already date back to the nineteen hundreds. Plasma technology can be considered to be a novel player in this field, but nevertheless one with great potential. Over the past decades this technology has evolved from sole hydrogen production, over indirect methane liquefaction to eventually direct plasma-assisted methane liquefaction processes. An overview of this evolution and these processes is presented, from which it becomes clear that the near future probably lies with the direct two phase plasma-assisted methane liquefaction and the far future with the direct oxidative methane liquefaction.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000403699900008 Publication Date 2016-10-28
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1612-8850 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 2.846 Times cited 16 Open Access Not_Open_Access
Notes Advanced Plasma Solutions; Drexel University; Federaal Wetenschapsbeleid; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique – FNRS, G038316N V403616N ; Approved Most recent IF: 2.846
Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:144212 Serial 4622
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Author Koelman, P.; Heijkers, S.; Tadayon Mousavi, S.; Graef, W.; Mihailova, D.; Kozak, T.; Bogaerts, A.; van Dijk, J.
Title A Comprehensive Chemical Model for the Splitting of CO2in Non-Equilibrium Plasmas: A Comprehensive Chemical Model for CO2Splitting Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2017 Publication Plasma processes and polymers Abbreviated Journal Plasma Process Polym
Volume 14 Issue 14 Pages 1600155
Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract An extensive CO2 plasmamodel is presented that is relevant for the production of ‘‘solar fuels.’’ It is based on reaction rate coefficients fromrigorously reviewed literature, and is augmented with reactionrate coefficients that are obtained fromscaling laws.The input data set,which is suitable for usage with the plasma simulation software Plasimo (https://plasimo.phys.tue.nl/), is available via the Plasimo and publisher’s websites.1 The correctness of this model implementation has been established by independent ZDPlasKin implementation (http://www.zdplaskin.

laplace.univ-tlse.fr/), to verify that the results agree. Results of these ‘‘global models’’ are presented for a DBD plasma reactor.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000403074000009 Publication Date 2016-10-17
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1612-8850 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 2.846 Times cited 21 Open Access Not_Open_Access
Notes Dutch Technology Foundation STW; Ministerie van Economische Zaken; Hercules Foundation; Acknowledgements: This research is supported by the Dutch Technology Foundation STW, which is part of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), and which is partly funded by the Ministry of Economic Affairs. Furthermore, we acknowledge financial support from the IAP/7 (Inter-university Attraction Pole) program PSI-Physical Chemistry of Plasma- Surface Interactions by the Belgian Federal Office for Science Policy (BELSPO). Part of the calculations were carried out using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UAntwerpen. Approved Most recent IF: 2.846
Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:142643 Serial 4565
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Author Kolev, S.; Sun, S.; Trenchev, G.; Wang, W.; Wang, H.; Bogaerts, A.
Title Quasi-Neutral Modeling of Gliding Arc Plasmas: Quasi-Neutral Modeling of Gliding Arc Plasmas Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2017 Publication Plasma processes and polymers Abbreviated Journal Plasma Process Polym
Volume 14 Issue 14 Pages 1600110
Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract The modelling of a gliding arc discharge (GAD) is studied by means of the quasineutral (QN) plasma modelling approach. The model is first evaluated for reliability and proper description of a gliding arc discharge at atmospheric pressure, by comparing with a more elaborate non-quasineutral (NQN) plasma model in two different geometries – a 2D axisymmetric and a Cartesian geometry. The NQN model is considered as a reference, since it provides a continuous self-consistent plasma description, including the near electrode regions. In general, the results of the QN model agree very well with those obtained from the NQN model. The small differences between both models are attributed to the approximations in the derivation of the QN model. The use of the QN model provides a substantial reduction of the computation time compared to the NQN model, which is crucial for the development of more complex models in three dimensions or with complicated chemistries. The latter is illustrated for (i) a reverse vortex flow(RVF) GAD in argon, and (ii) a GAD in CO2. The RVF discharge is modelled in three dimensions and the effect of the turbulent heat transport on the plasma and gas characteristics is

discussed. The GAD model in CO2 is in a 1D geometry with axial symmetry and provides results for the time evolution of the electron, gas and vibrational temperature of CO2, as well as for the molar fractions of the different species.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000403074000011 Publication Date 2016-10-04
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1612-8850 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 2.846 Times cited 9 Open Access Not_Open_Access
Notes Methusalem financing of the University of Antwerp; Approved Most recent IF: 2.846
Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:142982 Serial 4570
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Author Van Laer, K.; Bogaerts, A.
