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	Author	van Walsem, J.
	Title	Design and optimization of a photocatalytic reactor for air purification in ventilation systems			Type	Doctoral thesis
	Year	2019	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	158 p.
	Keywords	Doctoral thesis; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	Photocatalysis has been labeled for decades as a promising technique for air purification. The principle seems straightforward and requires a photocatalyst that is immobilized on a substrate, and one or more UV sources to activate the photocatalyst. No waste products are produced, the reactions occur in mild conditions and the supplies are relatively cheap. Yet it seems that the commercialization of photocatalytic systems does not break through on the global market. The aim of this thesis is to identify and tackle the bottlenecks that impede commercialization from an application-oriented approach. The problem of indoor air pollution is enhanced by the fact that people spend more and more time indoors and that ventilation is kept to a minimum as an energy-saving measure. This inevitably leads to an accumulation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are emitted by e.g. building materials, paint and furniture. Human exposure to VOCs is directly related to the sick building syndrome leading to complaints such as headache, fatigue, dizziness and lack of concentration. In addition, exposure to VOCs is related to serious long-term health effects such as cancer or respiratory diseases. Therefore, significant research efforts are focused on advanced indoor air purification methods. Integration or retrofitting of a photocatalytic (PCO) air purifying unit into heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment has been chosen as an interesting approach. As a starting point of this thesis, the operational conditions of a ventilation system were mapped. These systems are characterized by high flow rates and the necessity of minimal pressure losses. Pressure losses increase the energy demand and can lead to failure of the ventilation fan and thereby undermine the proper functioning of the ventilation system. A suitable substrate must allow the contaminated air to pass through with a minimal pressure drop, allow sufficient contact time between VOC and photocatalyst, have a large surface area available for coating with excellent adhesion, and be transparent to UV light. Therefore, the permeability and the available exposed surface were selected as main selection criteria. After a thorough quantitative analysis of potential substrates, borosilicate glass tubes were selected. Glass tubes can easily be stacked to constitute a transparent monolithic multi-tube reactor, with their length parallel to the air flow in order to minimize the pressure drop. Moreover, borosilicate glass is relatively inexpensive and has excellent UV-A light transmitting properties. Based on a literature study, a sol-gel coating procedure was selected that is extremely suitable for coating glass substrates. The next step was to optimize the amount of P25 (commercial titanium dioxide) in the photocatalytic sol-gel coating for its application. More P25 in the sol-gel coating results in a higher adsorption capacity and consequently a higher photocatalytic activity, but greatly reduces the transparency of the coating. After an in-depth study, the concentration of 10 g L-1 P25 was selected as the most feasible for multi-tube reactors. Since the operation of photocatalytic reactors is based on a complex interaction of physical and chemical processes, mathematical models were developed, supported by experimental data, that include all these phenomena as a tool for reactor design and optimization. By making use of such models, time-consuming and expensive experimental research can be minimized. However, the experimental validation of models is of utmost importance to prove its reliability and accuracy. Intrinsic kinetic parameters provide the fundamentals for these models as they describe the photocatalytic reaction rate, independent of fluid dynamics, reactor geometry and radiation field. In this work they were estimated by means of a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) study, based on FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) experiments with a lab scale multi-tube reactor. The kinetic parameters were validated by an alternative analytic approach, emphasizing the accuracy and reliability of the simulations. Finally, the aforementioned CFD approach, based on the simultaneously modelling of airflow, mass transfer, UV light irradiation and photocatalytic reactions, was used to obtain insights for the light source configuration in upscaled multi-tube reactors. After taking all these insights and some practical implications into account, a final upscaled multi-tube reactor design was proposed and converted into a first built prototype. Subsequently, it was evaluated according the CEN-EN-16486-1 standard for VOC removal by the external scientific research center ‘CERTECH’. The scientific results, regarding the mineralization of the VOCs and photocatalytic efficiency of the reactor, demonstrated the feasibility for indoor air purification by the upscaled multi-tube reactor and the possible implementation in ventilation systems.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:160205			Serial	7763
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Mescia, L.; Chiapperino, M.A.; Bia, P.; Lamacchia, C.M.; Gielis, J.; Caratelli, D.
	Title	Design of electroporation process in irregularly shaped multicellular systems			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	Electronics (Basel)	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	8	Issue	1	Pages	37
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	Electroporation technique is widely used in biotechnology and medicine for the transport of various molecules through the membranes of biological cells. Different mathematical models of electroporation have been proposed in the literature to study pore formation in plasma and nuclear membranes. These studies are mainly based on models using a single isolated cell with a canonical shape. In this work, a spacetime (x,y,t) multiphysics model based on quasi-static Maxwells equations and nonlinear Smoluchowskis equation has been developed to investigate the electroporation phenomenon induced by pulsed electric field in multicellular systems having irregularly shape. The dielectric dispersion of the cell compartments such as nuclear and plasmatic membranes, cytoplasm, nucleoplasm and external medium have been incorporated into the numerical algorithm, too. Moreover, the irregular cell shapes have been modeled by using the Gielis transformations.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000457142800037	Publication Date	2019-01-03
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2079-9292	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:157203			Serial	7765
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Mescia, L.; Lamacchia, C.M.; Chiapperino, M.A.; Bia, P.; Gielis, J.; Caratelli, D.
	Title	Design of irregularly shaped lens antennas including supershaped feed			Type	P1 Proceeding
	Year	2019	Publication	Progress in Electromagnetic Research Symposium (PIERS) T2 – 2019 PhotonIcs & Electromagnetics Research Symposium – Spring (PIERS-Spring), 17-20 June, 2019, Rome, Italy	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	169-173
	Keywords	P1 Proceeding; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	A new class of irregularly shaped dielectric lens antennas with a supershaped microstrip antenna feeder is presented and detailed in this work. The surface of the lens antenna and the feeder shape have been modelled by using the three and two-dimensional Gielis formula, respectively. The antenna design has been carried out by integrating an home-made software tool with the CST Microwave Studio®. The radiation properties of the whole antenna system have been evaluated using a dedicated high-frequency technique based on the tube tracing approximation. Moreover, the effects due to the multiple internal reflections have been properly modeled. The proposed model was applied to study unusual and complex lens antenna systems with the aim to design special radiation characteristics.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000550769300021	Publication Date	2020-03-03
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-72813-403-1; 978-1-72813-404-8; 978-1-72813-403-1	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:169169			Serial	7766
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Vanderkerckhove, T.G.L.; Kerckhof, F.-M.; De Mulder, C.; Vlaeminck, S.E.; Boon, N.
