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	Author	Radepont, M.; Coquinot, Y.; Janssens, K.; Ezrati, J.-J.; de Nolf, W.; Cotte, M.
	Title	Thermodynamic and experimental study of the degradation of the red pigment mercury sulfide			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	30	Issue	3	Pages	599-612
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The red pigment mercury sulfide, called cinnabar or vermilion, is well known to suffer from an alteration giving rise to a grey, grey-white or black color at the surface of degraded works of art. This phenomenon can dramatically affect the esthetical value of artworks. This work aims at assessing the factors (light, halides) influencing the instability of red mercury sulfide and understanding (by combining thermodynamic and experimental approaches) the chemical equilibria governing the formation and evolution of the different degradation compounds. From the thermodynamic study of the Hg-S-Cl-H2O system, it was concluded that Hg(0), Hg3S2Cl2, and Hg2Cl2 can be formed from the reaction of alpha-HgS with ClO(g). In the second part, the artificial ageing experiments presented were carried out on model samples following the conditions assessed in the first part, in order to reproduce natural ageing observed on red mercury sulfide. Similarly to degradation compounds detected on original works of art, mercury chlorine compounds such as calomel (Hg2Cl2) and corderoite (alpha-Hg3S2Cl2) were identified on the surface of alpha-HgS model samples, when exposed to light and a sodium hypochlorite solution. Sulfates were detected as well, and more particularly gypsum (CaSO4 center dot 2H(2)O) when Ca was originally present in the model sample. The relationship between color and composition is discussed as well.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000350650800005	Publication Date	2015-01-02
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	26	Open Access
	Notes	; The authors gratefully acknowledge the ESRF for granting beamtime under proposal no. EC720. Michel Dubus is thanked for providing precious advices concerning ageing protocols. This research was supported by Belgian Science Policy project S2-ART (BELSPO S4DA), the GOA “SOLARPAINT” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0C12.13, G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2015 IF: 3.466
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:125474			Serial	5877
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	Author	Verlinden, B.; Van Hoecke, K.; Aerts, A.; Daems, N.; Dobney, A.; Janssens, K.; Cardinaels, T.
	Title	Quantification of boron in cells for evaluation of drug agents used in boron neutron capture therapy			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2021	Publication	Journal Of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	36	Issue	3	Pages	598-606
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is an extensively studied radiotherapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. BNCT is based on irradiation of malignant tumour cells with neutrons after uptake of a B-10 containing molecule. Alpha particles, locally produced by neutron irradiation kill the cancer cells. Important for ongoing research regarding cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of a large variety of B-10 containing molecules is the accurate determination of boron concentrations in cell cultures. In this work, the sample preparation for quantitative inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis on cell cultures was optimized. By making use of acid digestion combined with UV digestion, low detection limits (0.4 mu g L-1) and full recoveries of boron could be achieved while measurements were free of spectral and non-spectral interferences. Finally, cell-associated boron in the form of 4-borono-l-phenylalanine (l-BPA) in vascular endothelial cell cultures could be determined with ICP-MS as (1.26 +/- 0.10) x 10(9) boron atoms per cell. The developed method can prove its importance for further BNCT research and elemental analysis of cell cultures.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000629283400009	Publication Date	2021-01-14
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited		Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:177656			Serial	8435
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	Author	Aghaei, M.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Particle transport through an inductively coupled plasma torch: elemental droplet evaporation			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	31	Issue	31	Pages	631-641
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	We studied the transport of copper droplets through an inductively coupled plasma, connected to the sampling cone of a mass spectrometer, by means of a computational model. The sample droplets are followed until they become evaporated. They are inserted as liquid particles from the central inlet and the effects of injection position (i.e. “on” and “off” axis), droplet diameter, as well as mass loading flow rate are investigated. It is shown that more “on-axis” injection of the droplets leads to a more straight path line, so that the droplets move less in the radial direction and are evaporated more on the central axis, enabling a better sample transfer efficiency to the sampler cone. Furthermore, there are optimum ranges of diameters and flow rates, which guarantee the proper position of evaporation along the torch, i.e. not too early, so that the sample can get lost in the torch, and not too late, which reduces the chance of becoming ionized before reaching the sampler.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000372857300003	Publication Date	2015-07-07
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	21	Open Access
	Notes	The authors are very grateful to H. Lindner for the many fundamental and fruitful discussions. They are also gratefully acknowledge nancial support from the Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FWO).			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379
	Call Number	c:irua:133240			Serial	4024
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	Author	Bogaerts, A.; Aghaei, M.
