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	Author	Bleiner, D.; Belloni, F.; Doria, D.; Lorusso, A.; Nassisi, V.
	Title	Overcoming pulse mixing and signal tailing in laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry depth profiling			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2005	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The laser ablation-induced plasma was used as a composition-con trolled source for ion implantation in Si crystals. Then, laser ablation in combination with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used for the elemental depth profiling of the implanted samples. Monte Carlo simulations permitted us to conclude that a depth resolution of tens of nm would be necessary to define the shape of the implantation profiles, as is obtained using XPS and RBS, whereas a hundred nm depth resolution is sufficient to determine the total implanted dose. The detection power of LA-ICP-MS would routinely allow rapid analytical control on the trace level implanted dose. Nevertheless, this technique is limited in terms of depth profiling resolution due to pulse mixing and signal tailing induced during the aerosol transport. Raw signal processing procedures were developed for the minimization of shapeline dispersion, deconvolution of pulse mixing and more appropriate assessment of the implanted profiles. Shapeline dispersion could be corrected for by determining the signal waning constant and implementing this information for a non-affine alibi transformation of the LA-ICP-MS signal traces. Pulse mixing deconvolution was attained with an algorithm that considered accumulated signal intensity due to pulse-on-pulse stacking, i.e., the latest pulse on top of all antecedent individual pulses' exponential tails proportionally.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos	000233958900018	Publication Date	2005-10-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	26	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2005 IF: 3.640
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:99278			Serial	4525
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	Author	Lindner, H.; Autrique, D.; Pisonero, J.; Günther, D.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Numerical simulation analysis of flow patterns and particle transport in the HEAD laser ablation cell with respect to inductively coupled plasma spectrometry			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2010	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	25	Issue	3	Pages	295-304
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The present study analyses a specific laser ablation cell, the High Efficiency Aerosol Dispersion (HEAD) cell (see J. Pisonero et al., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2006, 21, 922931), by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. However, this cell consists of different modular parts, therefore, the results are probably of interest for the further development of other ablation cells. In the HEAD cell, the ablation spot is positioned below an orifice in the ceiling of the sample chamber. The particle transport through this orifice has been analysed for a ceiling height of 0.8 mm. The critical velocity for the onset of particle losses was found to be independent on the ejection angle at the crater spot. The deceleration of the particles can be described as the stopping in an effectively steady gas. Particle losses were negligible in this modular part of the cell at the evaluated laser ablation conditions. The transport efficiency through the Venturi chamber was investigated for different sample gas flow rates. In this case, it was found that small particles were predominantly lost at low flow rates, the large particles at higher flow rates. Making use of the simulation results, it was possible to design a modification of the HEAD cell that results in extremely short calculated washout times. The simulations yielded a signal of less than 10 ms, which was produced by more than 99% of the introduced mass.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos	000274961600005	Publication Date	2010-02-04
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477;1364-5544;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	16	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2010 IF: 4.372
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:80871			Serial	2403
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	Author	Radepont, M.; Coquinot, Y.; Janssens, K.; Ezrati, J.-J.; de Nolf, W.; Cotte, M.
