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“Local probing of the enhanced field electron emission of vertically aligned nitrogen-doped diamond nanorods and their plasma illumination properties”. Deshmukh S, Sankaran KJ, Srinivasu K, Korneychuk S, Banerjee D, Barman A, Bhattacharya G, Phase DM, Gupta M, Verbeeck J, Leou KC, Lin IN, Haenen K, Roy SS, Diamond and related materials 83, 118 (2018). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.DIAMOND.2018.02.005
Abstract: A detailed conductive atomic force microscopic investigation is carried out to directly image the electron emission behavior for nitrogen-doped diamond nanorods (N-DNRs). Localized emission measurements illustrate uniform distribution of high-density electron emission sites from N-DNRs. Emission sites coupled to nano graphitic phases at the grain boundaries facilitate electron transport and thereby enhance field electron emission from N-DNRs, resulting in a device operation at low turn-on fields of 6.23 V/mu m, a high current density of 1.94 mA/cm(2) (at an applied field of 11.8 V/mu m) and a large field enhancement factor of 3320 with a long lifetime stability of 980 min. Moreover, using N-DNRs as cathodes, a microplasma device that can ignite a plasma at a low threshold field of 390 V/mm achieving a high plasma illumination current density of 3.95 mA/cm2 at an applied voltage of 550 V and a plasma life-time stability for a duration of 433 min was demonstrated.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.561
Times cited: 9
DOI: 10.1016/J.DIAMOND.2018.02.005
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“Strain analysis from nano-beam electron diffraction : influence of specimen tilt and beam convergence”. Grieb T, Krause FF, Schowalter M, Zillmann D, Sellin R, Müller-Caspary K, Mahr C, Mehrtens T, Bimberg D, Rosenauer A, Ultramicroscopy 190, 45 (2018). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.ULTRAMIC.2018.03.013
Abstract: Strain analyses from experimental series of nano-beam electron diffraction (NBED) patterns in scanning transmission electron microscopy are performed for different specimen tilts. Simulations of NBED series are presented for which strain analysis gives results that are in accordance with experiment. This consequently allows to study the relation between measured strain and actual underlying strain. A two-tilt method which can be seen as lowest-order electron beam precession is suggested and experimentally implemented. Strain determination from NBED series with increasing beam convergence is performed in combination with the experimental realization of a probe-forming aperture with a cross inside. It is shown that using standard evaluation techniques, the influence of beam convergence on spatial resolution is lower than the influence of sharp rings around the diffraction disc which occur at interfaces and which are caused by the tails of the intensity distribution of the electron probe. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.843
Times cited: 1
DOI: 10.1016/J.ULTRAMIC.2018.03.013
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“Why does not the leaf weight-area allometry of bamboos follow the 3/2-power law?”.Lin S, Shao L, Hui C, Song Y, Reddy GVP, Gielis J, Li F, Ding Y, Wei Q, Shi P, Reddy GVP, Frontiers in plant science 9, 583 (2018). http://doi.org/10.3389/FPLS.2018.00583
Abstract: The principle of similarity (Thompson, 1917) states that the weight of an organism follows the 3/2-power law of its surface area and is proportional to its volume on the condition that the density is constant. However, the allometric relationship between leaf weight and leaf area has been reported to greatly deviate from the 3/2-power law, with the irregularity of leaf density largely ignored for explaining this deviation. Here, we choose 11 bamboo species to explore the allometric relationships among leaf area (A), density (ρ), length (L), thickness (T), and weight (W). Because the edge of a bamboo leaf follows a simplified two-parameter Gielis equation, we could show that A ∝ L2 and that A ∝ T2. This then allowed us to derive the density-thickness allometry ρ ∝ Tb and the weight-area allometry W ∝ A(b+3)/2 ≈ A9/8, where b approximates −3/4. Leaf density is strikingly negatively associated with leaf thickness, and it is this inverse relationship that results in the weight-area allometry to deviate from the 3/2-power law. In conclusion, although plants are prone to invest less dry mass and thus produce thinner leaves when the leaf area is sufficient for photosynthesis, such leaf thinning needs to be accompanied with elevated density to ensure structural stability. The findings provide the insights on the evolutionary clue about the biomass investment and output of photosynthetic organs of plants. Because of the importance of leaves, plants could have enhanced the ratio of dry material per unit area of leaf in order to increase the efficiency of photosynthesis, relative the other parts of plants. Although the conclusion is drawn only based on 11 bamboo species, it should also be applicable to the other plants, especially considering previous works on the exponent of the weight-area relationship being less than 3/2 in plants.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
DOI: 10.3389/FPLS.2018.00583
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“Synthesis of high-oxidation Y-Ba-Cu-O phases in superoxygenated thin films”. Zhang H, Gauquelin N, McMahon C, Hawthorn DG, Botton GA, Wei JYT, Physical review materials 2, 033803 (2018). http://doi.org/10.1103/PHYSREVMATERIALS.2.033803
Abstract: It is known that solid-state reaction in high-pressure oxygen can stabilize high-oxidation phases of Y-Ba-Cu-O superconductors in powder form. We extend this superoxygenation concept of synthesis to thin films which, due to their large surface-to-volume ratio, are more reactive thermodynamically. Epitaxial thin films of YBa2Cu3O7-delta grown by pulsed laser deposition are annealed at up to 700 atm O-2 and 900 degrees C, in conjunction with Cu enrichment by solid-state diffusion. The films show the clear formation of Y2Ba4Cu7O15-delta and Y2Ba4Cu8O16 as well as regions of YBa2Cu5O9-delta and YBa2Cu6O10-delta phases, according to scanning transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Similarly annealed YBa2Cu3O7-delta powders show no phase conversion. Our results demonstrate a route of synthesis towards discovering more complex phases of cuprates and other superconducting oxides.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Times cited: 2
