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	Author	Anaf, W.; Trashin, S.; Schalm, O.; van Dorp, D.; Janssens, K.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Electrochemical photodegradation study of semiconductor pigments : influence of environmental parameters			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2014	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	86	Issue	19	Pages	9742-9748
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
	Abstract	Chemical transformations in paintings often induce discolorations, disturbing the appearance of the image. For an appropriate conservation of such valuable and irreplaceable heritage objects, it is important to have a good know-how on the degradation processes of the (historical) materials: which pigments have been discolored, what are the responsible processes, and which (environmental) conditions have the highest impact on the pigment degradation and should be mitigated. Pigment degradation is already widely studied, either by analyzing historical samples or by accelerated weathering experiments on dummies. However, in historic samples several processes may have taken place, increasing the complexity of the current state, while aging experiments are time-consuming due to the often extended aging period. An alternative method is proposed for a fast monitoring of degradation processes of semiconductor pigments, using an electrochemical setup mimicking the real environment and allowing the identification of harmful environmental parameters for each pigment. Examples are given for the pigments cadmium yellow (CdS) and vermilion (α-HgS).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000343017100058	Publication Date	2014-08-27
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	18	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2014 IF: 5.636
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:118834			Serial	5593
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Van Dyck, P.M.; Van Grieken, R.E.
	Title	Absorption correction via scattered radiation in energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis for samples of variable composition and thickness			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1980	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	52	Issue	12	Pages	1859-1864
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1980KJ65700021	Publication Date	2005-03-08
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116516			Serial	7410
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Smits, J.A.; Van Grieken, R.E.
	Title	Characterization of a 2,2'-diaminodiethylamine-cellulose filter toward metal cation extraction			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1980	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	52	Issue	9	Pages	1479-1489
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1980KB79500027	Publication Date	2005-03-08
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116515			Serial	7610
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Robberecht, H.J.; Van Grieken, R.E.
	Title	Sub-part-per-billion determination of total dissolved selenium and selenite in environmental waters by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1980	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	52	Issue	3	Pages	449-453
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1980JG67900021	Publication Date	2005-03-08
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116514			Serial	8613
Permanent link to this record



	Author	van Espen, P.; Van 't dack, L.; Adams, F.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Effective sample weight from scatter peaks in energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1979	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	51	Issue	7	Pages	961-967
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Chemometrics (Mitac 3)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1979GW66100047	Publication Date	2005-03-16
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:111404			Serial	7841
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Van Grieken, R.E.; Bresseleers, C.M.; Vanderborght, B.M.
	Title	Chelex-100 ion-exchange filter membranes for preconcentration in x-ray-fluorescence analysis of water			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1977	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	49	Issue	9	Pages	1326-1331
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1977DP25600011	Publication Date	2005-03-08
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:113632			Serial	7639
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Monico, L.; Janssens, K.; Miliani, C.; van der Snickt, G.; Brunetti, B.G.; Guidi, M.C.; Radepont, M.; Cotte, M.
	Title	Degradation process of lead chromate in paintings by Vincent van Gogh studied by means of spectromicroscopic methods : 4 : artificial aging of model samples of co-precipitates of lead chromate and lead sulfate			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	85	Issue	2	Pages	860-867
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Previous investigations about the darkening of chrome yellow pigments revealed that this form of alteration is attributable to a reduction of the original Cr(VI) to Cr(III), and that the presence of sulfur-containing compounds, most often sulfates, plays a key role during this process. We recently demonstrated that different crystal forms of chrome yellow pigments (PbCrO4 and PbCr1xSxO4) are present in paintings by Vincent van Gogh. In the present work, we show how both the chemical composition and the crystalline structure of lead chromate-based pigments influence their stability. For this purpose, oil model samples made with in-house synthesized powders of PbCrO4 and PbCr1xSxO4 were artificially aged and characterized. We observed a profound darkening only for those paint models made with PbCr1xSxO4, rich in SO42 (x ≥ 0.4), and orthorhombic phases (>30 wt %). Cr and S K-edge micro X-ray absorption near edge structure investigations revealed in an unequivocal manner the formation of up to about 60% of Cr(III)-species in the outer layer of the most altered samples; conversely, independent of the paint models chemical composition, no change in the S-oxidation state was observed. Analyses employing UVvisible diffuse reflectance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were performed on unaged and aged model samples in order to obtain additional information on the physicochemical changes induced by the aging treatment.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000313668400032	Publication Date	2012-10-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	49	Open Access
