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	Author	Alfeld, M.; de Nolf, W.; Cagno, S.; Janssens, K.; et al.
	Title	Revealing hidden paint layers in oil paintings by means of scanning macro-XRF : a mock-up study based on Rembrandt's “An old man in military costume”			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	28	Issue	1	Pages	40-51
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Over the past several decades the oeuvre of Rembrandt has been the subject of extensive art historical and scientific investigations. One of the most striking features to emerge is his frequent re-use of canvases and panels. The painting An Old Man in Military Costume (78.PB.246), in the collection of the J. Paul Getty Museum, is an example of such a re-used panel. Conventional imaging techniques revealed the presence of a second portrait under the surface portrait, but the details of this hidden portrait have not yet been revealed. Vermilion (HgS) has been identified to have been used nearly exclusively in the flesh tones of the lower painting, suggesting that element-specific XRF imaging might successfully image the hidden portrait. To test this hypothesis, a full-scale mock-up of the painting was created, including a “free impression” of the hidden portrait, reproducing as closely as possible the pigments and paint stratigraphy of the original painting. XRF imaging of the mock-up painting was conducted using three different XRF imaging systems: a mobile X-ray tube based system and two synchrotron-based setups (one equipped with multiple SDDs and one equipped with a Maia detector). The sensitivity, limits of detection and imaging capabilities of each system under the chosen experimental conditions are evaluated and compared. The results indicate that an investigation of the original painting by this method would have an excellent chance of success.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000314903400003	Publication Date	2012-11-22
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	; This research was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme – Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16). The text also presents results of GOA “XANES meets ELNES” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. Further, the research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no 226716. M. Alfeld receives a Ph.D. fellowship of the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO). The authors gratefully acknowledge Yvonne Szafran and the staff of the Paintings Conservation Department of the J. Paul Getty Museum for making available their infrared reflectography (IRR) and X-radiographic images of the painting, and also the neutron activation analysis (NAA) images acquired in 1996 at NIST by Dr Henry Prask in collaboration with Mark Leonard, former head of the J. Paul Getty Museum Paintings Conservation Department. We are also grateful to Peter Reischig, a graduate intern at the Getty Conservation Institute and a Ph.D. candidate at Delft University of Technology for his assistance. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2013 IF: 3.396
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:107704			Serial	5818
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Alfeld, M.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Strategies for processing mega-pixel X-ray fluorescence hyperspectral data: a case study on a version of Caravaggio's painting Supper at Emmaus			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	30	Issue	3	Pages	777-789
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Technical progress in the fields of X-ray sources, optics and detectors is constantly enhancing the pace of data acquisition in XRF imaging. This enlarges the size of the hyperspectral datasets and the number of their sub-parts. This paper describes the challenges in processing large XRF datasets featuring several million pixels/spectra and the strategies developed to overcome them. During the investigation of historical paintings by scanning macro-XRF the main challenges are the correct identification of all spectral features in a dataset and its timely processing. For the identification of spectral features different approaches are discussed, i.e. the use of sum spectra, maximum pixel spectra and of chi(2)(r) maps. For the time-efficient, artefact-free evaluation of XRF imaging data, different software packages are evaluated and intercompared (AXIL, PyMCA, GeoPIXE and the in-house written datamuncher). The process of data evaluation is illustrated on a large dataset (3.4 MPixels) acquired during the investigation of a version of Caravaggio's Supper at Emmaus (143 x 199.5 cm(2)). This 17th century painting is currently the largest object entirely scanned with macroscopic XRF.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000350650800026	Publication Date	2015-02-12
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	67	Open Access
	Notes	; The authors would like to thank W. de Nolf, A. Rothkirch, C. Ryan, A. Sole, B. Vekemans, P. van Espen and L. Vincze for their fruitful discussions over the years. Furthermore, the authors thank D. Swetzoff for his support. M. Alfeld was from 2009 to 2013 the recipient of a Ph.D. fellowship of the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO, Brussels). ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2015 IF: 3.466
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:125477			Serial	5848
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	Author	Vincze, L.; Wei, F.; Proost, K.; Vekemans, B.; Janssens, K.; He, Y.; Yan, Y.; Falkenberg, G.