Title Influence of Gap Size and Dielectric Constant of the Packing Material on the Plasma Behaviour in a Packed Bed DBD Reactor: A Fluid Modelling Study: Influence of Gap Size and Dielectric Constant… Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2017 Publication Plasma processes and polymers Abbreviated Journal Plasma Process Polym
Volume 14 Issue 14 Pages 1600129
Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract A packed bed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) was studied by means of fluid modelling, to investigate the influence of the dielectric constant of the packing on the plasma characteristics, for two different gap sizes. The electric field strength and electron temperature are much more enhanced in a microgap reactor than

in a mm-gap reactor, leading to more current peaks per half-cycle, but also to non-quasineutral plasma. Increasing the dielectric constant enhances the electric field further, but only up to a certain value of dielectric constant, being 9 for a microgap and 100 for a mm-gap reactor. The enhanced electric field results in a higher electron temperature, but also lower electron density. This last one strongly affects the reaction rate.
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000403074000010 Publication Date 2016-09-19
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1612-8850 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 2.846 Times cited 23 Open Access Not_Open_Access
Notes Acknowledgements: This research was carried out in the framework of the network on Physical Chemistry of Plasma- Surface Interactions – Interuniversity Attraction Poles, phase VII (http://psi-iap7.ulb.ac.be/), and supported by the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO). K. Van Laer is indebted to the Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT Flanders) for financial support. The calculations were carried out using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UAntwerpen. Approved Most recent IF: 2.846
Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:142639 Serial 4560
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Author Bogaerts, A.; De Bie, C.; Snoeckx, R.; Koz?k, T.
Title Plasma based CO2and CH4conversion: A modeling perspective Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2017 Publication Plasma processes and polymers Abbreviated Journal Plasma Process Polym
Volume 14 Issue 14 Pages 1600070
Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract This paper gives an overview of our plasma chemistry modeling for CO2 and CH4 conversion in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) and microwave (MW) plasma. We focus on pure CO2 splitting and pure CH4 reforming, as well as mixtures of CO2/CH4, CH4/O2, and CO2/H2O. We show calculation results for the conversion, energy efficiency, and product formation, in comparison with experiments where possible. We also present the underlying chemical reaction pathways, to explain the observed

trends. For pure CO2, a comparison is made between a DBD and MW plasma, illustrating that the higher energy efficiency of the latter is attributed to the more important role of the vibrational levels.
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000403699900001 Publication Date 2016-09-08
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1612-8850 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 2.846 Times cited 17 Open Access Not_Open_Access
Notes Inter-university Attraction Pole (IAP/7); Federaal Wetenschapsbeleid; Francqui Research Foundation; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique – FNRS, G.0383.16N ; Hercules Foundation; Flemish Government; UAntwerpen; Approved Most recent IF: 2.846
Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:144209 Serial 4579
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Author Neyts, E.C.; Brault, P.
Title Molecular Dynamics Simulations for Plasma-Surface Interactions: Molecular Dynamics Simulations… Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2017 Publication Plasma processes and polymers Abbreviated Journal Plasma Process Polym
Volume 14 Issue 14 Pages 1600145
Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract Plasma-surface interactions are in general highly complex due to the interplay of many concurrent processes. Molecular dynamics simulations provide insight in some of these processes, subject to the accessible time and length scales, and the availability of suitable force fields. In this introductory tutorial-style review, we aim to describe the current capabilities and limitations of molecular dynamics simulations in this field, restricting ourselves to low-temperature nonthermal plasmas. Attention is paid to the simulation of the various fundamental processes occurring, including sputtering, etching, implantation, and deposition, as well as to what extent the basic plasma components can be accounted for, including ground state and excited species, electric fields, ions, photons, and electrons. A number of examples is provided, giving an bird’s eye overview of the current state of the field.
