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“Zinc and iron concentration as affected by nitrogen fertilization and their localization in wheat grain”. Singh BR, Timsina YN, Lind OC, Cagno S, Janssens K, Frontiers in plant science 9 (2018). http://doi.org/10.3389/FPLS.2018.00307
Abstract: Nearly half of the world cereal production comes from soils low or marginal in plant available zinc, leading to unsustainable and poor quality grain production. Therefore, the effects of nitrogen (N) rate and application time on zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) concentration in wheat grain were investigated. Wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Krabat) was grown in a growth chamber with 8 and 16 h of day and night periods, respectively. The N rates were 29, 43, and 57 mg N kg(-1) soil, equivalent to 80, 120, and 160 kg N ha(-1). Zinc and Fe were applied at 10 mg kg(-1) growth media. In one of the N treatments, additional Zn and Fe through foliar spray (6 mg of Zn or Fe in 10 ml water / pot) was applied. Micro-analytical localization of Zn and Fe within grain was performed using scanning macro-X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The following data were obtained: grain and straw yield pot 1, 1000 grains weight, number of grains pot 1, whole grain protein content, concentration of Zn and Fe in the grains. Grain yield increased from 80 to 120 kg N ha(-1) rates only and decreased at 160 kg N ha(-1) g. Relatively higher protein content and Zn and Fe concentration in the grain were recorded with the split N application of 160 kg N ha(-1). Soil and foliar supply of Zn and Fe (Zn + Fes+f), with a single application of 120 kg N ha(-1) N at sowing, increased the concentration of Zn by 46% and of Fe by 35%, as compared to their growth media application only. Line scans of freshly cut areas of sliced grains showed co-localization of Zn and Fe within germ, crease and aleurone. We thus conclude that split application of N at 160 kg ha(-1) at sowing and stem elongation, in combination with soil and foliar application of Zn and Fe, can be a good agricultural practice to enhance protein content and the Zn and Fe concentration in grain.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 4.298
Times cited: 8
DOI: 10.3389/FPLS.2018.00307
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“Agricultural land conversion drivers in Northeast Iran : application of structural equation model”. Azadi H, Akbar Barati A, Rafiaani P, Raufirad V, Zarafshani K, Mamoorian M, Van Passel S, Lebailly P, Applied Spatial Analysis And Policy 9, 591 (2016). http://doi.org/10.1007/S12061-015-9160-4
Abstract: Identifying driving forces behind agricultural land conversion (ALC) remains one of the most difficult challenges that agricultural and environmental scientists must continually deal with. The difficulty emerges from the fact that in ALC, multiple actions and interactions between different factors (i.e., economic, political, environmental, biophysical, institutional, and cultural) exist and make it difficult to understand the function of the processes behind the changes. The phenomenon of ALC in different countries is varied in terms of intensity, trends and drivers. The main goal of this study was to understand these drivers in Northeast Iran through applying structural equation model (SEM). Using multi-stage stratified random sampling, 101 executive officers participated in the study. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire. A multi-stakeholder analysis and a mixed-method (qualitative and quantitative) approach were applied. Results revealed that not only from the policy makers perspective but also based on the SEM, economic, political, technological, social and environmental factors should respectively be the five major drivers of ALC. The results also showed that among other drivers, more profitability of non-agriculture sectors, excessive rising of land prices, farmers income instability, land fragmentation, urban sprawl and inheritance laws are the main six causes of ALC. Hence, it can be concluded that policy-makers and planners need to take these drivers and subsidiaries more into consideration in order to properly respond to ALC.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Economics; Engineering Management (ENM)
Impact Factor: 1.825
Times cited: 6
DOI: 10.1007/S12061-015-9160-4
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“Non-thermal plasma accelerates astrocyte regrowth and neurite regeneration following physical trauma in vitro”. Katiyar KS, Lin A, Fridman A, Keating CE, Cullen DK, Miller V, Applied Sciences 9, 3747 (2019). http://doi.org/10.3390/APP9183747
Abstract: Non-thermal plasma (NTP), defined as a partially ionized gas, is an emerging technology with several biomedical applications, including tissue regeneration. In particular, NTP treatment has been shown to activate endogenous biological processes to promote cell regrowth, differentiation, and proliferation in multiple cell types. However, the effects of this therapy on nervous system regeneration have not yet been established. Accordingly, the current study explored the effects of a nanosecond-pulsed dielectric barrier discharge plasma on neural regeneration. Following mechanical trauma in vitro, plasma was applied either directly to (1) astrocytes alone, (2) neurons alone, or (3) neurons or astrocytes in a non-contact co-culture. Remarkably, we identified NTP treatment intensities that accelerated both neurite regeneration and astrocyte regrowth. In astrocyte cultures alone, an exposure of 20-90 mJ accelerated astrocyte re-growth up to three days post-injury, while neurons required lower treatment intensities (<= 20 mJ) to achieve sub-lethal outgrowth. Following injury to neurons in non-contact co-culture with astrocytes, 20 mJ exposure of plasma to only neurons or astrocytes resulted in increased neurite regeneration at three days post-treatment compared to the untreated, but no enhancement was observed when both cell types were treated. At day seven, although regeneration further increased, NTP did not elicit a significant increase from the control. However, plasma exposure at higher intensities was found to be injurious, underscoring the need to optimize exposure levels. These results suggest that growth-promoting physiological responses may be elicited via properly calibrated NTP treatment to neurons and/or astrocytes. This could be exploited to accelerate neurite re-growth and modulate neuron-astrocyte interactions, thereby hastening nervous system regeneration.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Impact Factor: 1.679
Times cited: 2
DOI: 10.3390/APP9183747
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“Pr/ZrO2 prepared by atomic trapping : an efficient catalyst for the conversion of glycerol to lactic acid with concomitant transfer hydrogenation of cyclohexene”. Tang Z, Liu P, Cao H, Bals S, Heeres HJ, Pescarmona PP, ACS catalysis 9, 9953 (2019). http://doi.org/10.1021/ACSCATAL.9B02139