	Title	Suitability of polycapillary optics for focusing of monochromatic synchrotron radiation as used in trace level micro-XANES measurements			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2002	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	17	Issue		Pages	177-182
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000174380800002	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	23	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2002 IF: 4.250
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:36669			Serial	5855
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	Author	Monico, L.; Janssens, K.; Cotte, M.; Romani, A.; Sorace, L.; Grazia, C.; Brunetti, B.G.; Miliani, C.
	Title	Synchrotron-based X-ray spectromicroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate the redox properties of lead chromate pigments under the effect of visible light			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	30	Issue	7	Pages	1500-1510
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Light-induced redox processes have been established as the cause of the chromatic alterations of a number of artists' pigments used from the 15th to the 20th century. Despite the fact that a general comprehension of the mechanisms has been provided through the characterization of photo-degraded compounds, both exhaustive information on the wavelength-dependence of the alteration process of the pigments and experimental evidence in how visible light may influence the formation pathways of specific secondary compounds are still lacking. Establishing an analytical protocol for the study of wavelength-dependence of pigments on photo-redox pathways is relevant for the safe illumination of paintings, especially in view of the possible use of spectrally tunable light sources such as white light emitting diodes (WLEDs). In this work, we propose an integrated approach based on a combination of diffuse reflectance UV-visible, synchrotron radiation (SR)-based micro X-ray fluorescence (m-XRF)/X-ray absorption near edge structure (m-XANES) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies to study the photo-redox process of Cr(VI) -> Cr(III) for lead chromate yellows (PbCr1-xSxO4, 0 <= x <= 0.8) under exposure to different monochromatic light. In view of the thin (3-5 mm) alteration layer that is formed at the paint surface after light exposure, SR-based Cr K-edge mu-XANES/mu-XRF analysis was employed to obtain information on the abundance, nature and distribution of the alteration of Cr(III)-compounds at the micrometricscale level. On the other hand, EPR spectroscopy was used as a complementary tool to the SR-based X-ray methods due to its sensitivity for revealing species containing one or more unpaired electrons and for distinguishing different coordination geometries of paramagnetic centers, such as Cr(V)-species. Semi-quantitative indications about the darkening of the paint surface were obtained by UV-Vis spectroscopy. An abundance of reduced Cr down to around 50% was detected at the aged surface of chrome yellow paints. The reduction process was favored not only by wavelengths shorter than 460 nm (i.e., where the pigment shows its maximum absorption) but also by light in the 490-530 nm range. The first evidence of the presence of Cr(V)-intermediates in the Cr(VI) -> Cr(III) reduction reaction allowed the risks of inducing photo-degradation of the 490-530 nm wavelength range to be explained.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000356971900004	Publication Date	2015-04-15
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	17	Open Access
	Notes	; This research was supported by the Italian projects PRIN-(SICH) and PON- (ITACHA) and by Belgian Science Policy project S2-ART (BELSPO S4DA), the GOA “SOLARPAINT” (Research Fund Antwerp University, Belgium) and FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0C12.13, G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. ESRF is acknowledged for the grants received (experiments HG18 and HG26). L.S. and L.M. acknowledge the financial support of Ente-CRF and CNR-Short Term Mobility Programme 2013, respectively. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2015 IF: 3.466
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:127059			Serial	5862
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	Author	Janssens, K.
