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	Author	Van Grieken, R.; Van de Velde, R.; Robberecht, H.
	Title	Sample contamination from a commercial grinding unit			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1980	Publication	Analytica chimica acta	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	118	Issue	1	Pages	137-143
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The contamination of ground samples by a commercially available Lovibond McCrone Micronizing Mill is discussed. Tracer and weighing experiments showed that abrasion of corundum grinding elements was important, introducing 620 mg of abrasion products per minute of wet grinding. Agate grinding elements were abraded at ⩽6 mg min-1. The abrasion products and grinding elements were analyzed by x-ray fluorescence, spark-source mass spectrometry and neutron activation analysis. Contamination in trace element analysis of geological materials is likely to be negligible for agate grinding elements and, except for a few transition metals, also for corundum grinding elements. Contamination of typical biological samples is significant for a few elements even when agate elements are used, and is absolutely prohibitive for trace analysis when corundum elements are used.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1980JZ95100016	Publication Date	2002-07-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2670; 1873-4324	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116436			Serial	8492
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Smits, J.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Enrichment of trace anions from water with 2,2'-diaminodiethylamine cellulose filters			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1981	Publication	Analytica chimica acta	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	123	Issue		Pages	9-17
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Cellulose filters with immobilized 2,2'-diaminodiethylamine (DEN) functional groups are studied for trace anion preconcentration from aqueous solution, with subsequent x-ray fluorescence measurements. For most oxoanions with a central metal atom, nearly quantitative collection can be achieved by 10-cm2 DEN filters under the following optimized conditions: pH 36, filtration rate up to 0.5 ml cm-2 min-1, and sample volume up to 100 ml cm-2. The collection yield is independent of the trace oxoanion concentration up to at least 1.5 μmol cm-2. Although the DEN filter exhibits some selectivity towards oxoanions with a central metal atom, ionic strength affects the results; the collection efficiency is strongly depressed with salt (e.g. NaCl) concentrations above 0.01 M. The applicability of the DEN filter in anion collection is therefore limited to dilute solutions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1981LA22400002	Publication Date	2002-07-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2670; 1873-4324	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116437			Serial	7922
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Vos, L.; Robberecht, H.; Van Dyck, P.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Multi-element analysis of urine by energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1981	Publication	Analytica chimica acta	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	130	Issue	1	Pages	167-175
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	For multi-element analysis of human urine, 25-ml samples doped with yttrium as internal standard are evaporated gently and then ashed up to 460°C overnight. The residue is pelletized and analysed by energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence. Acid addition to facilitate the digestion is not mandatory. Recoveries are nearly quantitative for traces of Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Sr, to a lesser extent for lead, but not for arsenic or selenium. The standard deviation per measurement is typically around 6%. The detection limits are such that some 10 elements can be determined simultaneously in normal urine, and possibly more in cases of importance to toxicology or industrial hygiene.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1981ME98900017	Publication Date	2002-07-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2670; 1873-4324	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116439			Serial	8285
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Robberecht, H.; Van Grieken, R.; Shani, J.; Barak, S.
	Title	Evaluation of multi-element analysis of blood serum by energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1982	Publication	Analytica chimica acta	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	136	Issue		Pages	285-292
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Conventional energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence is applied in the analysis of blood serum to give the concentrations of 710 elements simultaneously with minimal manipulation of the samples. Simple spotting onto a Mylar carrier of 250 μl of serum, doped with two internal standards, was chosen as the sample preparation step. Some 200 serum samples, analyzed in replicate (n = 26), were used to evaluate this procedure. The detection limits are 4 μg ml-1 for K and Ca, 0.50.2 μg ml-1 for Fe, Cu, Pb and Zn, and less than 0.1 μg ml-1 for Se, Rb and Sr. Well above these limits, the standard deviation is around 10%. Comparison with the results of other measurements on the same samples indicates an accuracy of that order. The simplicity and high throughput, and the possibility of automating the x.r.f. measurements, make the proposed procedure suitable for screening large numbers of sera.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1982NL48600032	Publication Date	2002-07-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2670; 1873-4324	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116440			Serial	7940
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Preconcentration methods for the analysis of water by X-ray spectrometric techniques			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1982	Publication	Analytica chimica acta	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	143	Issue		Pages	3-34