Abstract: A series of heterogeneous catalysts consisting of highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles supported on nanosized ZrO2 (20 to 60 nm) was synthesized and investigated for the one-pot transfer hydrogenation between glycerol and cyclohexene to produce lactic acid and cyclohexane, without any additional H-2. Different preparation methods were screened, by varying the calcination and reduction procedures with the purpose of optimizing the dispersion of Pt species (i.e., as single-atom sites or extra-fine Pt nanoparticles) on the ZrO2 support. The Pt/ZrO2 catalysts were characterized by means of transmission electron microscopy techniques (HAADF-STEM, TEM), elemental analysis (ICP-OES, EDX mapping), N-2-physisorption, H-2 temperature-programmed-reduction (H-2-TPR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Based on this combination of techniques it was possible to correlate the temperature of the calcination and reduction treatments with the nature of the Pt species. The best catalyst consisted of subnanometer Pt clusters (<1 nm) and atomically dispersed Pt (as Pt2+ and Pt4+) on the ZrO2 support, which were converted into extra-fine Pt nanoparticles (average size = 1.4 nm) upon reduction. These nanoparticles acted as catalytic species for the transfer hydrogenation of glycerol with cyclohexene, which gave an unsurpassed 95% yield of lactic acid salt at 96% glycerol conversion (aqueous glycerol solution, NaOH as promoter, 160 degrees C, 4.5 h, at 20 bar N-2). This is the highest yield and selectivity of lactic acid (salt) reported in the literature so far. Reusability experiments showed a partial and gradual loss of activity of the Pt/ZrO2 catalyst, which was attributed to the experimentally observed aggregation of Pt nanoparticles.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 10.614
Times cited: 46
DOI: 10.1021/ACSCATAL.9B02139
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“Modeling the Impact of Urbanization on Land-Use Change in Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia: An Integrated Cellular Automata–Markov Chain Approach”. Fitawok MB, Derudder B, Minale AS, Van Passel S, Adgo E, Nyssen J, Land 9, 115 (2020). http://doi.org/10.3390/land9040115
Abstract: The fast-paced urbanization of recent decades entails that many regions are facing seemingly uncontrolled land-use changes (LUCs) that go hand in hand with a range of environmental and socio-economic challenges. In this paper, we use an integrated cellular automata–Markov chain (CA–MC) model to analyze and predict the urban expansion of and its impact on LUC in the city of Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. To this end, the research marshals high-resolution Landsat images of 1991, 2002, 2011, and 2018. An analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method is then used to identify the biophysical and socioeconomic factors underlying the expansion in the research area. It is shown that, during the period of study, built-up areas are rapidly expanding in the face of an overall decline of the farmland and vegetation cover. Drawing on a model calibration for 2018, the research predicts the possible geographies of LUC in the Bahir Dar area for 2025, 2034, and 2045. It is predicted that the conversions of other land-use types into built-up areas will persist in the southern, southwestern, and northeastern areas of the sprawling city, which can mainly be traced back to the uneven geographies of road accessibility, proximity to the city center, and slope variables. We reflect on how our findings can be used to facilitate sustainable urban development and land-use policies in the Bahir Dar area.
Keywords: A1 Journal Article; analytical hierarchy process; cellular automata; land-use change; Markov chain; urbanization; Engineering Management (ENM) ;
DOI: 10.3390/land9040115
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“On the Anti-Cancer Effect of Cold Atmospheric Plasma and the Possible Role of Catalase-Dependent Apoptotic Pathways”. Bengtson C, Bogaerts A, Cells 9, 2330 (2020). http://doi.org/10.3390/cells9102330
Abstract: Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a promising new agent for (selective) cancer treatment, but the underlying cause of the anti-cancer effect of CAP is not well understood yet. Among different theories and observations, one theory in particular has been postulated in great detail and consists of a very complex network of reactions that are claimed to account for the anti-cancer effect of CAP. Here, the key concept is a reactivation of two specific apoptotic cell signaling pathways through catalase inactivation caused by CAP. Thus, it is postulated that the anti-cancer effect of CAP is due to its ability to inactivate catalase, either directly or indirectly. A theoretical investigation of the proposed theory, especially the role of catalase inactivation, can contribute to the understanding of the underlying cause of the anti-cancer effect of CAP. In the present study, we develop a mathematical model to analyze the proposed catalase-dependent anti-cancer effect of CAP. Our results show that a catalase-dependent reactivation of the two apoptotic pathways of interest is unlikely to contribute to the observed anti-cancer effect of CAP. Thus, we believe that other theories of the underlying cause should be considered and evaluated to gain knowledge about the principles of CAP-induced cancer cell death.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Times cited: 2
DOI: 10.3390/cells9102330
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“Oxidative Stress-Inducing Anticancer Therapies: Taking a Closer Look at Their Immunomodulating Effects”. Van Loenhout J, Peeters M, Bogaerts A, Smits E, Deben C, Antioxidants 9, 1188 (2020). http://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9121188
Abstract: Cancer cells are characterized by higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared to normal cells as a result of an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants. However, cancer cells maintain their redox balance due to their high antioxidant capacity. Recently, a high level of oxidative stress is considered a novel target for anticancer therapy. This can be induced by increasing exogenous ROS and/or inhibiting the endogenous protective antioxidant system. Additionally, the immune system has been shown to be a significant ally in the fight against cancer. Since ROS levels are important to modulate the antitumor immune response, it is essential to consider the effects of oxidative stress-inducing treatments on this response. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanistic cellular responses of cancer cells towards exogenous and endogenous ROS-inducing treatments, as well as the indirect and direct antitumoral immune effects, which can be both immunostimulatory and/or immunosuppressive. For future perspectives, there is a clear need for comprehensive investigations of different oxidative stress-inducing treatment strategies and their specific immunomodulating effects, since the effects cannot be generalized over different treatment modalities. It is essential to elucidate all these underlying immune effects to make oxidative stress-inducing treatments effective anticancer therapy.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT); Center for Oncological Research (CORE)
