Abstract: To properly estimate and manage pesticide occurrence in urban rivers, it is essential, but often highly challenging, to identify the key pesticide transport pathways in association to the main sources. This study examined the concentration-discharge hysteresis behaviour (hysteresis analysis) for three pesticides and the parent-metabolite concentration dynamics for two metabolites at sites with different levels of urban influence in a mixed land use catchment (25 km(2)) within the Swiss Greifensee area, aiming to identify the dominant pesticide transport pathways. Combining an adapted hysteresis classification framework with prior knowledge of the field conditions and pesticide usage, we demonstrated the possibility of using hysteresis analysis to qualitatively infer the dominant pesticide transport pathway in mixed land-use catchments. The analysis showed that hysteresis types, and therefore the dominant transport pathway, vary among pesticides, sites and rainfall events. Hysteresis loops mostly correspond to dominant transport by flow components with intermediate response time, although pesticide sources indicate that fast transport pathways are responsible in most cases (e.g. urban runoff and combined sewer overflows). The discrepancy suggests the fast transport pathways can be slowed down due to catchment storages, such as topographic depressions in agricultural areas, a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and other artificial storage units (e.g. retention basins) in urban areas. Moreover, the WWTP was identified as an important factor modifying the parent-metabolite concentration dynamics during rainfall events. To properly predict and manage pesticide occurrence in catchments of mixed land uses, the hydrological delaying effect and chemical processes within the artificial structures need to be accounted for, in addition to the catchment hydrology and the diversity of pesticide sources. This study demonstrates that in catchments with diverse pesticide sources and complex transport mechanisms, the adapted hysteresis analysis can help to improve our understanding on pesticide transport behaviours and provide a basis for effective management strategies.(C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Abstract: Two-dimensional (2D) perovskite oxide interfaces are ideal systems to uncover diverse emergent properties, such as the arising polaronic properties from short-range charge-lattice interactions. Thus, a technique to detect this quasiparticle phenomenon at the buried interface is highly coveted. Here, we report the observation of 2D small-polarons at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 conducting interface using high-resolution spectroscopic ellipsometry. First-principles investigations show that interfacial electron-lattice coupling mediated by the longitudinal phonon mode facilitates the formation of these polarons. This study resolves the long-standing question by attributing the formation of interfacial 2D small polarons to the significant mismatch between experimentally measured interfacial carrier density and theoretical values. Our study sheds light on the complexity of broken periodic lattice-induced quasi-particle effects and its relationship with exotic phenomena at complex oxide interfaces. Meanwhile, this work establishes spectroscopic ellipsometry as a useful technique to detect and locate optical evidence of polaronic states and other emerging quantum properties at the buried interface.

Abstract: Polycrystalline samples of Cs1.17In0.81Cl3 were prepared by annealing a mixture of CsCl, InCl, and InCl3, stoichiometric for the targeted CsInCl3. Synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction refinement and chemical analysis by energy dispersive X-ray indicated that Cs1.17In0.81Cl3, a tetragonal distorted perovskite derivative (I4/m), is the thermodynamically stable product. The refined unit cell parameters and space group were confirmed by electron diffraction. In the tetragonal structure, In+ and In3+ are located in four different crystallographic sites, consistent with their corresponding bond lengths. In1, In2, and In3 are octahedrally coordinated, whereas In4 is at the center of a pentagonal bipyramid of Cl because of the noncooperative octahedral tilting of In4Cl6. The charged-ordered In+ and In3+ were also confirmed by X-ray absorption and Raman spectroscopy. Cs1.17In0.81Cl3 is the first example of an inorganic halide double perovskite derivative with charged-ordered In+ and In3+. Band structure and optical conductivity calculations were carried out with both generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and modified Becke-Johnson (mBJ) approach; the GGA calculations estimated the band gap and optical band gap to be 2.27 eV and 2.4 eV, respectively. The large and indirect band gap suggests that Cs1.17In0.81Cl3 is not a good candidate for photovoltaic application.