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	All published procedures for multi-element preconcentration of trace elements, prior to x-ray fluorescence analysis of water, are reviewed and critically evaluated. Most preconcentration methods applied to the determination of single elements in water are also listed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1982PT27300002	Publication Date	2002-10-14
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2670; 1873-4324	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116441			Serial	8401
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Robberecht, H.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Determination of trace selenium in biological material by preconcentration and X-ray emission spectrometry			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1983	Publication	Analytica chimica acta	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	147	Issue		Pages	113-121
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Selenium is determined in the ng g−1 to μg g−1 range in biological and environmental samples. A wet digestion procedure was optimized with respect to volatility losses and recovery yields, by using 75Se metabolically incorporated into rat organs. Selenium is preconcentrated from the digestion liquid by a two-step reduction with 4 M HCl and ascorbic acid. The colloidal selenium formed is adsorbed on activated carbon and filtered on a Nucleopore membrane for measurement by energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence. Almost complete recovery was obtained, and the detection limit was 20 ng, corresponding to 10 ng g−1 for a 2-g sample. Biological reference materials were analyzed with satisfactory results, and the accuracy of the method was good.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1983QH42100010	Publication Date	2002-07-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2670; 1873-4324	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116442			Serial	7794
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Vos, L.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Preparation of conducting electrodes from biological samples for multi-element trace analysis by spark-source mass spectrometry or emission spectrometry			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1984	Publication	Analytica chimica acta	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	164	Issue		Pages	83-90
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Four decomposition procedures frequently used for biological material (dry ashing, open wet digestion, wet digestion in a teflon bomb and low-temperature ashing) are optimized for the conversion of biological samples to conducting electrodes suitable for multi-element trace determinations by spark-source mass spectrometry or emission spectrometry. The optimized procedures are evaluated with respect to contamination, retention and preconcentration of the trace elements, homogeneity of the electrodes and precision of the final results. Both dry-ashing methods are prone to losses by volatilization; simple dry ashing suffers from contamination problems during electrode preparation. Wet digestion gives better precision; digestion with nitric/sulfuric acids in an open flask is the method of choice for most elements being simpler and giving lower blanks than the bomb method.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1984ABC2700007	Publication Date	2002-07-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2670; 1873-4324	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116443			Serial	8411
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Vos, L.; Komy, G.; Reggers, G.; Roekens, E.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Determination of trace metals in rain water by differential-pulse stripping voltammetry			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1986	Publication	Analytica chimica acta	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	184	Issue		Pages	271-280
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Differential-pulse stripping voltammetry is applied to measure zinc, cadmium, lead and copper by anodic stripping and selenium(IV) by cathodic stripping in rain water at pH 2; subsequently, at pH 9,1, manganese is measured by anodic stripping on the same portion, and cobalt and nickel are measured in the adsorptive mode after formation of their dimethylglyoximates. The instrumental parameters are optimized. The linear ranges, mutual interferences and detection limits are studied. Excellent accuracy is demonstrated; the standard deviation is around 15% at 2.550 μg l−1 levels. The method is shown to be applicable for rain water.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1986D964700026	Publication Date	2002-07-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2670; 1873-4324	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116444			Serial	7793
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Lins Galdino, S.M.; Costa Dantas, C.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Radio-isotope neutron activation analysis for vanadium, manganese and tungsten in alloy steels			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1987	Publication	Analytica chimica acta	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	196	Issue		Pages	337-343
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	An instrumental neutron activation method for V, Mn and W in alloy steels with a 241 Am/Be isotopic neutron source is described. The samples were irradiated to induce the nuclear reactions 51V(n, γ) 52V, 55Mn(n, γ)56Mn, and 186W(n, γ)187W. The activities were measured with a NaI(TI) detector. Interferences on the measured photopeaks were shown to be negligible by measuring the half-lives of 62V, 56Mn and 187W.These thre elementes were determined in the range 1.512.9% in special steels; manganese in the range 0.51.6% was measured in cast irons. Calibration was done by comparison with results from wet chemistry and x-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The processing times for the vanadium, manganese and tungsten determinations were 11 min, 3 h and 26.3 h, respectively, but these were reduced greatly by intoruding a scheme wherein six samples were simultaneously irradiated and the 56Mn and 187W nuclides were measured sequentially for a series of 66 samples. The average processing time was reduced to 45 min for tungsten with a precision of 4.0% and accuracy of 3.4% and 22.8 min for manganese with a precision of 3.8% and accuracy of 3.1%.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1987K058900044	Publication Date	2002-07-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2670; 1873-4324	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116445			Serial	8449