Impact Factor: 7
DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121188
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“A 3D cell death assay to quantitatively determine ferroptosis in spheroids”. Demuynck R, Efimova I, Lin A, Declercq H, Krysko DV, Cells 9, 703 (2020). http://doi.org/10.3390/CELLS9030703
Abstract: The failure of drug efficacy in clinical trials remains a big issue in cancer research. This is largely due to the limitations of two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures, the most used tool in drug screening. Nowadays, three-dimensional (3D) cultures, including spheroids, are acknowledged to be a better model of the in vivo environment, but detailed cell death assays for 3D cultures (including those for ferroptosis) are scarce. In this work, we show that a new cell death analysis method, named 3D Cell Death Assay (3DELTA), can efficiently determine different cell death types including ferroptosis and quantitatively assess cell death in tumour spheroids. Our method uses Sytox dyes as a cell death marker and Triton X-100, which efficiently permeabilizes all cells in spheroids, was used to establish 100% cell death. After optimization of Sytox concentration, Triton X-100 concentration and timing, we showed that the 3DELTA method was able to detect signals from all cells without the need to disaggregate spheroids. Moreover, in this work we demonstrated that 2D experiments cannot be extrapolated to 3D cultures as 3D cultures are less sensitive to cell death induction. In conclusion, 3DELTA is a more cost-effective way to identify and measure cell death type in 3D cultures, including spheroids.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Times cited: 5
DOI: 10.3390/CELLS9030703
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“Source/drain materials for Ge nMOS devices: phosphorus activation in epitaxial Si, Ge, Ge1-xSnx and SiyGe1-x-ySnx”. Vohra A, Makkonen I, Pourtois G, Slotte J, Porret C, Rosseel E, Khanam A, Tirrito M, Douhard B, Loo R, Vandervorst W, Ecs Journal Of Solid State Science And Technology 9, 044010 (2020). http://doi.org/10.1149/2162-8777/AB8D91
Abstract: This paper benchmarks various epitaxial growth schemes based on n-type group-IV materials as viable source/drain candidates for Ge nMOS devices. Si:P grown at low temperature on Ge, gives an active carrier concentration as high as 3.5 x 10(20) cm(-3) and a contact resistivity down to 7.5 x 10(-9) Omega.cm(2). However, Si:P growth is highly defective due to large lattice mismatch between Si and Ge. Within the material stacks assessed, one option for Ge nMOS source/drain stressors would be to stack Si:P, deposited at contact level, on top of a selectively grown n-SiyGe1-x-ySnx at source/drain level, in line with the concept of Si passivation of n-Ge surfaces to achieve low contact resistivities as reported in literature (Martens et al. 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett., 98, 013 504). The saturation in active carrier concentration with increasing P (or As)-doping is the major bottleneck in achieving low contact resistivities for as-grown Ge or SiyGe1-x-ySnx. We focus on understanding various dopant deactivation mechanisms in P-doped Ge and Ge1-xSnx alloys. First principles simulation results suggest that P deactivation in Ge and Ge1-xSnx can be explained both by P-clustering and donor-vacancy complexes. Positron annihilation spectroscopy analysis, suggests that dopant deactivation in P-doped Ge and Ge1-xSnx is primarily due to the formation of P-n-V and SnmPn-V clusters. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published on behalf of The Electrochemical Society by IOP Publishing Limited.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Impact Factor: 2.2
DOI: 10.1149/2162-8777/AB8D91
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“Interface degradation and field screening mechanism behind bipolar-cycling fatigue in ferroelectric capacitors”. Do MT, Gauquelin N, Nguyen MD, Blom F, Verbeeck J, Koster G, Houwman EP, Rijnders G, Apl Materials 9, 021113 (2021). http://doi.org/10.1063/5.0038719
Abstract: Polarization fatigue, i.e., the loss of polarization of ferroelectric capacitors upon field cycling, has been widely discussed as an interface related effect. However, mechanism(s) behind the development of fatigue have not been fully identified. Here, we study the fatigue mechanisms in Pt/PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3/SrRuO3 (Pt/PZT/SRO) capacitors in which all layers are fabricated by pulsed laser deposition without breaking the vacuum. With scanning transmission electron microscopy, we observed that in the fatigued capacitor, the Pt/PZT interface becomes structurally degraded, forming a 5 nm-10 nm thick non-ferroelectric layer of crystalline ZrO2 and diffused Pt grains. We then found that the fatigued capacitors can regain the full initial polarization switching if the externally applied field is increased to at least 10 times the switching field of the pristine capacitor. These findings suggest that polarization fatigue is driven by a two-step mechanism. First, the transient depolarization field that repeatedly appears during the domain switching under field cycling causes decomposition of the metal/ferroelectric interface, resulting in a non-ferroelectric degraded layer. Second, this interfacial non-ferroelectric layer screens the external applied field causing an increase in the coercive field beyond the usually applied maximum field and consequently suppresses the polarization switching in the cycled capacitor. Our work clearly confirms the key role of the electrode/ferroelectric interface in the endurance of ferroelectric-based devices.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 4.335
Times cited: 5
DOI: 10.1063/5.0038719
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“Ultrafast reproducible synthesis of a Ag-nanocluster@MOF composite and its superior visible-photocatalytic activity in batch and in continuous flow”. Arenas-Vivo A, Rojas S, Ocaña I, Torres A, Liras M, Salles F, Arenas-Esteban D, Bals S, Ávila D, Horcajada P, Journal Of Materials Chemistry A 9, 15704 (2021). http://doi.org/10.1039/D1TA02251B