	Title	Determining stoichiometry and kinetics of two thermophilic nitrifying communities as a crucial step in the development of thermophilic nitrogen removal			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	Water research	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	156	Issue		Pages	34-45
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	Nitrification and denitrification, the key biological processes for thermophilic nitrogen removal, have separately been established in bioreactors at 50 °C. A well-characterized set of kinetic parameters is essential to integrate these processes while safeguarding the autotrophs performing nitrification. Knowledge on thermophilic nitrifying kinetics is restricted to isolated or highly enriched batch cultures, which do not represent bioreactor conditions. This study characterized the stoichiometry and kinetics of two thermophilic (50 °C) nitrifying communities. The most abundant ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) were related to the Nitrososphaera genus, clustering relatively far from known species Nitrososphaera gargensis (95.5% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity). The most abundant nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) were related to Nitrospira calida (97% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity). The nitrification biomass yield was 0.200.24 g VSS g−1 N, resulting mainly from a high AOA yield (0.160.20 g VSS g−1 N), which was reflected in a high AOA abundance in the community (5776%) compared to NOB (511%). Batch-wise determination of decay rates (AOA: 0.230.29 d−1; NOB: 0.320.43 d−1) rendered an overestimation compared to in situ estimations of overall decay rate (0.0260.078 d−1). Possibly, the inactivation rate rather than the actual decay rate was determined in batch experiments. Maximum growth rates of AOA and NOB were 0.120.15 d−1 and 0.130.33 d−1 respectively. NOB were susceptible to nitrite, opening up opportunities for shortcut nitrogen removal. However, NOB had a similar growth rate and oxygen affinity (0.150.55 mg O2 L−1) as AOA and were resilient towards free ammonia (IC50 > 16 mg NH3-N L−1). This might complicate NOB outselection using common practices to establish shortcut nitrogen removal (SRT control; aeration control; free ammonia shocks). Overall, the obtained insights can assist in integrating thermophilic conversions and facilitate single-sludge nitrification/denitrification.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000466618400004	Publication Date	2019-03-14
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0043-1354; 1879-2448	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:158226			Serial	7798
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Semlali, B.-eddine B.; El Amrani, C.; Denys, S.
	Title	Development of a Java-based application for environmental remote sensing data processing			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	9	Issue	3	Pages	1978-1986
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	Air pollution is one of the most serious problems the world faces today. It is highly necessary to monitor pollutants in real-time to anticipate and reduce damages caused in several fields of activities. Likewise, it is necessary to provide decision makers with useful and updated environmental data. As a solution to a part of the above-mentioned necessities, we developed a Java-based application software to collect, process and visualize several environmental and pollution data, acquired from the Mediterranean Dialog earth Observatory (MDEO) platform [1]. This application will amass data of Morocco area from EUMETSAT satellites, and will decompress, filter and classify the received datasets. Then we will use the processed data to build an interactive environmental real-time map of Morocco. This should help finding out potential correlations between pollutants and emitting sources.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2019-04-20
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2088-8708	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:163847			Serial	7799
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Rutten, I.; Safdar, S.; Ven, K.; Daems, D.; Spasic, D.; Lammertyn, J.
	Title	A DNA nanotechnology toolbox for mix-and-match biosensor design			Type	P3 Proceeding
	Year	2019	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	P3 Proceeding; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:166107			Serial	7819
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Bencs, L.; Spolnik, Z.; Worobiec, A.; Samek, L.; Jutte, B.A.H.G.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Effects of IR heating on distribution and transport of gaseous air pollutants in urban and mountain churches in Poland			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	Journal of cultural heritage	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	36	Issue		Pages	200-209
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Art; History; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
	Abstract	The spatial distribution and temporal concentration variation of a set of gaseous air components (e.g., CO2, CO, H2CO, H2O) have been monitored with a multi-channel photoacoustic gas-analyzer in an urban church ( Saint Catherine's, Cracow) and a mountain church ( Saint Michaels Archangel, Szalowa) of Poland, in order to assess the likely effects of air pollution indoors under the influence of provisory electrical infrared (IR) heaters and without heating. Likewise, the ventilation characteristic and the leakage of these buildings with different constructions (i.e., plastered stone and wooden structures) with the assistance of decay curves of SF6 tracer gas was evaluated and compared. The wooden building in Szalowa, due to its more open structure, developed about one order higher ventilation rates (e.g., 0.9-1.3 h(-1)) than the stone church in Cracow (e.g., 0.1 h(-1)). The IR-heating affected only modestly the ventilation rate of the wooden church (e.g., 1.2-1.6 h(-1)), but it increased significantly that of the plastered stone church (e.g., 0.27 h(-1)). The ventilation rates were also assessed with the use of the CO2 curve decay method, and satisfactory agreement was found with those observed by the use of SF6 tracer. The spatial distribution of the studied gaseous pollutants (CO2, H2O) was found to be in some occasions nonhomogeneous in both buildings, due to the active usage of the IR-heating, especially, during a couple of consecutive liturgical services. Besides the pollution events due to ingress of gaseous air pollutants, present at enhanced levels outdoors, increased CO, CO2 and H2CO peaks were observed indoors too, which, in most cases, could be associated with incense burning. (C) 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000460311800021	Publication Date	2018-10-06
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1296-2074	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:158579			Serial	7847
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Sui, Y.; Vlaeminck, S.E.