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Leysen, L.; Roekens, E.; Komy, Z.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	A study of the weathering of an historic building			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1987	Publication	Analytica chimica acta	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	195	Issue		Pages	247-255
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Various bulk and surface analytical techniques were used to study the chemical deterioration of the 13th-to-15th century limestone cathedral in Mechelen, Belgium. The weathering crust on the walls was found to be rich in sulfate, regardless of the geographic orientation. Nitrate and chloride were only detected in minor amounts in the crust and run-off samples. Attack by gaseous sulfur compounds seems to play a dominant role in the stone deterioration mechanism. Electron microprobe analysis showed predominantly bar-shaped gypsum crystals in the crust, and laser microprobe mass spectrometry showed that carbon seems to be responsible for the blackness of most crust samples. Automated electron microprobe analysis also indicated significant differences in the analytical composition of suspensions in run-off water and in rain-water.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1987K019500022	Publication Date	2002-07-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2670; 1873-4324	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116446			Serial	8608
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Otten, P.; Bruynseels, F.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Study of inorganic ammonium compounds in individual marine aerosol particles by laser microprobe mass spectrometry			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1987	Publication	Analytica chimica acta	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	195	Issue		Pages	117-124
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Ammonia is important in the atmosphere because it neutralizes acidic species. The relative importance of different inorganic ammonium compounds (chloride, nitrate and sulfate) in marine air chemistry was studied by single-particle characterization with the laser microprobe mass analyser. Standard aerosols were generated as a reference for compound identification, based on the fingerprint spectra obtained, and calculation of the relative sensitivity achieved for different ions in a marine aerosol matrix. The relative sensitivity for ammonium was low. Aerosol samples were collected in the Southern Bight of the North Sea under different meteorological conditions and examined for their ammonium compounds. Samples collected during an inversion period with continental influences showed a much higher content in all particles than samples collected under different meteorological conditions, where ammonium was mostly detected in the submicrometer particle-size range.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1987K019500010	Publication Date	2002-07-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2670; 1873-4324	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116447			Serial	8601
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Verbueken, A.H.; Van Grieken, R.E.; de Broe, M.E.; Wedeen, R.P.
	Title	Identification of inorganic and organic microliths in kidney sections by laser microprobe mass spectrometry			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1987	Publication	Analytica chimica acta	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	195	Issue		Pages	97-115
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
	Abstract	Laser microprobe mass spectrometry is used to identify intrarenal microliths; they appear to consist of either oxalate, urate or phosphate. Crystalline and amorphous deposits in rat and human kidney are pin-pointed by the laser beam and their chemical composition determined by mass spectrometry. The method has the potential for wide application in the identification of single organic, inorganic or combination crystals in histological sections.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1987K019500009	Publication Date	2002-07-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2670; 1873-4324	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116448			Serial	8055
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Komy, Z.; Roekens, E.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Analysis of rain water by differential-pulse stripping voltammetry in nitric acid medium			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1988	Publication	Analytica chimica acta	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	204	Issue		Pages	179-187
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Differential-pulse anodic stripping voltammetry is applied to determine cadmium, lead and copper in rain water acidified with nitric acid to pH 1.5, and zinc after partial neutralization to pH 4.5. Subsequently, cobalt and nickel are measured in the adsorptive mode after formation of their dimethylglyoximates. The effects of pH on the stripping peaks for Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu and of chloride on the stripping peak of copper are reported. Good agreement is found with d.p.s.v. determinations in hydrochloric acid medium and with a.a.s. measurements in most cases. Excellent accuracy is demonstrated; the average relative standard deviation per measurement appears to be between 12 and 22% for the overall analytical procedure for concentrations of 0.1550 μgl−1 of the various metals in the samples.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1988M945900016	Publication Date	2002-07-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2670; 1873-4324	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116449			Serial	7450
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Van Grieken, R.; Speecke, A.; Hoste, J.