	Title	Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: insights through computer modeling			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2017	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	32	Issue	32	Pages	233-261
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	In this tutorial review paper, we illustrate how computer modeling can contribute to a better insight in inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). We start with a brief overview on previous efforts, studying the fundamentals of the ICP and ICP-MS, with main focus on previous modeling activities. Subsequently, we explain in detail the model that we developed in previous years, and we show typical calculation results, illustrating the plasma characteristics, gas flow patterns and the sample transport, evaporation and ionization. We also present the effect of various experimental parameters, such as operating conditions, geometrical aspects and sample characteristics, to illustrate how modeling can help to elucidate the optimal conditions for improved analytical performance.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000395529800002	Publication Date	2016-12-07
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	14	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	The authors are very grateful to H. Lindner for the initial model development and for the many interesting discussions. They also gratefully acknowledge nancial support from the Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FWO; Grant number 6713). The calculations were carried out using the Turing HPC infrastructure at the CalcUA core facility of the Universiteit Antwerpen (UAntwerpen), a division of the Flemish Supercomputer Center VSC, funded by the Hercules Foundation, the Flemish Government (department EWI) and the UAntwerpen.			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379
	Call Number	PLASMANT @ plasmant @ c:irua:140074			Serial	4416
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	Author	Aghaei, M.; Lindner, H.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Effect of a mass spectrometer interface on inductively coupled plasma characteristics : a computational study			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2012	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	27	Issue	4	Pages	604-610
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	An inductively coupled plasma connected to a mass spectrometer interface (sampling cone) is computationally investigated. Typical plasma characteristics, such as gas flow velocity, plasma temperature and electron density, are calculated in two dimensions (cylindrical symmetry) and compared with and without a mass spectrometer sampling interface. The results obtained from our model compare favorably with experimental data reported in the literature. A dramatic increase in the plasma velocity is reported in the region close to the interface. Furthermore, a cooled metal interface lowers the plasma temperature and electron density on the axial channel very close to the sampling cone but the corresponding values in the off axial regions are increased. Therefore, the effect of the interface strongly depends on the measurement position. It is shown that even a small shift from the actual position of the sampler leads to a considerable change of the results.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos	000301496700005	Publication Date	2012-02-22
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477;1364-5544;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	18	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2012 IF: 3.155
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:97386			Serial	791
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	Author	Simon, P.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Vibrational level population of nitrogen impurities in low-pressure argon glow discharges			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	26	Issue	4	Pages	804-810
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The vibrational level populations of the electronic ground state of the nitrogen molecule have been calculated for typical glow discharge conditions in argonnitrogen mixtures with nitrogen concentrations between 0.1 and 1%. Stationary solutions of the master equations of the vibrational levels have been obtained using numerical methods. The main mechanisms responsible for the population and depopulation of the vibrational levels, and for the overall shape of the vibrational distribution function are pointed out. It has been found that vibrationvibration collisions play only a minor role and therefore the population of the vibrational levels is basically determined by the electron temperature.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos	000288703300012	Publication Date	2010-12-07
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477;1364-5544;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	6	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2011 IF: 3.220
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:87530			Serial	3842
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	Author	Alfeld, M.; Pedroso, J.V.; van Hommes, M.E.; van der Snickt, G.; Tauber, G.; Blaas, J.; Haschke, M.; Erler, K.; Dik, J.; Janssens, K.