DOI: 10.1103/PHYSREVMATERIALS.2.033803
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“Crystal growth of the Nowotny chimney ladder phase Fe2Ge3 : exploring new Fe-based narrow-gap semiconductor with promising thermoelectric performance”. Verchenko VY, Wei Z, Tsirlin AA, Callaert C, Jesche A, Hadermann J, Dikarev EV, Shevelkov AV, Chemistry of materials 29, 9954 (2017). http://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.CHEMMATER.7B03300
Abstract: <script type='text/javascript'>document.write(unpmarked('A new synthetic approach based on chemical transport reactions has been introduced to obtain the Nowotny chimney ladder phase Fe2Ge3 in the form of single crystals and polycrystalline powders. The single crystals possess the stoichiometric composition and the commensurate chimney ladder structure of the Ru2Sn3 type in contrast to the polycrystalline samples that are characterized by a complex microstructure. In compliance with the 18-n electron counting rule formulated for T-E intermetallics, electronic structure calculations reveal a narrow-gap semiconducting behavior of Fe2Ge3 favorable for high thermoelectric performance. Measurements of transport and thermoelectric properties performed on the polycrystalline samples confirm the formation of a narrow band gap of similar to 30 meV and reveal high absolute values of the Seebeck coefficient at elevated temperatures. Low glass-like thermal conductivity is observed in a wide temperature range that might be caused by the underlying complex microstructure.'));
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 9.466
Times cited: 11
DOI: 10.1021/ACS.CHEMMATER.7B03300
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“Spin-orbit semimetal SrIrO3 in the two-dimensional limit”. Groenendijk DJ, Autieri C, Girovsky J, Martinez-Velarte MC, Manca N, Mattoni G, Monteiro AMRVL, Gauquelin N, Verbeeck J, Otte AF, Gabay M, Picozzi S, Caviglia AD, Physical review letters 119, 256403 (2017). http://doi.org/10.1103/PHYSREVLETT.119.256403
Abstract: <script type='text/javascript'>document.write(unpmarked('We investigate the thickness-dependent electronic properties of ultrathin SrIrO3 and discover a transition from a semimetallic to a correlated insulating state below 4 unit cells. Low-temperature magnetoconductance measurements show that spin fluctuations in the semimetallic state are significantly enhanced while approaching the transition point. The electronic properties are further studied by scanning tunneling spectroscopy, showing that 4 unit cell SrIrO(3)d is on the verge of a gap opening. Our density functional theory calculations reproduce the critical thickness of the transition and show that the opening of a gap in ultrathin SrIrO3 requires antiferromagnetic order.'));
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 8.462
Times cited: 79
DOI: 10.1103/PHYSREVLETT.119.256403
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“Epitaxial stress-free growth of high crystallinity ferroelectric PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 on GaN/AlGaN/Si(111) substrate”. Li L, Liao Z, Gauquelin N, Minh Duc Nguyen, Hueting RJE, Gravesteijn DJ, Lobato I, Houwman EP, Lazar S, Verbeeck J, Koster G, Rijnders G, Advanced Materials Interfaces 5, 1700921 (2018). http://doi.org/10.1002/ADMI.201700921
Abstract: <script type='text/javascript'>document.write(unpmarked('Due to its physical properties gallium-nitride (GaN) is gaining a lot of attention as an emerging semiconductor material in the field of high-power and high-frequency electronics applications. Therefore, the improvement in the performance and/or perhaps even extension in functionality of GaN based devices would be highly desirable. The integration of ferroelectric materials such as lead-zirconate-titanate (PbZrxTi1-xO3) with GaN has a strong potential to offer such an improvement. However, the large lattice mismatch between PZT and GaN makes the epitaxial growth of Pb(Zr1-xTix)O-3 on GaN a formidable challenge. This work discusses a novel strain relaxation mechanism observed when MgO is used as a buffer layer, with thicknesses down to a single unit cell, inducing epitaxial growth of high crystallinity Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O-3 (PZT) thin films. The epitaxial PZT films exhibit good ferroelectric properties, showing great promise for future GaN device applications.'));
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 4.279
Times cited: 15
DOI: 10.1002/ADMI.201700921
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“Nematic superconducting state in iron pnictide superconductors”. Li J, Pereira PJ, Yuan J, Lv Y-Y, Jiang M-P, Lu D, Lin Z-Q, Liu Y-J, Wang J-F, Li L, Ke X, Van Tendeloo G, Li M-Y, Feng H-L, Hatano T, Wang H-B, Wu P-H, Yamaura K, Takayama-Muromachi E, Vanacken J, Chibotaru LF, Moshchalkov VV, Nature communications 8, 1880 (2017). http://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02016-y
Abstract: Nematic order often breaks the tetragonal symmetry of iron-based superconductors. It arises from regular structural transition or electronic instability in the normal phase. Here, we report the observation of a nematic superconducting state, by measuring the angular dependence of the in-plane and out-of-plane magnetoresistivity of Ba 0.5 K 0.5 Fe 2 As 2 single crystals. We find large twofold oscillations in the vicinity of the superconducting transition, when the direction of applied magnetic field is rotated within the basal plane. To avoid the influences from sample geometry or current flow direction, the sample was designed as Corbino-shape for in-plane and mesa-shape for out-of-plane measurements. Theoretical analysis shows that the nematic superconductivity arises from the weak mixture of the quasi-degenerate s-wave and d-wave components of the superconducting condensate, most probably induced by a weak anisotropy of stresses inherent to single crystals.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 12.124