Abstract: Transition metal L2,3 electron energy-loss spectra for a wide range of V-, Mn- and Fe-based oxides were recorded and carefully analyzed for their correlation with the formal oxidation states of the transition metal ions. Special attention is paid to obtain an accurate energy scale which provides absolute energy positions for all core-loss edges. The white-line ratio method, chemical shift method, ELNES fitting method, two-parameter method and other methods are compared and their validity is discussed. Both the ELNES fitting method and the chemical shift method have the advantage of a wide application range and good consistency but require special attention to accurately measure the core-loss edge position. The obtained conclusions are of fundamental importance, e.g., for obtaining atomic resolution oxidation state information in modern experiments.

Abstract: Using a combination of high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy and atomically resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy in an aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope we demonstrate the possibility of 2D atom by atom valence mapping in the mixed valence compound Mn3O4. The Mn L2,3 energy-loss near-edge structures from Mn2+ and Mn3+ cation sites are similar to those of MnO and Mn2O3 references. Comparison with simulations shows that even though a local interpretation is valid here, intermixing of the inelastic signal plays a significant role. This type of experiment should be applicable to challenging topics in materials science, such as the investigation of charge ordering or single atom column oxidation states in, e.g., dislocations.

Abstract: For the first time, the local structure and physical properties of Ru1222 based compounds (RuSr(2)Gd(1.4)Ce(0.6)Cu(2)O(10-delta) and RuSr(2)Gd(1.8-x)Y(0.2)CexCu(2)O(10) (x = 0.90-0.55)) have been investigated and analyzed together on the very same compounds. The Ru1222 superstructure was confirmed by TEM at a local scale and was suggested to have an orthorhombic symmetry with space group Aba2 and lattice parameters a(s) similar or equal to root 2a, b(s) similar or equal to root 2a and c(s) = c. This new Ru1222 superstructure distortion from tetragonal symmetry is proposed to have a positive correlation with the superconductivity variation of these compounds. The more the distortion towards orthorhombic symmetry, the higher the critical superconducting temperature these compounds can achieve. The T(c)(0) of RuSr(2)Gd(1.8-x)Y(0.2)Ce(x)Cu(2)O(10-delta) (x = 0.85-0.55) increases monotonically from 4 to 16 K when x decreases from 0.85 to 0.70, then RuSr(2)Gd(2)Cu(2)O(8) defects emerge and the T(c) decreases with decreasing x. Ru1212 defects are observed to intergrow epitaxially with the Ru1222 structure as lamellas along the c-axis in RuSr(2)Gd(1.4)Ce(0.6)Cu(2)O(10-delta). Although Ru1212 is a superconductor, the intergrowth severely restrains its superconductivity.

Abstract: In the last decades, non-thermal plasma has been extensively investigated as a relevant tool for various biomedical applications, ranging from tissue decontamination to regeneration and from skin treatment to tumor therapies. This high versatility is due to the different kinds and amount of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that can be generated during a plasma treatment and put in contact with the biological target. Some recent studies report that solutions of biopolymers with the ability to generate hydrogels, when treated with plasma, can enhance the generation of reactive species and influence their stability, resulting thus in the ideal media for indirect treatments of biological targets. The direct effects of the plasma treatment on the structure of biopolymers in water solution, as well as the chemical mechanisms responsible for the enhanced generation of RONS, are not yet fully understood. In this study, we aim at filling this gap by investigating, on the one hand, the nature and extent of the modifications induced by plasma treatment in alginate solutions, and, on the other hand, at using this information to explain the mechanisms responsible for the enhanced generation of reactive species as a consequence of the treatment. The approach we use is twofold: (i) investigating the effects of plasma treatment on alginate solutions, by size exclusion chromatography, rheology and scanning electron microscopy and (ii) study of a molecular model (glucuronate) sharing its chemical structure, by chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and by molecular dynamics simulations. Our results point out the active role of the biopolymer chemistry during direct plasma treatment. Short-lived reactive species, such as OH radicals and O atoms, can modify the polymer structure, affecting its functional groups and causing partial fragmentation. Some of these chemical modifications, like the generation of organic peroxide, are likely responsible for the secondary generation of long-lived reactive species such as hydrogen peroxide and nitrite ions. This is relevant in view of using biocompatible hydrogels as vehicles for storage and delivery reactive species for targeted therapies.