	Title	Effects of salinity, pH and growth phase on the protein productivity by Dunaliella salina			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	94	Issue	4	Pages	1032-1040
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	BACKGROUND Microalgae have long been adopted for use as human food, animal feed and high‐value products. For carotenogenesis, Dunaliella salina is one of the most studied microalgae, yet its protein synthesis has been limitedly reported. In this study, D. salina was cultivated at different NaCl and pH levels to optimize its protein productivity. RESULTS The biomass protein content followed an increasedecrease pattern throughout the growth phases, with a maximum in the exponential phase (6080% over ash‐free dry weight). Adversely, the biomass pigment contents were at relatively stable levels (around 0.5% carotenoids, 1.3% chlorophyll a and 0.5% chlorophyll b over ash‐free dry weight). Among the tested conditions (13 mol L−1 salinity, pH 7.59.5), the highest protein productivity (43.5 mg L−1 day−1) was achieved at 2 mol L−1 salinity and pH 7.5 during the exponential phase, which surpassed others by 1697%. Additionally, table salts were tested to be equivalent and cost‐efficient salt sources for the growth medium. CONCLUSION This study highlighted the suitability of D. salina as a protein source, providing guidelines for 70% cheaper medium formulation in the lab and for maximum protein productivity at larger scale.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000461237300004	Publication Date	2018-10-16
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0268-2575; 1097-4660	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:157955			Serial	7849
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Martínez-Dueñas, E.J.R.; de Jong van Coevorden, C.M.; Stukach, O.V.; Panokin, N.V.; Gielis, J.; Caratelli, D.
	Title	Electromagnetic modeling and design of a novel class of complementary split‐ring resonators			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	International journal of RF and microwave computer-aided engineering	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	29	Issue	4	Pages	e21582
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	This research study reports the assessment of complementary split ring resonators based on Gielis transformation as basic elements for the design of high‐performance microwave components in printed technology. From the electromagnetic simulation of said structures, suitable equivalent circuit models are extracted and analyzed. Physical prototypes are fabricated and tested for design validation. The obtained results confirm that the adoption of supershaped geometries enables the synthesis of very compact scalable microwave filters.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000460308500020	Publication Date	2018-11-19
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1096-4290	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:155021			Serial	7867
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Yang, Z.; Zhu, W.; Yu, D.; Bo, Y.; Li, J.
	Title	Enhanced carbon and nitrogen removal performance of simultaneous anammox and denitrification (SAD) with mannitol addition treating saline wastewater			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	94	Issue	2	Pages	377-388
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	BACKGROUND Simultaneous anammox and denitrification (SAD) can remove carbon and nitrogen. However, its performance is suppressed under saline surroundings. In this work, mannitol was used to enhance a SAD process treating saline wastewater. RESULTS The optimum carbon and nitrogen removal was achieved at 0.2 mmol L-1 mannitol, during which ammonium removal efficiency (ARE), nitrite removal efficiency (NRE) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency were 96.95%, 93.70% and 90.05%, respectively. The maximum ammonium removal rate (ARR), nitrite removal rate (NRR) and the specific anammox activity (SAA) were increased by 25.49%, 55.84% and 33.83% with optimum addition (0.2 mmol L-1 mannitol) respectively. The diameter of sludge was enlarged with the addition of mannitol (<= 0.2 mmol L-1). The Tseng-Wayman model was more suitable to simulate the whole SAD process. The modified logistic model, the modified Boltzman model and the modified Gompertz model were all appropriate to describe nitrogen removal in a typical cycle with the addition of mannitol. CONCLUSION Mannitol was effective in enhancing a SAD process treating saline wastewater, and maximum nitrogen removal was achieved at mannitol = 0.2 mmol L-1. The Tseng-Wayman model satisfactorily predicted the whole SAD process treating saline wastewater with mannitol addition. (c) 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000455262100004	Publication Date	2018-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0268-2575; 1097-4660	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:156712			Serial	7911
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Sui, Y.; Muys, M.; Van de Waal, D.; D'Adamo, S.; Vermeir, P.; Fernandes, T.V.; Vlaeminck, S.E.
	Title	Enhancement of co-production of nutritional protein and carotenoids in Dunaliella salina using a two-phase cultivation assisted by nitrogen level and light intensity			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	Bioresource technology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	287	Issue		Pages	121398
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	Microalga Dunaliella salina is known for its carotenogenesis. At the same time, it can also produce high-quality protein. The optimal conditions for D. salina to co-produce intracellular pools of both compounds, however, are yet unknown. This study investigated a two-phase cultivation strategy to optimize combined high-quality protein and carotenoid production of D. salina. In phase-one, a gradient of nitrogen concentrations was tested. In phase-two, effects of nitrogen pulse and high illumination were tested. Results reveal optimized protein quantity, quality (expressed as essential amino acid index EAAI) and carotenoids content in a two-phase cultivation, where short nitrogen starvation in phase-one was followed by high illumination during phase-two. Adopting this strategy, productivities of protein, EAA and carotenoids reached 22, 7 and 3 mg/L/d, respectively, with an EAAI of 1.1. The quality of this biomass surpasses FAO/WHO standard for human nutrition, and the observed level of β-carotene presents high antioxidant pro-vitamin A activity.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000469414500008	Publication Date	2019-04-30
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0960-8524	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:159661			Serial	7916
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Kulkarni, S.; Gonzalez-Quiroga, A.; Nuñez, M.; Schuerewegen, C.; Perreault, P.; Goel, C.; Heynderickx, G.J.; Van Geem, K.M.; Marin, G.B.