Times cited: 8
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02016-y
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“Single-walled carbon nanotube reactor for redox transformation of mercury dichloride”. Fedoseeva YV, Orekhov AS, Chekhova GN, Koroteev VO, Kanygin MA, Seovskiy BV, Chuvilin A, Pontiroli D, Ricco M, Bulusheva LG, Okotrub AV, ACS nano 11, 8643 (2017). http://doi.org/10.1021/ACSNANO.7B04361
Abstract: <script type='text/javascript'>document.write(unpmarked('Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) possessing a confined inner space protected by chemically resistant shells are promising for delivery, storage, and desorption of various compounds, as well as carrying out specific reactions. Here, we show that SWCNTs interact with molten mercury dichloride (HgCl2) and guide its transformation into dimercury dichloride (Hg2Cl2) in the cavity. The chemical state of host SWCNTs remains almost unchanged except for a small p-doping from the guest Hg2Cl2 nanocrystals. The density functional theory calculations reveal that the encapsulated HgCl2 molecules become negatively charged and start interacting via chlorine bridges when local concentration increases. This reduces the bonding strength in HgCl2, which facilitates removal of chlorine, finally leading to formation of Hg2Cl2 species. The present work demonstrates that SWCNTs not only serve as a template for growing nanocrystals but also behave as an electron-transfer catalyst in the spatially confined redox reaction by donation of electron density for temporary use by the guests.'));
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 13.942
Times cited: 11
DOI: 10.1021/ACSNANO.7B04361
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“Spin-reorientation transitions in the Cairo pentagonal magnet Bi4Fe5O13F”. Tsirlin AA, Rousochatzakis I, Filimonov D, Batuk D, Frontzek M, Abakumov AM, Physical review B 96, 094420 (2017). http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.96.094420
Abstract: We show that interlayer spins play a dual role in the Cairo pentagonal magnet Bi4Fe5O13F, on one hand mediating the three-dimensional magnetic order, and on the other driving spin-reorientation transitions both within and between the planes. The corresponding sequence of magnetic orders unraveled by neutron diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy features two orthogonal magnetic structures described by opposite local vector chiralities, and an intermediate, partly disordered phase with nearly collinear spins. A similar collinear phase has been predicted theoretically to be stabilized by quantum fluctuations, but Bi4Fe5O13F is very far from the relevant parameter regime. While the observed in-plane reorientation cannot be explained by any standard frustration mechanism, our ab initio band-structure calculations reveal strong single-ion anisotropy of the interlayer Fe3+ spins that turns out to be instrumental in controlling the local vector chirality and the associated interlayer order.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 3.836
Times cited: 7
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.96.094420
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“Hierarchical hexagonal boron nitride nanowall-diamond nanorod heterostructures with enhanced optoelectronic performance”. Sankaran KJ, Duc Quang Hoang, Korneychuk S, Kunuku S, Thomas JP, Pobedinskas P, Drijkoningen S, Van Bael MK, D'Haen J, Verbeeck J, Leou K-C, Leung KT, Lin I-N, Haenen K, RSC advances 6, 90338 (2016). http://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA19596B
Abstract: A superior field electron emission (FEE) source made from a hierarchical heterostructure, where two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanowalls were coated on one-dimensional diamond nanorods (DNRs), is fabricated using a simple and scalable method. FEE characteristics of hBN-DNR display a low turn-on field of 6.0 V mu m(-1), a high field enhancement factor of 5870 and a high life-time stability of 435 min. Such an enhancement in the FEE properties of hBN-DNR derives from the distinctive material combination, i.e., high aspect ratio of the heterostructure, good electron transport from the DNR to the hBN nanowalls and efficient field emission of electrons from the hBN nanowalls. The prospective application of these heterostructures is further evidenced by enhanced microplasma devices using hBN-DNR as a cathode, in which the threshold voltage was lowered to 350 V, affirming the role of hBN-DNR in the improvement of electron emission.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 3.108
Times cited: 8
DOI: 10.1039/C6RA19596B
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“Long-Range Domain Structure and Symmetry Engineering by Interfacial Oxygen Octahedral Coupling at Heterostructure Interface”. Liao Z, Green RJ, Gauquelin N, Macke S, Li L, Gonnissen J, Sutarto R, Houwman EP, Zhong Z, Van Aert S, Verbeeck J, Sawatzky GA, Huijben M, Koster G, Rijnders G, Advanced functional materials 26, 6627 (2016). http://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201602155
Abstract: In epitaxial thin film systems, the crystal structure and its symmetry deviate from the bulk counterpart due to various mechanisms such as epitaxial strain and interfacial structural coupling, which is accompanyed by a change in their properties. In perovskite materials, the crystal symmetry can be described by rotations of sixfold coordinated transition metal oxygen octahedra, which are found to be altered at interfaces. Here, it is unraveled how the local oxygen octahedral coupling at perovskite heterostructural interfaces strongly influences the domain structure and symmetry of the epitaxial films resulting in design rules to induce various structures in thin films using carefully selected combinations of substrate/buffer/film. Very interestingly it is discovered that these combinations lead to structure changes throughout the full thickness of the film. The results provide a deep insight into understanding the origin of induced structures in a perovskite heterostructure and an intelligent route to achieve unique functional properties.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 12.124