	Title	Simultaneous determination of silicon and phosphorus in cast iron by 14 MeV neutron activation analysis			Type	A3 Journal article
	Year	1970	Publication	Journal of radioanalytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	6	Issue	2	Pages	385-398
	Keywords	A3 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	A fast (10 min), non-destructive simultaneous determination of silicon and phosphorus in cast iron and steel by 14 MeV neutron activation was developed. The 1.78 MeV28Al activity (T=2.24 min) induced by the reaction28Si(n, p)28Al is counted on a NaI(Tl) detector. Two measurements are made to correct for the 1.81 MeV56Mn activity (T=2.58 hr) from the iron matrix. However,28Al is also produced via31P(n, α)28Al. By (n, 2n) reaction, phosphorus yields also30P (T=2.6 min), the 0.511 MeV annihilation radiation of which is counted by two opposite NaI(Tl) detectors in coincidence. Again, two successive coincidence measurements are carried out in order to take into account the53Fe activity (β+; T=8.9 min) from54Fe(n, 2n)53Fe. The28Al measurement is appropriately corrected via the computed phosphorus content. An oxygen flux monitor was used to normalize to the same flux. Nuclear interferences have been examined. Special attention has been paid to the presence of copper. The standard deviation for phosphorus being as high as ca. 0.09% P for a single determination, this technique can only be practical as an independent phosphorus analysis for high phosphorus cast irons. The precision on the28Al measurement is 5% relative for 0.2% Si and 2.5% above 1% Si.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2006-10-11
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0134-0719; 2064-2857	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116450			Serial	8528
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Van Schandevijl, R.; Van Grieken, R.; Hoste, J.
	Title	The half-life of ²⁸Al			Type	A3 Journal article
	Year	1971	Publication	Journal of radioanalytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	9	Issue	1	Pages	55-60
	Keywords	A3 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The half-life of28Al was redetermined on aluminium samples of different origin. Three different counting techniques were applied. The availability of highly purified samples (up to 99.9999%), the use of very fast electronic counting equipment and a complete automatisation allowed a good precision to be obtained in the final result of 2.2405 min.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2006-10-11
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0134-0719; 2064-2857	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116451			Serial	8016
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Van Grieken, R.; Speecke, A.; Hoste, J.
	Title	Spatial neutron flux distributions around A 14 MeV neutron generator			Type	A3 Journal article
	Year	1972	Publication	Journal of radioanalytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	10	Issue	1	Pages	95-104
	Keywords	A3 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The neutron flux distribution in the vicinity of 30, 20 and 10 mm diameter targets is measured by irradiating concentric ring-type iron monitors at different distances from the target and counting the induced56Mn activity. Considering the many uncertainties, satisfactory agreement was found between theory and experiment.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2006-11-07
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0134-0719; 2064-2857	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116452			Serial	8567
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Van Grieken, R.; Speecke, A.; Hoste, J.
	Title	Geometry errors in 14 MeV neutron activation analysis			Type	A3 Journal article
	Year	1973	Publication	Journal of radioanalytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	13	Issue	1	Pages	225-233
	Keywords	A3 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The effects of inaccurate sample sizes and sample positioning on 14 MeV neutron activation analysis results are estimated for 30, 20 and 10 mm diameter targets. It appears that axial positioning is the most critical parameter and that using a larger tritium target will yield an overall improvement of the reproducibility.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2006-10-11
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0134-0719; 2064-2857	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116453			Serial	7999
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Leysen, L.A.; Roekens, E.J.; Storms, H.; Van Grieken, R.E.
	Title	Classification of suspended particles in deposition samples and run-off water samples from a limestone cathedral			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1987	Publication	Atmospheric environment	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	21	Issue	11	Pages	2425-2433
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	In a study on the mechanism of the air-pollution induced deterioration of the limestone St. Rombouts cathedral in Mechelen, Belgium, automated electron-probe X-ray micro-analysis combined with multivariate analysis was used to characterize the suspension particles in run-off water and in local wet and dry deposition samples. Altogether about 10,000 individual particles were sized, analyzed and classified, according to their chemical composition. It was found that the run-off water samples were highly enriched in CaCO3 particles, resulting from the stone-erosion by overflowing rainwater, while the Si-rich group was the most abundant one in the deposition samples. Several other particle types were found. Ion chromatography analysis of the run-off water showed 2001700mg l−1 of sulphate and 20110mg l−1 of nitrate.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2003-08-06
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0004-6981	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116454			Serial	7670
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Roekens, E.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Rates of air pollution induced surface recession and material loss for a cathedral in Belgium			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1989	Publication	Atmospheric environment	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	23	Issue	1	Pages	271-287
