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	Author	Alfeld, M.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Strategies for processing mega-pixel X-ray fluorescence hyperspectral data: a case study on a version of Caravaggio's painting Supper at Emmaus			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	30	Issue	3	Pages	777-789
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Technical progress in the fields of X-ray sources, optics and detectors is constantly enhancing the pace of data acquisition in XRF imaging. This enlarges the size of the hyperspectral datasets and the number of their sub-parts. This paper describes the challenges in processing large XRF datasets featuring several million pixels/spectra and the strategies developed to overcome them. During the investigation of historical paintings by scanning macro-XRF the main challenges are the correct identification of all spectral features in a dataset and its timely processing. For the identification of spectral features different approaches are discussed, i.e. the use of sum spectra, maximum pixel spectra and of chi(2)(r) maps. For the time-efficient, artefact-free evaluation of XRF imaging data, different software packages are evaluated and intercompared (AXIL, PyMCA, GeoPIXE and the in-house written datamuncher). The process of data evaluation is illustrated on a large dataset (3.4 MPixels) acquired during the investigation of a version of Caravaggio's Supper at Emmaus (143 x 199.5 cm(2)). This 17th century painting is currently the largest object entirely scanned with macroscopic XRF.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000350650800026	Publication Date	2015-02-12
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	67	Open Access
	Notes	; The authors would like to thank W. de Nolf, A. Rothkirch, C. Ryan, A. Sole, B. Vekemans, P. van Espen and L. Vincze for their fruitful discussions over the years. Furthermore, the authors thank D. Swetzoff for his support. M. Alfeld was from 2009 to 2013 the recipient of a Ph.D. fellowship of the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO, Brussels). ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2015 IF: 3.466
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:125477			Serial	5848
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	Author	Alfeld, M.; de Nolf, W.; Cagno, S.; Janssens, K.; et al.
	Title	Revealing hidden paint layers in oil paintings by means of scanning macro-XRF : a mock-up study based on Rembrandt's “An old man in military costume”			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	28	Issue	1	Pages	40-51
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Over the past several decades the oeuvre of Rembrandt has been the subject of extensive art historical and scientific investigations. One of the most striking features to emerge is his frequent re-use of canvases and panels. The painting An Old Man in Military Costume (78.PB.246), in the collection of the J. Paul Getty Museum, is an example of such a re-used panel. Conventional imaging techniques revealed the presence of a second portrait under the surface portrait, but the details of this hidden portrait have not yet been revealed. Vermilion (HgS) has been identified to have been used nearly exclusively in the flesh tones of the lower painting, suggesting that element-specific XRF imaging might successfully image the hidden portrait. To test this hypothesis, a full-scale mock-up of the painting was created, including a “free impression” of the hidden portrait, reproducing as closely as possible the pigments and paint stratigraphy of the original painting. XRF imaging of the mock-up painting was conducted using three different XRF imaging systems: a mobile X-ray tube based system and two synchrotron-based setups (one equipped with multiple SDDs and one equipped with a Maia detector). The sensitivity, limits of detection and imaging capabilities of each system under the chosen experimental conditions are evaluated and compared. The results indicate that an investigation of the original painting by this method would have an excellent chance of success.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000314903400003	Publication Date	2012-11-22
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	; This research was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme – Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16). The text also presents results of GOA “XANES meets ELNES” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. Further, the research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no 226716. M. Alfeld receives a Ph.D. fellowship of the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO). The authors gratefully acknowledge Yvonne Szafran and the staff of the Paintings Conservation Department of the J. Paul Getty Museum for making available their infrared reflectography (IRR) and X-radiographic images of the painting, and also the neutron activation analysis (NAA) images acquired in 1996 at NIST by Dr Henry Prask in collaboration with Mark Leonard, former head of the J. Paul Getty Museum Paintings Conservation Department. We are also grateful to Peter Reischig, a graduate intern at the Getty Conservation Institute and a Ph.D. candidate at Delft University of Technology for his assistance. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2013 IF: 3.396
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:107704			Serial	5818
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	Author	Aghaei, M.; Lindner, H.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Effect of a mass spectrometer interface on inductively coupled plasma characteristics : a computational study			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2012	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	27	Issue	4	Pages	604-610
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	An inductively coupled plasma connected to a mass spectrometer interface (sampling cone) is computationally investigated. Typical plasma characteristics, such as gas flow velocity, plasma temperature and electron density, are calculated in two dimensions (cylindrical symmetry) and compared with and without a mass spectrometer sampling interface. The results obtained from our model compare favorably with experimental data reported in the literature. A dramatic increase in the plasma velocity is reported in the region close to the interface. Furthermore, a cooled metal interface lowers the plasma temperature and electron density on the axial channel very close to the sampling cone but the corresponding values in the off axial regions are increased. Therefore, the effect of the interface strongly depends on the measurement position. It is shown that even a small shift from the actual position of the sampler leads to a considerable change of the results.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos	000301496700005	Publication Date	2012-02-22