	Title	A mobile instrument for in situ scanning macro-XRF investigation of historical paintings			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	28	Issue	5	Pages	760-767
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Scanning macro-X-ray fluorescence analysis (MA-XRF) is rapidly being established as a technique for the investigation of historical paintings. The elemental distribution images acquired by this method allow for the visualization of hidden paint layers and thus provide insight into the artist's creative process and the painting's conservation history. Due to the lack of a dedicated, commercially available instrument the application of the technique was limited to a few groups that constructed their own instruments. We present the first commercially available XRF scanner for paintings, consisting of an X-ray tube mounted with a Silicon-Drift (SD) detector on a motorized stage to be moved in front of a painting. The scanner is capable of imaging the distribution of the main constituents of surface and sub-surface paint layers in an area of 80 by 60 square centimeters with dwell times below 10 ms and a lateral resolution below 100 mu m. The scanner features for a broad range of elements between Ti (Z = 22) and Mo (Z = 42) a count rate of more than 1000 counts per second (cps)?mass percent and detection limits of 100 ppm for measurements of 1 s duration. Next to a presentation of spectrometric figures of merit, the value of the technique is illustrated through a case study of a painting by Rembrandt's student Govert Flinck (1615-1660).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000317674200019	Publication Date	2013-03-22
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	106	Open Access
	Notes	; This research was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme – Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16). The text also presents the results of GOA “XANES meets ELNES” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. M. Alfeld receives a Ph. D. fellowship of the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO). We thank J. Langerock for allowing us to examine the portable altar triptych shown in Fig. 5. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2013 IF: 3.396
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:108517			Serial	5453
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	Author	de Nolf, W.; Dik, J.; van der Snickt, G.; Wallert, A.; Janssens, K.
	Title	High energy X-ray powder diffraction for the imaging of (hidden) paintings			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	26	Issue	5	Pages	910-916
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Over the past few years a number of innovative imaging techniques have been introduced for the visualization of hidden paint layers in Old Master Paintings. These include X-ray fluorescence scanning, TeraHertz imaging, optical coherence tomography and other acoustics-based forms of visualization. All of these techniques are usually a trade-off between their penetrative capability on the one side and their analytical precision in terms of spatial resolution and material identification on the other. Here, we present the first-time use of High-Energy X-ray Powder Diffraction imaging (HE-XRPD) in the study of hidden layers in paintings. As an imaging tool, it combines high-depth sensitivity with fingerprint identification of most inorganic painting materials. The potential as well as some limitations of this technique are demonstrated using model paintings as well as an authentic 16th century painting.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000289731900005	Publication Date	2011-03-17
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	34	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2011 IF: 3.220
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:89922			Serial	5640
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	Author	Adams, F.; Janssens, K.; Snigirev, A.
	Title	Microscopical X-ray fluorescence analysis and related methods with laboratory and synchrotron radiation sources			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1998	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	13	Issue	5	Pages	319-331
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000073808900002	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 1998 IF: 3.845
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:19322			Serial	5728
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	Author	Alfeld, M.; Janssens, K.; Dik, J.; de Nolf, W.; van der Snickt, G.
	Title	Optimization of mobile scanning macro-XRF systems for the in situ investigation of historical paintings			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	26	Issue	5	Pages	899-909
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Elemental distribution maps are of great interest in the study of historical paintings, as they allow to investigate the pigment use of the artist, to image changes made in the painting during or after its creation and in some cases to reveal discarded paintings that were later over painted. Yet a method that allows to record such maps of a broad range of elements in a fast, non-destructive and in situ manner is not yet commonly available; a dedicated mobile scanning XRF instrument might fill this gap. In this paper we present three self-built scanning macro-XRF instruments, each based on the experience gained with its precursor. These instruments are compared in terms of sensitivity and limits of detection, which includes a discussion of the use of polycapillary optics and pinhole collimators as beam defining devices. Furthermore, the imaging capabilities of the instruments are demonstrated in three exemplary cases: (parts of) historical paintings from the 15th to the 19th century are examined. These cases illustrate the value of element specific distribution maps in the study of historical paintings and allow in the case of Vincent van Gogh's Patch of Grass a direct comparison between in situ and synchrotron based scanning macro-XRF.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000289731900004	Publication Date	2011-03-21
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	107	Open Access
	Notes	; The investigation of the “Triptych of the Seven Sacraments'' was done in collaboration with Griet Steyaert, independent restorer, and Lizet Klaassen, Royal Museum of Fine Arts (Antwerp, Belgium). The investigation of ”Patch of Grass'' was realized in collaboration with Luuk van der Loeff, Kroller-Muller-Museum (Otterlo, The Netherlands). M. Alfeld is a PhD fellowship of the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO). This research was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme-Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16) NACHO. The text also presents results of GOA "XANES meets ELNES'' (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0103.04, G.0689.06 and G.0704.08. Further, the work presented was sponsored by the Innovational Research Incentives Scheme of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, NWO (proj. no. 016.118.303). ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2011 IF: 3.220
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:89919			Serial	5758
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	Author	Janssens, K.