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Runoff water samples were taken at the St. Rombout's Cathedral (Mechelen, Belgium), which was constructed with sandy limestones of Balegem and Gobertingen. Gypsum appeared to be the principal deterioration compound. The mean annual surface recession from the cathedral was calculated to be around 20 μm. Yearly several tons of stone material are flushed away from the cathedral with the rain water.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2003-08-06
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0004-6981	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116455			Serial	8454
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Rojas, C.M.; Artaxo, P.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Aerosols in Santiago de Chile : a study using receptor modeling with X-ray fluorescence and single particle analysis			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1990	Publication	Atmospheric environment: part B : urban atmosphere	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	24	Issue	2	Pages	227-241
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Between 15 January and 26 February 1987, 51 fine and coarse mode aerosol samples were collected at the Universidad de Santiago de Chile Planetarium using a dichotomous sampler. The samples were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence for up to 17 elements (Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br and Pb). Aerosol particles were individually studied by Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) and Laser Microprobe Mass Analysis (LAMMA). The data set consisting of aerosol elemental concentrations and meteorological variables was subjected to Principal Factor Analysis (PFA), allowing the identification of six fine mode particle source classes (soil, industrial, sulfate particles, traffic, residual oil, wood-burnings), and five coarse mode particle source classes (soil, industrial, traffic, residual oil, sulfate particles). Both PFA solutions explained about 81 and 90% of the total variance in the data set, respectively. The regression of elemental mass concentrations on the Absolute Principal Factor Scores allowed the estimation of the contribution of the different source classes to the Santiago aerosol. Within the fine fraction, secondary SO42− particles were responsible for about 49% of the fine mode aerosol mass concentration, while 26, 13, 6.4 and 5.6% were attributed to wood-burning/car exhausts, residual oil combustion, soil dust/metallurgical, and soil dust/wood-burning releases, respectively. The coarse fraction source apportionment was mainly dominated by soil dust, accounting for 74% of the coarse mode aerosol mass concentration. A composite of soil dust and industrial release accounted for 13%; a composite of secondary sulfates contributed with 9%; a composite of soil dust and automotive emissions, and secondary sulfates were responsible for 4 and 0.03% of the coarse aerosol mass concentration, respectively. EPMA results are in satisfactory agreement with those from the bulk analysis and allowed the identification of eight particle types in both fine and coarse mode aerosols, pertaining to different source classes, namely soil, seaspray, secondary SO42−, metallurgical emissions and biomass burning release. EPMA also evidenced that one of the most abundant particle types corresponded to marine aerosol, having an average diameter of 0.7 μm for the fine mode and 2.2 μm for the coarse mode aerosol. LAMMA results indicate that, in fact, seaspray has been transported into the city of Santiago de Chile airshed, suffering several transformations and a sulfur enrichment. This analytical technique also provided evidence of the abundance of carbon-rich particles, which were not detected by either the bulk X-ray analysis or EPMA; they are probably due to fossil-fuel combustion releases.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2003-08-06
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0957-1272; 1878-2132	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116456			Serial	7427
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Van Grieken, R.E.; Adams, F.C.
	Title	Folding of aerosol loaded filters during X-ray fluorescence analysis			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1976	Publication	X-ray spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	5	Issue	2	Pages	61-67
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Folding aerosol loaded filters in two with the loaded side inwards during the X-ray analysis not only reduces possible filter heterogeneity effects and improves sample protection, but also increases the sensitivity and renders filter paper absorption corrections simple and more accurate in many instances. It is shown that folding an aerosol loaded Whatman filter paper during Kα X-rays counting leads to an increased sensitivity for all elements up from calcium, scandium or titanium (depending on the sensitivity definition and on the aerosol load) and for all elements up from phosphorus, sulphur or chlorine in the case of the Nuclepore filter. Although the absorption by the filter, into which the aerosol penetrates to some extent, is always more important in the sandwich than in the usual geometry, the dependence of the absorption correction on the usually unknown average deposition depth is less pronounced. Assuming all the aerosol material to be collected at the very surface of the filter and hence being present in the centre of the sandwich to be analysed, leads to an extremely simple filter paper absorption correction which is less prone to uncertainties than more sophisticated corrections in the usual geometry requiring additional measurements. This is the case for all elements up from potassium on Whatman filters and up from phosphorus on Nuclepore filters.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1976BM95300002	Publication Date	2005-05-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0049-8246	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116480			Serial	7976
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	Author	Sauter, L.; Van der Ben, D.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Trace analysis of estuarine brown algae by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1979	Publication	X-ray spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	8	Issue	4	Pages	159-163