	Notes	; This research was supported by grants from ESRF (experiment EC-799), the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme-Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16), and the BELSPO-SDD S2-ART (SD/RI/04) project. The text also presents results from GOA “XANES meets ELNES” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. The EU FP7 programme CHARISMA (Grant Agreement 228330) and MIUR (PRIN08, Materiali e sistemi innovativi per la conservazione dell'arte contemporanea 2008 FFXXN9) are also acknowledged. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2013 IF: 5.825
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:110471			Serial	5569
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Monico, L.; Janssens, K.; Miliani, C.; Brunetti, B.G.; Vagnini, M.; Vanmeert, F.; Falkenberg, G.; Abakumov, A.; Lu, Y.; Tian, H.; Verbeeck, J.; Radepont, M.; Cotte, M.; Hendriks, E.; Geldof, M.; van der Loeff, L.; Salvant, J.; Menu, M.;
	Title	Degradation process of lead chromate in paintings by Vincent van Gogh studied by means of spectromicroscopic methods : 3 : synthesis, characterization, and detection of different crystal forms of the chrome yellow pigment			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	85	Issue	2	Pages	860-867
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The painter, Vincent van Gogh, and some of his contemporaries frequently made use of the pigment chrome yellow that is known to show a tendency toward darkening. This pigment may correspond to various chemical compounds such as PbCrO4 and PbCr1-xSxO4, that may each be present in various crystallographic forms with different tendencies toward degradation. Investigations by X-ray diffraction (XRD), mid-Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR), and Raman instruments (benchtop and portable) and synchrotron radiation-based micro-XRD and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy performed on oil-paint models, prepared with in-house synthesized PbCrO4 and PbCr1-xSxO4, permitted us to characterize the spectroscopic features of the various forms. On the basis of these results, an extended study has been carried out on historic paint tubes and on embedded paint microsamples taken from yellow-orange/pale yellow areas of 12 Van Gogh paintings, demonstrating that Van Gogh effectively made use of different chrome yellow types. This conclusion was also confirmed by in situ mid-FTIR investigations on Van Goghs Portrait of Gauguin (Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000313668400031	Publication Date	2012-10-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700;1520-6882;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	79	Open Access
	Notes	Goa; Fwo			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2013 IF: 5.825
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:108707UA @ admin @ c:irua:108707			Serial	631
Permanent link to this record



	Author	van der Snickt, G.; Janssens, K.; Dik, J.; de Nolf, W.; Vanmeert, F.; Jaroszewicz, J.; Cotte, M.; Falkenberg, G.; Van der Loeff, L.
	Title	Combined use of synchrotron radiation based micro-X-ray fluorescence, micro-X-ray diffraction, micro-X-ray absorption near-edge, and micro-fourier transform infrared spectroscopies for revealing an alternative degradation pathway of the pigment cadmium yellow in a painting by Van Gogh			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2012	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	84	Issue	23	Pages	10221-10228
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Over the past years a number of studies have described the instability of the pigment cadmium yellow (CdS). In a previous paper we have shown how cadmium sulfide on paintings by James Ensor oxidizes to CdSO4 center dot H2O. The degradation process gives rise to the fading of the bright yellow color and the formation of disfiguring white crystals that are present on the paint surface in approximately 50 mu m sized globular agglomerations. Here, we study cadmium yellow in the painting “Flowers in a blue vase” by Vincent van Gogh. This painting differs from the Ensor case in the fact that (a) a varnish was superimposed onto the degraded paint surface and (b) the CdS paint area is entirely covered with an opaque crust. The latter obscures the yellow color completely and thus presents a seemingly more advanced state of degradation. Analysis of a cross-sectioned and a crushed sample by combining scanning microscopic X-ray diffraction (mu-XRD), microscopic X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (mu-XANES), microscopic X-ray fluorescence (mu-XRF) based chemical state mapping and scanning microscopic Fourier transform infrared (mu-FT-IR) spectrometry allowed unravelling the complex alteration pathway. Although no crystalline CdSO4 compounds were identified on the Van Gogh paint samples, we conclude that the observed degradation was initially caused by oxidation of the original CdS pigment, similar as for the previous Ensor case. However, due to the presence of an overlying varnish containing