	Title	Synchrotron radiation in art and archaeology			Type	Editorial
	Year	2011	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	26	Issue	5	Pages	883-884
	Keywords	Editorial; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000289731900001	Publication Date	2011-04-13
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	5	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2011 IF: 3.220
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:89918			Serial	5864
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	Author	Janssens, K.; Vincze, L.; Vekemans, B.; Adams, F.; Haller, M.; Knöchel, A.
	Title	The use of lead-glass capillaries for microfocusing of highly energetic (0-60 KeV) synchrotron radiation			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1998	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	13	Issue	5	Pages	339-350
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000073808900004	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 1998 IF: 3.845
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:19321			Serial	5895
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	Author	Radepont, M.; de Nolf, W.; Janssens, K.; van der Snickt, G.; Coquinot, Y.; Klaassen, L.; Cotte, M.
	Title	The use of microscopic X-ray diffraction for the study of HgS and its degradation products corderoite (\alpha-Hg₃S₂Cl₂), kenhsuite (\gamma-Hg₃S₂Cl₂) and calomel (Hg₂Cl₂) in historical paintings			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	26	Issue	5	Pages	959-968
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Since antiquity, the red pigment mercury sulfide (α-HgS), called cinnabar in its natural form or vermilion red when synthetic, was very often used in frescoes and paintings, even if it was known to suffer occasionally from degradation. The paint hereby acquires a black or silver-grey aspect. The chemical characterization of these alteration products is rather challenging mainly because of the micrometric size and heterogeneity of the surface layers that develop and that are responsible for the color change. Methods such as electron microscopy, synchrotron-based microscopic X-ray fluorescence, microscopic X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy, Raman microscopy and secondary ion microscopy have been previously employed to identify the (Hg- and S-) compounds present and to study their co-localization. Next to these, also microscopic X-ray diffraction (XRD) (either by making use of laboratory X-ray sources or when used at a synchrotron facility) allows the identification of the crystal phases that are present in degraded HgS paint layers. In this paper we employ these various forms of micro-XRD to analyze degraded red paint in different paintings and compare the results with other X-ray based methods. Whereas the elemental analyses of the degradation products revealed, next to mercury and sulfur, the presence of chlorine, X-ray diffraction allowed the identification, next to α-HgS, of the Hg and S-containing compound calomel (Hg2Cl2) but also of the Hg, S and Cl-containing minerals corderoite (α-Hg3S2Cl2) and kenhsuite (γ-Hg3S2Cl2). These observations are consistent with X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements performed at the S- and Cl-edges.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000289731900011	Publication Date	2011-03-03
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	40	Open Access
	Notes	; The authors gratefully acknowledge GOA programme “XANES meets EELS'' (University of Antwerp Research Council), the IUAP VI/P16 programme ”Nacho'' (BELSPO, Brussels, Belgium) and FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0689.06, G.0704.08 and G017909N for financial support, the ESRF for granting beamtime under proposals no. EC442 and EC720, and Gema Martinez-Criado for practical help on ID18F. The KMSKA staff is also gratefully acknowledged for their help and interest. Javier Chillida is thanked for providing us with the Pedralbes samples. The authors are also indebted to the CHARISMA project (grant agreement 228330) for financial support. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2011 IF: 3.220
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:89927			Serial	5896
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	Author	Schalm, O.; Cabal, A.; van Espen, P.; Laquière, N.; Storme, P.