Abstract: The (photo)catalytic properties of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) can be enhanced by post-synthetic inclusion of metallic species in their porosity. Due to their extraordinarily high surface area and well defined porous structure, MOFs can be used for the stabilization of metal nanoparticles with adjustable size within their porosity. Originally, we present here an optimized ultrafast photoreduction protocol for the<italic>in situ</italic>synthesis of tiny and monodisperse silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) homogeneously supported on a photoactive porous titanium carboxylate MIL-125-NH<sub>2</sub>MOF. The strong metal–framework interaction between –NH<sub>2</sub>and Ag atoms influences the AgNC growth, leading to the surfactant-free efficient catalyst AgNC@MIL-125-NH<sub>2</sub>with improved visible light absorption. The potential use of AgNC@MIL-125-NH<sub>2</sub>was further tested in challenging applications: (i) the photodegradation of the emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) methylene blue (MB-dye) and sulfamethazine (SMT-antibiotic) in water treatment, and (ii) the catalytic hydrogenation of<italic>p</italic>-nitroaniline (4-NA) to<italic>p</italic>-phenylenediamine (PPD) with industrial interest. It is noteworthy that compared with the pristine MIL-125-NH<sub>2</sub>, the composite presents an improved catalytic activity and stability, being able to photodegrade 92% of MB in 60 min and 96% of SMT in 30 min, and transform 100% of 4-NA to PPD in 30 min. Aside from these very good results, this study describes for the first time the use of a MOF in a visible light continuous flow reactor for wastewater treatment. With only 10 mg of AgNC@MIL-125-NH<sub>2</sub>, high SMT removal efficiency over 70% is maintained after >2 h under water flow conditions found in real wastewater treatment plants, signaling a future real application of MOFs in water remediation.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 8.867
Times cited: 18
DOI: 10.1039/D1TA02251B
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“Asymmetric Interfacial Intermixing Associated Magnetic Coupling in LaMnO3/LaFeO3 Heterostructures”. Chen B, Gauquelin N, Green RJ, Verbeeck J, Rijnders G, Koster G, Frontiers in physics 9 (2021). http://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2021.698154
Abstract: The structural and magnetic properties of LaMnO<sub>3</sub>/LaFeO<sub>3</sub>(LMO/LFO) heterostructures are characterized using a combination of scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron energy-loss spectroscopy, bulk magnetometry, and resonant x-ray reflectivity. Unlike the relatively abrupt interface when LMO is deposited on top of LFO, the interface with reversed growth order shows significant cation intermixing of Mn<sup>3+</sup>and Fe<sup>3+</sup>, spreading ∼8 unit cells across the interface. The asymmetric interfacial chemical profiles result in distinct magnetic properties. The bilayer with abrupt interface shows a single magnetic hysteresis loop with strongly enhanced coercivity, as compared to the LMO plain film. However, the bilayer with intermixed interface shows a step-like hysteresis loop, associated with the separate switching of the “clean” and intermixed LMO sublayers. Our study illustrates the key role of interfacial chemical profile in determining the functional properties of oxide heterostructures.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Times cited: 1
DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2021.698154
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“A cross-European analysis of the impact of electricity pricing on battery uptake in residential microgrids with photovoltaic units”. Saviuc I, Milis K, Peremans H, Van Passel S, Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems 9, 1080368 (2021). http://doi.org/10.13044/J.SDEWES.D8.0368
Abstract: As decentralized electricity generation is supporting grid development into the prosumer era, this paper investigates the economic viability of adding batteries to residential microgrids powered by photovoltaic units, under various electricity pricing schemes. Batteries bring the benefits of grid-stabilization and congestion relief, and they are also becoming cheaper. The problem identified is that the main grid effectively acts as a lossless storage system, especially under the net-metering scheme, whereas using a battery involves investment costs and energy losses. This mismatch is addressed by analysing residential microgrid projects under seven tariff designs, each in seven countries of the European Union, and compare the economic viability of photovoltaic systems with and without batteries. The findings show that the conditions most favourable to batteries are given by a capacity tariff scheme allowing price arbitrage. Based on these findings, the paper discusses possibilities for further support in order to bring the economic viability of microgrids with batteries on par with that of microgrids without batteries.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering Management (ENM)
DOI: 10.13044/J.SDEWES.D8.0368
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“Uncovering ecosystem services of expropriated land : the case of urban expansion in Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia”. Admasu WF, Boerema A, Nyssen J, Minale AS, Tsegaye EA, Van Passel S, Land 9, 395 (2020). http://doi.org/10.3390/LAND9100395
Abstract: In Ethiopia, urban expansion happens at high rates and results in land expropriations often at the cost of agriculture and forests. The process of urban expansion does not include assessment of ecosystem services (ES). This has been causing unintended environmental problems. This study aims to uncover ES of three most important land use types (cropland, agroforestry, and grassland) that are threatened by land expropriation for urban expansion in Bahir Dar City. The study applied a participatory approach using community perception and expert judgments (N = 108). Respondents were asked to locate their perceptions on the use of 35 different ES, and then to evaluate the potential of the land use. Respondents were shown to have the ability to differentiate between ES and land use in terms of their potential to deliver ES. The results show that agroforestry is expected to have a high relevant potential to deliver 31% of all ES, but cropland 20% and grassland 14%. Food, fodder, timber, firewood, fresh water, energy, compost, climate regulation, erosion prevention, and water purification and treatment were identified as the ten most important services. It is not only the provisioning services that are being supplied by the land use types which are expropriated for urbanization, but also regulating, supporting and cultural services. To ensure sustainable urban land development, we suggest the consideration of the use of ES and the potential of the land use to supply ES when making land use decisions, including land expropriation for urban expansion.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering Management (ENM); Ecosystem Management
DOI: 10.3390/LAND9100395
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“Pivotal role of magnetic ordering and strain in lattice thermal conductivity of chromium-trihalide monolayers”. Pandey T, Peeters FM, Milošević, MV, 2D materials 9, 015034 (2022). http://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/AC427E