	Title	An experimental and numerical study of the suppression of jets, counterflow, and backflow in vortex units			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	AIChE journal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	65	Issue	8	Pages	e16614-13
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	Vortex units are commonly considered for various single and multiphase applications due to their process intensification capabilities. The transition from gas‐only flow to gas–solid flow remains largely unexplored nonetheless. During this transition, primary flow phenomenon, jets, and secondary flow phenomena, counterflow and backflow, are substantially reduced, before a rotating solids bed is established. This transitional flow regime is referred to as the vortex suppression regime. In the present work, this flow transition is identified and validated through experimental and computational studies in two vortex units with a scale differing by a factor of 2, using spherical aluminum and alumina particles. This experimental data supports the proposed theoretical particle monolayer solids loading that allows estimation of vortex suppression regime solids capacity for any vortex unit. It is shown that the vortex suppression regime is established at a solids loading theoretically corresponding to a monolayer being formed in the unit for 1g‐Geldart D‐ and 1g‐Geldart B‐type particles. The model closely agrees with experimental vortex suppression range for both aluminum and alumina particles. The model, as well as the experimental data, shows that the flow suppression regime depends on unit dimensions, particle diameter, and particle density but is independent of gas flow rate. This combined study, based on experimental and computational data and on a theoretical model, reveals the vortex suppression to be one of the basic operational parameters to study flow in a vortex unit and that a simple monolayer model allows to estimate the needed solids loading for any vortex device to induce this flow transition.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000474620800026	Publication Date	2019-04-19
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0001-1541	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:162121			Serial	7945
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Perreault, P.; Robert, E.; Patience, G.S.
	Title	Experimental methods in chemical engineering : mass spectrometry – MS			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	The Canadian journal of chemical engineering	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	97	Issue	5	Pages	1036-1042
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	Mass spectrometry identifies the atomic mass of molecules and fragments in the gas phase. The spectrometer ionizes the molecules that then pass through an electric or magnetic field towards a detector. The field modifies the molecule's trajectory and we infer mass from its direction and velocity in a static field or from the stability of its path in a dynamic field. The electric current is amplified and a mass spectrum is generated from the location or timing of the signal from the detector, translated into a plot of the intensity as a function of the mass‐over‐charge ratio. It is field deployable, measures concentrations in real time with a temporal resolution better than 100 ms, and detection limits of fg. However, the signal drifts with time so we have to calibrate it as frequently as every hour. Calibrating requires multiple mixtures with varying concentrations to map the non‐linear response. The Web of Science Core Collection indexed over 60 000 articles that refer to MS (2016 and 2017) with applications ranging from permanent gas analysis, to identifying protein, forensic science, and natural products. The bibliometric software VOSViewer(2010) identified four clusters of research related to MS: (1) proteomics, proteins, plasma, and metabolomics; (2) solid phase extraction together with gas chromatography; (3) tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography; and (4) waste water and toxicity. We expect that the technique will continue to evolve with increased sensitivity, lower drift, and greater specificity. Miniaturization efforts should also continue in order to develop faster field deployable instruments.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000468025000001	Publication Date	2019-01-29
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0008-4034; 1939-019x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:162123			Serial	7947
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Cagnetta, C.; Saerens, B.; Meerburg, F.A.; Decru, S.O.; Broeders, E.; Menkveld, W.; Vandekerckhove, T.G.L.; De Vrieze, J.; Vlaeminck, S.E.; Verliefde, A.R.D.; De Gusseme, B.; Weemaes, M.; Rabaey, K.
	Title	High-rate activated sludge systems combined with dissolved air flotation enable effective organics removal and recovery			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	Bioresource technology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	291	Issue		Pages	121833
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	High-rate activated sludge (HRAS) systems typically generate diluted sludge which requires further thickening prior to anaerobic digestion (AD), besides the need to add considerable coagulant and flocculant for the solids separation. As an alternative to conventional gravitational settling, a dissolved air flotation (DAF) unit was coupled to a HRAS system or a high-rate contact stabilization (HiCS) system. The HRAS-DAF system allowed up to 78% removal of the influent solids, and the HiCS-DAF 67%. Both were within the range of values typically obtained for HRAS-settler systems, albeit at a lower chemical requirement. The separated sludge had a high concentration of up to 47 g COD L−1, suppressing the need of further thickening before AD. Methanation tests showed a biogas yield of up to 68% on a COD basis. The use of a DAF separation system can thus enable direct organics removal at high sludge concentration and with low chemical needs.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000480326200048	Publication Date	2019-07-17
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0960-8524	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:161098			Serial	8036
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Muys, M.; Sui, Y.; Schwaiger, B.; Lesueur, C.; Vandenheuvel, D.; Vermeir, P.; Vlaeminck, S.E.
	Title	High variability in nutritional value and safety of commercially available Chlorella and Spirulina biomass indicates the need for smart production strategies			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	Bioresource technology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	275	Issue		Pages	247-257
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	Microalgal biomass production is a resource-efficient answer to the exponentially increasing demand for protein, yet variability in biomass quality is largely unexplored. Nutritional value and safety were determined for Chlorella and Spirulina biomass from different producers, production batches and the same production batch. Chlorella presented a similar protein content (47 ± 8%) compared to Spirulina (48 ± 4%). However, protein quality, expressed as essential amino acid index, and digestibility were lower for Chlorella (1.1 ± 0.1 and 51 ± 9%, respectively) compared to Spirulina (1.3 ± 0.1 and 61 ± 4%, respectively). Generally, variability was lower between batches and within a batch. Heavy metals, pesticides, mycotoxins, antibiotics and nitrate did not violate regulatory limits, while polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels exceeded the norm for some samples, indicating the need for continuous monitoring. This first systematic screening of commercial microalgal biomass revealed a high nutritional variability, necessitating further optimization of cultivation and post-processing conditions. Based on price and quality, Spirulina was preferred above Chlorella.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000456405000030	Publication Date	2018-12-18
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0960-8524	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:155979			Serial	8040
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Vanmeert, F.
