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Author |
Avranovich Clerici, E.; De Meyer, S.; Vanmeert, F.; Legrand, S.; Monico, L.; Miliani, C.; Janssens, K. |
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Title |
Multi-scale X-ray imaging of the pigment discoloration processes triggered by chlorine compounds in the Upper Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year  |
2023 |
Publication |
Molecules: a journal of synthetic chemistry and natural product chemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
28 |
Issue |
16 |
Pages |
6106-6123 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS) |
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Abstract |
In this paper, the chromatic alteration of various types of paints, present on mural painting fragments derived from the vaults of The Upper Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi in Italy (12th-13th century), is studied using synchrotron radiation. Six painted mural fragments, several square centimeters in size, were available for analysis, originating from the ceiling paintings attributed to Cimabue and Giotto; they correspond to originally white, blue/green, and brown/yellow/orange areas showing discoloration. As well as collecting macroscopic X-ray fluorescence and diffraction maps from the entire fragments in the laboratory and at the SOLEIL synchrotron, corresponding paint cross-sections were also analyzed using microscopic X-ray fluorescence and powder diffraction mapping at the PETRA-III synchrotron. Numerous secondary products were observed on the painted surfaces, such as (a) copper tri-hydroxychloride in green/blue areas; (b) corderoite and calomel in vermillion red/cinnabar-rich paints; (c) plattnerite and/or scrutinyite assumed to be oxidation products of (hydro)cerussite (2PbCO(3)center dot Pb(OH)(2)) in the white areas, and (d) the calcium oxalates whewellite and weddellite. An extensive presence of chlorinated metal salts points to the central role of chlorine-containing compounds during the degradation of the 800-year-old paint, leading to, among other things, the formation of the rare mineral cumengeite (21PbCl(2)center dot 20Cu(OH) (2) center dot 6H(2)O). |
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Wos |
001056388600001 |
Publication Date |
2023-08-17 |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1420-3049 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record |
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Impact Factor |
4.6 |
Times cited |
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Open Access |
OpenAccess |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: 4.6; 2023 IF: 2.861 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:199265 |
Serial |
8902 |
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Author |
Vanmeert, F.; De Meyer, S.; Gestels, A.; Clerici, E.A.; Deleu, N.; Legrand, S.; Van Espen, P.; Van der Snickt, G.; Alfeld, M.; Dik, J.; Monico, L.; De Nolf, W.; Cotte, M.; Gonzalez, V.; Saverwyns, S.; Depuydt-Elbaum, L.; Janssens, K. |
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Title |
Non-invasive and non-destructive examination of artists’ pigments, paints and paintings by means of X-ray imaging methods |
Type |
H1 Book chapter |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
317-357 |
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Keywords |
H1 Book chapter; Art; Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES); Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS) |
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Abstract |
Recent studies in which X-ray beams of (sub)micrometre to millimetre dimensions have been used for non-destructive analysis and characterization of pigments, minute paint samples and/or entire paintings from fifteenth to twentieth century artists are discussed. The overview presented encompasses the use of laboratory and synchrotron radiation-based instrumentation and deals with the use of several variants of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) as a method of elemental analysis and imaging as well as with the combined use with X-ray diffraction (XRD). Microscopic XRF (μ-XRF) is a variant of the XRF method able to visualize the elemental distribution of key elements, mostly metals, on the scale from 1 μm to 100 μm present inside multi-layered micro samples taken from paintings. In the context of the characterization of artists’ pigments subjected to natural degradation, in many cases the use of methods limited to elemental analysis or imaging does not suffice to elucidate the chemical transformations that have taken place. However, at synchrotron facilities, combinations of μ-XRF with related methods such as μ-XAS (microscopic X-ray absorption spectroscopy) and μ-XRD have proven themselves to be very suitable for such studies. Since microscopic investigation of a relatively limited number of minute paint samples may not yield representative information about the complete artefact they were taken from, several methods for macroscopic, non-invasive imaging have recently been developed. Combined macroscopic XRF/XRD scanning is able to provide a fairly complete overview of the inorganic pigments employed to create a work of art, to answer questions about ongoing degradation phenomena and about its authenticity. As such these newly developed non-invasive and highly specific imaging methods are of interest for many cultural heritage stakeholders. |
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Publication Date |
2022-09-08 |
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ISBN |
978-3-030-86864-2 |
Additional Links |
UA library record |
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Times cited |
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Not_Open_Access |
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Notes |
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Most recent IF: NA |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:190777 |
Serial |
7183 |
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Author |
Gestels, A.; Van der Snickt, G.; Caen, J.; Nuyts, G.; Legrand, S.; Vanmeert, F.; Detry, F.; Janssens, K.; Steenackers, G. |
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Title |
Combined MA-XRF, MA-XRPD and SEM-EDX analysis of a medieval stained-glass panel formerly from Notre Dame, Paris reveals its material history |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Microchemical journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Microchem J |
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Volume |
177 |
Issue |
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Pages |
107304 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Art; Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES); Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS) |
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Abstract |
As part of its conservation-restoration, the 13th century stained-glass panel ‘the Annunciation’, was examined at the micro- and macro level. This window, since 1898 in the collection of the Museum Mayer Van den Bergh (Antwerp, B), was formerly a part of the southern Rose window of the Notre Dame Cathedral (Paris, F). The insigths emerging from a first phase of the analysis, comprising non-invasive analysis techniques such as optical microscopy combined with macroscopic X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) and X-ray diffraction (MA-XRPD) mapping, were used to select sampling positions for the second phase of investigation that involved micro-invasive analysis, namely scanning-electron microscopy coupled to energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX). The aim of the investigation was fourfold: (1) to assess the applicability of MA-XRF scanning for the characterisation of stained glass windows prior to any conservation or restoration procedure, (2) to assess the applicability of MA-XRPD scanning to identify the degradation products formed on the surface of stained glass windows, (3) to establish a method to limit the set of sampled glass fragments taken from a glass panel for quantititive analysis while maintaining sufficient representativeness and (4) to distinguish the original glass panes and grisaille paint from non-original glass panes that were inserted during various past interventions. Most of the panes in this window proved to consist of medieval potash glass, consistent with the 13th c. origin of the window while a limited number of panes were identified as non-original infills, with divergent glass compositional types and/or colorants. Most panes derive their color from the pot metal glass (i.e. homogenously colored) they were made of. Some of the panes that originally had a red flashed layer on their surface, completely or partially lost this layer due to weathering. Three main compositional glass families with similar color could be defined. With the exception of the yellow and orange panes, the chromophoric elements responsible for the dark(er) and light(er) blue (Co), green (Cu), purple (Mn) and red colors (Cu) were identified. Two different grisaille paints were encountered, part of which were restored during the 19th century. On the basis of this information, all missing pieces were replaced by glass panes with appropriate colors and the panel could be successfully conserved to its former glory. On the surface of several panes, typical glass degradation products such as calcite, syngenite and gypsum were identified, together with lead based degradation products such as anglesite and palmierite. In addition, the presence of hematite and melanotekite in the grisailles was observed; also the presence of Zn, uncorrelated to Cu, in the grissailes on the right side of the window became apparent. |
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Wos |
000850000900001 |
Publication Date |
2022-02-22 |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0026-265x; 0026-265x |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
4.8 |
Times cited |
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Open Access |
OpenAccess |
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Notes |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: 4.8 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:187493 |
Serial |
7138 |
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Author |
Derks, K.; van der Snickt, G.; Legrand, S.; van der Stighelen, K.; Janssens, K. |
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Title |
The dark halo technique in the oeuvre of Michael Sweerts and other Flemish and Dutch baroque painters. A 17th c. empirical solution to mitigate the optical 'simultaneous contrast' effect? |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Heritage science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