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000393184600009 Publication Date 2016-09-07
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1612-8850 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 2.846 Times cited 13 Open Access Not_Open_Access
Notes Approved Most recent IF: 2.846
Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:141758 Serial 4488
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Author Belov, I.; Vanneste, J.; Aghaee, M.; Paulussen, S.; Bogaerts, A.
Title Synthesis of Micro- and Nanomaterials in CO2and CO Dielectric Barrier Discharges: Synthesis of Micro- and Nanomaterials… Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2017 Publication Plasma processes and polymers Abbreviated Journal Plasma Process Polym
Volume 14 Issue 14 Pages 1600065
Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract Dielectric Barrier Discharges operating in CO and CO2 form solid products at atmospheric pressure. The main differences between both plasmas and their deposits were analyzed, at similar energy input. GC measurements revealed a mixture of CO2, CO, and O2 in the CO2 DBD exhaust, while no O2 was found in the CO plasma. A coating of nanoparticles composed of Fe, O, and C was produced by the CO2 discharge, whereas, a microscopic dendrite-like carbon structure was formed in the CO plasma. Fe3O4 and Fe crystalline phases were found in the CO2 sample. The CO

deposition was characterized as an amorphous structure, close to polymeric CO (p-CO). Interestingly, p-CO is not formed in the CO2 plasma, in spite of the significant amounts of CO produced (up to 30% in the reactor exhaust).
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000397476000007 Publication Date 2016-07-29
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1612-8850 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 2.846 Times cited 10 Open Access Not_Open_Access
Notes European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7-PEOPLE-2013-ITN, 606889 ; Approved Most recent IF: 2.846
Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:141759 Serial 4487
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Author Vermeylen, S.; De Waele, J.; Vanuytsel, S.; De Backer, J.; Van der Paal, J.; Ramakers, M.; Leyssens, K.; Marcq, E.; Van Audenaerde, J.; L. J. Smits, E.; Dewilde, S.; Bogaerts, A.
Title Cold atmospheric plasma treatment of melanoma and glioblastoma cancer cells Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2016 Publication Plasma processes and polymers Abbreviated Journal Plasma Process Polym
Volume 13 Issue 13 Pages 1195-1205
Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract In this paper, two types of melanoma and glioblastoma cancer cell lines are treated with cold atmospheric plasma to assess the effect of several parameters on the cell viability. The cell viability decreases with treatment duration and time until analysis in all cell lines with varying sensitivity. The majority of dead cells stains both AnnexinV (AnnV) and propidium iodide, indicating that the plasma-treated non-viable cells are mostly late apoptotic or necrotic. Genetic mutations might be involved in the response to plasma. Comparing the effects of two gas mixtures, as well as indirect plasma-activated medium versus direct treatment, gives different results per cell line. In conclusion, this study confirms the potential of plasma for cancer therapy and emphasizes the influence of experimental parameters on therapeutic outcome.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000393131600007 Publication Date 2016-10-31
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1612-8850 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 2.846 Times cited 26 Open Access
Notes The authors acknowledge the University of Antwerp for providing research funds. The authors are very grateful to V. Schulz-von der Gathen and J. Benedikt (Bochum University) for providing the COST RF plasma jet. The authors would also like to thank Eva Santermans (University of Hasselt) for statistical advice. J. De Waele, J. Van Audenaerde and J. Van der Paal are research fellows of the Research Foundation Flanders (fellowship numbers: 1121016N, 1S32316N and 11U5416N), E. Marcq of Flanders Innovation & Entrepreneurship (fellowship number: 141433). Approved Most recent IF: 2.846
Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:138722 Serial 4328
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Author Laroussi, M.; Bogaerts, A.; Barekzi, N.
Title Plasma processes and polymers third special issue on plasma and cancer Type Editorial
Year (down) 2016 Publication Plasma processes and polymers Abbreviated Journal Plasma Process Polym
Volume 13 Issue 13 Pages 1142-1143
Keywords Editorial; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000393131600001 Publication Date 2016-10-20
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1612-8850 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 2.846 Times cited 1 Open Access
Notes Approved Most recent IF: 2.846
Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:141546 Serial 4474
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Author Wang, W.; Berthelot, A.; Kolev, S.; Tu, X.; Bogaerts, A.