lead-based driers and oxalate ions, secondary reactions took place. In particular, it appears that upon the photoinduced oxidation of its sulfidic counterion, the Cd2+ ions reprecipitated at the paint/varnish interface after having formed a complex with oxalate ions that themselves are considered to be degradation products of the resin and/or oil in the varnish. The SO42- anions, for their part, found a suitable reaction partner in Pb2+ ions stemming from a dissolved lead-based siccative that was added to the varnish to promote its drying. The resulting opaque anglesite compound in the varnish, in combination with the underlying CdC2O4 layer at the paint/varnish interface, account for the orange-gray crust that is disfiguring the painting on a macroscopic level. In this way, the results presented in this paper demonstrate how, through a judicious combined use of several microanalytical methods with speciation capabilities, many new insights can be obtained from two minute, but highly complex and heterogeneous paint samples.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000311815300013	Publication Date	2012-08-30
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	59	Open Access
	Notes	; This research was supported by BELSPO via the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme (IUAP VI/16) and the S2-ART project (SD/RI/04A) and funded by Grants from the ESRF (EC-442) and PETRA-III (I-20120312 EC). The text also presents results of GOA “XANES meets ELNES” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from FWO (Brussels, Belgium) project nos. G.0103.04, G.0689.06, and G.0704.08. The staff of the Kroller-Muller Museum and painting conservators Margje Leeuwestein and Esther Van Duijn are acknowledged for this pleasant cooperation and the authorization for the publication of the images in this article. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2012 IF: 5.695
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:105971			Serial	5526
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Pilehvar, S.; Mehta, J.; Dardenne, F.; Robbens, J.; Blust, R.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Aptasensing of chloramphenicol in the presence of its analogues : reaching the maximum residue limit			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2012	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	84	Issue	15	Pages	6753-6758
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	A novel label-free folding induced aptamer-based electrochemical biosensor for the detection of chloramphenicol (CAP) in the presence of its analogues has been developed. CAP is a broad-spectrum antibiotic which has lost its favor due to its serious adverse toxic effects on human health. Aptamers are artificial nucleic acid ligands (ssDNA or RNA) able to specifically recognize a target such as CAP. In this article, the aptamers are fixed onto a gold electrode surface by a self-assembly approach. In the presence of CAP, the unfolded ssDNA on the electrode surface changes to a hairpin structure bringing the target molecules close to the surface and trigger electron transfer. Detection limits were determined to be 1.6×10-9 mol L-1. In addition, thiamphenicol (TAP) and florfenicol (FF), antibiotics with a similar structure to CAP, did not influence the performance of the aptasensor, suggesting a good selectivity of the CAP-aptasensor. Simplicity and lower detection limit (because of the home-selected aptamers) make that the electrochemical aptasensor is suitable for practical use in the detection of CAP in milk samples.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000307159200069	Publication Date	2012-06-20
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	68	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2012 IF: 5.695
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:98816			Serial	5477
Permanent link to this record



	Author	De Wael, K.; Daems, D.; Van Camp, G.; Nagels, L.J.
	Title	The use of potentiometric sensors to study (bio)molecular interactions			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2012	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	84	Issue	11	Pages	4921-4927
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Potentiometric sensors were used to study molecular interactions in liquid environments, with sensorgram methodology. This is demonstrated with a lipophilic rubber-, and with a collagen based hydrogel sensor coating. The investigated molecules were promazine and tartaric acid respectively. The sensors were placed in a hydrodynamic wall jet system for the recording of sensorgrams. mV sensor responses were first converted to a signal, expressing the concentration of adsorbed organic ions. Using a linearization method, a pseudo first order kinetic model of adsorption was shown to fit the experimental results perfectly. Kass, kon and koff values were calculated.. The technique can be used over 4 decades of concentration, and it is very sensitive to low MW compounds as well as to multiply charged large biomolecules. This study is the first to demonstrate the application of potentiometric sensors as an alternative and complement to SPR methods.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000304783100041	Publication Date	2012-04-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	10	Open Access
	Notes	; Financial support for this work was provided by the University of Antwerp by granting D.D. a BOF interdisciplinary research project. We thank J. Everaert for his help in interpreting the results. K.D.W. and D.D. contributed equally to this work. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2012 IF: 5.695
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:97520			Serial	5898
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	Author	Romero-Pastor, J.; Duran, A.; Rodríguez-Navarro, A.B.; Van Grieken, R.; Cardell, C.