	Title	Highly specific X-ray powder diffraction imaging at the macroscopic and microscopic scale			Type	Doctoral thesis
	Year	2019	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Doctoral thesis; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	At or below the surface of painted works of art, valuable information is present that provides insights into an object’s past, such as the artist’s technique and the creative process that was followed or its conservation history, but also on its current state of preservation. Typically, a (very) limited set of small paint samples is taken which provide direct access to the individual paint layers. The chemical build-up of these layers can then be investigated in great detail using various microscopic analytical methods. However, in recent years a new trend towards both elemental and chemical imaging techniques has been set which are capable of visualizing the (often) heterogeneous composition of painted objects on a macroscopic scale. In this dissertation, various forms of specificity attainable with X‑ray powder diffraction (XRPD) imaging are explored: at the chemical, material and spatial level. This high specificity is illustrated throughout several applications stemming from the field of cultural heritage, both at the macroscopic (MA) and microscopic (µ) scale. As a first step, XRPD imaging was transformed to a transportable instrument that can be employed for the in situ investigation of artworks, e.g., inside museums and conservation workshops. With this unique instrument large‑scale maps (cm2 – dm2) reflecting the distribution of crystalline phases on/below the surface of flat painted artefacts can be visualized in a noninvasive manner. In this way compound-specific information was attained which can be related to original pigments or materials that have been added in a later stage and even degradation/secondary products that have formed spontaneously inside the paint layers. Additionally, with MA‑XRPD imaging it was possible to link quantitative information of pigment compositions and preferred orientation effects to the 2D compound‑specific distribution images, allowing for a further distinction between very similar artists’ materials. Furthermore, promising results for the limited depth-selectivity of this technique, obtained by exploiting the small shift in the position of the diffraction signals originating from the layered sequence of the pigments, are shown. Finally, a minute paint sample from Wheat stack under a cloudy sky by Van Gogh was investigated at a synchrotron radiation facility with tomographic µ‑XRPD imaging at the microscopic scale. The high chemical and spatial specificity of this imaging method was exploited to further elucidate the degradation pathway of the red lead pigment.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:159805			Serial	8043
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Salvadó, N.; Butí, S.; Pradell, T.; Beltran, V.; Cinque, G.; Juanhuix, J.
	Title	Identification and distribution of metal soaps and oxalates in oil and tempera paint layers in fifteenth-century altarpieces using synchrotron radiation Techniques			Type	H1 Book chapter
	Year	2019	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	195-210 T2 - Metal soaps in art : conservation and
	Keywords	H1 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The formation and distribution of metal soaps produced as a result of the reactivity and aging of the materials in a fifteenth-century egg tempera and oil paintings on wood are presented. The painting technique involves the application of several paint layers over a ground using, sometimes in the same paint layer sequence, drying oil and egg yolk binders. We show, with a selection of examples, how the use of thin sections and a combination of various micro-sensitive analytical techniques is adequate to obtain the high-quality data necessary for the unambiguous identification of metal soaps and metal oxalates as well as their distribution in the paint layers. The techniques include micro infrared spectroscopy (μSR-FTIR) and micro X-ray diffraction (μSR-XRD) with synchrotron radiation, optical microscopy (OM), and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The data obtained sheds light about the underlying reaction and aging mechanisms happening in each paint layer and among them. This helps to define the state of conservation of the artworks.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2019-03-23
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-319-90616-4; 2366-6226; 978-3-319-90617-1	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:172891			Serial	8051
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Sfez, S.; De Meester, S.; Vlaeminck, S.E.; Dewulf, J.
	Title	Improving the resource footprint evaluation of products recovered from wastewater : a discussion on appropriate allocation in the context of circular economy			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	Resources, conservation and recycling	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	148	Issue		Pages	132-144
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	Shifting from a linear to a circular economy has consequences on how the sustainability of products is assessed. This is the case for products recovered from resources such as sewage sludge. The “zero-burden” assumption is commonly used in Life Cycle Assessment and considers that waste streams are burden-free, which becomes debatable when comparing waste-based with virgin material-based products in the context of the growing circular economy. If waste streams are considered as resources rather than waste, upstream burdens should be partly allocated to all products to allow a fair comparison with their virgin material-based equivalents. In this paper, five allocation approaches are applied to allocate the resource use of upstream processes (consumer goods production) to products recovered from the processing of sewage sludge in the Netherlands, which produces biogas, (phosphorus-based) chemicals and building materials. Except for the approach which allocates 100% of the impact from resource recovery processes to the preceding consumer goods, the allocation approaches show a resource use 27 to 80% higher than with the “zero-burden” assumption. In this particular case, using these allocation approaches is likely to find little support from recyclers. The producers of household products, recyclers and policy makers should find a consensus to consider the shift from a linear to a circular economy in sustainability assessment studies while avoiding discouraging the implementation of recovery technologies. This paper suggests starting the discussion with the approach which allocates the impacts from upstream processes degressively to the downstream products as it best translates the industrial ecology principles.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000472242800012	Publication Date	2019-05-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0921-3449	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:159887			Serial	8072
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Boumahdi, M.; El Amrani, C.; Denys, S.
	Title	An innovative air purification method and neural network algorithm applied to urban streets			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	International journal of embedded and real-time communication systems	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	10	Issue	4	Pages	1-19
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	In the present work, multiphysics modeling was used to investigate the feasibility of a photocatalysis-based outdoor air purifying solution that could be used in high polluted streets, especially street canyons. The article focuses on the use of a semi-active photocatalysis in the surfaces of the street as a solution to remove anthropogenic pollutants from the air. The solution is based on lamellae arranged horizontally on the wall of the street, coated with a photocatalyst (TiO2), lightened with UV light, with a dimension of 8 cm × 48 cm × 1 m. Fans were used in the system to create airflow. A high purification percentage was obtained. An artificial neural network (ANN) was used to predict the optimal purification method based on previous simulations, to design purification strategies considering the energy cost. The ANN was used to forecast the amount of purified with a feed-forward neural network and a backpropagation algorithm to train the model.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2019-09-20
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-5225-7199-5	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:162595			Serial	8103
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Vermander, C.; De Wael, J.; Gielis, J.
	Title	De kleine boerderij : twee bijzondere tuinkamers			Type	A2 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	Groencontact	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	45	Issue	5	Pages	14-19
	Keywords	A2 Journal article; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1374-4631	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:164895			Serial	8142
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Hellemans, K.
	Title	Laser ablation ICP-MS as a tool for surface analysis in comparison to other elemental analysis methods			Type	Doctoral thesis
	Year	2019	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	229 p.