Times cited: 23
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201602155
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Sankaran KJ, Hoang DQ, Srinivasu K, Korneychuk S, Turner S, Drijkoningen S, Pobedinskas P, Verbeeck J, Leou KC, Lin IN, Haenen K, Physica status solidi : A : applications and materials science 213, 2654 (2016). http://doi.org/10.1002/PSSA.201600233
Abstract: Utilization of Au and nanocrystalline diamond ( NCD) as interlayers noticeably modifies the microstructure and field electron emission ( FEE) properties of hexagonal boron nitride nanowalls ( hBNNWs) grown on Si substrates. The FEE properties of hBNNWs on Au could be turned on at a low turn-on field of 14.3V mu m(-1), attaining FEE current density of 2.58mAcm(-2) and life-time stability of 105 min. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the Au-interlayer nucleates the hBN directly, preventing the formation of amorphous boron nitride ( aBN) in the interface, resulting in enhanced FEE properties. But Au forms as droplets on the Si substrate forming again aBN at the interface. Conversely, hBNNWs on NCD shows superior in life-time stability of 287 min although it possesses inferior FEE properties in terms of larger turn-on field and lower FEE current density as compared to that of hBNNWs-Au. The uniform and continuous NCD film on Si also circumvents the formation of aBN phases and allows hBN to grow directly on NCD. Incorporation of carbon in hBNNWs from the NCD-interlayer improves the conductivity of hBNNWs, which assists in transporting the electrons efficiently from NCD to hBNNWs that results in better field emission of electrons with high life-time stability. (C) 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 1.775
Times cited: 5
DOI: 10.1002/PSSA.201600233
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“A geometrical model for testing bilateral symmetry of bamboo leaf with a simplified Gielis equation”. Lin S, Zhang L, Reddy GVP, Hui C, Gielis J, Ding Y, Shi P, Ecology and evolution 6, 6798 (2016). http://doi.org/10.1002/ECE3.2407
Abstract: The size and shape of plant leaves change with growth, and an accurate description of leaf shape is crucial for describing plant morphogenesis and development. Bilateral symmetry, which has been widely observed but poorly examined, occurs in both dicot and monocot leaves, including all nominated bamboo species (approximately 1,300 species), of which at least 500 are found in China. Although there are apparent differences in leaf size among bamboo species due to genetic and environmental profiles, bamboo leaves have bilateral symmetry with parallel venation and appear similar across species. Here, we investigate whether the shape of bamboo leaves can be accurately described by a simplified Gielis equation, which consists of only two parameters (leaf length and shape) and produces a perfect bilateral shape. To test the applicability of this equation and the occurrence of bilateral symmetry, we first measured the leaf length of 42 bamboo species, examining >500 leaves per species. We then scanned 30 leaves per species that had approximately the same length as the median leaf length for that species. The leaf-shape data from scanned profiles were fitted to the simplified Gielis equation. Results confirmed that the equation fits the leaf-shape data extremely well, with the coefficients of determination being 0.995 on average. We further demonstrated the bilateral symmetry of bamboo leaves, with a clearly defined leaf-shape parameter of all 42 bamboo species investigated ranging from 0.02 to 0.1. This results in a simple and reliable tool for precise determination of bamboo species, with applications in forestry, ecology, and taxonomy.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
DOI: 10.1002/ECE3.2407
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“Determining oxygen relaxations at an interface: A comparative study between transmission electron microscopy techniques”. Gauquelin N, van den Bos KHW, Béché, A, Krause FF, Lobato I, Lazar S, Rosenauer A, Van Aert S, Verbeeck J, Ultramicroscopy 181, 178 (2017). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.06.002
Abstract: Nowadays, aberration corrected transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a popular method to characterise nanomaterials at the atomic scale. Here, atomically resolved images of nanomaterials are acquired, where the contrast depends on the illumination, imaging and detector conditions of the microscope. Visualization of light elements is possible when using low angle annular dark field (LAADF) STEM, annular bright field (ABF) STEM, integrated differential phase contrast (iDPC) STEM, negative spherical aberration imaging (NCSI) and imaging STEM (ISTEM). In this work, images of a NdGaO3-La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (NGO-LSMO) interface are quantitatively evaluated by using statistical parameter estimation theory. For imaging light elements, all techniques are providing reliable results, while the techniques based on interference contrast, NCSI and ISTEM, are less robust in terms of accuracy for extracting heavy column locations. In term of precision, sample drift and scan distortions mainly limits the STEM based techniques as compared to NCSI. Post processing techniques can, however, partially compensate for this. In order to provide an outlook to the future, simulated images of NGO, in which the unavoidable presence of Poisson noise is taken into account, are used to determine the ultimate precision. In this future counting noise limited scenario, NCSI and ISTEM imaging will provide more precise values as compared to the other techniques, which can be related to the mechanisms behind the image recording.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.843