	Title	Synchrotron radiation in art and archaeology			Type	Editorial
	Year	2011	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	26	Issue	5	Pages	883-884
	Keywords	Editorial; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000289731900001	Publication Date	2011-04-13
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	5	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2011 IF: 3.220
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:89918			Serial	5864
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	Author	Cotte, M.; Pouyet, E.; Salome, M.; Rivard, C.; De Nolf, W.; Castillo-Michel, H.; Fabris, T.; Monico, L.; Janssens, K.; Wang, T.; Sciau, P.; Verger, L.; Cormier, L.; Dargaud, O.; Brun, E.; Bugnazet, D.; Fayard, B.; Hesse, B.; del Real, A.E.P.; Veronesi, G.; Langlois, J.; Balcar, N.; Vandenberghe, Y.; Sole, V.A.; Kieffer, J.; Barrett, R.; Cohen, C.; Cornu, C.; Baker, R.; Gagliardini, E.; Papillon, E.; Susini, J.
	Title	The ID21 X-ray and infrared microscopy beamline at the ESRF: status and recent applications to artistic materials			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2017	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	32	Issue	3	Pages	477-493
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The ID21 beamline (European Synchrotron Radiation facility, France) is a multi micro-analytical platform combining X-ray and infrared micro-probes, for characterization of elements, species, molecular groups and crystalline structures in complex materials. Applications are mainly in the fields of cultural heritage, life science, environmental and earth sciences, materials sciences. Here, we first present the status of instruments: (i) the scanning micro-spectroscopy end-station, operating from 2.0 to 9.2 keV, under vacuum and offering cryo conditions, for the acquisition of 2D micro X-ray fluorescence (mu XRF) maps, single point micro X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (mu XANES) spectra and speciation maps with sub-micrometric resolution; (ii) the XANES full-field end-station, operating in the same vacuum and energy conditions, for the acquisition of hyper-spectral radiographs of thin concentrated samples, resulting in speciation maps with micrometric resolution and millimetric field of view; (iii) the scanning micro-X-ray diffraction (mu XRD)/mu XRF end-station, operating at 8.5 keV, in air, for the acquisition of 2D crystalline phase maps, with micrometric resolution; and (iv) the scanning infrared microscope, operating in the mid-infrared range for the acquisition of molecular maps and some structural maps with micrometric resolution. Recent hardware and software developments are presented, as well as new protocols for improved sample preparation of thin sections. Secondly, a review of recent applications for the study of cultural heritage is presented, illustrated by various examples: determination of the origin of the color in blue Chinese porcelains and in brown Sevres porcelains; detection of lead in ink on Herculaneum papyri; identification and degradation of modeling materials used by Auguste Rodin and of chrome yellow pigments used by Vincent van Gogh. Cryo capabilities are illustrated by the analysis of plants exposed to chromate solutions. These examples show the variety of materials analyzed, of questions tackled, and particularly the multiple advantages of the ID21 analytical platform for the analysis of ancient and artistic materials.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000396286900002	Publication Date	2016-12-14
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	39	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:142493			Serial	5874
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	Author	Radepont, M.; Coquinot, Y.; Janssens, K.; Ezrati, J.-J.; de Nolf, W.; Cotte, M.
	Title	Thermodynamic and experimental study of the degradation of the red pigment mercury sulfide			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	30	Issue	3	Pages	599-612
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The red pigment mercury sulfide, called cinnabar or vermilion, is well known to suffer from an alteration giving rise to a grey, grey-white or black color at the surface of degraded works of art. This phenomenon can dramatically affect the esthetical value of artworks. This work aims at assessing the factors (light, halides) influencing the instability of red mercury sulfide and understanding (by combining thermodynamic and experimental approaches) the chemical equilibria governing the formation and evolution of the different degradation compounds. From the thermodynamic study of the Hg-S-Cl-H2O system, it was concluded that Hg(0), Hg3S2Cl2, and Hg2Cl2 can be formed from the reaction of alpha-HgS with ClO(g). In the second part, the artificial ageing experiments presented were carried out on model samples following the conditions assessed in the first part, in order to reproduce natural ageing observed on red mercury sulfide. Similarly to degradation compounds detected on original works of art, mercury chlorine compounds such as calomel (Hg2Cl2) and corderoite (alpha-Hg3S2Cl2) were identified on the surface of alpha-HgS model samples, when exposed to light and a sodium hypochlorite solution. Sulfates were detected as well, and more particularly gypsum (CaSO4 center dot 2H(2)O) when Ca was originally present in the model sample. The relationship between color and composition is discussed as well.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000350650800005	Publication Date	2015-01-02
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	26	Open Access
	Notes	; The authors gratefully acknowledge the ESRF for granting beamtime under proposal no. EC720. Michel Dubus is thanked for providing precious advices concerning ageing protocols. This research was supported by Belgian Science Policy project S2-ART (BELSPO S4DA), the GOA “SOLARPAINT” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0C12.13, G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2015 IF: 3.466
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:125474			Serial	5877
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	Author	de Raedt, I.; Janssens, K.; Veeckman, J.; Vincze, L.; Vekemans, B.; Jeffries, T.