	Title	Thermodynamic and experimental study of the degradation of the red pigment mercury sulfide			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	30	Issue	3	Pages	599-612
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The red pigment mercury sulfide, called cinnabar or vermilion, is well known to suffer from an alteration giving rise to a grey, grey-white or black color at the surface of degraded works of art. This phenomenon can dramatically affect the esthetical value of artworks. This work aims at assessing the factors (light, halides) influencing the instability of red mercury sulfide and understanding (by combining thermodynamic and experimental approaches) the chemical equilibria governing the formation and evolution of the different degradation compounds. From the thermodynamic study of the Hg-S-Cl-H2O system, it was concluded that Hg(0), Hg3S2Cl2, and Hg2Cl2 can be formed from the reaction of alpha-HgS with ClO(g). In the second part, the artificial ageing experiments presented were carried out on model samples following the conditions assessed in the first part, in order to reproduce natural ageing observed on red mercury sulfide. Similarly to degradation compounds detected on original works of art, mercury chlorine compounds such as calomel (Hg2Cl2) and corderoite (alpha-Hg3S2Cl2) were identified on the surface of alpha-HgS model samples, when exposed to light and a sodium hypochlorite solution. Sulfates were detected as well, and more particularly gypsum (CaSO4 center dot 2H(2)O) when Ca was originally present in the model sample. The relationship between color and composition is discussed as well.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000350650800005	Publication Date	2015-01-02
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	26	Open Access
	Notes	; The authors gratefully acknowledge the ESRF for granting beamtime under proposal no. EC720. Michel Dubus is thanked for providing precious advices concerning ageing protocols. This research was supported by Belgian Science Policy project S2-ART (BELSPO S4DA), the GOA “SOLARPAINT” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0C12.13, G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2015 IF: 3.466
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:125474			Serial	5877
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	Author	Borovinskaya, O.; Aghaei, M.; Flamigni, L.; Hattendorf, B.; Tanner, M.; Bogaerts, A.; Günther, D.
	Title	Diffusion- and velocity-driven spatial separation of analytes from single droplets entering an ICP off-axis			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2014	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	29	Issue	2	Pages	262-271
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The reproducible temporal separation of ion signals generated from a single multi-element droplet, observed in previous studies, was investigated in detail in this work using an ICPTOFMS with high temporal resolution. It was shown that the signal peak intensities of individual elements temporally shift relative to each other only for droplets moving through the plasma off-axis. The magnitude of these shifts correlated with the vaporization temperatures of the analytes and depended on the radial position of the droplets as well as on the thermal properties and velocity profiles of the carrier gases of the ICP. The occurrence of the signal shifting was explained by a spatial separation of analytes already present in the vapor phase in the ICP from a yet unvaporized residue of the droplet. This separation is most likely driven by anisotropic diffusion of vaporized analytes towards the plasma axis and a radial velocity gradient. The proposed explanation is supported by modeling of the gas velocities inside the ICP and imaging of the atomic and ionic emissions produced from single droplets, whose patterns were sloping towards the center of the torch. The effects observed in these studies are important not only for the fundamental understanding of analyteplasma interactions but have also a direct impact on the signal intensities and stability.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos	000329934000006	Publication Date	2013-11-02
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477;1364-5544;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	18	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2014 IF: 3.466
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:112897			Serial	697
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	Author	Cagno, S.; Nuyts, G.; Bugani, S.; De Vis, K.; Schalm, O.; Caen, J.; Helfen, L.; Cotte, M.; Reischig, P.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Evaluation of manganese-bodies removal in historical stained glass windows via SR-\mu-XANES/XRF and SR-\mu-CT			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	26	Issue	12	Pages	2442-2451
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The speed and effectiveness of a conservation treatment used for stained glass windows have been investigated. Dark-coloured Mn-rich stains can be found in the alteration layer of ancient glass artefacts and cause the surface to turn brown/black: this phenomenon is known as Mn-browning or Mn-staining. While in glass manganese is present in the +II or +III oxidation states, in the Mn-rich bodies, manganese is in a higher oxidation state (+IV). In restoration practice, mildly reducing solutions are employed to eliminate the dark colour and restore the clear appearance of the glass. In this paper the effectiveness and side effects of the use of hydroxylamine hydrochloride for this purpose are assessed. Archaeological fragments of stained glass windows, dated to the 14th century and originating from Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (UK), were examined by means of synchrotron radiation (SR) based microscopic X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy (μ-XANES) and microscopic X-Ray Fluorescence (μ-XRF) and with high resolution computed absorption tomography (μ-CT) before, during and after the treatment. The monitoring of the glass fragments during the treatment allows us to better understand the manner in which the process unfolds and its kinetics. The results obtained reveal that the hydroxylamine hydrochloride treatment is effective, but also that it has a number of unwanted side effects. These findings are useful for optimizing the time and other modalities of the Mn-reducing treatment as well as minimizing its unwanted results.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000297030400009	Publication Date	2011-10-11
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	17	Open Access
	Notes	; This research was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme-Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16). The text also presents results of GOA “XANES meets ELNES” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. Special thanks to Ms Leonie Seliger, head of the stained-glass conservation studio (The Cathedral Studios-The Chapter of Canterbury Cathedral) for the supply of the archaeological samples. The authors gratefully acknowledge ESRF for granting beamtime (proposal EC-602). ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2011 IF: 3.220
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:93848			Serial	5613
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	Author	Vincze, L.; Vekemans, B.; Janssens, K.; Adams, F.