10 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
5 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Art; Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES); Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS) |
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Abstract |
Although the topic is rarely addressed in literature, a significant number of baroque paintings exhibit dark, halo-like shapes around the contours of the dramatis personae. Close examination of both finished and unfinished works suggests that this intriguing feature was a practical tool that helped the artist in the early painting stages. When applying the final brushwork, the halo lost its function, with some artists undertaking efforts to hide it. Although their visibility might not have been intended by the artists, today this dark paint beneath the surface is partially visible through the upper paint layers. Moreover, the disclosure of many halos using infrared photography (IRP), infrared reflectography (IRR) and macro X-ray fluorescence imaging (MA-XRF), additional to those that can be observed visually, suggests that this was a common and established element of 17th-century painting practice in Western Europe. Building on an existing hypothesis, we argue that halos can be considered as a solution to an optical problem that arose when baroque painters reversed the traditional, 15th- and 16th-century painting sequence of working from background to foreground. Instead, they started with the dominant parts of a composition, such as the face of a sitter. In that case, a temporary halo can provide the essential tonal reference to anticipate the chromatic impact of the final dark colored background on the adjacent delicate carnations. In particular, we attempt to clarify the prevalence of dark halos as a response to optical effects such as 'simultaneous contrast' and 'the crispening effect', described in literature only centuries later. As such, the recently termed 'ring condition' can be seen as the present-day equivalent of the 'halo solution' that was seemingly empirically or intuitively developed by 17th-century artists. Modern studies in visual perception proves that by laying a black ring around a target color, the optical impact of a surrounding color can be efficiently neutralized. Finally, by delving into works by Michael Sweerts, it becomes clear that resourceful artists might have adapted the halo technique and the underlying principles to their individual challenges, such as dealing with differently colored grounds. |
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Wos |
000739965700001 |
Publication Date |
2022-01-07 |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
2050-7445 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
2.5 |
Times cited |
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Open Access |
OpenAccess |
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Notes |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: 2.5 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:185458 |
Serial |
7217 |
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Author |
Allegretta, I.; Legrand, S.; Alfeld, M.; Gattullo, C.E.; Porfido, C.; Spagnuolo, M.; Janssens, K.; Terzano, R. |
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SEM-EDX hyperspectral data analysis for the study of soil aggregates |
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A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Geoderma: an international journal of soil science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Geoderma |
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Volume |
406 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS) |
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Abstract |
Scanning electron microscopy coupled with microanalysis (SEM-EDX) is an important analytical tool for the morphological and chemical characterization of different types of materials. In many applications, SEM-EDX elemental maps are usually used and processed as images, thus flattening and reducing the spectroscopic information contained in EDX hyperspectral data cubes. The exploitation of the full hyperspectral dataset could be indeed very useful for the study of complex matrices like soil. In order to maximize the information attainable by SEM-EDX data cubes analysis, the software package “Datamuncher Gamma” was implemented and applied to study soil aggregates. By using this approach, different phases (silicates, aluminosilicates, Ca-carbonates, Ca-phosphates, organic matter, iron oxides) inside soil aggregates were successfully identified and segmented. The advantages of this method over the common ROI imaging approach are presented. Finally, this method was used to compare different aggregates in a Cr-polluted soil and understand their possible pedological history. The present method can be used for the analysis of every type of SEM-EDX data cubes, allowing its application to different types of samples and fields of study. |
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000708893700026 |
Publication Date |
2021-10-21 |
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ISSN |
0016-7061 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
6.1 |
Times cited |
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Open Access |
Not_Open_Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: 6.1 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:182493 |
Serial |
7207 |
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Author |
Legrand, S. |
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Title |
Advanced chemical imaging of artworks |
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Doctoral thesis |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
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Pages |
315 p. |
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Keywords |
Doctoral thesis; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
Last century the field of heritage sciences expanded beyond imagination. The inventions of X-ray radiography and infrared reflectography allowed experts to investigate paintings below the surface as well. More recent developments led to the advent of the field of hyperspectral imaging, to which the advanced chemical imaging methods, used in this thesis work, belong. These techniques not only allow to identify the components present in artworks, but also to visualize their distribution over these objects. The resulting distribution maps permit a broader public to interpret the scientific data and to relate these results with the artwork itself. During this thesis work a range of flat artworks were investigated in a non-destructive manner using mainly two macroscopic imaging techniques: macroscopic X-ray fluorescence scanning and macroscopic Fourier transformed mid-infrared scanning in reflectance mode. The resulting images were sometimes supplemented with microscopic techniques on a minute selection of samples to fully understand the layer build-up, composition and distribution of these materials over the stratigraphy. Illuminated manuscripts pushed the interpretation of the macroscopic imaging techniques: due to the impossibility of sampling, all answers had to be obtained non-destructively. Documenting masterpieces such as the Ghent Altarpiece by means of chemical imaging techniques, helped the restoration team, assisted by the international commission to make the daring decision of manually removing the non-original paint layers. Scanning stained-glass windows allowed experts to document the panels, create situation reports, identify later infills and guide the restoration process in a more efficient manner. By initially applying non-destructive imaging techniques, many of the research/conservation questions could already be answered. Based on the resulting distribution maps, only a very limited amount of sampling was required to obtain a representative set to answer the remaining questions. In most cases the combination of multiple methods was necessary to fully understand the situation. A similar trend could be seen in the research field: the collaboration between divergent disciples was often required in order to explain all observations. In order to completely break through, the scanning speed of these techniques has to increase even more in order to cover an acceptable surface in one workday. Parallel with the operational speed, the (basic) data treatment should also be streamlined more in order to allow a broader user group to access the results. Once these two improvements are carried out, these techniques become accessible to a larger public. |
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Additional Links |
UA library record |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: NA |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:176342 |
Serial |
7420 |
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Author |
Cagno, S.; van der Snickt, G.; Legrand, S.; Caen, J.; Patin, M.; Meulebroeck, W.; Dirkx, Y.; Hillen, M.; Steenackers, G.; Rousaki, A.; Vandenabeele, P.; Janssens, K. |
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Title |
Comparison of four mobile, non‐invasive diagnostic techniques for differentiating glass types in historical leaded windows : MA‐XRF , UV–Vis–NIR, Raman spectroscopy and IRT |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
X-Ray Spectrometry |
Abbreviated Journal |
X-Ray Spectrom |
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Pages |
xrs.3185-17 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES) |
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Abstract |
This paper critically compares the performance of four non-invasive techniques that match the accuracy, flexibility, time-efficiency, and transportability required for in situ characterization of leaded glass windows: macroscopic X-ray fluorescence imaging (MA-XRF), UV-Vis-NIR, Raman spectroscopy, and infrared thermography (IRT). In order to compare the techniques on equal grounds, all techniques were tested independently of each other by separate research groups on the same historical leaded window tentatively dated to the 17th century, without prior knowledge. The aim was to assess the ability of these techniques to document the conservation history of the window by classifying and grouping the colorless glass panes, based on differences in composition. IRT, MA-XRF and UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy positively distinguished at least two glass groups, with MA-XRF providing the most detailed chemical information. In particular, based on the ratio between the network modifier (K) and network stabilizer (Ca) and on the level of colorants and decolorizers (Fe, Mn, As), the number of plausible glass families could be strongly reduced. In addition, UV-Vis-NIR detected cobalt at ppm level and gave more specific information on the chromophore Fe2+/Fe(3+)ratio. Raman spectroscopy was hampered by fluorescence caused by the metal ions of the decolorizer in most of the panes, but nevertheless identified one group as HLLA. |