Abstract: Solid films of colloidal quantum dots show promise in the manufacture of photodetectors and solar cells. These devices require high yields of photogenerated charges and high carrier mobilities, which are difficult to achieve in quantum-dot films owing to a strong electronhole interaction and quantum confinement. Here, we show that the quantum yield of photogenerated charges in strongly coupled PbSe quantum-dot films is unity over a large temperature range. At high photoexcitation density, a transition takes place from hopping between localized states to band-like transport. These strongly coupled quantum-dot films have electrical properties that approach those of crystalline bulk semiconductors, while retaining the size tunability and cheap processing properties of colloidal quantum dots.

Abstract: The electronic properties of monolayer phosphorene are exotic due to its puckered structure and large intrinsic direct band gap. We derive and discuss its band structure in the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field. Further, we evaluate the magneto-optical Hall and longitudinal optical conductivities as functions of temperature, magnetic field, and Fermi energy, and show that they are strongly influenced by the magnetic field. The imaginary part of the former and the real part of the latter exhibit regular interband oscillations as functions of the frequency omega in the range (h) over bar omega similar to 1.5-2 eV. Strong intraband responses in the latter and weak ones in the former occur at much lower frequencies. The magneto-optical response can be tuned in the microwave-to-terahertz and visible frequency ranges in contrast with a conventional two-dimensional electron gas or graphene in which the response is limited to the terahertz regime. This ability to isolate carriers in an anisotropic structure may make phosphorene a promising candidate for new optical devices.

Abstract: abstract not available

Abstract: YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-delta) (YBCO) grain boundaries characterized by a misalignment of the c-axes (45 degrees c-axis tilt or 45 degrees c-axis twist) have been obtained by employing a recently implemented biepitaxial technique. Junctions based on these grain boundaries exhibit good Josephson properties useful for applications. High values of the I(C)R(N) product and a Fraunhofer-like dependence of the critical current on the magnetic field, differently from traditional biepitaxial junctions, have been obtained. The correlation between transport properties and microstructure has been investigated by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), which was also performed on previously measured junctions. The presence of atomically clean basal plane (BP) faced tilt boundaries, among other types of interfaces, has been shown. The possibility of selecting these kinds of boundaries by controlling film growth, and their possible advantages in terms of reproducibility and uniformity of the junction properties an discussed. The possibility of employing these junctions to explore the symmetry of the order parameter is also discussed. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Abstract: The multiband effective-mass model of cylindrical self-assembled quantum dots in a magnetic field normal to the layer of the quantum dots is presented. The strain distribution is computed by the valence force field method. The strain-dependent multiband Hamiltonian is modified into an axially symmetric form, which commutes with the total angular momentum F-2 = fh. where f denotes the total magnetic quantum number. The heavy hole and the light hole parts in the mixed hole state are resolved. It is found that the heavy hole component dominates in the ground states for both f = 1/2 and 3/2. The electronic structure exhibits numerous anticrossings between the hole levels. The Zeeman splitting between the +\f\ and -\f\ states is also computed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Abstract: A comparative study is made of the strain distribution in cylindrical InAs/GaAs and InP/InGaP self-assembled quantum dots as obtained from isotropic elasticity theory, the anisotropic continuum mechanical model, and from atomistic calculations. For the isotropic case, the recently proposed approach [J. H. Davies, J. Appl. Phys. 84, 1358 (1998)] is used, while the finite-element method, the valence force field method, and Stillinger-Weber potentials are employed to calculate the strain in anisotropic structures. We found that all four methods result in strain distributions of similar shapes, but with notable quantitative differences inside the dot and near the disk-matrix boundary. The variations of the diagonal strains with the height of the quantum dot, with fixed radius, as calculated from all models, are almost linear. Furthermore, the energies of the band edges in the two types of quantum dots are extracted from the multiband effective-mass theory by inserting the strain distributions as obtained by the four models. We demonstrated that all strain models produce effective potentials for the heavy and light holes which agree very well inside the dot. A negligible anisotropy of all normal strains in the (x,y) plane is found, which, providing the axial symmetry of the kinetic part of the multiband effective-mass Hamiltonian, justifies the use of the axial approximation. Strain propagation along the vertical direction is also considered with the aim to study the influence of strain on the electron coupling in stacks of quantum dots. We found that the interaction between the strain fields of the individual quantum dots makes the effective quantum wells for the electrons in the conduction band shallower, thereby counteracting the quantum mechanical coupling. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.