	Title	Improved radiographic methods for the investigation of paintings using laboratory and synchrotron X-ray sources			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	26	Issue	5	Pages	1068-1077
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	It is generally known that radiographic inspection of 1517th century paintings can easily be done with a polychromatic X-ray source using a voltage between 20 kV and 40 kV in combination with classic X-ray films. Unfortunately, the spatial structure of numerous 19th and early 20th century paintings cannot be visualized with conventional radiography due to several reasons such as the use of lead white grounds or low absorbing pigments. Radiographic images are blurred or worse, they do not contain the picture of the painting. During the last decades, many technological innovations have been introduced in the field of radiography but their possibilities in cultural heritage have not been explored in full detail. In our investigation we used phosphor imaging plates, energy dispersive detectors and CCD-cameras in combination with synchrotron radiation and conventional X-ray tubes in order to improve the quality of radiographic images. Several promising techniques that could improve the quality of radiographs of paintings were identified.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000289731900023	Publication Date	2011-04-11
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:89928			Serial	8070
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	Author	van Dyck, K.; Robberecht, H.; van Cauwenbergh, R.; Deelstra, H.; Arnaud, J.; Willemyns, L.; Benijts, F.; Centeno, J.A.; Taylor, H.; Soares, M.E.; Bastos, M.L.; Ferreira, M.A.; d'Haese, P.C.; Lamberts, L.V.; Hoenig, M.; Knapp, G.; Lugowski, S.J.; Moens, L.; Riondato, J.; Van Grieken, R.; Claes, M.; Verheyen, R.; Clement, L.; Uytterhoeven, M.
	Title	Spectrometric determination of silicon in food and biological samples: an interlaboratory trial			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2000	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	15	Issue	6	Pages	735-741
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology; Pathophysiology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Accuracy and precision of silicon determination in biological matrices (serum, urine, water, beer and spinach) by spectrometric techniques (when necessary after acid destruction) were assessed by means of a collaborative interlaboratory trial. The trial was set up in accordance with ISO 5725-2 (1994). The relative overall repeatability standard deviation was acceptable. It varied between 4% for spinach powder (mean content: 176 mg kg(-1)) and 11% for serum (mean content: 5.33 mg L-1). On the other hand, the relative overall between-laboratory standard deviation was found to vary from a satisfactorily 15% for spinach after destruction (mean content: 3.32 mg L-1) to an unacceptable 107% for spinach powder (mean content: 176 mg kg(-1)). The overall conclusion of the trial was that silicon determination in biological matrices can properly be performed by spectrometric techniques. However, when sample pretreatment (i.e., acid destruction) is needed prior to silicon determination problems still remain.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000087419300025	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:27841			Serial	8574
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	Author	Vermeulen, M.; Sanyova, J.; Janssens, K.; Nuyts, G.; De Meyer, S.; De Wael, K.
	Title	The darkening of copper- or lead-based pigments explained by a structural modification of natural orpiment : a spectroscopic and electrochemical study			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2017	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	32	Issue	7	Pages	1331-1341
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	A combined Raman and electrochemical study of natural orpiment (As2S3), an arsenic sulfide pigment, was used to assess the quick formation of oxidized species such as arsenic oxide (As2O3) upon exposing the pigment to 405 nm or 532 nm monochromatic light while simultaneously recording the Raman spectra of the exposed sample. During this process, a distortion of the main band at 355 cm−1, associated with the stretching of the AsS3/2 pyramids of natural orpiment, was observed as well as an increased intensity of the 359 cm−1 band, corresponding to covalent AsAs bonds in natural orpiment. The distortion was accompanied by an overall decrease of the global Raman signal for natural orpiment, which could be explained by a loss in the crystal structure. The same phenomena were recorded in reference natural orpiment model paint samples stored for a long time together with verdigris (Cu(OH)2·(CH3COO)2·5H2O) and minium (Pb3O4) paints, the latter two appearing darkened on their sides closest to the orpiment sample as well as in several historical samples containing natural orpiment mixed with various blue pigments. By SEM-EDX and XRPD analysis, respectively on loose material and cast thin-sections of model paint samples, the darkening was identified as dark sulfide species such as chalcocite (Cu2S) and galena (PbS), suggesting the release of volatile sulfide or related species by the natural orpiment paint. XANES analyses of paint samples presenting AsAs bond increase indicated the presence of sulfur species most likely identified as organosulfur compounds formed upon the AsAs bond formation and explained the darkening of the Cu- and Pb-based pigments. To the best of our knowledge, this article reports for the first time the light-induced formation of AsAs bonds in natural orpiment used as an artists' pigment and objectively demonstrates the incompatibility between orpiment and (arsenic) sulfide-sensitive pigments.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000404998500007	Publication Date	2017-05-31
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	10	Open Access
	Notes	; This research is made possible with the support of the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO, Brussels) through the research program Science for a Sustainable Development – SDD, “Long-term role and fate of metal-sulfides in painted works of art – S2ART” (SD/RI/04A). We gratefully acknowledge Julie Arslanoglu (Conservation and Scientific Research Department at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA) for providing us the orpiment, verdigris and minium mock-up samples. We gratefully acknowledge the Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland and the German Electron Synchrotron (DESY) for provision of synchrotron radiation beamtimes at respectively beamlines of the SLS and Petra III. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:144384			Serial	5564
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	Author	Ceglia, A.; Nuyts, G.; Meulebroeck, W.; Cagno, S.; Silvestri, A.; Zoleo, A.; Nys, K.; Janssens, K.; Thienpont, H.; Terryn, H.