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000561869600001 |
Publication Date |
2020-08-24 |
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ISSN |
0049-8246 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
1.2 |
Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, Grant/Award Number: BR/175/A3/FENESTRA; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Grant/Award Number: 12X1919N; Baillet-Latour Fund ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 1.2; 2020 IF: 1.298 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:170972 |
Serial |
6473 |
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Author |
van der Snickt, G.; Dooley, K.A.; Sanyova, J.; Dubois, H.; Delaney, J.K.; Gifford, E.M.; Legrand, S.; Laquiere, N.; Janssens, K. |
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Title |
Dual mode standoff imaging spectroscopy documents the painting process of the Lamb of God in the Ghent Altarpiece by J. and H. Van Eyck |
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A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Science Advances |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
6 |
Issue |
31 |
Pages |
eabb3379 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES) |
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Abstract |
The ongoing conservation treatment program of the Ghent Altarpiece by Hubert and Jan Van Eyck, one of the iconic paintings of the west, has revealed that the designs of the paintings were changed several times, first by the original artists, and then during later restorations. The central motif, The Lamb of God, representing Christ, plays an essential iconographic role, and its depiction is important. Because of the prevalence of lead white, it was not possible to visualize the Van Eycks' original underdrawing of the Lamb, their design changes, and the overpaint by later restorers with a single spectral imaging modality. However, by using elemental (x-ray fluorescence) and molecular (infrared reflectance) imaging spectroscopies, followed by analysis of the resulting data cubes, the necessary chemical contrast could be achieved. In this way, the two complementary modalities provided a more complete picture of the development and changes made to the Lamb. |
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Wos |
000556543100033 |
Publication Date |
2020-07-29 |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
2375-2548 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
13.6 |
Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
; This research was part of the activities of the Chair on Advanced Imaging Techniques for the Arts, established by the Baillet Latour fund. In addition, it was supported by the Belgian Science Policy Office (Project MO/39/011) and the Gieskes-Strijbis fund. We are also indebted to the BOF-GOA SOLARPaint project of the University of Antwerp Research Council and to FWO (Brussels) projects G056619N and G054719N. J.K.D. and K.A.D. acknowledge support from the National Gallery of Art. ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 13.6; 2020 IF: NA |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:171270 |
Serial |
6494 |
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Author |
Hillen, M.; Legrand, S.; Dirkx, Y.; Janssens, K.; van der Snickt, G.; Caen, J.; Steenackers, G. |
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Title |
Cluster analysis of IR thermography data for differentiating glass types in historical leaded-glass windows |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Applied Sciences-Basel |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl Sci-Basel |
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Volume |
10 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
4255-13 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
Infrared thermography is a fast, non-destructive and contactless testing technique which is increasingly used in heritage science. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of infrared thermography, in combination with a data clustering approach, to differentiate between the different types of historical glass that were included in a colorless leaded-glass windows during previous restoration interventions. Inspection of the thermograms and the application of two data mining techniques on the thermal data, i.e., k-means clustering and hierarchical clustering, allowed identifying different groups of window panes that show a different thermal behavior. Both clustering approaches arrive at similar groupings of the glass with a clear separation of three types. However, the lead cames that hold the glass panes appear to have a substantial impact on the thermal behavior of the surrounding glass, thus preventing classification of the smallest glass panes. For the larger panes, this was not a critical issue as the center of the glass remained unaffected. Subtle visual color differences between panes, implying a variation in coloring metal ions, was not always distinguished by IRT. Nevertheless, data clustering assisted infrared thermography shows potential as an efficient and swift method for documenting the material intervention history of leaded-glass windows during or in preparation of conservation treatments. |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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| |
Language |
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Wos |
000549351800001 |
Publication Date |
2020-06-22 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
|
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| |
ISSN |
2076-3417 |
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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| |
Impact Factor |
2.7 |
Times cited |
|
Open Access |
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| |
Notes |
|
Approved |
Most recent IF: 2.7; 2020 IF: 1.679 |
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| |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:170012 |
Serial |
7674 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Dooley, K.A.; Chieli, A.; Romani, A.; Legrand, S.; Miliani, C.; Janssens, K.; Delaney, J.K. |
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| |
Title |
Molecular fluorescence imaging spectroscopy for mapping low concentrations of red lake pigments : Van Gogh's painting The Olive Orchard |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Angewandte Chemie-International Edition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Angew Chem Int Edit |
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| |
Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
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| |
Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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| |
Abstract |
Vincent van Gogh used fugitive red lake pigments that have faded in some paintings. Mapping their distribution is key to understanding how his paintings have changed with time. While red lake pigments can be identified from microsamples, in situ identification and mapping remain challenging. This paper explores the ability of molecular fluorescence imaging spectroscopy to identify and, more importantly, map residual non-degraded red lakes. The high sensitivity of this method enabled identification of the emission spectra of eosin (tetrabromine fluorescein) lake mixed with lead or zinc white at lower concentrations than elemental X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy used on account of bromine. The molecular fluorescence mapping of residual eosin and two carmine red lakes in van Gogh's The Olive Orchard is demonstrated and compared with XRF imaging spectroscopy. The red lakes are consistent with the composition of paint tubes known to have been used by van Gogh. |
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Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
000512477200001 |
Publication Date |
2020-01-21 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| |
ISSN |
1433-7851; 0570-0833 |
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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| |
Impact Factor |
16.6 |
Times cited |
2 |
Open Access |
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| |
Notes |
; We thank Damon Conover and Roxanne Radpour for help with the fluorescence self-absorption correction, and Ella Hendricks for discussions about van Gogh~s letters and materials. K.J. and S.L. thank the Research Council of the University of Antwerp for financial support (ID grant 25805 to S.L. and GOA project SolarPaint). Also FWO, Brussels provided financial support (grants G056619N and G054719N). The European research project IPERION-CH, funded by the European Commission, H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015 (Grant agreement n. 654028) is also acknowledged. ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 16.6; 2020 IF: 11.994 |
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| |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:166490 |
Serial |
6563 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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| |
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Author |
Sciutto, G.; Legrand, S.; Catelli, E.; Prati, S.; Malegori, C.; Oliveri, P.; Janssens, K.; Mazzeo, R. |
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| |
Title |
Macroscopic mid-FTIR mapping and clustering-based automated data-reduction : an advanced diagnostic tool for in situ investigations of artworks |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Talanta |
Abbreviated Journal |
Talanta |
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| |
Volume |
209 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
120575-120577 |
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| |
Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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| |
Abstract |