Title CO2 conversion in a gliding arc plasma: 1D cylindrical discharge model Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2016 Publication Plasma sources science and technology Abbreviated Journal Plasma Sources Sci T
Volume 25 Issue 25 Pages 065012
Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract CO 2 conversion by a gliding arc plasma is gaining increasing interest, but the underlying mechanisms for an energy-efficient process are still far from understood. Indeed, the chemical complexity of the non-equilibrium plasma poses a challenge for plasma modeling due to the huge computational load. In this paper, a one-dimensional (1D) gliding arc model is developed in a cylindrical frame, with a detailed non-equilibrium CO 2 plasma chemistry set, including the CO 2 vibrational kinetics up to the dissociation limit. The model solves a set of time- dependent continuity equations based on the chemical reactions, as well as the electron energy balance equation, and it assumes quasi-neutrality in the plasma. The loss of plasma species and heat due to convection by the transverse gas flow is accounted for by using a characteristic frequency of convective cooling, which depends on the gliding arc radius, the relative velocity of the gas flow with respect to the arc and on the arc elongation rate. The calculated values for plasma density and plasma temperature within this work are comparable with experimental data on gliding arc plasma reactors in the literature. Our calculation results indicate that excitation to the vibrational levels promotes efficient dissociation in the gliding arc, and this is consistent with experimental investigations of the gliding arc based CO 2 conversion in the literature. Additionally, the dissociation of CO 2 through collisions with O atoms has the largest contribution to CO 2 splitting under the conditions studied. In addition to the above results, we also demonstrate that lumping the CO 2 vibrational states can bring a significant reduction of the computational load. The latter opens up the way for 2D or 3D models with an accurate description of the CO 2 vibrational kinetics.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000386605100002 Publication Date 2016-10-18
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1361-6595 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 3.302 Times cited 3 Open Access
Notes This research was supported by the European Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship ‘GlidArc’ within Horizon2020 (Grant No. 657304) and by the FWO project (grant G.0383.16N). The calculations were performed using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UAntwerpen. Approved Most recent IF: 3.302
Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:135990 Serial 4286
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Author Bruggeman, P.J.; Kushner, M.J.; Locke, B.R.; Gardeniers, J.G.E.; Graham, W.G.; Graves, D.B.; Hofman-Caris, R.C.H.M.; Maric, D.; Reid, J.P.; Ceriani, E.; Fernandez Rivas, D.; Foster, J.E.; Garrick, S.C.; Gorbanev, Y.; Hamaguchi, S.; Iza, F.; Jablonowski, H.; Klimova, E.; Kolb, J.; Krcma, F.; Lukes, P.; Machala, Z.; Marinov, I.; Mariotti, D.; Mededovic Thagard, S.; Minakata, D.; Neyts, E.C.; Pawlat, J.; Petrovic, Z.L.; Pflieger, R.; Reuter, S.; Schram, D.C.; Schröter, S.; Shiraiwa, M.; Tarabová, B.; Tsai, P.A.; Verlet, J.R.R.; von Woedtke, T.; Wilson, K.R.; Yasui, K.; Zvereva, G.