	Title	Iron speciation in soda-lime-silica glass: a comparison of XANES and UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	30	Issue	7	Pages	1552-1561
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Scientific analyses of ancient glasses have been carried out for many years using elemental chemical analysis. However, it is known that the control of the redox conditions in the glass melt has a strong implication on the final hue of glass because it affects Fe2+/SFe. Therefore an increasing number of studies on the redox conditions have been published in recent years by means of synchrotron based Xray absorption spectroscopy. This is a technique which is not easily accessible and requires dedicated facilities. In this paper we describe an alternative approach by means of optical absorption spectroscopy. We synthesised 10 soda-lime-silica glasses with known redox conditions and iron concentration to calibrate the absorption at 1100 nm as a function of Fe2+ concentration. The linear extinction coefficient was also determined. These glasses were also studied by means of X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) spectroscopy. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy was additionally used as an ancillary method to verify the quality of our data. Furthermore 28 samples from real archaeological samples were analysed by XANES and optical spectroscopy as a case study. The Fe2+/SFe values obtained were compared and demonstrated that the two techniques were in good agreement with each other. Optical spectroscopy can be applied in situ with moderate sample preparation to determine the concentration of Fe2+. To investigate the redox conditions, especially as a first screening approach, this methodology is an important tool to take into consideration before applying more sophisticated techniques such as XANES, which is more elaborate and requires high-tech resources.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000356971900009	Publication Date	2015-04-15
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	20	Open Access
	Notes	; The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement no. 265010. For more information please visit the NARNIA website: http:// narnia-itn.eu/. This work was partly supported by the Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence funding scheme, project number 223268/ F50. We are grateful to the ESRF for granting beamtime and Dipanjan Banerjee for his help at the beamline. We are thankful to the R&D department of AGC Glass Europe, in particular Dr Benoit Cherdon, Dr Dominique Michiels and Ms Dominique Delleuze, for preparing glass for us and providing us the chemical information. A special thanks to M. Fialin for the help with EPMA measurements in CAMPARIS. We want to express our gratitude to F. Farges and A. Berry for sharing their XANES spectra with us. Thanks to Anne Isabelle for reading this paper and giving comments. Finally we are grateful to two anonymous reviewers who contributed to improve this paper. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2015 IF: 3.466
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:127060			Serial	5679
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	Author	Monico, L.; Janssens, K.; Cotte, M.; Romani, A.; Sorace, L.; Grazia, C.; Brunetti, B.G.; Miliani, C.