	Title	Trace analysis allows to distinguish between Venetian and facon-de-Venise glass vessels of the 16th and 17th century			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2001	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	16	Issue	9	Pages	1012-1017
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000171287600020	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	49	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2001 IF: 3.305
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:34090			Serial	5878
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	Author	Kempenaers, L.; Bings, N.H.; Jeffries, T.E.; Vekemans, B.; Janssens, K.
	Title	The use of LA-ICP-MS for the characterization of the micro-heterogeneity of heavy metals in BCR CRM 680			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2001	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	16	Issue	9	Pages	1006-1011
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000171287600019	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	23	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2001 IF: 3.305
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:34091			Serial	5893
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	Author	Janssens, K.; Vincze, L.; Vekemans, B.; Adams, F.; Haller, M.; Knöchel, A.
	Title	The use of lead-glass capillaries for microfocusing of highly energetic (0-60 KeV) synchrotron radiation			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1998	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	13	Issue	5	Pages	339-350
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000073808900004	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 1998 IF: 3.845
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:19321			Serial	5895
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	Author	Radepont, M.; de Nolf, W.; Janssens, K.; van der Snickt, G.; Coquinot, Y.; Klaassen, L.; Cotte, M.
	Title	The use of microscopic X-ray diffraction for the study of HgS and its degradation products corderoite (\alpha-Hg₃S₂Cl₂), kenhsuite (\gamma-Hg₃S₂Cl₂) and calomel (Hg₂Cl₂) in historical paintings			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	26	Issue	5	Pages	959-968
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Since antiquity, the red pigment mercury sulfide (α-HgS), called cinnabar in its natural form or vermilion red when synthetic, was very often used in frescoes and paintings, even if it was known to suffer occasionally from degradation. The paint hereby acquires a black or silver-grey aspect. The chemical characterization of these alteration products is rather challenging mainly because of the micrometric size and heterogeneity of the surface layers that develop and that are responsible for the color change. Methods such as electron microscopy, synchrotron-based microscopic X-ray fluorescence, microscopic X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy, Raman microscopy and secondary ion microscopy have been previously employed to identify the (Hg- and S-) compounds present and to study their co-localization. Next to these, also microscopic X-ray diffraction (XRD) (either by making use of laboratory X-ray sources or when used at a synchrotron facility) allows the identification of the crystal phases that are present in degraded HgS paint layers. In this paper we employ these various forms of micro-XRD to analyze degraded red paint in different paintings and compare the results with other X-ray based methods. Whereas the elemental analyses of the degradation products revealed, next to mercury and sulfur, the presence of chlorine, X-ray diffraction allowed the identification, next to α-HgS, of the Hg and S-containing compound calomel (Hg2Cl2) but also of the Hg, S and Cl-containing minerals corderoite (α-Hg3S2Cl2) and kenhsuite (γ-Hg3S2Cl2). These observations are consistent with X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements performed at the S- and Cl-edges.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000289731900011	Publication Date	2011-03-03
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	40	Open Access
	Notes	; The authors gratefully acknowledge GOA programme “XANES meets EELS'' (University of Antwerp Research Council), the IUAP VI/P16 programme ”Nacho'' (BELSPO, Brussels, Belgium) and FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0689.06, G.0704.08 and G017909N for financial support, the ESRF for granting beamtime under proposals no. EC442 and EC720, and Gema Martinez-Criado for practical help on ID18F. The KMSKA staff is also gratefully acknowledged for their help and interest. Javier Chillida is thanked for providing us with the Pedralbes samples. The authors are also indebted to the CHARISMA project (grant agreement 228330) for financial support. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2011 IF: 3.220
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:89927			Serial	5896