Title Plasma–liquid interactions: a review and roadmap Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2016 Publication Plasma sources science and technology Abbreviated Journal Plasma Sources Sci T
Volume 25 Issue 5 Pages 053002
Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract Plasma–liquid interactions represent a growing interdisciplinary area of research involving plasma science, fluid dynamics, heat and mass transfer, photolysis, multiphase chemistry and aerosol science. This review provides an assessment of the state-of-the-art of this multidisciplinary area and identifies the key research challenges. The developments in diagnostics, modeling and further extensions of cross section and reaction rate databases that are necessary to address these challenges are discussed. The review focusses on nonequilibrium plasmas.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000384715400001 Publication Date 2016-09-30
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1361-6595 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 3.302 Times cited 460 Open Access
Notes This manuscript originated from discussions at the Lorentz Center Workshop ‘Gas/Plasma–Liquid Interface: Transport, Chemistry and Fundamental Data’ that took place at the Lorentz Center, Leiden University in the Netherlands from August 4, through August 8, 2014, and follow-up discussions since the workshop. All authors acknowledge the support of the Lorentz Center, the COST action TD1208 (Electrical Discharges with Liquids for Future Applications) and the Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences for their financial support. PJB, MJK, DBG and JEF acknowledge the support of the ‘Center on Control of Plasma Kinetics’ of the United States Department of Energy Office of Fusion Energy Science (DE-SC0001319). In addition, PJB and BRL acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation (PHY 1500135 and CBET 1236225, respectively). In addition the enormous help of Mrs. Victoria Piorek (University of Minnesota) in the formatting of the final document including the references is gratefully acknowledged. Approved Most recent IF: 3.302
Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:144654 Serial 4628
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Author Wang, W.; Bogaerts, A.
Title Effective ionisation coefficients and critical breakdown electric field of CO2at elevated temperature: effect of excited states and ion kinetics Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2016 Publication Plasma sources science and technology Abbreviated Journal Plasma Sources Sci T
Volume 25 Issue 25 Pages 055025
Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract Electrical breakdown by the application of an electric field occurs more easily in hot gases than in cold gases because of the extra electron-species interactions that occur as a result of dissociation, ionization and excitation at higher temperature. This paper discusses some overlooked physics and clarifies inaccuracies in the evaluation of the effective ionization coefficients and the critical reduced breakdown electric field of CO2 at elevated temperature, considering the influence of excited states and ion kinetics. The critical reduced breakdown electric field is obtained by balancing electron generation and loss mechanisms using the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) derived from the Boltzmann transport equation under the two-term approximation. The equilibrium compositions of the hot gas mixtures are determined based on Gibbs free energy minimization considering the ground states as well as vibrationally and electronically excited states as independent species, which follow a Boltzmann distribution with a fixed excitation temperature. The interaction cross sections between electrons and the excited species, not reported previously, are properly taken into account. Furthermore, the ion kinetics, including electron–ion recombination, associative electron detachment, charge transfer and ion conversion into stable negative ion clusters, are also considered. Our results indicate that the excited species lead to a greater population of high-energy electrons at higher gas temperature and this affects the Townsend rate coefficients (i.e. of electron impact ionization and attachment), but the critical reduced breakdown electric field strength of CO2 is only affected when also properly accounting for the ion kinetics. Indeed, the latter greatly influences the effective ionization coefficients and hence the critical reduced breakdown electric field at temperatures above 1500 K. The rapid increase of the dissociative electron attachment cross-section of molecular oxygen with rising vibrational quantum number leads to a larger electron loss rate and this enhances the critical reduced breakdown electric field strength in the temperature range where the concentration of molecular oxygen is relatively high. The results obtained in this work show reasonable agreement with experimental results from literature, and are important for the evaluation of the dielectric strength of CO2 in a highly reactive environment at elevated temperature.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000385494000006 Publication Date 2016-09-22
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1361-6595 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 3.302 Times cited 3 Open Access
Notes Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship ‘GlidArc’ within Horizon2020 (Grant No.657304) and the FWO project (grant G.0383.16N). The computational work was carried out using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UA), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UA. Approved Most recent IF: 3.302
Call Number PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:135515 Serial 4281
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Author Bogaerts, A.; Wang, W.; Berthelot, A.; Guerra, V.