Abstract: Understanding the coupling between spin and phonons is critical for controlling the lattice thermal conductivity (kappa ( l )) in magnetic materials, as we demonstrate here for CrX3 (X = Br and I) monolayers. We show that these compounds exhibit large spin-phonon coupling (SPC), dominated by out-of-plane vibrations of Cr atoms, resulting in significantly different phonon dispersions in ferromagnetic (FM) and paramagnetic (PM) phases. Lattice thermal conductivity calculations provide additional evidence for strong SPC, where particularly large kappa ( l ) is found for the FM phase. Most strikingly, PM and FM phases exhibit radically different behavior with tensile strain, where kappa ( l ) increases with strain for the PM phase, and strongly decreases for the FM phase-as we explain through analysis of phonon lifetimes and scattering rates. Taken all together, we uncover the high significance of SPC on the phonon transport in CrX3 monolayers, a result extendable to other 2D magnetic materials, that will be useful in further design of thermal spin devices.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT)
Impact Factor: 5.5
Times cited: 2
DOI: 10.1088/2053-1583/AC427E
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“Topologically protected moiré, exciton at a twist-boundary in a van der Waals heterostructure”. Chaves A, Covaci L, Peeters FM, Milošević, MV, 2D materials 9, 025012 (2022). http://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ac529d
Abstract: A twin boundary in one of the layers of a twisted van der Waals heterostructure separates regions with near opposite inter-layer twist angles. In a MoS<sub>2</sub>/WSe<sub>2</sub>bilayer, the regions with<inline-formula><tex-math><?CDATA $Rh^h$?></tex-math><math overflow=“scroll”><msubsup><mi>R</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>h</mi></msubsup></math><inline-graphic href=“tdmac529dieqn1.gif” type=“simple” /></inline-formula>and<inline-formula><tex-math><?CDATA $Rh^X$?></tex-math><math overflow=“scroll”><msubsup><mi>R</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>X</mi></msubsup></math><inline-graphic href=“tdmac529dieqn2.gif” type=“simple” /></inline-formula>stacking registry that defined the sub-lattices of the moiré honeycomb pattern would be mirror-reflected across such a twist boundary. In that case, we demonstrate that topologically protected chiral moiré exciton states are confined at the twist boundary. These are one-dimensional and uni-directional excitons with opposite velocities for excitons composed by electronic states with opposite valley/spin character, enabling intrinsic, guided, and far reaching valley-polarized exciton currents.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Condensed Matter Theory (CMT)
Impact Factor: 5.5
Times cited: 3
DOI: 10.1088/2053-1583/ac529d
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“Tailoring high-frequency magnonics in monolayer chromium trihalides”. Menezes RM, Šabani D, Bacaksiz C, de Souza Silva CC, Milošević, MV, 2D materials 9, 025021 (2022). http://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ac5bf3
Abstract: Monolayer chromium-trihalides, the archetypal two-dimensional (2D) magnetic materials, are readily suggested as a promising platform for high-frequency magnonics. Here we detail the spin-wave properties of monolayer CrBr<sub>3</sub>and CrI<sub>3</sub>, using spin-dynamics simulations parametrized from the first principles. We reveal that spin-wave dispersion can be tuned in a broad range of frequencies by strain, paving the way towards flexo-magnonic applications. We further show that ever-present halide vacancies in these monolayers host sufficiently strong Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction to scatter spin-waves, which promotes design of spin-wave guides by defect engineering. Finally we discuss the spectra of spin-waves propagating across a moiré-periodic modulation of magnetic parameters in a van der Waals heterobilayer, and show that the nanoscale moiré periodicities in such samples are ideal for realization of a magnonic crystal in the terahertz frequency range. Recalling the additional tunability of magnetic 2D materials by electronic gating, our results situate these systems among the front-runners for prospective high-frequency magnonic applications.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT)
Impact Factor: 5.5
DOI: 10.1088/2053-1583/ac5bf3
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“Quantitative analysis of diffuse electron scattering in the lithium-ion battery cathode material Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2”. Poppe R, Vandemeulebroucke D, Neder RB, Hadermann J, IUCrJ 9, 695 (2022). http://doi.org/10.1107/S2052252522007746
Abstract: In contrast to perfectly periodic crystals, materials with short-range order produce diffraction patterns that contain both Bragg reflections and diffuse scattering. To understand the influence of short-range order on material properties, current research focuses increasingly on the analysis of diffuse scattering. This article verifies the possibility to refine the short-range order parameters in submicrometre-sized crystals from diffuse scattering in single-crystal electron diffraction data. The approach was demonstrated on Li<sub>1.2</sub>Ni<sub>0.13</sub>Mn<sub>0.54</sub>Co<sub>0.13</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, which is a state-of-the-art cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. The intensity distribution of the 1D diffuse scattering in the electron diffraction patterns of Li<sub>1.2</sub>Ni<sub>0.13</sub>Mn<sub>0.54</sub>Co<sub>0.13</sub>O<sub>2</sub>depends on the number of stacking faults and twins in the crystal. A model of the disorder in Li<sub>1.2</sub>Ni<sub>0.13</sub>Mn<sub>0.54</sub>Co<sub>0.13</sub>O<sub>2</sub>was developed and both the stacking fault probability and the percentage of the different twins in the crystal were refined using an evolutionary algorithm in<italic>DISCUS</italic>. The approach was applied on reciprocal space sections reconstructed from 3D electron diffraction data since they exhibit less dynamical effects compared with in-zone electron diffraction patterns. A good agreement was achieved between the calculated and the experimental intensity distribution of the diffuse scattering. The short-range order parameters in submicrometre-sized crystals can thus successfully be refined from the diffuse scattering in single-crystal electron diffraction data using an evolutionary algorithm in<italic>DISCUS</italic>.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 3.9
DOI: 10.1107/S2052252522007746
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“Hierarchical design in nanoporous metals”. Ying J, Lenaerts S, Symes MD, Yang X-Y, Advanced Science 9, 2106117 (2022). http://doi.org/10.1002/ADVS.202106117