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477;1364-5544;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	18	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2012 IF: 3.155
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:97386			Serial	791
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	Author	Aghaei, M.; Lindner, H.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	The effect of the sampling cone position and diameter on the gas flow dynamics in an ICP			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	28	Issue	9	Pages	1485-1492
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	An inductively coupled plasma, connected to a sampling cone of a mass spectrometer, is computationally investigated. The effects of the sampler orifice diameter (ranging from 1 to 2 mm) and distance of the sampler cone from the load coil (ranging from 7 to 17 mm) are studied. An increase in sampler orifice diameter leads to a higher central plasma temperature at the place of the sampler, as well as more efficient gas transfer through the sampler, by reducing the interaction of the plasma gas with the sampling cone. However, the flow velocity at the sampler position is found to be independent of the sampler orifice diameter. Moreover, by changing the sampler orifice diameter, we can control whether only the central gas or also the auxiliary gas can exit through the sampler. Finally, with the increasing distance of the sampler from the load coil, the plasma temperature at the place of the sampler decreases slightly, which might also have consequences for the ion generation and transport through the sampling cone.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos	000322922300016	Publication Date	2013-06-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477;1364-5544;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	14	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2013 IF: 3.396
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:109204			Serial	848
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	Author	Aghaei, M.; Flamigni, L.; Lindner, H.; Günther, D.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Occurrence of gas flow rotational motion inside the ICP torch : a computational and experimental study			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2014	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	29	Issue	2	Pages	249-261
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	An inductively coupled plasma, connected to the sampling cone of a mass spectrometer, is computationally investigated. The occurrence of rotational motion of the auxiliary and carrier gas flows is studied. The effects of operating parameters, i.e., applied power and gas flow rates, as well as geometrical parameters, i.e., sampler orifice diameter and injector inlet diameter, are investigated. Our calculations predict that at higher applied power the auxiliary and carrier gas flows inside the torch move more forward to the sampling cone, which is validated experimentally for the auxiliary gas flow, by means of an Elan 6000 ICP-MS. Furthermore, an increase of the gas flow rates can also modify the occurrence of rotational motion. This is especially true for the carrier gas flow rate, which has a more pronounced effect to reduce the backward motion than the flow rates of the auxiliary and cooling gas. Moreover, a larger sampler orifice (e.g., 2 mm instead of 1 mm) reduces the backward flow of the auxiliary gas path lines. Finally, according to our model, an injector inlet of 2 mm diameter causes more rotations in the carrier gas flow than an injector inlet diameter of 1.5 mm, which can be avoided again by changing the operating parameters.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos	000329934000005	Publication Date	2013-11-14
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477;1364-5544;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	21	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2014 IF: 3.466
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:112896			Serial	2427
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	Author	Aghaei, M.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Particle transport through an inductively coupled plasma torch: elemental droplet evaporation			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	31	Issue	31	Pages	631-641
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	We studied the transport of copper droplets through an inductively coupled plasma, connected to the sampling cone of a mass spectrometer, by means of a computational model. The sample droplets are followed until they become evaporated. They are inserted as liquid particles from the central inlet and the effects of injection position (i.e. “on” and “off” axis), droplet diameter, as well as mass loading flow rate are investigated. It is shown that more “on-axis” injection of the droplets leads to a more straight path line, so that the droplets move less in the radial direction and are evaporated more on the central axis, enabling a better sample transfer efficiency to the sampler cone. Furthermore, there are optimum ranges of diameters and flow rates, which guarantee the proper position of evaporation along the torch, i.e. not too early, so that the sample can get lost in the torch, and not too late, which reduces the chance of becoming ionized before reaching the sampler.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000372857300003	Publication Date	2015-07-07
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	21	Open Access
	Notes	The authors are very grateful to H. Lindner for the many fundamental and fruitful discussions. They are also gratefully acknowledge nancial support from the Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FWO).			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379
	Call Number	c:irua:133240			Serial	4024
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	Author	Adams, F.; Janssens, K.; Snigirev, A.
	Title	Microscopical X-ray fluorescence analysis and related methods with laboratory and synchrotron radiation sources			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1998	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	13	Issue	5	Pages	319-331
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000073808900002	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 1998 IF: 3.845
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:19322			Serial	5728
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	Author	Adams, F.; Adriaens, A.; Aerts, A.; de Raedt, I.; Janssens, K.; Schalm, O.
	Title	Micro and surface analysis in archaeology			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1997	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	12	Issue	3	Pages	257-265
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1997WN16300001	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 1997 IF: 3.595
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:16274			Serial	5711
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