The present study describes a multivariate strategy that can be used for automatic on-site processing of reflection mode macro FTIR mapping (MA-rFTIR) data obtained during investigation of artworks. The chemometric strategy is based on the integration of principal component analysis (PCA) with a clustering approach in the space subtended by the three lowest-order principal components and allows to automatically identify the regions of interest (ROIs) of the area scanned and to extract the average FTIR spectra related to each ROI. Thanks to the automatic data management, in-field HSI (hyperspectral imaging)-based analyses may be performed even by staff lacking specific advanced chemometric expertise, as it is sometimes the case for conservation scientists or conservators with a scientific background. MA-rFTIR was only recently introduced in the conservation field and, in this work the technique was employed to characterize the surface of metallic artefacts. The analytical protocol was employed as part of a rapid procedure to evaluate the conservation state and the performance of cleaning methods on bronze objects. Both activities are commonly part of restoration campaigns of bronzes and require an on-site analytical procedure for efficient and effective diagnosis. The performance of the method was first evaluated on aged standard samples (bronzes with a layer of green basic copper hydroxysulphate, treated with different organic coatings) and then scrutinized in situ on areas of the 16th century Neptune fountain statue (Piazza del Nettuno, Bologna, Italy) by Gianbologna. |
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Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
000509632900088 |
Publication Date |
2019-11-19 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| |
ISSN |
0039-9140; 1873-3573 |
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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| |
Impact Factor |
6.1 |
Times cited |
|
Open Access |
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Notes |
; ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 6.1; 2020 IF: 4.162 |
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| |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:166476 |
Serial |
6557 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Legrand, S.; van der Snickt, G.; Cagno, S.; Caen, J.; Janssens, K. |
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Title |
MA-XRF imaging as a tool to characterize the 16th century heraldic stained-glass panels in Ghent Saint Bavo Cathedral |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Journal of cultural heritage |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| |
Volume |
40 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
163-168 |
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| |
Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Art; History; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES) |
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| |
Abstract |
MA-XRF is a novel macroscopic imaging technique originally developed for easel paintings and recently made available to glass conservators. This paper discusses the first real-life contribution of MA-XRF imaging to a conservation intervention of stained-glass panels. The six panels under study belong to the cathedral building since their creation in 1555-1559 AD. MA-XRF appeared an outstanding tool for first-line screening of stained-glass windows, providing readily interpretable information on glass type, coloring and alteration processes. In particular, the chemical imaging technique allowed distinguishing unambiguously the surviving original glass panes from later additions, thereby ensuring a correct historical understanding. From a more practical point of view, the experiments supplied accurate schemes that can be directly incorporated in condition reports and assist designing the ensuing conservation approach. (C0 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
000491173800017 |
Publication Date |
2019-06-26 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1296-2074 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
|
Times cited |
|
Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:167564 |
Serial |
8191 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Klaassen, L.; van der Snickt, G.; Legrand, S.; Higgitt, C.; Spring, M.; Vanmeert, F.; Rosi, F.; Brunetti, B.G.; Postec, M.; Janssens, K. |
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Title |
Characterization and removal of a disfiguring oxalate crust on a large altarpiece by Hans Memling |
Type |
H1 Book chapter |
| |
Year |
2019 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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| |
Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
263-282
T2 - Metal soaps in art / Casadio, F. [edi |
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Keywords |
H1 Book chapter; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES) |
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Abstract |
During the conservation treatment of Memling’s Christ with Singing and Music-making Angels, three panel paintings that are among the most monumental works in early Netherlandish art, the conservators came across insoluble surface layers containing calcium oxalates. A very thin and irregular layer of this type, hardly visible to the naked eye, was spread across the surface of all three panels. A much thicker layer forming an opaque and highly disfiguring crust that obscured the composition (Figs. 15.1 and 15.7) was locally present on areas of dark copper-containing paint, where multiple layers of old discolored coatings and accretions remained in place before the most recent cleaning. This article describes the application of a wide range of analytical techniques in order to fully understand the stratigraphy and composition of the crusts on the Memling paintings. FTIR spectroscopy in transmission and reflection mode, micro-ATR-FTIR imaging and macro-rFTIR scanning, SEM-EDX, mobile XRD, and SR-μXRD showed that the crusts contained two related Ca-based oxalate salts, whewellite and weddellite, and were separated from the original paint surface by varnish, indicating that they did not originate from degradation of the original paint but from a combination of microbial action and a thick accumulation of dirt. Supported by the results from these different analytical techniques, which when used together proved to be very effective in providing complementary information that addressed this specific conservation problem, and aided by the presence of the intermediate varnish layer(s), the conservators were able to remove most of the crusts with spectacular results. |
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Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
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Publication Date |
2019-03-23 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
|
ISBN |
978-3-319-90616-4 |
Additional Links |
UA library record |
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Impact Factor |
|
Times cited |
|
Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:190778 |
Serial |
7609 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Vanmeert, F.; Van der Snickt, G.; Legrand, S.; Janssens, K. |
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Title |
Velázquez? A portrait of Pope Innocent X : an X-ray imaging investigation (II) |
Type |
H3 Book chapter |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
132-141
T2 - Velázquez : Anregungen, Vorschläge, L |
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Keywords |
H3 Book chapter; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
Encompassing a broad spectrum of methodological approaches and aims, the scholars contributing to this volume offer renewed perspectives on the multifaceted oeuvre of Diego Velázquez. The seventeenth-century artist’s exceptional religious works as well as his numerous portraits are examined within the social and historical context of Velázquez’s milieu which included both the Spanish court as well as circles comprising important intellectual figures of his time. Following a close investigation of his works, which also includes the results of recent technological examinations on his paintings, the contributors to this volume offer new, exciting findings and discussions on the inspirations, sources and possible intentions of Velázquez. |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Wos |
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Publication Date |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
|
ISBN |
978-3-99020-155-8 |
Additional Links |
UA library record |
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Impact Factor |
|
Times cited |
|
Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:190783 |
Serial |
8736 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Dooley, K.A.; Gifford, E.M.; van Loon, A.; Noble, P.; Zeibel, J.G.; Conover, D.M.; Alfeld, M.; van der Snickt, G.; Legrand, S.; Janssens, K.; Dik, J.; Delaney, J.K. |
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Title |
Separating two painting campaigns in Saul and David, attributed to Rembrandt, using macroscale reflectance and XRF imaging spectroscopies and microscale paint analysis |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Heritage science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| |
Volume |
6 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
46 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
Late paintings of Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669) offer intriguing problems for both art historians and conservation scientists. In the research presented here, the key question addressed is whether observed stylistic differences in paint handling can be correlated with material differences. In Saul and David, in the collection of the Royal Picture Gallery Mauritshuis in The Hague, NL, the stylistic differences between the loose brushwork of Saul's cloak and the more detailed depiction of his turban and the figure of David have been associated with at least two painting stages since the late 1960s, but the attribution of each stage has been debated in the art historical literature. Stylistic evaluation of the paint handling in the two stages, based on magnified surface examination, is further described here. One of the research goals was to determine whether the stylistic differences could be further differentiated with macroscale and microscale methods of material analysis. To address this, selected areas of the painting having pronounced stylistic differences were investigated with two macroscopic chemical imaging methods, X-ray fluorescence and reflectance imaging spectroscopies. The pigments used were identified and their spatial distribution was mapped. The mapping results show that the passages rendered in more detail and associated stylistically with the first painting stage, such as the orange-red color of David's garment or the Greek key design in Saul's turban, were painted with predominately red ochre mixed with vermilion. The regions of loose, bold brushwork, such as the orange-red slashing strokes in the interior of Saul's cloak, associated with the second painting stage, were painted with predominately red ochre without vermilion. These macroscale imaging results were confirmed and extended with scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) analysis of three cross-sections taken from regions of stylistic differences associated with the two painting stages, including one sample each from the right and left sleeve of David, and one from the interior of Saul's cloak. SEM-EDX also identified a trace component, barium sulfate, associated with the red ochre of the second stage revisions. Combining mapping information from two spectroscopic imaging methods with localized information from microscopic samples has clearly shown that the stylistic differences observed in the paint handling are affiliated with differences in the chemical composition of the paints. |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