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	Author	Vermeulen, M.; Nuyts, G.; Sanyova, J.; Vila, A.; Buti, D.; Suuronen, J.-P.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Visualization of As(III) and As(V) distributions in degraded paint micro-samples from Baroque- and Rococo-era paintings			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	31	Issue	9	Pages	1913-1921
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Orpiment and realgar, both arsenic sulfide pigments respectively used for their vivid yellow and red-orange hues, are two of many artists' pigments that appear not to be stable upon light exposure, quickly degrading to arsenic trioxide and arsenate. This often results in whitening or transparency in the painted surfaces. While conventional techniques such as microscopic Raman (mu-RS) and microscopic Fourier transform infrared (mu-FTIR) spectroscopies can allow a quick and relatively easy identification of the orpiment, realgar, artificial arsenic sulfide glass and, to some extent, arsenic oxide, the identification and visualization of distributions of the degradation products – and especially arsenate compounds – in the paint micro-samples is generally more challenging. This challenge is due to the rather unfavorable limit of detection and low spectral resolution of such conventional spectroscopic techniques. This restricts the conclusions that can be drawn regarding the conservation state of valuable works of art. In this paper, we present how synchrotron radiation (SR) based techniques can overcome this challenge while working on painting cross-sections taken from a 17th-century painting by the Flemish artist Daniel Seghers (oil on canvas, Statens Museum for Kunst, Denmark) and an 18th-century French Chinoiserie (private collection, France). SR micro-X-ray fluorescence (m-XRF) mapping analysis performed on a visually degraded orpiment-containing paint stratigraphy reveals that arsenic is distributed throughout the entire cross-section, while X-ray absorption near edge structure (mu-XANES) demonstrated that the arsenic is present in both arsenite (As-III) and arsenate (As-V) forms. The latter compound(s), despite being barely identifiable by means of FTIR, were not only located at the surface of large and partially altered grains of arsenic sulfide but also spread throughout the entire paint stratigraphy. Their presence and distribution are attributed either to the complete degradation of smaller arsenic sulfide grains or to migration of the arsenates within the paint layer away from their original location of formation. The combination of mu-XRF and mu-XANES was very useful for the characterization of the advanced degradation state of the arsenic-containing pigments in paint systems; this type of information could not be obtained by means of conventional spectroscopic methods of microanalysis.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000382071200017	Publication Date	2016-08-01
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	20	Open Access
	Notes	; This research is made possible with the support of the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO) through the research program Science for a Sustainable Development – SDD, “Long-term role and fate of metal-sulfides in painted works of art – S2ART” (SD/RI/04A). The CATS gratefully acknowledge VILLUM FONDEN and VELUX FONDEN for infra-structural financial support as well as Anne Haack Christensen, Hannah Tempest and Johanne M. Nielsen for their help and suggestions. The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility is acknowledged for provision of synchrotron radiation facilities. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:135691			Serial	5907
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	Author	Kuczumow, A.; Vekemans, B.; Schalm, O.; Gysels, K.; Ro, C.-U.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Analysis of speleothems by electron and X-ray microprobes			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2001	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	16	Issue		Pages	90-95
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000166644100015	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:32123			Serial	7451
Permanent link to this record



	Author	van Meel, K.; Fontàs, C.; Van Grieken, R.; Queralt, I.; Hidalgo, M.; Marguí, E.
	Title	Application of high-energy polarised beam energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to cadmium determination in saline solutions			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2008	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	23	Issue	7	Pages	1034-1037
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000257146000017	Publication Date	2008-04-22
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:69424			Serial	7476
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Bencs, L.; Szakács, O.; Szoboszlai, N.; Ajtony, Z.; Bozsai, G.