	Keywords	Doctoral thesis; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Dit onderzoek presenteert een overzicht van de mogelijkheden van LA-ICP-MS als een techniek voor kwantitatieve analyse, bepalen van isotoopverhoudingen en elementaire beeldvorming. Hiervoor wordt de techniek zelf voorgesteld en worden de belangrijkste parameters die een invloed hebben op de kwaliteit van een LA-ICP-MS meting beschreven. Voor kwantitieve analyse worden de huidige calibratiestrategieën voor LA-ICP-MS toegelicht, zowel op het vlak van selectie en bereiding van standaarden als op het vlak van dataverwerking. Daarnaast werd een nieuwe calibratiestrategie voorgesteld, gebaseerd op een lineaire combinatie van standaarden. Een case study met de traditionele calibratiestrategie uit de literatuur werd uitgevoerd en vergeleken met data van SEM-EDX om een referentiekader te schetsen voor de performantie van de techniek. In een tweede case study werd onze nieuwe calibratiestrategie toegepast en werd er uitsluitend gebruik gemaakt van LA-ICP-MS, wat uitstekende resultaten opleverde. Met het oog op het bepalen van isotoopverhoudingen, werd er onderzocht wat de limieten zijn van het gebruik van een lage resolutie quadrupool massaspectrometer voor deze bepaling. Dit stelde ons in staat om de te verwachten accuraatheid en precisie in te schatten. De performantie bleek goed genoeg te zijn om weapon-grade plutonium te onderscheiden van global fall-out, zoals het werd aangetoond in de case study omtrent dit onderwerp. Uiteindelijk hebben we ook LA-ICP-MS geëvalueerd als een techniek voor elementaire beeldvorming, waarbij we tevens de meest courante multivariate data analyse hebben beschreven. Om de techniek te plaatsen tegenover andere elementaire technieken, werd een historisch verffragment geanalyseerd dat in het verleden reeds geanalyseerd was met SEM-EDX and μ-XRD. Op die manier konden we de resultaten accuraat vergelijken met de andere technieken.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:160063			Serial	8152
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Osella, S.; Knippenberg, S.
	Title	Laurdan as a molecular rotor in biological environments			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	ACS applied bio materials	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	2	Issue	12	Pages	5769-5778
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Laurdan is one of the most used fluorescent probes for lipid membrane phase recognition. Despite its wide use for optical techniques and its versatility as a solvatochromic probe, little is known regarding its use as molecular rotor, for which clear evidence is found in the current study. Although recent computational and experimental studies suggest the existence of two stable conformations of laurdan in different membrane phases, it is difficult to experimentally probe their prevalence. By means of multiscale computational approaches, we prove now that this information can be obtained through the optical properties of the two conformers, ranging from one-photon absorption over two-photon absorption to the first hyperpolarizability. Fluorescence decay and anisotropy analyses are performed as well and stress the importance of laurdan's conformational versatility. As a molecular rotor and with reference to the distinct properties of its conformers, laurdan can be used to probe biochemical processes that change the lipid orders in cell membranes.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000616372300047	Publication Date	2019-11-22
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2576-6422	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:180356			Serial	8166
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Shi, P.; Liu, M.; Ratkowsky, D.A.; Gielis, J.; Su, J.; Yu, X.; Wang, P.; Zhang, L.; Lin, Z.; Schrader, J.
	Title	Leaf area-length allometry and its implications in leaf shape evolution			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	Trees: structure and function	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	33	Issue	4	Pages	1073-1085
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	According to Thompson’s principle of similarity, the area of an object should be proportional to its length squared. However, leaf area–length data of some plants have been demonstrated not to follow the principle of similarity. We explore the reasons why the leaf area–length allometry deviates from the principle of similarity and examine whether there is a general model describing the relationship among leaf area, width and length. We sampled more than 11,800 leaves from six classes of woody and herbaceous plants and tested the leaf area–length allometry. We compared six mathematical models based on root-mean-square error as the measure of goodness-of-fit. The best supported model described a proportional relationship between leaf area and the product of leaf width and length (i.e., the Montgomery model). We found that the extent to which the leaf area–length allometry deviates from the principle of similarity depends upon the extent of variation of the ratio of leaf width to length. Estimates of the parameter of the Montgomery model ranged between 1/2, which corresponds to a triangular leaf with leaf length as its height and leaf width as its base, and π/4, which corresponds to an elliptical leaf with leaf length as its major axis and leaf width as its minor axis, for the six classes of plants. The narrow range in practice of the Montgomery parameter implies an evolutionary stability for the leaf area of large-leaved plants despite the fact that leaf shapes of these plants are rather different.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000475992600010	Publication Date	2019-04-04
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0931-1890; 1432-2285	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:159970			Serial	8170
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Sui, Y.; Muys, M.; Vermeir, P.; D'Adamo, S.; Vlaeminck, S.E.
	Title	Light regime and growth phase affect the microalgal production of protein quantity and quality with Dunaliella salina			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	Bioresource technology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	275	Issue		Pages	145-152
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	The microalga Dunaliella salina has been widely studied for carotenogenesis, yet its protein production for human nutrition has rarely been reported. This study unveils the effects of growth phase and light regime on protein and essential amino acid (EAA) levels in D. salina. Cultivation under 24-h continuous light was compared to 12-h/12-h light/dark cycle. The essential amino acid index (EAAI) of D. salina showed accumulating trends up to 1.53 in the stationary phase, surpassing FAO/WHO standard for human nutrition. Light/dark conditions inferred a higher light-usage efficiency, yielding 597% higher protein and 1828% higher EAA mass on light energy throughout the growth, accompanied by 138% faster growth during the light phase of the light/dark cycle, compared to continuous light. The findings revealed D. salina to be especially suitable for high-quality protein production, particularly grown under light/dark conditions, with nitrogen limitation as possible trigger, and harvested in the stationary phase.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000456405000018	Publication Date	2018-12-16
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0960-8524	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:155981			Serial	8173
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Sar, H.; Ozden, A.; Demiroglu, I.; Sevik, C.; Perkgoz, N.K.; Ay, F.