000441205600001 |
Publication Date |
2018-08-02 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| |
ISSN |
2050-7445 |
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
|
Times cited |
3 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support through the NWO Science4Arts program (ReVisRembrandt Project 2012-2018) and the NSF SCI-ART program (Award 1041827). JKD acknowledges support from the Andrew W. Mellon and the Samuel H. Kress Foundations. SL is grateful for a doctoral scholarship from the Research Council of the University of Antwerp. GvdS and KJ acknowledge support from the Fund Baillet Latour. ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: NA |
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| |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:153119 |
Serial |
5829 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
van der Snickt, G.; Legrand, S.; Slama, I.; Van Zuien, E.; Gruber, G.; Van der Stighelen, K.; Klaassen, L.; Oberthaler, E.; Janssens, K. |
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Title |
In situ macro X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) scanning as a non-invasive tool to probe for subsurface modifications in paintings by PP Rubens |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Microchemical journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Microchem J |
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| |
Volume |
138 |
Issue |
138 |
Pages |
238-245 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
Within the last decade, the established synchrotron- and laboratory-based micro-XRF scanning technology inspired the development of mobile instruments that allow performing in situ experiments on paintings on a macro scale. Since the development of the first mobile scanner at the start of this decade, this chemical imaging technique has brought new insights with respect to several iconic paintings, especially in cases when standard imaging techniques such as X-Ray Radiography (XRR) or Infrared Refiectography (IRR) yielded ambiguous results. The ability of scanning MA-XRF to visualise the distribution of elements detected at and below the paint surface renders this spectrometric method particularly helpful for studying painting techniques and revealing materials that remain hidden below the paint surface. The latter aspect is especially relevant for the technical study of works by Pieter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) as this highly productive seventeenth century master is particularly renowned for the continuous application of modifications during (and even after) the entire course of the creative process. In this work, the added value of MA-XRF scanning experiments for visualising these subsurface features is exemplified by interpreting the chemical images obtained on three of Rubens' key works. Special attention is given to three types of adjustments that are particularly relevant for the technical study of Rubens' oeuvre: (1) compositional changes ('pentimenti'), exemplified by results obtained on The Portrait of Helene Fourment (ca. 1638), (2) extensions to the support ('Anstlickungen.), illustrated by imaging experiments performed on the Venus Frigida (1614) and (3) Rubens' intriguing halos around flesh tones, as found amongst others in The Incredulity of Saint Thomas (1613). The ensuing insights in the paint stratigraphy and the underlying supporting structure illustrate the potential of MA-XRF scanning for the non-invasive, comparative study of Rubens' oeuvre. The results do not only augment the understanding of the complex genesis of Rubens' works of art and his efficient painting technique, but prove valuable during conservation treatments as well, as addressed in this paper. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
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Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
000428103000027 |
Publication Date |
2018-01-17 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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| |
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
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| |
ISSN |
0026-265x; 0026-265x |
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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| |
Impact Factor |
3.034 |
Times cited |
5 |
Open Access |
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| |
Notes |
; ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 3.034 |
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| |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:151564 |
Serial |
5657 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Legrand, S.; Ricciardi, P.; Nodari, L.; Janssens, K. |
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Title |
Non-invasive analysis of a 15th century illuminated manuscript fragment: point-based vs imaging spectroscopy |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Microchemical journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Microchem J |
|
| |
Volume |
138 |
Issue |
138 |
Pages |
162-172 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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| |
Abstract |
Illuminated manuscript fragments are some of the best preserved objects of Western cultural heritage. Therefore, scholars are limited to non-invasive – often point-based – methods, to answer questions on material usage, technique, origin and previous treatments. These powerful methods yield specific information; however, the information is limited to the number of points analyzed. Imaging spectroscopies such as MA-XRF and MA-rFTIR combine specificity with the power of imaging, resulting in distribution images that are interpretable by non-spectroscopists and the public at large. In this paper the possible added value of using imaging spectroscopy is discussed. Do these methods yield the same results as an extensive point-based spectroscopic campaign and can they bring novel information? As a case study, a 15th century illuminated manuscript fragment is employed in order to explore the differences between these approaches and present an inventory of their advantages and limitations. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
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Thesis |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
000428103000019 |
Publication Date |
2018-01-05 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| |
ISSN |
0026-265x; 0026-265x |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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| |
Impact Factor |
3.034 |
Times cited |
12 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; The authors wish to thank Dr. Stella Panayotova, Keeper of Manuscripts and Printed Books at the Fitzwilliam Museum, for allowing technical analysis of the manuscript fragment, and Dr. Suzanne Reynolds, Assistant Keeper of Manuscripts and Printed Books, for crucial help in identifying the text on the reverse of the fragment and its significance. We also wish to thank Prof. Andrew Beeby and Dr. Catherine Nicholson for their complementary Raman analyses. The warm hospitality of the Hamilton Kerr Institute is also gratefully acknowledged. The Esmee Fairbairn Collections Fund and Cambridge University's Returning Carers Scheme provided funding for part of this research. SL and KJ acknowledge support from project METOX (contract BR/165/A6/MetOx), BELSPO, Brussels. ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 3.034 |
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| |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:151563 |
Serial |
5749 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Peeters, J.; Steenackers, G.; Sfarra, S.; Legrand, S.; Ibarra-Castanedo, C.; Janssens, K.; van der Snickt, G. |
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| |
Title |
IR reflectography and active thermography on artworks : the added value of the 1.53 µm band |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Applied Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl Sci-Basel |
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| |
Volume |
8 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
50 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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| |
Abstract |
Infrared Radiation (IR) artwork inspection is typically performed through active thermography and reflectography with different setups and cameras. While Infrared Radiation Reflectography (IRR) is an established technique in the museum field, exploiting mainly the IR-A (0.71.4 µm) band to probe for hidden layers and modifications within the paint stratigraphy system, active thermography operating in the IR-C range (35 μ m) is less frequently employed with the aim to visualize structural defects and features deeper inside the build-up. In this work, we assess to which extent the less investigated IR-B band (1.53 μ m) can combine the information obtained from both setups. The application of IR-B systems is relatively rare as there are only a limited amount of commercial systems available due to the technical complexity of the lens coating. This is mainly added as a so-called broadband option on regular Mid-wave infrared radiation (MWIR) (IR-C/35 μ m) cameras to increase sensitivity for high temperature applications in industry. In particular, four objects were studied in both reflectographic and thermographic mode in the IR-B spectral range and their results benchmarked with IR-A and IR-C images. For multispectral application, a single benchmark is made with macroscopic reflection mode Fourier transform infrared (MA-rFTIR) results. IR-B proved valuable for visualisation of underdrawings, pencil marks, canvas fibres and wooden grain structures and potential pathways for additional applications such as pigment identification in multispectral mode or characterization of the support (panels, canvas) are indicated. |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