	Title	Synchrotron-based X-ray spectromicroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate the redox properties of lead chromate pigments under the effect of visible light			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	30	Issue	7	Pages	1500-1510
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Light-induced redox processes have been established as the cause of the chromatic alterations of a number of artists' pigments used from the 15th to the 20th century. Despite the fact that a general comprehension of the mechanisms has been provided through the characterization of photo-degraded compounds, both exhaustive information on the wavelength-dependence of the alteration process of the pigments and experimental evidence in how visible light may influence the formation pathways of specific secondary compounds are still lacking. Establishing an analytical protocol for the study of wavelength-dependence of pigments on photo-redox pathways is relevant for the safe illumination of paintings, especially in view of the possible use of spectrally tunable light sources such as white light emitting diodes (WLEDs). In this work, we propose an integrated approach based on a combination of diffuse reflectance UV-visible, synchrotron radiation (SR)-based micro X-ray fluorescence (m-XRF)/X-ray absorption near edge structure (m-XANES) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies to study the photo-redox process of Cr(VI) -> Cr(III) for lead chromate yellows (PbCr1-xSxO4, 0 <= x <= 0.8) under exposure to different monochromatic light. In view of the thin (3-5 mm) alteration layer that is formed at the paint surface after light exposure, SR-based Cr K-edge mu-XANES/mu-XRF analysis was employed to obtain information on the abundance, nature and distribution of the alteration of Cr(III)-compounds at the micrometricscale level. On the other hand, EPR spectroscopy was used as a complementary tool to the SR-based X-ray methods due to its sensitivity for revealing species containing one or more unpaired electrons and for distinguishing different coordination geometries of paramagnetic centers, such as Cr(V)-species. Semi-quantitative indications about the darkening of the paint surface were obtained by UV-Vis spectroscopy. An abundance of reduced Cr down to around 50% was detected at the aged surface of chrome yellow paints. The reduction process was favored not only by wavelengths shorter than 460 nm (i.e., where the pigment shows its maximum absorption) but also by light in the 490-530 nm range. The first evidence of the presence of Cr(V)-intermediates in the Cr(VI) -> Cr(III) reduction reaction allowed the risks of inducing photo-degradation of the 490-530 nm wavelength range to be explained.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000356971900004	Publication Date	2015-04-15
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	17	Open Access
	Notes	; This research was supported by the Italian projects PRIN-(SICH) and PON- (ITACHA) and by Belgian Science Policy project S2-ART (BELSPO S4DA), the GOA “SOLARPAINT” (Research Fund Antwerp University, Belgium) and FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0C12.13, G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. ESRF is acknowledged for the grants received (experiments HG18 and HG26). L.S. and L.M. acknowledge the financial support of Ente-CRF and CNR-Short Term Mobility Programme 2013, respectively. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2015 IF: 3.466
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:127059			Serial	5862
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	Author	van Meel, K.; Fontàs, C.; Van Grieken, R.; Queralt, I.; Hidalgo, M.; Marguí, E.
	Title	Application of high-energy polarised beam energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to cadmium determination in saline solutions			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2008	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	23	Issue	7	Pages	1034-1037
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000257146000017	Publication Date	2008-04-22
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:69424			Serial	7476
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	Author	Aghaei, M.; Lindner, H.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	The effect of the sampling cone position and diameter on the gas flow dynamics in an ICP			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	28	Issue	9	Pages	1485-1492
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	An inductively coupled plasma, connected to a sampling cone of a mass spectrometer, is computationally investigated. The effects of the sampler orifice diameter (ranging from 1 to 2 mm) and distance of the sampler cone from the load coil (ranging from 7 to 17 mm) are studied. An increase in sampler orifice diameter leads to a higher central plasma temperature at the place of the sampler, as well as more efficient gas transfer through the sampler, by reducing the interaction of the plasma gas with the sampling cone. However, the flow velocity at the sampler position is found to be independent of the sampler orifice diameter. Moreover, by changing the sampler orifice diameter, we can control whether only the central gas or also the auxiliary gas can exit through the sampler. Finally, with the increasing distance of the sampler from the load coil, the plasma temperature at the place of the sampler decreases slightly, which might also have consequences for the ion generation and transport through the sampling cone.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos	000322922300016	Publication Date	2013-06-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477;1364-5544;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	14	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2013 IF: 3.396
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:109204			Serial	848
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	Author	Martens, T.; Bogaerts, A.; Brok, W.J.M.; van der Mullen, J.J.A.M.