	Title	Long-Term Stability Control of CVD-Grown Monolayer MoS2			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	Physica status solidi: rapid research letters	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	13	Issue	7	Pages	1800687
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT)
	Abstract	The structural stability of 2D transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) formations is of particular importance for their reliable device performance in nano-electronics and opto-electronics. Recent observations show that the CVD-grown TMD monolayers are likely to encounter stability problems such as cracking or fracturing when they are kept under ambient conditions. Here, two different growth configurations are investigated and a favorable growth geometry is proposed, which also sheds light onto the growth mechanism and provides a solution for the stability and fracture formation issues for TMDs specifically for MoS2 monolayers. It is shown that 18 months naturally and thermally aged MoS2 monolayer flakes grown using specifically developed conditions, retain their stability. To understand the mechanism of the structural deterioration, two possible effective mechanisms, S vacancy defects and growth-induced tensile stress, are assessed by the first principle calculations where the role of S vacancy defects in obtaining oxidation resistant MoS2 monolayer flakes is revealed to be rather more critical. Hence, these simulations, time-dependent observations and thermal aging experiments show that durability and stability of 2D MoS2 flakes can be controlled by CVD growth configuration.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000477671800009	Publication Date	2019-03-18
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1862-6254	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:193784			Serial	8184
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Legrand, S.; van der Snickt, G.; Cagno, S.; Caen, J.; Janssens, K.
	Title	MA-XRF imaging as a tool to characterize the 16th century heraldic stained-glass panels in Ghent Saint Bavo Cathedral			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	Journal of cultural heritage	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	40	Issue		Pages	163-168
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Art; History; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
	Abstract	MA-XRF is a novel macroscopic imaging technique originally developed for easel paintings and recently made available to glass conservators. This paper discusses the first real-life contribution of MA-XRF imaging to a conservation intervention of stained-glass panels. The six panels under study belong to the cathedral building since their creation in 1555-1559 AD. MA-XRF appeared an outstanding tool for first-line screening of stained-glass windows, providing readily interpretable information on glass type, coloring and alteration processes. In particular, the chemical imaging technique allowed distinguishing unambiguously the surviving original glass panes from later additions, thereby ensuring a correct historical understanding. From a more practical point of view, the experiments supplied accurate schemes that can be directly incorporated in condition reports and assist designing the ensuing conservation approach. (C0 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000491173800017	Publication Date	2019-06-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1296-2074	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:167564			Serial	8191
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Ilgrande, C.; Defoirdt, T.; Vlaeminck, S.E.; Boon, N.; Clauwaert, P.
	Title	Media optimization, strain compatibility, and low-shear modeled microgravity exposure of synthetic microbial communities for urine nitrification in regenerative life-support systems			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	Astrobiology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	19	Issue	11	Pages	1353-1362
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	Urine is a major waste product of human metabolism and contains essential macro- and micronutrients to produce edible microorganisms and crops. Its biological conversion into a stable form can be obtained through urea hydrolysis, subsequent nitrification, and organics removal, to recover a nitrate-enriched stream, free of oxygen demand. In this study, the utilization of a microbial community for urine nitrification was optimized with the focus for space application. To assess the role of selected parameters that can impact ureolysis in urine, the activity of six ureolytic heterotrophs (Acidovorax delafieldii, Comamonas testosteroni, Cupriavidus necator, Delftia acidovorans, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Vibrio campbellii) was tested at different salinities, urea, and amino acid concentrations. The interaction of the ureolytic heterotrophs with a nitrifying consortium (Nitrosomonas europaea ATCC 19718 and Nitrobacter winogradskyi ATCC 25931) was also tested. Lastly, microgravity was simulated in a clinostat utilizing hardware for in-flight experiments with active microbial cultures. The results indicate salt inhibition of the ureolysis at 30 mS cm(-1), while amino acid nitrogen inhibits ureolysis in a strain-dependent manner. The combination of the nitrifiers with C. necator and V. campbellii resulted in a complete halt of the urea hydrolysis process, while in the case of A. delafieldii incomplete nitrification was observed, and nitrite was not oxidized further to nitrate. Nitrate production was confirmed in all the other communities; however, the other heterotrophic strains most likely induced oxygen competition in the test setup, and nitrite accumulation was observed. Samples exposed to low-shear modeled microgravity through clinorotation behaved similarly to the static controls. Overall, nitrate production from urea was successfully demonstrated with synthetic microbial communities under terrestrial and simulated space gravity conditions, corroborating the application of this process in space.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000492817700004	Publication Date	2019-10-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1557-8070; 1531-1074	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:164663			Serial	8215
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Geldof, M.; Monico, L.; Johnson, D.H.; Miliani, C.; Romani, A.; Grazia, C.; Buti, D.; Brunetti, B.G.; Janssens, K.; Van der Snickt, G.; Vanmeert, F.
	Title	Methods and materials of the Amsterdam sunflowers			Type	H1 Book chapter
	Year	2019	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	85-123 T2 - Van Gogh’s Sunflowers illuminated – ar
	Keywords	H1 Book chapter; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
	Abstract	This chapter explains the materials and techniques employed in the Amsterdam Sunflowers, enabling a comparison with the London version described in chapter 3. Building upon the 2016 article published in the National Gallery Technical Bulletin, it incorporates the latest findings gained by computer-assisted methods used to characterize the canvas support, as well as in-situ campaigns of non-invasive investigation together with further analysis of microscopic paint samples. The chapter sequence follows the steps in Van Gogh's working practice. Starting with the canvas, automated analysis of the weave enables the provenance of the canvas to be traced back to a particular roll of linen ordered by Van Gogh. Combining technical evidence with knowledge of historical manufacturing techniques further allows us to reconstruct the way in which Van Gogh divided his canvas roll into pieces used for Sunflowers and other paintings. We go on to consider how, with the original painting at hand, he used charcoal to transfer the motif of the London Sunflowers onto his blank canvas. Despite careful planning of the composition, an adjustment was required late in the working process, when Van Gogh added a painted wooden strip to extend the background above the flower at the top edge of the canvas. The artist's process of working up the composition in paint is described, paying special attention to his use of colour. The pigments and pigment mixtures used in the Amsterdam Sunflowers have been comprehensively mapped and are compared with the London picture, with discussion of some similarities and differences that account for the distinctive colour scheme of each painting. This understanding of colour application in the Amsterdam Sunflowers lays the foundation for subsequent chapters that will go on to consider the impact of light-induced colour changes that have taken place over time, and the related need to define appropriate lighting guidelines for the future safe preservation of this painting and others made with similar materials (chapters 5 and 7).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2020-11-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-94-6372-532-3	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:190781			Serial	8223
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	Author	Muys, M.