000424388800050 |
Publication Date |
2018-01-03 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| |
ISSN |
2076-3417 |
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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| |
Impact Factor |
1.679 |
Times cited |
4 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; This research has been funded by the University of Antwerp and the Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (VLAIO) by the support to the TETRA project 'SINT: Smart Integration of Numerical modelling and Thermal inspection' with project number HBC.2017.0032. Furthermore, the research leading to these results has received funding from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) travel grant V4.010.16N and the Stimpro stimuli of UAntwerpen under project ID 32864. We would like to end with a special thanks to the MiViM research chair of Prof. Xavier Maldague and the support of the full team in supporting the preliminary measurements of this research. ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 1.679 |
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| |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:149164 |
Serial |
5677 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Koldeweij, J.; Hoogstede, L.; Ilsink, M.; Janssens, K.; De Keyser, N.; Gotink, R.K.; Legrand, S.; Nauhaus, J.M.; van der Snickt, G.; Spronk, R. |
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Title |
The patron of Hieronymus Bosch's 'Last Judgment' triptych in Vienna |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
2018 |
Publication |
The Burlington magazine |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| |
Volume |
160 |
Issue |
1379 |
Pages |
106-111 |
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| |
Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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| |
Abstract |
A technical examination of the Last Judgment triptych by Hieronymus Bosch in the Paintings Gallery of the Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna, has revealed a painted escutcheon with the coat of arms of the Burgundian court official Hippolyte de Berthoz underneath the current surface of the right outer wing. This allows him to be firmly identified as the painting's patron. |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
000458246800007 |
Publication Date |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0007-6287; 2044-9925 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
|
Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:181267 |
Serial |
8656 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
De Keyser, N.; van der Snickt, G.; Van Loon, A.; Legrand, S.; Wallert, A.; Janssens, K. |
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Title |
Jan Davidsz. de Heem (1606-1684): a technical examination of fruit and flower still lifes combining MA-XRF scanning, cross-section analysis and technical historical sources |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Heritage science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| |
Volume |
5 |
Issue |
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Pages |
38 |
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| |
Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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| |
Abstract |
This article discusses the technical examination of five flower and fruit still life paintings by the seventeenth century artist Jan Davidsz. de Heem (1606-1684). The painter is known for his meticulously composed and finely detailed still life paintings and is a master in imitating the surface textures of various fruits, flowers, and objects. Macro X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) scanning experiments were supplemented with a study of paint cross-sections and contemporary art technical sources with the aim of reconstructing the complex build-up of the overall lay-in of the composition and individual subjects. MA-XRF provided information on the distribution of key chemical elements present in painting materials and made it possible to recapture evidence of the different phases in the artist's working methods: from the application of the ground layers, to De Heem's characteristic oval-shaped underpaintings, and finally, the superposition of multiple paint layers in the working up of the paintings. SEM-EDX analysis of a limited number of paint cross-sections complemented the chemical images with local and layer-specific information on the microscale, providing more accuracy on the layer sequence and enabling the study of elements with a low atomic number for which the non-invasive technique is less sensitive. The results from this technical examination were in addition compared with recipes and paint instructions, to obtain a better understanding of the relation between the general practice and actual painting technique of Jan Davidsz. de Heem. Ultimately, this combined approach uncovered new information on De Heem's artistic practice and demonstrated the complementarity of the methods. |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
000410414000001 |
Publication Date |
2017-08-14 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| |
ISSN |
2050-7445 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
|
Times cited |
5 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; This work is an extension of the Master thesis in Conservation-restoration (University of Antwerp, 2015-2016) of Nouchka De Keyser. Thesis supervisors were Dr. Geert Van der Snickt (Cultural heritage scientist, AXES, UA) and Dr. Olivier Schalm (Research scientist, UA). This research was supported by the Baillet Latour fund. The authors gratefully acknowledge the involved institutes (Rijksmuseum, the Mauritshuis and KMSKA) for the opportunity to examine the still life paintings of Jan Davidsz. de Heem. A great thanks is therefore due to Petria Noble, Pieter Roelofs, Anna Krekeler, Susan Smelt, Robert Erdmann, Abbie Vandivere, Edwin Buijsen and Masayuki Hinoue. SEM-EDX measurements were performed by Katrien Keune, scientific researcher at the Rijksmuseum. ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: NA |
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| |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:145628 |
Serial |
5681 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
da Silva, A.T.; Legrand, S.; van der Snickt, G.; Featherstone, R.; Janssens, K.; Bottinelli, G. |
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Title |
MA-XRF imaging on Rene Magritte's La condition humaine : insights into the artist's palette and technique and the discovery of a third quarter of La pose enchantee |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Heritage science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| |
Volume |
5 |
Issue |
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Pages |
37 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
Magritte's composition La condition humaine, 1935 was found to conceal under its paint layers an entire quarter of a lost composition by the artist, until recently only known from a small black/white catalogue illustration-La pose enchantee, 1927. This study is the latest contribution to the discovery of the artist's missing painting, now known to have been cut into four parts and re-used by Magritte as the support for new compositions. Non-destructive analytical and examination methods and specifically macroscopic X-ray fluorescence (MAXRF) scanning and conventional X-ray radiography (XRR) were the two non-destructive analytical and examination methods used to study both compositions and add to the existing knowledge on the artist's palette during both periods. The first method is capable of identifying the presence and the distribution of key chemical elements present in artists' materials. In some instances elemental mapping provided useful information on the hidden painting, but conventional X-ray radiography (XRR) enabled a better visualisation of the form and paint application of the underlying composition. Furthermore, the turnover edges of the canvas reveal after over 80 years the artist's palette directly to the viewer. Additional XRF scanning of this exposed paint has confirmed and added to the existing research published to date of this lost painting, including a proposed colour reconstruction, but at the same time highlighting the need for further analytical research involving both non-destructive point analysis and the use of paint samples. |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
000410413500001 |
Publication Date |
2017-08-04 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
2050-7445 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
|
Times cited |
7 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: NA |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:145695 |
Serial |
5696 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
van der Snickt, G.; Dubois, H.; Sanyova, J.; Legrand, S.; Coudray, A.; Glaude, C.; Postec, M.; van Espen, P.; Janssens, K. |
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Title |
Large-area elemental imaging reveals Van Eyck's original paint layers on the Ghent altarpiece (1432), rescoping its conservation treatment |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Angewandte Chemie: international edition in English |
Abbreviated Journal |
Angew Chem Int Edit |
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| |
Volume |
56 |
Issue |
17 |
Pages |
4797-4801 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