	Title	Compositional and quantitative microtextural characterization of historic paintings by micro-X-ray diffraction and Raman microscopy			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	83	Issue	22	Pages	8420-8428
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	This work shows the benefits of characterizing historic paintings via compositional and microtextural data from micro-X-ray diffraction (μ-XRD) combined with molecular information acquired with Raman microscopy (RM) along depth profiles in paint stratigraphies. The novel approach was applied to identify inorganic and organic components from paintings placed at the 14th century Islamic UniversityMadrasah Yusufiyyain Granada (Spain), the only Islamic University still standing from the time of Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain). The use of μ-XRD to obtain quantitative microtextural information of crystalline phases provided by two-dimensional diffraction patterns to recognize pigments nature and manufacture, and decay processes in complex paint cross sections, has not been reported yet. A simple Nasrid (14th century) palette made of gypsum, vermilion, and azurite mixed with glue was identified in polychromed stuccos. Here also a Christian intervention was found via the use of smalt, barite, hematite, Brunswick green and gold; oil was the binding media employed. On mural paintings and wood ceilings, more complex palettes dated to the 19th century were found, made of gypsum, anhydrite, barite, dolomite, calcite, lead white, hematite, minium, synthetic ultramarine blue, and black carbon. The identified binders were glue, egg yolk, and oil.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000296830200011	Publication Date	2011-10-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:92679			Serial	7715
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Rouchon, V.; Duranton, M.; Burgaud, C.; Pellizzi, E.; Lavédrine, B.; Janssens, K.; de Nolf, W.; Nuyts, G.; Vanmeert, F.; Hellemans, K.
	Title	Room-temperature study of iron gall ink impregnated paper degradation under various oxygen and humidity conditions : time-dependent monitoring by viscosity and X-ray absorption near-edge spectrometry measurements			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	83	Issue	7	Pages	2589-2597
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Many western manuscripts were written using iron gall inks. These inks can damage the paper via two major mechanisms: (a) acid hydrolysis, enhanced by humidity, and (b) oxidative depolymerization provoked by the presence of oxygen and free iron(II) ions. The degradation of unsized Whatman paper impregnated with different combinations of iron sulfate, gallic acid, and gum arabic was studied at room temperature in order to assess the relative importance of each mechanism. The samples were stored in various environments including a dry and/or an oxygen-free atmosphere. The cellulose depolymerization was monitored by viscometry and related to changes in the oxidation state of iron, determined by X-ray absorption near-edge spectrometry. The results indicate that residual amounts of oxygen (less than 0.1%) promote cellulose depolymerization, whereas the level of relative humidity has no impact. The cellulose depolymerization also appears closely correlated to oxidative mechanisms. Regarding the oxidation of iron, it only occurs in the simultaneous presence of oxygen and moisture, suggesting the occurrence of rustlike oxidative mechanisms. Finally, the presence of gallic acid has a strong influence, which is only partially explained by its capacity to reduce iron(III) to iron(II).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000288887700028	Publication Date	2011-03-04
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	28	Open Access
	Notes	; This research was supported by the French Ministry of Culture within the National Program of Research (“La conservation des manuscrits: etude du vieillissement naturel de papiers impregnes d'encres ferrogalliques”). It was funded by grants from HASYLAB (experiments I-20090280 EC and II-20060245 EC) and SOLEIL (proposals 20060396 and 20080761) and was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme Belgian Science Policy (1UAP V1/16). The text also presents results of GOA “XANES meets ELNES” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects nos. G.0689.06, G.0704.08 and G017909N. We are thankful to Dr. Dominique Thaudiere, Dr. Solenn Reguer, Dr. Andrea Somogyi, Dr. Karen Appel, Dr. Manuela Borchert, and Dr. Gerald Falkenberg for their assistance and help during the experiments performed at SOLEIL beamline “DIFFABS” and at HASYLAB Beam line “L” respectively. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2011 IF: 5.856
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:89593			Serial	5822
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Monico, L.; van der Snickt, G.; Janssens, K.; de Nolf, W.; Miliani, C.; Dik, J.; Radepont, M.; Hendriks, E.; Geldof, M.; Cotte, M.