Times cited: 34
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.06.002
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“One step toward a new generation of C-MOS compatible oxide p-n junctions: Structure of the LSMO/ZnO interface elucidated by an experimental and theoretical synergic work”. Pullini D, Sgroi M, Mahmoud A, Gauquelin N, Maschio L, Lorenzo-Ferrari AM, Groenen R, Damen C, Rijnders G, van den Bos KHW, Van Aert S, Verbeeck J, ACS applied materials and interfaces 9, 20974 (2017). http://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b04089
Abstract: Heterostructures formed by La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/ZnO (LSMO/ZnO) interfaces exhibit extremely interesting electronic properties making them promising candidates for novel oxide p–n junctions, with multifunctional features. In this work, the structure of the interface is studied through a combined experimental/theoretical approach. Heterostructures were grown epitaxially and homogeneously on 4″ silicon wafers, characterized by advanced electron microscopy imaging and spectroscopy and simulated by ab initio density functional theory calculations. The simulation results suggest that the most stable interface configuration is composed of the (001) face of LSMO, with the LaO planes exposed, in contact with the (112̅0) face of ZnO. The ab initio predictions agree well with experimental high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy images and confirm the validity of the suggested structural model. Electron energy loss spectroscopy confirms the atomic sharpness of the interface. From statistical parameter estimation theory, it has been found that the distances between the interfacial planes are displaced from the respective ones of the bulk material. This can be ascribed to the strain induced by the mismatch between the lattices of the two materials employed
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 7.504
Times cited: 4
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b04089
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“Reclaiming the image of daguerreotypes: Characterization of the corroded surface before and after atmospheric plasma treatment”. Grieten E, Schalm O, Tack P, Bauters S, Storme P, Gauquelin N, Caen J, Patelli A, Vincze L, Schryvers D, Journal of cultural heritage (2017). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2017.05.008
Abstract: Technological developments such as atmospheric plasma jets for industry can be adapted for the conservation of cultural heritage. This application might offer a potential method for the removal or transformation of the corrosion on historical photographs. We focus on daguerreotypes and present an in-depth study of the induced changes by a multi-analytical approach using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, different types of transmission electron microscopy and X-ray absorption fine structure. The H2-He afterglow removes S from an Ag2S or Cu2S layer which results in a nano-layer of metallic Ag or Cu on top of the deteriorated microstructure. In case the corrosion layer is composed of Cu-Ag-S compounds, our proposed setup can be used to partially remove the corrosion. These alterations of the corrosion results in an improvement in the readability of the photographic image.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Art; History; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
Impact Factor: 1.838
Times cited: 9
DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2017.05.008
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“Electronic Coupling between Graphene and Topological Insulator Induced Anomalous Magnetotransport Properties”. Zhang L, Lin B-C, Wu Y-F, Wu H, Huang T-W, Chang C-R, Ke X, Kurttepeli M, Tendeloo GV, Xu J, Yu D, Liao Z-M, ACS nano 11, 6277 (2017). http://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b02494
Abstract: It has been theoretically proposed that the spin textures of surface states in a topological insulator can be directly transferred to graphene by means of the proximity effect, which is very important for realizing the two-dimensional topological insulator based on graphene. Here we report the anomalous magnetotransport properties of graphene-topological insulator Bi2Se3 heterojunctions, which are sensitive to the electronic coupling between graphene and the topological surface state. The coupling between the p_z orbitals of graphene and the p orbitals of the surface states on the Bi2Se3 bottom surface can be enhanced by applying a perpendicular negative magnetic field, resulting in a giant negative magnetoresistance at the Dirac point up to about -91%. Obvious resistances dip in the transfer curve at the Dirac point is also observed in the hybrid devices, which is consistent with theoretical predictions of the distorted Dirac bands with nontrivial spin textures inherited from the Bi2Se3 surface states.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 13.942
Times cited: 12
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b02494
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“Composition-dependent charge transfer and phase separation in the V1-xRexO2 solid solution”. Mikhailova D, Kuratieva NN, Utsumi Y, Tsirlin AA, Abakumov AM, Schmidt M, Oswald S, Fuess H, Ehrenberg H, Journal of the Chemical Society : Dalton transactions 46, 1606 (2017). http://doi.org/10.1039/C6DT04389E