Abstract: Hierarchically porous metals possess intriguing high accessibility of matter molecules and unique continuous metallic frameworks, as well as a high level of exposed active atoms. High rates of diffusion and fast energy transfer have been important and challenging goals of hierarchical design and porosity control with nanostructured metals. This review aims to summarize recent important progress toward the development of hierarchically porous metals, with special emphasis on synthetic strategies, hierarchical design in structure-function and corresponding applications. The current challenges and future prospects in this field are also discussed.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
Impact Factor: 15.1
DOI: 10.1002/ADVS.202106117
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“Spontaneous riboflavin-overproducing Limosilactobacillus reuteri for biofortification of fermented foods”. Spacova I, Ahannach S, Breynaert A, Erreygers I, Wittouck S, Bron PA, Van Beeck W, Eilers T, Alloul A, Blansaer N, Vlaeminck SE, Hermans N, Lebeer S, Frontiers in Nutrition 9, 916607 (2022). http://doi.org/10.3389/FNUT.2022.916607
Abstract: Riboflavin-producing lactic acid bacteria represent a promising and cost-effective strategy for food biofortification, but production levels are typically insufficient to support daily human requirements. In this study, we describe the novel human isolate Limosilactobacillus reuteri AMBV339 as a strong food biofortification candidate. This strain shows a high natural riboflavin (vitamin B2) overproduction of 18.36 mu g/ml, biomass production up to 6 x 10(10) colony-forming units/ml (in the typical range of model lactobacilli), and pH-lowering capacities to a pH as low as 4.03 in common plant-based (coconut, soy, and oat) and cow milk beverages when cultured up to 72 h at 37 degrees C. These properties were especially pronounced in coconut beverage and butter milk fermentations, and were sustained in co-culture with the model starter Streptococcus thermophilus. Furthermore, L. reuteri AMBV339 grown in laboratory media or in a coconut beverage survived in gastric juice and in a simulated gastrointestinal dialysis model with colon phase (GIDM-colon system) inoculated with fecal material from a healthy volunteer. Passive transport of L. reuteri AMBV339-produced riboflavin occurred in the small intestinal and colon stage of the GIDM system, and active transport via intestinal epithelial Caco-2 monolayers was also demonstrated. L. reuteri AMBV339 did not cause fecal microbiome perturbations in the GIDM-colon system and inhibited enteric bacterial pathogens in vitro. Taken together, our data suggests that L. reuteri AMBV339 represents a promising candidate to provide riboflavin fortification of plant-based and dairy foods, and has a high application potential in the human gastrointestinal tract.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
Impact Factor: 5
DOI: 10.3389/FNUT.2022.916607
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“Photothermal circular dichroism measurements of single chiral gold nanoparticles correlated with electron tomography”. Spaeth P, Adhikari S, Heyvaert W, Zhuo X, Garcia I, Liz-Marzan LM, Bals S, Orrit M, Albrecht W, ACS Photonics 9, 3995 (2022). http://doi.org/10.1021/ACSPHOTONICS.2C01457
Abstract: Chemically synthesized metal nanoparticles with morphological chiral features are known to exhibit strong circular dichroism. However, we still lack understanding of the correlation between morphological and chiroptical features of plasmonic nanoparticles. To shed light on that question, single nanoparticle experiments are required. We performed photothermal circular dichroism measurements of single chiral and achiral gold nanoparticles and correlated the chiroptical response to the 3D morphology of the same nanoparticles retrieved by electron tomography. In contrast to an ensemble measurement, we show that individual particles within the ensemble display a broad distribution of strength and handedness of circular dichroism signals. Whereas obvious structural chiral features, such as helical wrinkles, translate into chiroptical ones, nanoparticles with less obvious chiral morphological features can also display strong circular dichroism signals. Interestingly, we find that even seemingly achiral nanoparticles can display large g-factors. The origin of this circular dichroism signal is discussed in terms of plasmonics and other potentially relevant factors.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 7
Times cited: 5
DOI: 10.1021/ACSPHOTONICS.2C01457
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“A general leaf area geometric formula exists for plants evidence from the simplified Gielis equation”. Shi P, Ratkowsky DA, Li Y, Zhang L, Lin S, Gielis J, Forests (19994907) 9, 714 (2018). http://doi.org/10.3390/F9110714
Abstract: Plant leaves exhibit diverse shapes that enable them to utilize a light resource maximally. If there were a general parametric model that could be used to calculate leaf area for different leaf shapes, it would help to elucidate the adaptive evolutional link among plants with the same or similar leaf shapes. We propose a simplified version of the original Gielis equation (SGE), which was developed to describe a variety of object shapes ranging from a droplet to an arbitrary polygon. We used this equation to fit the leaf profiles of 53 species (among which, 48 bamboo plants, 5 woody plants, and 10 geographical populations of a woody plant), totaling 3310 leaves. A third parameter (namely, the floating ratio c in leaf length) was introduced to account for the case when the theoretical leaf length deviates from the observed leaf length. For most datasets, the estimates of c were greater than zero but less than 10%, indicating that the leaf length predicted by the SGE was usually smaller than the actual length. However, the predicted leaf areas approximated their actual values after considering the floating ratios in leaf length. For most datasets, the mean percent errors of leaf areas were lower than 6%, except for a pooled dataset with 42 bamboo species. For the elliptical, lanceolate, linear, obovate, and ovate shapes, although the SGE did not fit the leaf edge perfectly, after adjusting the parameter c, there were small deviations of the predicted leaf areas from the actual values. This illustrates that leaves with different shapes might have similar functional features for photosynthesis, since the leaf areas can be described by the same equation. The anisotropy expressed as a difference in leaf shape for some plants might be an adaptive response to enable them to adapt to different habitats.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
DOI: 10.3390/F9110714
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“Analysis and synthesis of supershaped dielectric lens antennas”. Bia P, Caratelli D, Mescia L, Gielis J, IET microwaves, antennas and propagation 9, 1497 (2015). http://doi.org/10.1049/IET-MAP.2015.0091