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Brown algae, which are good indicators for estuarine metal pollution, can advantageously be analysed by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence. The use of thin film samples and samples of intermediate thickness has several advantages over the conventional thick pellet procedure. A quite homogeneous thin target is prepared by suspending 15 mg of dried and ground seaweed powder in bi-distilled water and evaporating the slurry on a 10 cm2 Mylar foil held in a Teflon ring. The effective sample weight in the beam is calculated by a procedure based on the scatter peaks in the spectrum. Sensitivities are typically in the 215 ppm range. The coefficient of variation per analysis averaged over ten elements amounts to 10%. The natural concentration variation in seaweed specimens at one location is 13%. Samples from locations in the more polluted western Scheldt estuary yield significantly higher values for several elements, relative to the eastern Scheldt sites. Possible trace element variations between the top and base of plants, and between different seaweed specimens and sampling seasons, are discussed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1979JC63700003	Publication Date	2005-05-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0049-8246	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116481			Serial	8687
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Markowicz, A.; Van Dyck, P.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Radiometric diameter concept and exact intensities for spherical particles in x-ray fluorescence analysis			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1980	Publication	X-ray spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	9	Issue	2	Pages	52-56
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	In X-ray fluorescence analysis the concept of radiometric diameter, d, is often introduced in considerations of the fluorescent intensity from a particulate sample. It represents the mean geometric path of the X-rays through one particle and is usually simply taken to be equal to the volume-to-area ratio of the particle. The effective radiometric path is, however, itself dependent on geometry and absorption effects. Rigorous calculations of the fluorescent intensity from a particle in the π and π/2 geometries were carried out to evaluate the errors involved. It appears that, for π geometry, the discrepancy between these exact results and the intensity calculated via the use of d does not exceed 5.2%. For the π/2 geometry, the errors are much larger and can amount to 50% in realistic cases of X-ray fluorescence analysis. These conclusions are also applicable to monolayers. The effective radiometric diameter approaches d only when absorption effects become negligible, but is smaller in other cases.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1980JN16500003	Publication Date	2005-05-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0049-8246	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116482			Serial	8451
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	Author	Van Dyck, P.; Markowicz, A.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Automatic absorption correction in x-ray fluorescence analysis of intermediate thickness samples using a dual external reference signal			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1980	Publication	X-ray spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	9	Issue	2	Pages	70-76
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	A method has been investigated which allows calculations from the X-ray fluorescence spectra of the absorption coefficients at any energy for any sample, without any additional measurement. Use is made of the ratio of the characteristic X-ray signals from a Zr wire positioned in front of the sample and from a Pd foil placed behind the sample, both in a fixed geometry. From the experimentally measured absorption coefficient at the Pd L energy (2.9 keV), the coefficients for higher energies are calculated. By the use of an iterative computer routine in which corrections for the enhancement of the Pd foil by the sample are also included, an accuracy of 2% or better on the absorption coefficient determination can be reached for homogenous samples in one measurement. Grain-size and heterogeneity effects induce inaccuracies on the absorption coefficient determinations which might well reach 20% for particulate samples like intermediate thickness deposits of geological materials. This approach thus has the same limitations as the classical transmission method for such heterogeneous samples.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1980JN16500007	Publication Date	2005-05-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0049-8246	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116483			Serial	7541
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	Author	Van Dyck, P.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Automated matrix-correction of line ratios in energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrum deconvolution			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1983	Publication	X-ray spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	12	Issue	3	Pages	111-114
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Most computer XRF-spectrum deconvolution routines make use of fixed intensity ratios for the lines from one element. The magnitude of the error that fixed ratios imply has been quantitatively evaluated for samples with a varible thickness or matrix. A procedure for routinely adapting the line ratios according to the matrix effect in every sample (by making use of the matrix information present in the scatter peaks) enhances the accuracy of the spectrum evaluation.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1983RA69700004	Publication Date	2005-05-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0049-8246	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116484			Serial	7539
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Török, S.; Van Dyck, P.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Heterogeneity effects in direct X-ray fluorescence analysis of hair			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1984	Publication	X-ray spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	13	Issue	1	Pages	27-32
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The methodology of direct hair analysis by energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence was studied. The effect on the XRF result of having a non-homogeneous radial distribution of the analyte in a single hair strand and the macroscopic effects in a bundle of hairs were calculated to evaluate possible systematic errors. The detection limits were mapped as a function of the target thickness and surface fraction. It appeared that a 10 mg cm−2 sample thickness, i. e. a target with about four layers of hair strands, is recommended. The standard deviation of this simple direct analytical method is 619% for some important elements. Discrepancies with neutron activation analysis had a mean value of around 15%. About twelve elements can be determined simultaneously on a routine basis.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1984SB70200004	Publication Date	2005-05-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0049-8246	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116485			Serial	8029