Abstract: The substitution of vanadium in vanadium dioxide VO2 influences the critical temperatures of structural and metal-to-insulator transitions in different ways depending on the valence of the dopant. Rhenium adopts valence states between + 4 and + 7 in an octahedral oxygen surrounding and is particularly interesting in this context. Structural investigation of V1-xRexO2 solid solutions (0.01 <= x <= 0.30) between 80 and 1200 K using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction revealed only two polymorphs that resemble VO2: the low-temperature monoclinic MoO2-type form (space group P2(1)/c), and the tetragonal rutile-like form (space group P4(2)/mnm). However, for compositions with 0.03 < x <= 0.15 a phase separation in the solid solution was observed below 1000 K upon cooling down from 1200 K, giving rise to two isostructural phases with slightly different lattice parameters. This is reflected in the appearance of two metal-toinsulator transition temperatures detected by magnetization and specific heat measurements. Comprehensive X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies showed that an increased amount of Re leads to a change in the Re valence state from solely Re6+ at a low doping level (<= 3 at% Re) via mixed-valence states Re4+/Re6+ for at least 0.03 < x <= 0.10, up to nearly pure Re4+ in V0.70Re0.30O2. Thus, compositions V1-xRexO2 with only one valence state of Re in the material (Re6+ or Re4+) can be obtained as a single phase, while intermediate compositions are subjected to a phase separation, presumably due to different valence states of Re.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 4.029
Times cited: 1
DOI: 10.1039/C6DT04389E
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“Synthesis, structure, and electrochemical properties of k-based sulfates K2M2(SO4)3) with M = Fe and Cu”. Lander L, Rousse G, Batuk D, Colin CV, Dalla Corte DA, Tarascon J-M, Inorganic chemistry 56, 2013 (2017). http://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.INORGCHEM.6B02526
Abstract: Stabilizing new host structures through potassium extraction from K-based polyanionic materials has been proven to be an interesting approach to develop new Li+/Na+ insertion materials. Pursuing the same trend, we here report the feasibility of preparing langbeinite “Fe-2(SO4)(3)” via electrochemical and chemical oxidation of K2Fe2(SO4)(3). Additionally, we succeeded in stabilizing a new K2Cu2(SO4)(3) phase via a solid-state synthesis approach. This novel compound crystallizes in a complex orthorhombic structure that differs from that of langbeinite as deduced from synchrotron X-ray and neutron powder diffraction. Electrochemically, the performance of this new phase is limited, which we explain in terms of sluggish diffusion kinetics. We further show that K2Cu2(SO4)(3) decomposes into K2Cu3O(SO4)(3) on heating, and we report for the first time the synthesis of fedotovite K2Cu3O(SO4)(3). Finally, the fundamental attractiveness of these S = 1/2 systems for physicists is examined by neutron magnetic diffraction, which reveals the absence of a long-range ordering of Cu2+ magnetic moments down to 1.5 K.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 4.857
Times cited: 13
DOI: 10.1021/ACS.INORGCHEM.6B02526
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“Energy Level Alignment and Cation Charge States at the LaFeO3/LaMnO3(001) Heterointerface”. Smolin SY, Choquette AK, Wilks RG, Gauquelin N, Félix R, Gerlach D, Ueda S, Krick AL, Verbeeck J, Bär M, Baxter JB, May SJ, Advanced Materials Interfaces 4, 1700183 (2017). http://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201700183
Abstract: The electronic properties of LaFeO 3 /LaMnO 3 epitaxial heterojunctions are investigated to determine the valence and conduction band offsets and the nominal Mn and Fe valence states at the interface. Studying a systematic series of (LaFeO 3 ) n /(LaMnO 3 ) m bilayers (m ≈ 50) epitaxially grown in the (001) orientation using molecular beam epitaxy, layer-resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy reveals a lack of significant interfacial charge transfer, with a nominal 3+ valence state observed for both Mn and Fe across the interface. Through a combination of variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, type I energy level alignments are obtained at the LaFeO 3 /LaMnO 3 interface with positive valence and conduction band offsets of (1.20 ± 0.07) eV and (0.5–0.7 ± 0.3) eV, respectively, with minimal band bending. Variable temperature resistivity measurements reveal that the bilayers remain insulating and that the presence of the heterojunction does not result in a conducting interface.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 4.279
Times cited: 14
DOI: 10.1002/admi.201700183
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“One-Step Microheterogeneous Formation of Rutile@Anatase Core–Shell Nanostructured Microspheres Discovered by Precise Phase Mapping”. Tarasov A, Hu Z-Y, Meledina M, Trusov G, Goodilin E, Van Tendeloo G, Dobrovolsky Y, The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces 121, 4443 (2017). http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b12991
Abstract: Nanostructured core−shell microspheres with a rough rutile core and a thin anatase shell are synthesized via a one-step heterogeneous templated hydrolysis process of TiCl4 vapor on the aerosol water−air interface. The rutile-in-anatase core−shell structure has been evidenced by different electron microscopy techniques, including electron energy-loss spectroscopy and 3D electron tomography. A new mechanism for the formation of a crystalline rutile core inside the anatase shell is proposed based on a statistical evaluation of a large number of electron microscopy data. We found that the control over the TiCl4 vapor pressure, the ratio between TiCl4 and H2O aerosol, and the reaction conditions plays a crucial role in the formation of the core−shell morphology and increases the yield of nanostructured microspheres.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 4.536
Times cited: 4
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b12991
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“Structure-property relations of methylamine vapor treated hybrid perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 films and solar cells”. Conings B, Bretschneider SA, Babayigit A, Gauquelin N, Cardinaletti I, Manca JV, Verbeeck J, Snaith HJ, Boyen H-G, ACS applied materials and interfaces 9, 8092 (2017). http://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b15175