Abstract: A novel class of supershaped dielectric lens antennas, whose geometry is described by the three-dimensional (3D) Gielis formula, is introduced and analysed. To this end, a hybrid modelling approach based on geometrical and physical optics is adopted in order to efficiently analyse the multiple wave reflections occurring within the lens and to evaluate the relevant impact on the radiation properties of the antenna under analysis. The developed modelling procedure has been validated by comparison with numerical results already reported in the literature and, afterwards, applied to the electromagnetic characterisation of Gielis dielectric lens antennas with shaped radiation pattern. Furthermore, a dedicated optimisation algorithm based on quantum particle swarm optimisation has been developed for the synthesis of 3D supershaped lens antennas with single feed, as well as with beamforming capabilities.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Mass communications; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
DOI: 10.1049/IET-MAP.2015.0091
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“Automatic absorption correction in x-ray fluorescence analysis of intermediate thickness samples using a dual external reference signal”. Van Dyck P, Markowicz A, Van Grieken R, X-ray spectrometry 9, 70 (1980). http://doi.org/10.1002/XRS.1300090209
Abstract: A method has been investigated which allows calculations from the X-ray fluorescence spectra of the absorption coefficients at any energy for any sample, without any additional measurement. Use is made of the ratio of the characteristic X-ray signals from a Zr wire positioned in front of the sample and from a Pd foil placed behind the sample, both in a fixed geometry. From the experimentally measured absorption coefficient at the Pd L energy (2.9 keV), the coefficients for higher energies are calculated. By the use of an iterative computer routine in which corrections for the enhancement of the Pd foil by the sample are also included, an accuracy of 2% or better on the absorption coefficient determination can be reached for homogenous samples in one measurement. Grain-size and heterogeneity effects induce inaccuracies on the absorption coefficient determinations which might well reach 20% for particulate samples like intermediate thickness deposits of geological materials. This approach thus has the same limitations as the classical transmission method for such heterogeneous samples.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1002/XRS.1300090209
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“Chelating 2,2′-diaminodiethylamine cellulose filters and X-ray fluorescence for preconcentration and trace analysis of natural waters”. Smits J, Van Grieken R, International journal of environmental analytical chemistry 9, 81 (1981). http://doi.org/10.1080/03067318108071902
Abstract: The 2,2′-diaminodiethylamine (DEN) functional group can be expected to have ideal properties for the chelation of transition metals and their collection from aqueous solutions, independent of the alkali and alkaline earth ions concentration. Introducing DEN into cellulose filters allows straightforward preconcentration of trace cations by a simple filtration step, and the DEN-filter constitutes a suitable target for X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. The linearity between the XRF-response on the loaded DEN-filter and the trace cation concentration in the solution appears excellent, up to a total filter capacity of ca. 3 μeq.cm−2. The detection limits are around 0.5 μg. l−1 in most practical cases. Accuracy and precision are around 10%. The applicability of the proposed procedure is illustrated on a comparative basis by XRF-analysis of drinking water and surface water, after preconcentration by DEN-filtration and by alternative procedures.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1080/03067318108071902
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“Cyclodextrin-appended superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as cholesterol-mopping agents”. Puglisi A, Bassini S, Reimhult E, Frontiers In Chemistry 9, 795598 (2021). http://doi.org/10.3389/FCHEM.2021.795598
Abstract: Cholesterol plays a crucial role in major cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease and rare genetic disorders showing altered cholesterol metabolism. Cyclodextrins (CDs) have shown promising therapeutic efficacy based on their capacity to sequester and mobilise cholesterol. However, the administration of monomeric CDs suffers from several drawbacks due to their lack of specificity and poor pharmacokinetics. We present core-shell superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) functionalised with CDs appended to poly (2-methyl-2-oxazoline) polymers grafted in a dense brush to the iron oxide core. The CD-decorated nanoparticles (CySPIONs) are designed so that the macrocycle is specifically cleaved off the nanoparticle’s shell at a slightly acidic pH. In the intended use, free monomeric CDs will then mobilise cholesterol out of the lysosome to the cytosol and beyond through the formation of an inclusion complex. Hence, its suitability as a therapeutic platform to remove cholesterol in the lysosomal compartment. Synthesis and full characterization of the polymer as well as of the core-shell SPION are presented. Cholesterol-binding activity is shown through an enzymatic assay.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Electrochemical and Analytical Sciences Lab (A-Sense Lab)
Impact Factor: 3.994
DOI: 10.3389/FCHEM.2021.795598
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“Determination of Dynamically Stable Electrenes toward Ultrafast Charging Battery Applications”. Kocabas T, Ozden A, Demiroglu I, Cakir D, Sevik C, The journal of physical chemistry letters 9, 4267 (2018). http://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.JPCLETT.8B01468
Abstract: Electrenes, an atomically thin form of layered electrides, are very recent members of the 2D materials family. In this work, we employed first principle calculations to determine stable, exfoliatable, and application-promising 2D electrene materials among possible M2X compounds, where M is a group II-A metal and X is a nonmetal element (C, N, P, As, and Sb). The promise of stable electrene compounds for battery applications is assessed via their exfoliation energy, adsorption properties, and migration energy barriers toward relevant Li, Na, K, and Ca atoms. Our calculations revealed five new stable electrene candidates in addition to previously known Ca2N and Sr2N. Among these seven dynamically stable electrenes, Ba2As, Ba2P, Ba2Sb, Ca2N, Sr2N, and Sr2P are found to be very promising for either K or Na ion batteries due to their extremely low migration energy barriers (5-16 meV), which roughly demonstrates 105 times higher mobility than graphene and two to four times higher mobility than other promising 2D materials such as MXene (Mo2C).