	Title	Characteristics of atomic absorption calibration curves with the transversely heated graphite furnace			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2003	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	18	Issue	2	Pages	105-110
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Calibration curves with two quasi-linear sections ("double sloping'') were observed for the medium volatile elements, Cr and Cu, with the use of a SIMAA 6000 graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer under interrupted internal gas flow conditions. If a standard transversally heated graphite atomizer (THGA) tube was shortened by 0.5 mm at both of its ends, (i.e. the gaps were enlarged between graphite furnace housing and tube ends), a stronger declination of the calibration curves resulted. Elements with fairly high diffusion coefficients (>5.8 cm(2) s(-1)) and with short appearance time of their transients (<0.6 s), such as Cr and Cu, have shown the most characteristic sensitivity drop towards higher concentrations. This anomalous feature could be eliminated in three different ways; (1) by applying end-capped THGA tubes, (2) using mini-flow (50 cm(3) min(-1)) conditions during the atomization stage, and (3) by adding Pd-Mg chemical modifier. For the low volatile Mo and V, the calibration curves had no irregular shape. For Ag, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn and Ni, the mini-flow settings improved the linearity of the calibration curves and extended the upper limit of the linear calibration range by a factor of 1.5-2.0. The irregular characteristic of the analytical curves was interpreted as an increased vapour loss at higher analyte concentrations through the opened ends of the standard THGA tubes. This vapour loss was associated with the significantly diverse expulsion velocities of atoms, caused by the difference in temperature and concentration gradients, when evaporating amounts of analytes with more than one order of magnitude difference.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000180666600003	Publication Date	2003-01-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:103320			Serial	7606
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Lachmann, T.; van der Snickt, G.; Haschke, M.; Mantouvalou, I.
	Title	Combined 1D, 2D and 3D micro-XRF techniques for the analysis of illuminated manuscripts			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	31	Issue	10	Pages	1989-1997
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The combination of several micro-XRF analysis modes is presented for the investigation of an illuminated parchment manuscript. With a commercial instrument, conventional micro-XRF spot analysis (0D) and mapping (2D) are performed, yielding detailed lateral elemental information. Depth resolution becomes accessible by mounting an additional polycapillary lens in front of an SDD detector. Quantitative confocal depth profiles (1D) are presented as well as the full separation of the front and the backside decorations with the help of fast 3D mappings of specific areas. Only through the use of these multidimensional modes can elemental information be assigned both to lateral and depth positions, making the analysis of such heterogeneous samples feasible.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000385362200004	Publication Date	2016-08-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:144755			Serial	7679
Permanent link to this record



	Author	de Gendt, S.; Van Grieken, R.; Hang, W.; Harrison, W.W.
	Title	Comparison between direct current and radiofrequency glow discharge mass spectrometry for the analysis of oxide-based samples			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1995	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	10	Issue		Pages	689-695
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1995RW12800022	Publication Date	2004-04-20
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:12352			Serial	7689
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Kuczumow, A.; Schmeling, M.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Critical assessment and proposal for reconstruction of a grazing emission X-ray fluorescence instrument			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2000	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	15	Issue		Pages	535-542
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000086871600008	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:27852			Serial	7741
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Tsuji, K.; Nullens, R.; Wagatsuma, K.; Van Grieken, R.E.
	Title	Elemental x-ray images obtained by grazing-exit electron probe microanalysis (GE-EPMA)			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1999	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	14	Issue		Pages	1711-1713
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000083208000009	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:34103			Serial	7896
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Schalm, O.; Cabal, A.; van Espen, P.; Laquière, N.; Storme, P.