Title Modeling plasma-based CO2conversion: crucial role of the dissociation cross section Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2016 Publication Plasma sources science and technology Abbreviated Journal Plasma Sources Sci T
Volume 25 Issue 25 Pages 055016
Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract Plasma-based CO2 conversion is gaining increasing interest worldwide. A large research effort is devoted to improving the energy efficiency. For this purpose, it is very important to understand the underlying mechanisms of the CO2 conversion. The latter can be obtained by computer modeling, describing in detail the behavior of the various plasma species and all relevant chemical processes. However, the accuracy of the modeling results critically depends on the accuracy of the assumed input data, like cross sections. This is especially true for the cross section of electron impact dissociation, as the latter process is believed

to proceed through electron impact excitation, but it is not clear from the literature which excitation channels effectively lead to dissociation. Therefore, the present paper discusses the effect of different electron impact dissociation cross sections reported in the literature on the calculated CO2 conversion, for a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) and a microwave (MW) plasma. Comparison is made to experimental data for the DBD case, to elucidate which cross section might be the most realistic. This comparison reveals that the cross sections proposed

by Itikawa and by Polak and Slovetsky both seem to underestimate the CO2 conversion. The cross sections recommended by Phelps with thresholds of 7 eV and 10.5 eV yield a CO2 conversion only slightly lower than the experimental data, but the sum of both cross sections overestimates the values, indicating that these cross sections represent dissociation, but most probably also include other (pure excitation) channels. Our calculations indicate that the choice of the electron impact dissociation cross section is crucial for the DBD, where this process is the dominant mechanism for CO2 conversion. In the MW plasma, it is only significant at pressures up to 100 mbar, while it is of minor importance for higher pressures, when dissociation proceeds mainly through collisions of CO2 with heavy particles.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000384030600001 Publication Date 2016-08-31
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1361-6595 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 3.302 Times cited 57 Open Access
Notes The authors would like to thank R Snoeckx and S Heijkers for the interesting discussions. This research was supported by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no. 606889, the European Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship project ‘GlidArc’ within Horizon2020, the FWO project (grant G.0383.16N), and the Network on Physical Chemistry of Plasma-Surface Interactions—Interuniversity Attraction Poles, phase VII (PSI-IAP7), supported by the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO). The computational work was carried out using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UA), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UA. VG was partially supported by the Portuguese FCT— Fundação para a Ci Approved Most recent IF: 3.302
Call Number c:irua:135070 Serial 4111
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Author Ozkan, A.; Dufour, T.; Silva, T.; Britun, N.; Snyders, R.; Reniers, F.; Bogaerts, A.
Title DBD in burst mode: solution for more efficient CO2conversion? Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2016 Publication Plasma sources science and technology Abbreviated Journal Plasma Sources Sci T
Volume 25 Issue 25 Pages 055005
Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract CO2 conversion into value-added products has gained significant interest over the few last years, as the greenhouse gas concentrations constantly increase due to anthropogenic activities. Here we report on experiments for CO2 conversion by means of a cold atmospheric plasma using a cylindrical flowing dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor. A detailed comparison of this DBD ignited in a so-called burst mode (i.e. where an AC voltage is applied during a limited amount of time) and pure AC mode is carried out to evaluate their effect on the conversion of CO2 as well as on the energy efficiency. Decreasing the duty cycle in the burst mode from 100% (i.e. corresponding to pure AC mode) to 40% leads to a rise in the

conversion from 16–26% and to a rise in the energy efficiency from 15 to 23%. Based on a detailed electrical analysis, we show that the conversion correlates with the features of the microfilaments. Moreover, the root-mean-square voltage in the burst mode remains constant as a function of the process time for the duty cycles <70%, while a higher duty cycle or the usual pure AC mode leads to a clear voltage decay by more than 500 V, over approximately 90 s, before reaching a steady state regime. The higher plasma voltage in the burst mode yields a higher electric field. This causes the increasing the electron energy, and therefore their

involvement in the CO2 dissociation process, which is an additional explanation for the higher CO2 conversion and energy efficiency in the burst mode.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000403945500005 Publication Date 2016-08-02
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1361-6595 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 3.302 Times cited 17 Open Access
Notes The authors acknowledge financial support from the IAPVII/ 12, P7/34 (Inter-university Attraction Pole) program ‘PSI-Physical Chemistry of Plasma-Surface Interactions’, financially supported by the Belgian Federal Office for Science Policy (BELSPO). A. Ozkan would also like to thank financial support given by ‘Fonds David et Alice Van Buuren’. Approved Most recent IF: 3.302
Call Number c:irua:134841 Serial 4107
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Author Berthelot, A.; Bogaerts, A.