A combination of large-scale and micro-scale elemental imaging, yielding elemental distribution maps obtained by, respectively non-invasive macroscopic X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) and by secondary electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) and synchrotron radiation-based micro-XRF (SR m-XRF) imaging was employed to reorient and optimize the conservation strategy of van Eyck's renowned Ghent Altarpiece. By exploiting the penetrative properties of X-rays together with the elemental specificity offered by XRF, it was possible to visualize the original paint layers by van Eyck hidden below the overpainted surface and to simultaneously assess their condition. The distribution of the high-energy Pb-L and Hg-L emission lines revealed the exact location of hidden paint losses, while Fe-K maps demonstrated how and where these lacunae were filled-up using an iron-containing material. The chemical maps nourished the scholarly debate on the overpaint removal with objective, chemical arguments, leading to the decision to remove all skillfully applied overpaints, hitherto interpreted as work by van Eyck. MA-XRF was also employed for monitoring the removal of the overpaint during the treatment phase. To gather complementary information on the in-depth layer build-up, SEM-EDX and SR mu-XRF imaging was used on paint cross sections to record microscale elemental maps. |
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Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
000398576000019 |
Publication Date |
2017-03-23 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1433-7851; 0570-0833 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
11.994 |
Times cited |
11 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; This research was supported by the Baillet Latour fund, the Belgian Science Policy Office (Projects MO/39/011) and the Gieskes-Strijbis fund. The authors are also indebted to the BOF-GOA SOLAR Paint project of the University of Antwerp Research Council. The church wardens of the cathedral of St. Bavo and their chairman L. Collin are acknowledged for this agreeable collaboration. We also wish to thank conservators L. Depuydt, B. De Volder, F. Rosier, N. Laquiere and G. Steyaert as well as the members of the international committee. We are indebted to Prof. Em. A. Van Grevenstein-Kruse. ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 11.994 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:142376 |
Serial |
5688 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Cabal, A.; Legrand, S.; Van den Bril, B.; Tote, K.; Janssens, K.; van Espen, P. |
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Title |
Study of the uniformity of aerosol filters by scanning MA-XRF |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
2017 |
Publication |
X-ray spectrometry
T2 – 17th European Conference on X-Ray Spectrometry (EXRS), JUN 19-24, 2016, Univ Gothenburg, Univ Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SWEDEN |
Abbreviated Journal |
X-Ray Spectrom |
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Volume |
46 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
461-466 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is an attractive analytical method to determine the level of air pollution by heavy metals. The concentration of the filter in ng/cm(2) is obtained by direct comparison of the net characteristic line intensity of an element with that of a thin film standard. As the sampled area on the filter and the area of the standard are larger than the area analysed by the instrument, the distribution of the elements on the surface of both samples and standards have to be sufficiently uniform. If this is not the case, biased concentration estimates are obtained. Two scanning macro-XRF setups with a beam diameter of similar to 0.5 mm were used to investigate the distribution of elements in (1) commercially available (Micromatter) standards, (2) in-house quartz filter standards obtained with an aerosol generator and (3) particulatematter (PM10) collected on quartz filters by a Leckel SEQ 47/50 sampler. The uniformity of the Micromatter standards was better than 2%. At least some in-house standards showed a concave distribution with less material at the edges. The maximum bias introduced by this is less than 5%. Because of the limited sensitivity of scanning XRF compared with conventional XRF, the distribution of only a few common elements like Ca and Fe could be determined reliably in aerosol filters. The distribution of some heavy elements could only be measured in filters sampled in polluted regions. In general, the loading of particulate matter over the filters was uniform. Copyright (C) 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
000409246400026 |
Publication Date |
2017-03-21 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0049-8246 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
1.298 |
Times cited |
4 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 1.298 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:145644 |
Serial |
5852 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Janssens, K.; van der Snickt, G.; Vanmeert, F.; Legrand, S.; Nuyts, G.; Alfeld, M.; Monico, L.; Anaf, W.; de Nolf, W.; Vermeulen, M.; Verbeeck, J.; De Wael, K. |
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Title |
Non-invasive and non-destructive examination of artistic pigments, paints, and paintings by means of X-Ray methods |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Topics in Current Chemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
Topics Curr Chem |
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Volume |
374 |
Issue |
374 |
Pages |
81 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
Recent studies are concisely reviewed, in which X-ray beams of (sub)micrometre to millimetre dimensions have been used for non-destructive analysis and characterization of pigments, minute paint samples, and/or entire paintings from the seventeenth to the early twentieth century painters. The overview presented encompasses the use of laboratory and synchrotron radiation-based instrumentation and deals with the use of several variants of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) as a method of elemental analysis and imaging, as well as with the combined use of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Microscopic XRF is a variant of the method that is well suited to visualize the elemental distribution of key elements, mostly metals, present in paint multi-layers, on the length scale from 1 to 100 μm inside micro-samples taken from paintings. In the context of the characterization of artists pigments subjected to natural degradation, the use of methods limited to elemental analysis or imaging usually is not sufficient to elucidate the chemical transformations that have taken place. However, at synchrotron facilities, combinations of μ-XRF with related methods such as μ-XAS and μ-XRD have proven themselves to be very suitable for such studies. Their use is often combined with microscopic Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and/or Raman microscopy since these methods deliver complementary information of high molecular specificity at more or less the same length scale as the X-ray microprobe techniques. Since microscopic investigation of a relatively limited number of minute paint samples, taken from a given work of art, may not yield representative information about the entire artefact, several methods for macroscopic, non-invasive imaging have recently been developed. Those based on XRF scanning and full-field hyperspectral imaging appear very promising; some recent published results are discussed. |
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Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
Springer international publishing ag |
Place of Publication |
Cham |
Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
000391178900006 |
Publication Date |
2016-11-21 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
2365-0869;2364-8961; |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
4.033 |
Times cited |
50 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 4.033 |
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Call Number |
UA @ lucian @ c:irua:139930UA @ admin @ c:irua:139930 |
Serial |
4443 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Janssens, K.; Legrand, S.; van der Snickt, G.; Vanmeert, F. |
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Title |
Virtual archaeology of altered paintings : multiscale chemical imaging tools |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Elements |
Abbreviated Journal |
Elements |
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Volume |
12 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
39-44 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
Understanding how painted works of art were constructed, layer-by-layer, requires a range of macroscopic and microscopic X-ray and infrared-based analytical methods. Deconstructing complex assemblies of paints horizontally across a picture and vertically through it provides insight into the detailed production process of the art work and on the painting techniques and styles of its maker. The unwanted chemical transformations that some paint pigments undergo are also detectable; these changes can alter the paint's optical properties. Understanding the chemistry behind such paint degradation gives conservators vital clues to counter these effects and is an invaluable asset in protecting these cultural artefacts for future generations. |
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Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
000370987700007 |
Publication Date |
2016-02-08 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1811-5209 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
4.038 |
Times cited |
12 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 4.038 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:132301 |
Serial |
5904 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Ricciardi, P.; Legrand, S.; Bertolotti, G.; Janssens, K. |
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Title |
Macro X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) scanning of illuminated manuscript fragments: potentialities and challenges |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Microchemical journal
T2 – TECHNART Conference, APR 27-30, 2015, Catania, ITALY |
Abbreviated Journal |
Microchem J |
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Volume |
124 |
Issue |
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Pages |
785-791 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