Abstract: The power conversion efficiency of halide perovskite solar cells is heavily dependent on the perovskite layer being sufficiently smooth and pinhole-free. It has been shown that these features can be obtained even when starting out from rough and discontinuous perovskite film, by briefly exposing it to methylamine (MA) vapor. The exact underlying physical mechanisms of this phenomenon are, however, still unclear. By investigating smooth, MA treated films, based on very rough and discontinuous reference films of methylammonium triiode (MAPbI3), considering their morphology, crystalline features, local conductive properties, and charge carrier lifetime, we unravel the relation between their characteristic physical qualities and their performance in corresponding solar cells. We discover that the extensive improvement in photovoltaic performance upon MA treatment is a consequence of the induced morphological enhancement of the perovskite layer, together with improved electron injection into TiO2, which in fact compensates for an otherwise compromised bulk electronic quality, simultaneously caused by the MA treatment.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 7.504
Times cited: 43
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15175
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“Layered-to-Tunnel Structure Transformation and Oxygen Redox Chemistry in LiRhO2upon Li Extraction and Insertion”. Mikhailova D, Karakulina OM, Batuk D, Hadermann J, Abakumov AM, Herklotz M, Tsirlin AA, Oswald S, Giebeler L, Schmidt M, Eckert J, Knapp M, Ehrenberg H, Inorganic chemistry 55, 7079 (2016). http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01008
Abstract: Layered Li(M,Li)O2 (where M is a transition metal) ordered rock-salt-type structures are used in advanced metal-ion batteries as one of the best hosts for the reversible intercalation of Li ions. Besides the conventional redox reaction involving oxidation/reduction of the M cation upon Li extraction/insertion, creating oxygen-located holes because of the partial oxygen oxidation increases capacity while maintaining the oxidized oxygen species in the lattice through high covalency of the M–O bonding. Typical degradation mechanism of the Li(M,Li)O2 electrodes involves partially irreversible M cation migration toward the Li positions, resulting in gradual capacity/voltage fade. Here, using LiRhO2 as a model system (isostructural and isoelectronic to LiCoO2), for the first time, we demonstrate an intimate coupling between the oxygen redox and M cation migration. A formation of the oxidized oxygen species upon electrochemical Li extraction coincides with transformation of the layered Li1–xRhO2 structure into the γ-MnO2-type rutile–ramsdellite intergrowth LiyRh3O6 structure with rutile-like [1 × 1] channels along with bigger ramsdellite-like [2 × 1] tunnels through massive and concerted Rh migration toward the empty positions in the Li layers. The oxidized oxygen dimers with the O–O distances as short as 2.26 Å are stabilized in this structure via the local Rh–O configuration reminiscent to that in the μ-peroxo-μ-hydroxo Rh complexes. The LiyRh3O6 structure is remarkably stable upon electrochemical cycling illustrating that proper structural implementation of the oxidized oxygen species can open a pathway toward deliberate employment of the anion redox chemistry in high-capacity/high-voltage positive electrodes for metal-ion batteries. Upon chemical or electrochemical oxidation, layered LiRhO2 shows a unique structural transformation that involves both cation migration and oxidation of oxygen resulting in a stable tunnel-like rutile−ramsdellite intergrowth LiyRh3O6 structure. This structure demonstrates excellent performance with the steady and reversible capacity of ∼200 mAh/g. The stability of LiyRh3O6 is rooted in the accommodation of partially oxidized oxygen species through the formation of short O−O distances that are compatible with the connectivity of RhO6 octahedra.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 4.857
Times cited: 12
DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01008
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“Controlled growth of hexagonal gold nanostructures during thermally induced self-assembling on Ge(001) surface”. Jany BR, Gauquelin N, Willhammar T, Nikiel M, van den Bos KHW, Janas A, Szajna K, Verbeeck J, Van Aert S, Van Tendeloo G, Krok F, Scientific reports 7, 42420 (2017). http://doi.org/10.1038/srep42420
Abstract: Nano-sized gold has become an important material in various fields of science and technology, where control over the size and crystallography is desired to tailor the functionality. Gold crystallizes in the face-centered cubic (fcc) phase, and its hexagonal closed packed (hcp) structure is a very unusual and rare phase. Stable Au hcp phase has been reported to form in nanoparticles at the tips of some Ge nanowires. It has also recently been synthesized in the form of thin graphene-supported sheets which are unstable under electron beam irradiation. Here, we show that stable hcp Au 3D nanostructures with well-defined crystallographic orientation and size can be systematically created in a process of thermally induced self-assembly of thin Au layer on Ge(001) monocrystal. The Au hcp crystallite is present in each Au nanostructure and has been characterized by different electron microscopy techniques. We report that a careful heat treatment above the eutectic melting temperature and a controlled cooling is required to form the hcp phase of Au on a Ge single crystal. This new method gives scientific prospects to obtain stable Au hcp phase for future applications in a rather simple manner as well as redefine the phase diagram of Gold with Germanium.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 4.259
Times cited: 25
DOI: 10.1038/srep42420
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“Antisite Disorder and Bond Valence Compensation in Li2FePO4F Cathode for Li-Ion Batteries”. Karakulina OM, Khasanova NR, Drozhzhin OA, Tsirlin AA, Hadermann J, Antipov EV, Abakumov AM, Chemistry Of Materials 28, 7578 (2016). http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b03746