	Title	Modeling of photon scattering at high X-ray energies : experiment versus simulation			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1999	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry T2 – 15th International Congress on X-Ray Optics and Microanalysis (ICXOM), AUG 24-27, 1998, ANTWERP, BELGIUM	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	14	Issue	3	Pages	529-533
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The use of a detailed Monte Carlo simulation code for X-ray fluorescence spectrometers is demonstrated for calculating the outcome of X-ray scattering experiments in the incident energy range 40-80 keV. The code was validated by comparisons of experimental and simulated spectral distributions in the case of thick, homogeneous samples in which multiple photon scattering occurs with high probability. The experimental spectral distributions were collected at beamline BW5 of HASYLAB, Germany, where a highly energetic, monochromatic synchrotron beam is available. With respect to heterogeneous samples, the code was employed to evaluate the use of Rayleigh and Compton scatter signals for obtaining three dimensional information on the sample dark matrix composition.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000079138500032	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 1999 IF: 3.677
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:103504			Serial	5732
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	Author	Simon, P.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Vibrational level population of nitrogen impurities in low-pressure argon glow discharges			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	26	Issue	4	Pages	804-810
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	The vibrational level populations of the electronic ground state of the nitrogen molecule have been calculated for typical glow discharge conditions in argonnitrogen mixtures with nitrogen concentrations between 0.1 and 1%. Stationary solutions of the master equations of the vibrational levels have been obtained using numerical methods. The main mechanisms responsible for the population and depopulation of the vibrational levels, and for the overall shape of the vibrational distribution function are pointed out. It has been found that vibrationvibration collisions play only a minor role and therefore the population of the vibrational levels is basically determined by the electron temperature.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos	000288703300012	Publication Date	2010-12-07
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477;1364-5544;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	6	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 2011 IF: 3.220
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:87530			Serial	3842
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	Author	Aghaei, M.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Particle transport through an inductively coupled plasma torch: elemental droplet evaporation			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	31	Issue	31	Pages	631-641
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	We studied the transport of copper droplets through an inductively coupled plasma, connected to the sampling cone of a mass spectrometer, by means of a computational model. The sample droplets are followed until they become evaporated. They are inserted as liquid particles from the central inlet and the effects of injection position (i.e. “on” and “off” axis), droplet diameter, as well as mass loading flow rate are investigated. It is shown that more “on-axis” injection of the droplets leads to a more straight path line, so that the droplets move less in the radial direction and are evaporated more on the central axis, enabling a better sample transfer efficiency to the sampler cone. Furthermore, there are optimum ranges of diameters and flow rates, which guarantee the proper position of evaporation along the torch, i.e. not too early, so that the sample can get lost in the torch, and not too late, which reduces the chance of becoming ionized before reaching the sampler.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000372857300003	Publication Date	2015-07-07
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited	21	Open Access
	Notes	The authors are very grateful to H. Lindner for the many fundamental and fruitful discussions. They are also gratefully acknowledge nancial support from the Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FWO).			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379
	Call Number	c:irua:133240			Serial	4024
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