Macro X-ray fluorescence scanning (MA-XRF) is gradually becoming an established technique for the non-invasive analytical investigation of painted surfaces. This paper discusses some of the benefits and limitations of employing MA-XRF for the study of manuscript illuminations. Art historical research on this type of artefacts that is based on scientific measurements is often limited by the fact that usually no sampling can take place. Hence there is a need for non-invasive analytical tools that make it possible to conduct systematic investigations. As a representative example of this type of objects, a 15th century Italian manuscript fragment from the collection of the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge (UK) is investigated. The aims of the study were to gain insight into the materials and techniques employed by Renaissance illuminators and to help answer specific questions regarding the fragment's authorship and geographic origin. The complementarity and advantages of MA-XRF mapping versus site-specific analyses are discussed. For this purpose, MA-XRF data are evaluated and compared with the results of other analytical techniques. The interpretation of the elemental maps is discussed along with the challenges faced during the analysis. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
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Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
000367755600096 |
Publication Date |
2015-10-27 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0026-265x; 0026-265x |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
3.034 |
Times cited |
24 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 3.034 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:144767 |
Serial |
5698 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
van der Snickt, G.; Legrand, S.; Caen, J.; Vanmeert, F.; Alfeld, M.; Janssens, K. |
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Title |
Chemical imaging of stained-glass windows by means of macro X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) scanning |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Microchemical journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Microchem J |
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Volume |
124 |
Issue |
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Pages |
615-622 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES) |
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Abstract |
Since the recent development of a mobile setup, MA-XRF scanning proved a valuable tool for the non-invasive, technical study of paintings. In this work, the applicability of MA-XRF scanning for investigating stained-glass windows inside a conservation studio is assessed by analysis of a high-profile, well-studied late-mediaeval panel. Although accurate quantification of components is not feasible with this analytical imaging technique, plotting the detected intensities of K versus Ca in a scatter plot allowed distinguishing glass fragments of different compositional types within the same panel. In particular, clusters in the Ca/K correlation plot revealed the presence of two subtypes of potash glass and three subtypes of high lime low alkali glass. MA-XRF results proved consistent with previous quantitative SEM-EDX analysis on two samples and analytical-based theories on glass production in the Low Countries formulated in literature. A bi-plot of the intensities of the more energetic Rb-K versus Sr-K emission lines yielded a similar glass type differentiation and is here presented as suitable alternative in case the Ca/K signal ratio is affected by superimposed weathering crusts. Apart from identification of the chromophores responsible for the green, blue and red glass colors, contrasting the associated elemental distribution maps obtained on the exterior and interior side of the glass permitted discriminating between colored pot metal glass and multi-layered flashed glass as well. Finally, the benefit of obtaining compositional information from the entire surface, as opposed to point analysis, was illustrated by the discovery of what appears to be a green cobalt glass a feature that was previously missed on this well-studied stained-glass window, both by connoisseurs and spectroscopic sample analysis. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
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Wos |
000367755600074 |
Publication Date |
2015-10-25 |
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0026-265x; 0026-265x |
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UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
3.034 |
Times cited |
22 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; The staff of the Museums of the City of Bruges, i.e. Director Till-Holger Borchert and Deputy Curator Kristel Van Audenaeren, are acknowledged for this pleasant collaboration and the authorization for the publication of the images in this article. This research was supported by the InBev-Baillet Latour fund. ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 3.034 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:131100 |
Serial |
5514 |
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Author |
Caen, J.; Legrand, S.; van der Snickt, G.; Janssens, K. |
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Title |
Macro X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) scanning : a new and efficient method for documenting stained-glass panels |
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P3 Proceeding |
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2015 |
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Keywords |
P3 Proceeding; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES) |
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ISBN |
978-2-9543731-1-9 |
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UA library record |
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Most recent IF: NA |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:126832 |
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5697 |
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Author |
Janssens, K.; Alfeld, M.; Van der Snickt, G.; De Nolf, W.; Vanmeert, F.; Monico, L.; Legrand, S.; Dik, J.; Cotte, M.; Falkenberg, G.; van der Loeff, L.; Leeuwestein, M.; Hendriks, E. |
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Examination of Vincent van Gogh's paintings and pigments by means of state-of-the-art analytical methods |
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H2 Book chapter |
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2014 |
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373-403
T2 - Science and art : the painted surface |
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H2 Book chapter; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
Recent studies in which X-ray beams of macroscopic to (sub) microscopic dimensions were used for non-destructive analysis and characterization of pigments, paint micro samples and/or entire paintings by Vincent van Gogh are concisely reviewed. The overview presented encompasses the use of laboratory and synchrotron radiation-based instrumentation and deals with the use of several variants of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) as a method of elemental analysis and imaging as well as with the combined use of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Microscopic and macroscopic XRF are variants of the method that are well suited to visualize the elemental distribution of key elements, mostly metals, present in paint multi layers, either on the length scale from 1–100 μm inside micro samples taken from paintings or on the 1–100 cm length scale when the (subsurface) distribution of specific pigments in entire paintings is concerned. In the context of the characterization of van Gogh's pigments subject to natural degradation, the use of methods limited to elemental analysis or imaging usually is not sufficient to elucidate the chemical transformations that have taken place. However, at synchrotron facilities, combinations of μ-XRF with related methods such as μ-XAS and μ-XRD have proven themselves to be very suitable for such studies. Their use is often combined with microscopic Fourier transform infra-red (μ-FTIR) spectroscopy since this method delivers complementary information at more or less the same length scale as the X-ray microprobe techniques. Also in the context of macroscopic imaging of works of art, the complementary use of X-ray based and infra-red based imaging appears very promising; some recent developments are discussed. |
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2020-02-24 |
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978-1-84973-818-7 |
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UA library record |
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no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:190782 |
Serial |
7943 |
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Author |
Legrand, S.; Vanmeert, F.; van der Snickt, G.; Alfeld, M.; de Nolf, W.; Dik, J.; Janssens, K. |
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Examination of historical paintings by state-of-the-art hyperspectral imaging methods : from scanning infra-red spectroscopy to computed X-ray laminography |
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A1 Journal article |
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2014 |
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Heritage science |
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2 |
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13-11 |
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A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
The development of advanced methods for non-destructive selective imaging of painted works of art at the macroscopic level based on radiation in the X-ray and infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum are concisely reviewed. Such methods allow to either record depth-selective, element-selective or species-selective images of entire paintings. Camera-based full field methods (that record the image data in parallel) can be discerned next to scanning methods (that build up distributions in a sequential manner by scanning a beam of radiation over the surface of an artefact). Six methods are discussed: on the one hand, macroscopic X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction imaging and X-ray laminography and on the other hand macroscopic Mid and Near Infrared hyper- and full spectral imaging and Optical Coherence Tomography. These methods can be considered to be improved versions of the well-established imaging methods employed worldwide for examination of paintings, i.e., X-ray radiography and Infrared reflectography. Possibilities and limitations of these new imaging techniques are outlined. |
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2014-05-30 |
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ISSN |
2050-7445 |
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Most recent IF: NA |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:124629 |
Serial |
5619 |
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