	Title	Degradation process of lead chromate in paintings by Vincent van Gogh studied by means of synchrotron X-ray spectromicroscopy and related methods : 2 : original paint layer samples			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	83	Issue	4	Pages	1224-1231
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The darkening of the original yellow areas painted with the chrome yellow pigment (PbCrO4, PbCrO4·xPbSO4, or PbCrO4·xPbO) is a phenomenon widely observed on several paintings by Vincent van Gogh, such as the famous different versions of Sunflowers. During our previous investigations on artificially aged model samples of lead chromate, we established for the first time that darkening of chrome yellow is caused by reduction of PbCrO4 to Cr2O3·2H2O (viridian green), likely accompanied by the presence of another Cr(III) compound, such as either Cr2(SO4)3·H2O or (CH3CO2)7Cr3(OH)2 [chromium(III) acetate hydroxide]. In the second part of this work, in order to demonstrate that this reduction phenomenon effectively takes place in real paintings, we study original paint samples from two paintings of V. van Gogh. As with the model samples, in view of the thin superficial alteration layers that are present, high lateral resolution spectroscopic methods that make use of synchrotron radiation (SR), such as microscopic X-ray absorption near edge (μ-XANES) and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (μ-XRF) were employed. Additionally, μ-Raman and mid-FTIR analyses were carried out to completely characterize the samples. On both paint microsamples, the local presence of reduced Cr was demonstrated by means of μ-XANES point measurements. The presence of Cr(III) was revealed in specific areas, in some cases correlated to the presence of Ba(sulfate) and/or to that of aluminum silicate compounds.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000287176900012	Publication Date	2011-02-14
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	84	Open Access
	Notes	; This research was funded by grants from ESRF (experiment EC-504) and by HASYLAB (experiments 11-20080130 EC and 11-20070157 EC) and was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme-Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16). The text also presents results of GOA “XANES meets ELNES” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from FWO (Brussels, Belgium) project nos. G.0103.04, G.0689.06, and G.0704.08. The staff of the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam, is acknowledged for their agreeable cooperation and for the authorization to publish the images of the paintings in this article. L.M. was financially supported by the Erasmus Placement in the framework of Lifelong Learning Programme (A.Y. 2009-2010). The EU Community's FP7 Research Infrastructures program under the CHARISMA Project (Grant Agreement 228330) is also acknowledged. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2011 IF: 5.856
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:88795			Serial	5571
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Monico, L.; van der Snickt, G.; Janssens, K.; de Nolf, W.; Miliani, C.; Verbeeck, J.; Tian, H.; Tan, H.; Dik, J.; Radepont, M.; Cotte, M.
	Title	Degradation process of lead chromate in paintings by Vincent van Gogh studied by means of synchrotron X-ray spectromicroscopy and related methods : 1 : artificially aged model samples			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	83	Issue	4	Pages	1214-1223
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	On several paintings by artists of the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th Century a darkening of the original yellow areas, painted with the chrome yellow pigment (PbCrO4, PbCrO4·xPbSO4, or PbCrO4·xPbO) is observed. The most famous of these are the various Sunflowers paintings Vincent van Gogh made during his career. In the first part of this work, we attempt to elucidate the degradation process of chrome yellow by studying artificially aged model samples. In view of the very thin (1−3 μm) alteration layers that are formed, high lateral resolution spectroscopic methods such as microscopic X-ray absorption near edge (μ-XANES), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (μ-XRF), and electron energy loss spectrometry (EELS) were employed. Some of these use synchrotron radiation (SR). Additionally, microscopic SR X-ray diffraction (SR μ-XRD), μ-Raman, and mid-FTIR spectroscopy were employed to completely characterize the samples. The formation of Cr(III) compounds at the surface of the chrome yellow paint layers is particularly observed in one aged model sample taken from a historic paint tube (ca. 1914). About two-thirds of the chromium that is present at the surface has reduced from the hexavalent to the trivalent state. The EELS and μ-XANES spectra are consistent with the presence of Cr2O3·2H2O (viridian). Moreover, as demonstrated by μ-XANES, the presence of another Cr(III) compound, such as either Cr2(SO4)3·H2O or (CH3CO2)7Cr3(OH)2 [chromium(III) acetate hydroxide], is likely.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000287176900011	Publication Date	2011-02-14
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700;1520-6882;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	113	Open Access
	Notes	Iuap; Fwo			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2011 IF: 5.856
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:88794UA @ admin @ c:irua:88794			Serial	632
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	Author	van Meel, K.; Smekens, A.; Behets, M.; Kazandjian, P.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Determination of platinum, palladium, and rhodium in automotive catalysts using high-energy secondary target X-ray fluorescence spectrometry			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2007	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	79	Issue	16	Pages	6383-6389
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000248993300042	Publication Date	2007-07-13
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:64781			Serial	7784
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	Author	Camerani, M.C.; Somogyi, A.; Vekemans, B.; Ansell, S.; Simionovici, A.S.; Steenari, B.-M.; Panas, I.
	Title	Determination of the cd-bearing phases in municipal solid waste and Biomass single fly ash particles using SR-mu XRF Spectroscopy			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2007	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	79	Issue	17	Pages	6496-6506
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000249242900017	Publication Date	2007-08-04
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:66600			Serial	7790
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Szalóki, I.; Osán, J.; Van Grieken, R.E.