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	Author	Van Dyck, P.; Markowicz, A.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Influence of sample thickness, excitation energy and geometry on particle size effects in XRF			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1985	Publication	X-ray spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	14	Issue	4	Pages	183-187
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Expressions are presented for calculating the matrix effect and the pure particle size effect in the XRF analysis of particulate samples with a discrete particle size. The equations are based on the absorption-weighted radiometric diameter concept. Two excitationdetection geometries are considered, with the angles between the sample plane and both the incident and emerging radiation being either 90° (π geometry) or 45° (π/2 geometry). Calculations were made for different sample loadings and exciting radiation energies. The influence of these parameters on the matrix and pure particle size effects is shown. From the results, it is possible to predict the performances of alternative experimental correction procedures for the particle size effect, involving dual measurements at different excitation energies or in different excitationdetection geometries.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1985ATB6100007	Publication Date	2005-05-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0049-8246	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116486			Serial	8097
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	Author	Labrecque, J.J.; Beusen, J.M.; Van Grieken, R.E.
	Title	Determination of barium, lanthanum, cerium and neodymium in lateritic materials by various energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence techniques and neutron activation analysis			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1986	Publication	X-ray spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	15	Issue	1	Pages	13-18
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	A comparison of four methods for the determination of barium, lanthanum, cerium and neodymium in lateritic materials from Brazil is presented. Three of the methods were based on x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy: two by radioisotope excitation (Co-57 and Am-241) and one by secondary target XRF (a molybdenum target with a tungsten anode). The other method was based on neutron activation analysis employing both a Ge(Li) coaxial detector and a high-purity germanium detector. The results from these four methods were similar for lanthanum, cerium and neodymium, but for barium at low concentrations (<500 ppm) the neutron activation and the secondary target XRF methods were not suitable. Data on the precision and accuracy of these methods using a series of standard reference rocks are given. The advantages and limitations of each of these methods with respect to the analysis of lateritic materials are discussed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1986AYN6000003	Publication Date	2005-05-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0049-8246	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116487			Serial	7774
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	Author	Török, S.; Braun, T.; Van Dyck, P.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Heterogeneity effects in direct XRF analysis of traces of heavy metals preconcentrated on polyurethane foam sorbents			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1986	Publication	X-ray spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	15	Issue	1	Pages	7-11
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Trace amounts of heavy metals were preconcentrated on discs of polyurethane (PU) foam loaded with ammonium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC), to increase the sensitivity of XRF. Since the diameter of the cavities in the open-cell PU foams reaches 30300 μm, considerable heterogeneity effects might occur, which could reduce the accuracy of the method. The possible systematic error introduced by considering the sample to be homogeneous is calculated using the Berry et al. model. The calculations show that the underestimation of the absorption correction factor when considering the sample as being homogeneous is less than 2% for high-Z elements when the sample thickness is at least 2 mm. The detection limits are also around the minima for this thickness.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1986AYN6000002	Publication Date	2005-05-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0049-8246	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116488			Serial	8030
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	Author	Storms, H.M.; Janssens, K.H.; Török, S.B.; Van Grieken, R.E.
	Title	Evaluation of the ArmstrongBuseck correction for automated electron probe X-ray microanalysis of particles			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1989	Publication	X-ray spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	18	Issue	2	Pages	45-52
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The ArmstrongBuseck correction for absorption effects in electron probe x-ray microanalysis of particles considers seven specific particle shapes, and for these geometries exact correction equations are used. This procedure implies that the analyst has to associate the particle to be analysed with a certain particle type; an arbitrary relative thickness is sometimes assumed. A theoretical study was made of this absorption correction as a function of the particle composition, type and thickness for micrometre-sized particles. It appears that a correct choice of the particle type is critical. However, when the analytical results are normalized to 100%, the differences between the models are much less pronounced, and it is justified to assume a spherical model in all cases.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1989U261400001	Publication Date	2005-05-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0049-8246	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116489			Serial	5616
Permanent link to this record