Title Modeling of plasma-based CO2conversion: lumping of the vibrational levels Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2016 Publication Plasma sources science and technology Abbreviated Journal Plasma Sources Sci T
Volume 25 Issue 25 Pages 045022
Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract Although CO2 conversion by plasma technology is gaining increasing interest, the

underlying mechanisms for an energy-efficient process are still far from understood. In this work, a reduced non-equilibrium CO2 plasma chemistry set, based on level lumping of the vibrational levels, is proposed and the reliability of this level-lumping method is tested by a self-consistent zero-dimensional code. A severe reduction of the number of equations to be solved is achieved, which is crucial to be able to model non-equilibrium CO2 plasmas by 2-dimensional models. Typical conditions of pressure and power used in a microwave plasma for CO2 conversion are investigated. Several different sets, using different numbers of lumped groups, are considered. The lumped models with 1, 2 or 3 groups are able to reproduce the gas temperature, electron density and electron temperature profiles, as calculated by the full model treating all individual excited levels, in the entire pressure range investigated. Furthermore, a 3-groups model is also able to reproduce the shape of the vibrational distribution function (VDF) and gives the most reliable prediction of the CO2 conversion. A strong influence of the vibrational excitation on the plasma characteristics is observed. Finally, the limitations of the lumped-levels method are discussed.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000380380200036 Publication Date 2016-07-08
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0963-0252 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 3.302 Times cited 33 Open Access
Notes This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 606889 and it was also carried out in the framework of the network on Physical Chemistry of Plasma-Surface Interactions—Interuniversity Attraction Poles, phase VII (PSI-IAP7) supported by the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO). The computational work was carried out using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UA), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UA. Approved Most recent IF: 3.302
Call Number c:irua:134397 Serial 4101
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Author Ozkan, A.; Dufour, T.; Bogaerts, A.; Reniers, F.
Title How do the barrier thickness and dielectric material influence the filamentary mode and CO2conversion in a flowing DBD? Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2016 Publication Plasma sources science and technology Abbreviated Journal Plasma Sources Sci T
Volume 25 Issue 25 Pages 045016
Keywords A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract Dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) are commonly used to generate cold plasmas at

atmospheric pressure. Whatever their configuration (tubular or planar), the presence of a dielectric barrier is mandatory to prevent too much charge build up in the plasma and the formation of a thermal arc. In this article, the role of the barrier thickness (2.0, 2.4 and 2.8 mm) and of the kind of dielectric material (alumina, mullite, pyrex, quartz) is investigated on the filamentary behavior in the plasma and on the CO2 conversion in a tubular flowing DBD, by means of mass spectrometry measurements correlated with electrical characterization and IR imaging. Increasing the barrier thickness decreases the capacitance, while preserving the electrical charge. As a result, the voltage over the dielectric increases and a larger number of microdischarges is generated, which enhances the CO2 conversion. Furthermore, changing the dielectric material of the barrier, while keeping the same geometry and dimensions, also affects the CO2 conversion. The highest CO2 conversion and energy efficiency are obtained for quartz and alumina, thus not following the trend of the relative permittivity. From the

electrical characterization, we clearly demonstrate that the most important parameters are the somewhat higher effective plasma voltage (yielding a somewhat higher electric field and electron energy in the plasma) for quartz, as well as the higher plasma current (and thus larger electron density) and the larger number of microdischarge filaments (mainly for alumina, but also for quartz). The latter could be correlated to the higher surface roughness for alumina and to the higher voltage over the dielectric for quartz.
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Language Wos 000380380200030 Publication Date 2016-06-30
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0963-0252 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 3.302 Times cited 24 Open Access
Notes The authors acknowledge financial support from the IAPVII/ 12, P7/34 (Inter-university Attraction Pole) program ‘PSI-Physical Chemistry of Plasma-Surface Interactions’, financially supported by the Belgian Federal Office for Science Policy (BELSPO). A. Ozkan would like to thank the financial support given by ‘Fonds David et Alice Van Buuren’. Approved Most recent IF: 3.302
Call Number c:irua:134396 Serial 4100
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