	Title	Improved radiographic methods for the investigation of paintings using laboratory and synchrotron X-ray sources			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	26	Issue	5	Pages	1068-1077
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	It is generally known that radiographic inspection of 1517th century paintings can easily be done with a polychromatic X-ray source using a voltage between 20 kV and 40 kV in combination with classic X-ray films. Unfortunately, the spatial structure of numerous 19th and early 20th century paintings cannot be visualized with conventional radiography due to several reasons such as the use of lead white grounds or low absorbing pigments. Radiographic images are blurred or worse, they do not contain the picture of the painting. During the last decades, many technological innovations have been introduced in the field of radiography but their possibilities in cultural heritage have not been explored in full detail. In our investigation we used phosphor imaging plates, energy dispersive detectors and CCD-cameras in combination with synchrotron radiation and conventional X-ray tubes in order to improve the quality of radiographic images. Several promising techniques that could improve the quality of radiographs of paintings were identified.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000289731900023	Publication Date	2011-04-11
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:89928			Serial	8070
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Bruynseels, F.; Otten, P.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Inorganic nitrogen speciation in single micrometer-size particles by laser microprobe mass analysis			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1988	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	3	Issue		Pages	237-240
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Individual micrometer-size particles of inorganic nitrogen salts, such as NaNO3, NaNO2, (NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl, NH4NO3 and their mixtures, were analysed in the laser microprobe mass analyser. The cluster-ion distributions of the salts are systematically described and can be used to gain speciation information. The results can be used to study the distribution of the atmospheric aerosol inorganic nitrogen compounds and to investigate their chemical transformations under ambient conditions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1988M144200041	Publication Date	2004-04-20
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116800			Serial	8106
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Schelles, W.; de Gendt, S.; Van Grieken, R.E.
	Title	Optimization of secondary cathode thickness for direct current glow discharge mass spectrometric analysis of glass			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1996	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	11	Issue		Pages	937-941
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1996VP01000007	Publication Date	2004-04-20
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:14656			Serial	8341
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Vekemans, B.; Vincze, L.; Brenker, F.E.; Adams, F.
	Title	Processing of three-dimensional microscopic X-ray fluorescence data			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2004	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	19	Issue		Pages	1302-1308
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000224275400005	Publication Date	2004-10-05
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:48543			Serial	8419
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Verlinden, B.; Van Hoecke, K.; Aerts, A.; Daems, N.; Dobney, A.; Janssens, K.; Cardinaels, T.
	Title	Quantification of boron in cells for evaluation of drug agents used in boron neutron capture therapy			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2021	Publication	Journal Of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	36	Issue	3	Pages	598-606
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is an extensively studied radiotherapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. BNCT is based on irradiation of malignant tumour cells with neutrons after uptake of a B-10 containing molecule. Alpha particles, locally produced by neutron irradiation kill the cancer cells. Important for ongoing research regarding cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of a large variety of B-10 containing molecules is the accurate determination of boron concentrations in cell cultures. In this work, the sample preparation for quantitative inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis on cell cultures was optimized. By making use of acid digestion combined with UV digestion, low detection limits (0.4 mu g L-1) and full recoveries of boron could be achieved while measurements were free of spectral and non-spectral interferences. Finally, cell-associated boron in the form of 4-borono-l-phenylalanine (l-BPA) in vascular endothelial cell cultures could be determined with ICP-MS as (1.26 +/- 0.10) x 10(9) boron atoms per cell. The developed method can prove its importance for further BNCT research and elemental analysis of cell cultures.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000629283400009	Publication Date	2021-01-14
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited		Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:177656			Serial	8435
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Kuczumow, A.; Claes, M.; Schmeling, M.; Van Grieken, R.; de Gendt, S.
	Title	Quantification problems in light element determination by grazing emission X-ray fluorescence			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2000	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	15	Issue		Pages	415-421
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000086323700017	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:27592			Serial	8437
Permanent link to this record



	Author	de Gendt, S.; Schelles, W.; Van Grieken, R.; Müller, V.