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 9.466
Times cited: 10
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b03746
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“Upper critical field in the model with finite-range interaction between electrons”. Shumilin AV, Baranov VV, Kabanov VV, Physical review B 94, 174506 (2016). http://doi.org/10.1103/PHYSREVB.94.174506
Abstract: We develop a theory of the upper critical field in a BCS superconductor with a nonlocal interaction between electrons. We have shown that the nonlocal interaction is characterized by the parameter k(F)rho(0), where k(F) is the Fermi momentum and rho(0) is the radius of electron-electron interaction. The presence of the external magnetic field leads to the generation of additional components of the order parameter with different angular momenta. This effect leads to the enhancement of the upper critical field above the orbital limiting field. In addition the upward curvature in the temperature dependence of H-c2 (T) in the clean limit is predicted. The impurity scattering suppresses the effect in the dirty limit.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT)
Impact Factor: 3.836
DOI: 10.1103/PHYSREVB.94.174506
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“A Universal Deposition Protocol for Planar Heterojunction Solar Cells with High Efficiency Based on Hybrid Lead Halide Perovskite Families”. Conings B, Babayigit A, Klug M T, Bai S, Gauquelin N, Sakai N, Wang J T-W, Verbeeck J, Boyen H-G, Advanced materials 28, 10701 (2016). http://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201603747
Abstract: A robust and expedient gas quenching method is developed for the solution deposition of hybrid perovskite thin films. The method offers a reliable standard practice for the fabrication of a non-exhaustive variety of perovskites exhibiting excellent film morphology and commensurate high performance in both regular and inverted structured solar cell architectures.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 19.791
Times cited: 95
DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603747
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“Attitudes of agricultural experts toward genetically modified crops : a case study in Southwest Iran”. Ghanian M, Ghoochani OM, Kitterlin M, Jahangiry S, Zarafshani K, Van Passel S, Azadi H, Science And Engineering Ethics 22, 509 (2016). http://doi.org/10.1007/S11948-015-9653-1
Abstract: The production of genetically modified (GM) crops is growing around the world, and with it possible opportunities to combat food insecurity and hunger, as well as solutions to current problems facing conventional agriculture. In this regard the use of GMOs in food and agricultural applications has increased greatly over the past decade. However, the development of GM crops has been a matter of considerable interest and worldwide public controversy. This, in addition to skepticism, has stifled the use of this practice on a large scale in many areas, including Iran. It stands to reason that a greater understanding of this practice could be formed after a review of the existing expert opinions surrounding GM crops. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the predictors that influence agricultural experts attitudes toward the development of and policies related to GM crops. Using a descriptive correlational research method, questionnaire data was collected from 65 experts from the Agricultural Organization in the Gotvand district in Southwest Iran. Results indicated that agricultural experts were aware of the environmental benefits and possible risks associated with GM crops. The majority of participants agreed that GM crops could improve food security and accelerate rural development, and were proponents of labeling practices for GM crops. Finally, there was a positive correlation between the perception of benefits and attitudes towards GM crops.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Economics; Engineering Management (ENM)
Impact Factor: 2.229
Times cited: 5
DOI: 10.1007/S11948-015-9653-1
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“Strain mapping of semiconductor specimens with nm-scale resolution in a transmission electron microscope”. Cooper D, Denneulin T, Bernier N, Béché, A, Rouvière J-L, Micron 80, 145 (2016). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.MICRON.2015.09.001
Abstract: The last few years have seen a great deal of progress in the development of transmission electron microscopy based techniques for strain mapping. New techniques have appeared such as dark field electron holography and nanobeam diffraction and better known ones such as geometrical phase analysis have been improved by using aberration corrected ultra-stable modern electron microscopes. In this paper we apply dark field electron holography, the geometrical phase analysis of high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy images, nanobeam diffraction and precession diffraction, all performed at the state-of-the-art to five different types of semiconductor samples. These include a simple calibration structure comprising 10-nm-thick SiGe layers to benchmark the techniques. A SiGe recessed source and drain device has been examined in order to test their capabilities on 2D structures. Devices that have been strained using a nitride stressor have been examined to test the sensitivity of the different techniques when applied to systems containing low values of deformation. To test the techniques on modern semiconductors, an electrically tested device grown on a SOI wafer has been examined. Finally a GaN/AlN superlattice was tested in order to assess the different methods of measuring deformation on specimens that do not have a perfect crystalline structure. The different deformation mapping techniques have been compared to one another and the strengths and weaknesses of each are discussed.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 1.98
Times cited: 50
DOI: 10.1016/J.MICRON.2015.09.001
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