	Title	Microbial protein as sustainable feed and food ingredient : production and nutritional quality of phototrophs and aerobic heterotrophs			Type	Doctoral thesis
	Year	2019	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	262 p.
	Keywords	Doctoral thesis; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	In iets meer dan 30 jaar moeten we tot 50% meer eiwit produceren, terwijl onze conventionele lineaire voedselproductieketen reeds de grenzen van duurzaamheid overschrijdt. Microbieel eiwit (MP), de eiwitrijke biomassa van micro-organismen, werd onderzocht als nieuw voeder en voedselingrediënt in een circulaire eiwitproductieketen. MP-productie kan gebaseerd zijn op primaire grondstoffen om zo de inefficiënte stappen in de huidige eiwitproductie over te slaan, of de productie kan gebaseerd zijn op secundaire grondstoffen afkomstig van de verliezen in de conventionele productieketen (bijvoorbeeld afvalwater). Zowel indirecte als directe strategiën voor nutriëntenherwinning kunnen geïdentificeerd worden. Indirecte nutriëntenherwinning werd onderzocht door struviet toe te passen als fosfor- en stikstofbron voor MP-productie. Struviet, een herwinningsproduct in de afvalwaterzuivering, bleek een hoge zuiverheidsgraad te hebben waardoor het een uitstekende selectieve barrière vormt tussen afvalstroom en MP productie. Oplossingssnelheden en MP groei-experimenten toonden aan dat struviet gemakkelijk gedoseerd kan worden in functie van de microbiële nutriëntenbehoeftes, waarnaast problemen vermeden worden gerelateerd aan de turbiditeit van nevenstromen, wat de productie van fototrofe MP mogelijk maakt. Daarnaast werd ook directe nutriëntenherwinning onderzocht. Hierbij werden de voedingswaarde en veiligheid geanalyseerd van biomassa bestaande uit aerobe heterotrofe bacteriën (AHB) afkomstig van effluentzuivering van 25 bedrijven in de voedings- en drankensector. Verder werd ook de temporele variabiliteit in kaart gebracht. Er werd een veelbelovend eiwitgehalte geobserveerd waarvan de variabiliteit aanzienlijke was. Verder werd aangetoond dat het eiwitgehalte positief gecorreleerd was met stikstofbelasting en negatief met slibverblijftijd, wat een indicatie is dat de implementatie van een geoptimaliseerd productieproces, de biomassakwaliteit gevoelig kan verhogen. Bovendien was de veiligheid als veevoeder gegarandeerd op vlak van de meeste contaminanten. In het daarop volgende hoofdstuk werd de variabiliteit in voedingswaarde en veiligheid bestudeerd van commerciële fototrofe MP (de microalgen Chlorella en Spirulina), gekweekt op primaire grondstoffen. De waargenomen variabiliteit in voedingswaarde vereist verdere optimalisatie van het productieproces. Er werd ook waargenomen dat een hoog eiwitgehalte geen hoge totale voedingswaarde impliceert, omdat de verteerbaarheid en de eiwitkwaliteit nog steeds ongunstig kunnen zijn. Op basis van gemeten contaminanten geeft een veilige consumptiedosis aan dat microalgen perfect kunnen worden geconsumeerd als volwaardige eiwitbron in plaats van als supplement, hun huidige hoofdtoepassing. In een laatste experimenteel hoofdstuk werd onderzocht hoe de variabiliteit in biomassakwaliteit van microalgen kan worden gereduceerd en hoe een stabiele, hoogwaardige biomassaproductie kan worden bekomen. De invloed van oogsttijd, operationele modus en fotoperiode werd bepaald op de productiviteit van biomassa, eiwit en essentiële aminozuren en er werden optimale productieparameters geïdentificeerd. Samengevat is MP-productie op basis van indirecte en directe nutriëntenherwinning veelbelovend. Verdere technologische ontwikkelingen en het verhogen van bewustwording en sociale acceptatie, moeten een verdere introductie van MP in de voeder- en voedingsmarkt faciliteren. Hier kan MP een belangrijke oplossing vertegenwoordigen om de exponentieel groeiende wereldbevolking op een duurzame manier te voeden.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:160717			Serial	8244
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	Author	Mescia, L.; Chiapperino, M.A.; Bia, P.; Lamacchia, C.M.; Gielis, J.; Caratelli, D.
	Title	Multiphysics modelling of membrane electroporation in irregularly shaped cells			Type	P1 Proceeding
	Year	2019	Publication	Progress in Electromagnetic Research Symposium (PIERS) T2 – 2019 PhotonIcs & Electromagnetics Research Symposium – Spring (PIERS-Spring), 17-20 June 2019, Rome, Italy	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	2992-2998
	Keywords	P1 Proceeding; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	Electroporation is a non-thermal electromagnetic phenomenon widely used in medical diseases treatment. Different mathematical models of electroporation have been proposed in literature to study pore evolution in biological membranes. This paper presents a nonlinear dispersive multiphysic model of electroporation in irregular shaped biological cells in which the spatial and temporal evolution of the pores size is taken into account. The model solves Maxwell and asymptotic Smoluchowski equations and it describes the dielectric dispersion of cell media using a Debye-based relationship. Furthermore, the irregular cell shape has been modeled using the Gielis superformula. Taking into account the cell in mitosis phase, the electroporation process has been studied comparing the numerical results pertaining the model with variable pore radius with those in which the pore radius is supposed constant. The numerical analysis has been performed exposing the biological cell to a rectangular electric pulse having duration of 10 μs. The obtained numerical results highlight considerable differences between the two different models underling the need to include into the numerical algorithm the differential equation modeling the spatial and time evolution of the pores size.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000550769302159	Publication Date	2020-03-03
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-1-72813-404-8; 978-1-72813-403-1	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:169170			Serial	8288
Permanent link to this record