	Title	Quantitative analysis of iron-rich and other oxide-based samples by means of glow discharge mass spectrometry			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1995	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	10	Issue		Pages	681-687
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1995RW12800021	Publication Date	2004-04-20
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:12351			Serial	8438
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Schelles, W.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Quantitative analysis of zirconium oxide by direct glow discharge mass spectrometry using a secondary cathode			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1997	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	12	Issue		Pages	49-52
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:18774			Serial	8439
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Szalóki, I.; Braun, M.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Quantitative characterisation of the leaching of lead and other elements from glazed surfaces of historical ceramics			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2000	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	15	Issue		Pages	843-850
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000088267700006	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:28426			Serial	8440
Permanent link to this record



	Author	van Dyck, K.; Robberecht, H.; van Cauwenbergh, R.; Deelstra, H.; Arnaud, J.; Willemyns, L.; Benijts, F.; Centeno, J.A.; Taylor, H.; Soares, M.E.; Bastos, M.L.; Ferreira, M.A.; d'Haese, P.C.; Lamberts, L.V.; Hoenig, M.; Knapp, G.; Lugowski, S.J.; Moens, L.; Riondato, J.; Van Grieken, R.; Claes, M.; Verheyen, R.; Clement, L.; Uytterhoeven, M.
	Title	Spectrometric determination of silicon in food and biological samples: an interlaboratory trial			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2000	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	15	Issue	6	Pages	735-741
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology; Pathophysiology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Accuracy and precision of silicon determination in biological matrices (serum, urine, water, beer and spinach) by spectrometric techniques (when necessary after acid destruction) were assessed by means of a collaborative interlaboratory trial. The trial was set up in accordance with ISO 5725-2 (1994). The relative overall repeatability standard deviation was acceptable. It varied between 4% for spinach powder (mean content: 176 mg kg(-1)) and 11% for serum (mean content: 5.33 mg L-1). On the other hand, the relative overall between-laboratory standard deviation was found to vary from a satisfactorily 15% for spinach after destruction (mean content: 3.32 mg L-1) to an unacceptable 107% for spinach powder (mean content: 176 mg kg(-1)). The overall conclusion of the trial was that silicon determination in biological matrices can properly be performed by spectrometric techniques. However, when sample pretreatment (i.e., acid destruction) is needed prior to silicon determination problems still remain.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000087419300025	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:27841			Serial	8574
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Jembrih-Simbürger, D.; Neelmeijer, C.; Schalm, O.; Fredrickx, P.; Schreiner, M.; De Vis, K.; Mäder, M.; Schryvers, D.; Caen, J.
	Title	The colour of silver stained glass : analytical investigations carried out with XRF, SEM/EDX, TEM and IBA			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2002	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	17	Issue		Pages	321-328
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Art; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Glass treated on its surface with silver compounds and an aluminosilicate, such as ochre or clay, at higher temperatures (between 550 and 650 °C) accepts a wide variety of a yellow colour. It is the aim of this study to investigate the parameters of the manufacturing process affecting the final colour of silver stained glass and to correlate them with the final colour and colour intensity. Therefore, defined mixtures of ochre and a silver compound (AgCl, AgNO3, Ag2SO4, Ag3PO4, Ag2O) were prepared and applied on soda-lime glass. The firing process was modified within the range from 563 to 630 °C and glass samples were analysed after treatment with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis (EDXRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), as well as ion beam analysis (IBA) with an external beam. Within the scope of IBA simultaneous measurements using particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE), particle-induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE), and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) were carried out in order to obtain the thickness of the Ag-rich surface layer and the depth distribution of Ag. By means of TEM the microstructure of the silver particles was visualised. XRF results show that the lowest amount of Ag could be detected on glass samples treated with silver stain mixtures containing AgCl and Ag2O. A low kiln temperature (e.g. 563 °C) results in a higher silver concentration at the surface and lower penetration depths. Furthermore, the results obtained with SEM/EDX at cross-sections of the glass samples could be confirmed by PIXE, PIGE, RBS, and TEM.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos	000175158900001	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477;1364-5544;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	42	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2002 IF: 4.250
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:48775			Serial	395
Permanent link to this record