	Title	X-ray spectrometry			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2006	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	78	Issue	12	Pages	4069-4096
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000238252600016	Publication Date	2006-06-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:58857			Serial	8771
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	Author	Bulska, E.; Wysocka, I.A.; Wierzbicka, M.H.; Proost, K.; Janssens, K.; Falkenberg, G.
	Title	In vivo investigation of the distribution and the local speciation of selenium in Allium cepa L. by means of microscopic X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy and confocal microscopic X-ray fluorescence analysis			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2006	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	78	Issue	22	Pages	7616-7624
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000242021400003	Publication Date	2006-10-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	56	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2006 IF: 5.646
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:60714			Serial	5659
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	Author	Choël, M.; Deboudt, K.; Osán, J.; Flament, P.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Quantitative determination of low-Z elements in single atmospheric particles on boron substrates by automated scanning electron microscopy: energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2005	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	77	Issue	17	Pages	5686-5692
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000231652300046	Publication Date	2005-08-31
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:53593			Serial	8443
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Vincze, L.; Vekemans, B.; Brenker, F.E.; Falkenberg, G.; Rickers, K.; Somogyi, A.; Kersten, M.; Adams, F.
	Title	Three-dimensional trace element analysis by confocal X-ray microfluorescence imaging			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2004	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	76	Issue	22	Pages	6786-6791
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000225076400034	Publication Date	2004-11-12
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:49817			Serial	8669
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	Author	Szalóki, I.; Osán, J.; Van Grieken, R.E.
	Title	X-ray spectrometry			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2004	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	76	Issue	12	Pages	3445-3470
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000222011100014	Publication Date	2004-06-14
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:46259			Serial	8772
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Ro, C.-U.; Kim, H.K.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	An expert system for chemical speciation of individual particles using low-Z particle electron probe X-ray microanalysis data			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2004	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	76	Issue		Pages	1322-1327
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000189275100020	Publication Date	2004-02-27
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:43879			Serial	7949
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	Author	Ro, C.-U.; Osán, J.; Szalóki, I.; de Hoog, J.; Worobiec, A.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	A Monte Carlo program for quantitative electron-induced x-ray analysis of individual particles			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2003	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	75	Issue	4	Pages	851-859
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000181073800021	Publication Date	2003-02-14
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:40613			Serial	8279
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Kempenaers, L.; Janssens, K.; Vincze, L.; Vekemans, B.; Somogyi, A.; Drakopoulos, M.; Simionovici, A.S.; Adams, F.
	Title	A Monte Carlo model for studying the microheterogeneity of trace elements in reference materials by means of synchrotron microscopic X-ray fluorescence			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2002	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	74	Issue	19	Pages	5017-5026
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000178418100031	Publication Date	2002-09-30
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	21	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2002 IF: 5.094
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:39871			Serial	5734
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	Author	Szalóki, I.; Török, S.B.; Injuk, J.; Van Grieken, R.E.
	Title	X-ray spectrometry			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2002	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	74	Issue	12	Pages	2895-2918
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000176253700020	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:39517			Serial	8773
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Vincze, L.; Somogyi, A.; Osán, J.; Vekemans, B.; Török, S.; Janssens, K.; Adams, F.
	Title	Quantitative trace element analysis of individual fly ash particles by means of X-ray microfluorescence			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2002	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	74	Issue		Pages	1128-1135
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000174187900032	Publication Date	2006-06-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	44	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2002 IF: 5.094
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:38377			Serial	5796
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	Author	Ro, C.-U.; Oh, K.-Y.; Osán, J.; de Hoog, J.; Worobiec, A.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Heterogeneity assessment in individual CaCO₃-CaSO₄ particles using ultrathin window electron probe X-ray microanalysis			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2001	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	73	Issue	19	Pages	4574-4583
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000171356800012	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:36085			Serial	8028
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Markowicz, A.A.; Storms, H.M.; Van Grieken, R.E.
	Title	Absorption correction in electron probe x-ray microanalysis of thin samples			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1986	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	58	Issue	7	Pages	1282-1285
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1986C594100007	Publication Date	2005-03-08
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116524			Serial	7409
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Markowicz, A.A.; Van Grieken, R.E.
	Title	X-ray spectrometry			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1986	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	58	Issue	5	Pages	279r-294r
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2005-03-08
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116523			Serial	8781
Permanent link to this record