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT)
DOI: 10.1021/ACS.JPCLETT.8B01468
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“Development of a Java-based application for environmental remote sensing data processing”. Semlali B-eddine B, El Amrani C, Denys S, International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 9, 1978 (2019). http://doi.org/10.11591/IJECE.V9I3.PP1978-1986
Abstract: Air pollution is one of the most serious problems the world faces today. It is highly necessary to monitor pollutants in real-time to anticipate and reduce damages caused in several fields of activities. Likewise, it is necessary to provide decision makers with useful and updated environmental data. As a solution to a part of the above-mentioned necessities, we developed a Java-based application software to collect, process and visualize several environmental and pollution data, acquired from the Mediterranean Dialog earth Observatory (MDEO) platform [1]. This application will amass data of Morocco area from EUMETSAT satellites, and will decompress, filter and classify the received datasets. Then we will use the processed data to build an interactive environmental real-time map of Morocco. This should help finding out potential correlations between pollutants and emitting sources.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
DOI: 10.11591/IJECE.V9I3.PP1978-1986
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“Electrochemical fingerprints of illicit drugs on graphene and multi-walled carbon nanotubes”. Dragan A-M, Truta FM, Tertis M, Florea A, Schram J, Cernat A, Feier B, De Wael K, Cristea C, Oprean R, Frontiers In Chemistry 9, 641147 (2021). http://doi.org/10.3389/FCHEM.2021.641147
Abstract: Illicit drugs use and abuse remains an increasing challenge for worldwide authorities and, therefore, it is important to have accurate methods to detect them in seized samples, biological fluids and wastewaters. They are recently classified as the latest group of emerging pollutants as their consumption increased tremendously in recent years. Nanomaterials have gained much attention over the last decade in the development of sensors for a myriad of applications. The applicability of these nanomaterials, functionalized or not, significantly increases and it is therefore highly suitable for use in the detection of illicit drugs. We have assessed the suitability of various nanoplatforms, such as graphene (GPH), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) for the electrochemical detection of illicit drugs. GPH and MWCNTs were chosen as the most suitable platforms and cocaine, 3,4-methylendioxymethamfetamine (MDMA), 3-methylmethcathinone (MMC) and alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (PVP) were tested. Due to the hydrophobicity of the nanomaterials-based platforms which led to low signals, two strategies were followed namely, pretreatment of the electrodes in sulfuric acid by cyclic voltammetry and addition of Tween 20 to the detection buffer. Both strategies led to an increase in the oxidation signal of illicit drugs. Binary mixtures of illicit drugs with common adulterants found in street samples were also investigated. The proposed strategies allowed the sensitive detection of illicit drugs in the presence of most adulterants. The suitability of the proposed sensors for the detection of illicit drugs in spiked wastewaters was finally assessed.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 3.994
DOI: 10.3389/FCHEM.2021.641147
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“From biogas and hydrogen to microbial protein through co-cultivation of methane and hydrogen oxidizing bacteria”. Kerckhof F-M, Sakarika M, Van Giel M, Muys M, Vermeir P, De Vrieze J, Vlaeminck SE, Rabaey K, Boon N, Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 9, 733753 (2021). http://doi.org/10.3389/FBIOE.2021.733753
Abstract: Increasing efforts are directed towards the development of sustainable alternative protein sources among which microbial protein (MP) is one of the most promising. Especially when waste streams are used as substrates, the case for MP could become environmentally favorable. The risks of using organic waste streams for MP production–the presence of pathogens or toxicants–can be mitigated by their anaerobic digestion and subsequent aerobic assimilation of the (filter-sterilized) biogas. Even though methane and hydrogen oxidizing bacteria (MOB and HOB) have been intensively studied for MP production, the potential benefits of their co-cultivation remain elusive. Here, we isolated a diverse group of novel HOB (that were capable of autotrophic metabolism), and co-cultured them with a defined set of MOB, which could be grown on a mixture of biogas and H2/O2. The combination of MOB and HOB, apart from the CH4 and CO2 contained in biogas, can also enable the valorization of the CO2 that results from the oxidation of methane by the MOB. Different MOB and HOB combinations were grown in serum vials to identify the best-performing ones. We observed synergistic effects on growth for several combinations, and in all combinations a co-culture consisting out of both HOB and MOB could be maintained during five days of cultivation. Relative to the axenic growth, five out of the ten co-cultures exhibited 1.1–3.8 times higher protein concentration and two combinations presented 2.4–6.1 times higher essential amino acid content. The MP produced in this study generally contained lower amounts of the essential amino acids histidine, lysine and threonine, compared to tofu and fishmeal. The most promising combination in terms of protein concentration and essential amino acid profile was Methyloparacoccus murrelli LMG 27482 with Cupriavidus necator LMG 1201. Microbial protein from M. murrelli and C. necator requires 27–67% less quantity than chicken, whole egg and tofu, while it only requires 15% more quantity than the amino acid-dense soybean to cover the needs of an average adult. In conclusion, while limitations still exist, the co-cultivation of MOB and HOB creates an alternative route for MP production leveraging safe and sustainably-produced gaseous substrates.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
DOI: 10.3389/FBIOE.2021.733753
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