	Title	Modeling study on the influence of the pressure on a dielectric barrier discharge microplasma			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2007	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	22	Issue	9	Pages	1003-1042
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos	000248917300013	Publication Date	2007-06-22
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477;1364-5544;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	17	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2007 IF: 3.269
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:64791			Serial	2140
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	Author	Bleiner, D.; Chen, Z.; Autrique, D.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Role of laser-induced melting and vaporization of metals during ICP-MS and LIBS analysis, investigated with computer simulations and experiments			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	21	Issue	9	Pages	910-921
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos	000240082600010	Publication Date	2006-06-01
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477;1364-5544;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	42	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2006 IF: 3.630
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:58840			Serial	2914
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	Author	de Raedt, I.; Janssens, K.; Veeckman, J.; Vincze, L.; Vekemans, B.; Jeffries, T.
	Title	Trace analysis allows to distinguish between Venetian and facon-de-Venise glass vessels of the 16th and 17th century			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2001	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	16	Issue	9	Pages	1012-1017
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000171287600020	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	49	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2001 IF: 3.305
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:34090			Serial	5878
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	Author	Kempenaers, L.; Bings, N.H.; Jeffries, T.E.; Vekemans, B.; Janssens, K.
	Title	The use of LA-ICP-MS for the characterization of the micro-heterogeneity of heavy metals in BCR CRM 680			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2001	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	16	Issue	9	Pages	1006-1011
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000171287600019	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	23	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2001 IF: 3.305
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:34091			Serial	5893
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	Author	Vermeulen, M.; Nuyts, G.; Sanyova, J.; Vila, A.; Buti, D.; Suuronen, J.-P.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Visualization of As(III) and As(V) distributions in degraded paint micro-samples from Baroque- and Rococo-era paintings			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	31	Issue	9	Pages	1913-1921
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Orpiment and realgar, both arsenic sulfide pigments respectively used for their vivid yellow and red-orange hues, are two of many artists' pigments that appear not to be stable upon light exposure, quickly degrading to arsenic trioxide and arsenate. This often results in whitening or transparency in the painted surfaces. While conventional techniques such as microscopic Raman (mu-RS) and microscopic Fourier transform infrared (mu-FTIR) spectroscopies can allow a quick and relatively easy identification of the orpiment, realgar, artificial arsenic sulfide glass and, to some extent, arsenic oxide, the identification and visualization of distributions of the degradation products – and especially arsenate compounds – in the paint micro-samples is generally more challenging. This challenge is due to the rather unfavorable limit of detection and low spectral resolution of such conventional spectroscopic techniques. This restricts the conclusions that can be drawn regarding the conservation state of valuable works of art. In this paper, we present how synchrotron radiation (SR) based techniques can overcome this challenge while working on painting cross-sections taken from a 17th-century painting by the Flemish artist Daniel Seghers (oil on canvas, Statens Museum for Kunst, Denmark) and an 18th-century French Chinoiserie (private collection, France). SR micro-X-ray fluorescence (m-XRF) mapping analysis performed on a visually degraded orpiment-containing paint stratigraphy reveals that arsenic is distributed throughout the entire cross-section, while X-ray absorption near edge structure (mu-XANES) demonstrated that the arsenic is present in both arsenite (As-III) and arsenate (As-V) forms. The latter compound(s), despite being barely identifiable by means of FTIR, were not only located at the surface of large and partially altered grains of arsenic sulfide but also spread throughout the entire paint stratigraphy. Their presence and distribution are attributed either to the complete degradation of smaller arsenic sulfide grains or to migration of the arsenates within the paint layer away from their original location of formation. The combination of mu-XRF and mu-XANES was very useful for the characterization of the advanced degradation state of the arsenic-containing pigments in paint systems; this type of information could not be obtained by means of conventional spectroscopic methods of microanalysis.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000382071200017	Publication Date	2016-08-01
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	20	Open Access
	Notes	; This research is made possible with the support of the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO) through the research program Science for a Sustainable Development – SDD, “Long-term role and fate of metal-sulfides in painted works of art – S2ART” (SD/RI/04A). The CATS gratefully acknowledge VILLUM FONDEN and VELUX FONDEN for infra-structural financial support as well as Anne Haack Christensen, Hannah Tempest and Johanne M. Nielsen for their help and suggestions. The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility is acknowledged for provision of synchrotron radiation facilities. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:135691			Serial	5907
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