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	Author	Monico, L.; Janssens, K.; Miliani, C.; Brunetti, B.G.; Vagnini, M.; Vanmeert, F.; Falkenberg, G.; Abakumov, A.; Lu, Y.; Tian, H.; Verbeeck, J.; Radepont, M.; Cotte, M.; Hendriks, E.; Geldof, M.; van der Loeff, L.; Salvant, J.; Menu, M.;
	Title	Degradation process of lead chromate in paintings by Vincent van Gogh studied by means of spectromicroscopic methods : 3 : synthesis, characterization, and detection of different crystal forms of the chrome yellow pigment			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	85	Issue	2	Pages	860-867
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The painter, Vincent van Gogh, and some of his contemporaries frequently made use of the pigment chrome yellow that is known to show a tendency toward darkening. This pigment may correspond to various chemical compounds such as PbCrO4 and PbCr1-xSxO4, that may each be present in various crystallographic forms with different tendencies toward degradation. Investigations by X-ray diffraction (XRD), mid-Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR), and Raman instruments (benchtop and portable) and synchrotron radiation-based micro-XRD and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy performed on oil-paint models, prepared with in-house synthesized PbCrO4 and PbCr1-xSxO4, permitted us to characterize the spectroscopic features of the various forms. On the basis of these results, an extended study has been carried out on historic paint tubes and on embedded paint microsamples taken from yellow-orange/pale yellow areas of 12 Van Gogh paintings, demonstrating that Van Gogh effectively made use of different chrome yellow types. This conclusion was also confirmed by in situ mid-FTIR investigations on Van Goghs Portrait of Gauguin (Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000313668400031	Publication Date	2012-10-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700;1520-6882;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	79	Open Access
	Notes	Goa; Fwo			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2013 IF: 5.825
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:108707UA @ admin @ c:irua:108707			Serial	631
Permanent link to this record



	Author	't Hart, L.; Storme, P.; Anaf, W.; Nuyts, G.; Vanmeert, F.; Dorriné, W.; Janssens, K.; De Wael, K.; Schalm, O.
	Title	Monitoring the impact of the indoor air quality on silver cultural heritage objects using passive and continuous corrosion rate assessments			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	Applied physics A : materials science & processing	Abbreviated Journal	Appl Phys A-Mater
	Volume	122	Issue	10	Pages	923-10
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
	Abstract	There is a long tradition in evaluating industrial atmospheres by measuring the corrosion rate of exposed metal coupons. The heritage community also uses this method, but the interpretation of the corrosion rate often lacks clarity due to the low corrosivity in indoor museum environments. This investigation explores the possibilities and drawbacks of different silver corrosion rate assessments. The corrosion rate is determined by three approaches: (1) chemical characterization of metal coupons using analytical techniques such as electrochemical measurements, SEM-EDX, XRD, and µ-Raman spectroscopy, (2) continuous corrosion monitoring methods based on electrical resistivity loss of a corroding nm-sized metal wire and weight gain of a corroding silver coated quartz crystal, and (3) characterization of the visual degradation of the metal coupons. This study confirms that subtle differences in corrosivity between locations inside a museum can be determined on condition that the same corrosion rate assessment is used. However, the impact of the coupon orientation with respect to the prevailing direction of air circulation can be substantially larger than the impact of the coupon location.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000384753800053	Publication Date	2016-09-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0947-8396	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	1.455	Times cited	3	Open Access
	Notes	; This research has been sponsored by the Belgian Federal Public Planning Service Science Policy (BELSPO) under Project Number BR/132/A6/AIRCHECQ. In this project an innovative monitoring kit is developed that continuously and simultaneously measures both environmental parameters and material behaviour, enabling the study of the cause-effect relationships. The Quanta 250 FEG microscope at the University of Antwerp was funded by the Hercules foundation of the Flemish Government. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 1.455
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:135511			Serial	5733
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	Author	Alfeld, M.; van der Snickt, G.; Vanmeert, F.; Janssens, K.; Dik, J.; Appel, K.; van der Loeff, L.; Chavannes, M.; Meedendorp, T.; Hendriks, E.
	Title	Scanning XRF investigation of a Flower Still Life and its underlying composition from the collection of the Kröller-Muller Museum			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Applied physics A : materials science & processing	Abbreviated Journal	Appl Phys A-Mater
	Volume	111	Issue	1	Pages	165-175
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000316075700020	Publication Date	2013-01-29
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0947-8396	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	1.455	Times cited	35	Open Access
	Notes	; This research was supported by the SSD program of BELSPO, Brussels (project S2-ART). Results are also presented here from Gemeenschappelijke Onderzoeksactie (GOA) 'XANES meets ELNES' (Research Fund, University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FWO) (Brussels, Belgium) project Nos. G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. The research leading to these results was funded by the European Community's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement No. 226716 and the Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) under the VIDI project “Looking Over the Painter's Shoulder” (grant No. 700.10.426). M. Alfeld is the recipient of a Ph.D. fellowship of the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO). ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 1.455; 2013 IF: 1.694
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:108264			Serial	5826
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	Author	Alvarez-Martin, A.; George, J.; Kaplan, E.; Osmond, L.; Bright, L.; Newsome, G.A.; Kaczkowski, R.; Vanmeert, F.; Kavich, G.; Heald, S.
	Title	Identifying VOCs in exhibition cases and efflorescence on museum objects exhibited at Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian-New York			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2020	Publication	Heritage science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	8	Issue	1	Pages	115
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Two mass spectrometry (MS) methods, solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography (SPME–GC–MS) and direct analysis in real time (DART-MS), have been explored to investigate widespread efflorescence observed on exhibited objects at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian in New York (NMAI-NY). Both methods show great potential, in terms of speed of analysis and level of information, for identifying the organic component of the efflorescence as 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinol (TMP-ol) emitted by the structural adhesive (Terostat MS 937) used for exhibit case construction. The utility of DART-MS was proven by detecting the presence of TMP-ol in construction materials in a fraction of the time and effort required for SPME–GC–MS analysis. In parallel, an unobtrusive SPME sampling strategy was used to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) accumulated in the exhibition cases. This sampling technique can be performed by collections and conservation staff at the museum and shipped to an off-site laboratory for analysis. This broadens the accessibility of MS techniques to museums without access to instrumentation or in-house analysis capabilities.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000589423700001	Publication Date	2020-11-14
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2050-7445	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.5	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.5; 2020 IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:181925			Serial	8056
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	Author	Avranovich Clerici, E.; De Meyer, S.; Vanmeert, F.; Legrand, S.; Monico, L.; Miliani, C.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Multi-scale X-ray imaging of the pigment discoloration processes triggered by chlorine compounds in the Upper Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Molecules: a journal of synthetic chemistry and natural product chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	28	Issue	16	Pages	6106-6123
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS)
	Abstract	In this paper, the chromatic alteration of various types of paints, present on mural painting fragments derived from the vaults of The Upper Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi in Italy (12th-13th century), is studied using synchrotron radiation. Six painted mural fragments, several square centimeters in size, were available for analysis, originating from the ceiling paintings attributed to Cimabue and Giotto; they correspond to originally white, blue/green, and brown/yellow/orange areas showing discoloration. As well as collecting macroscopic X-ray fluorescence and diffraction maps from the entire fragments in the laboratory and at the SOLEIL synchrotron, corresponding paint cross-sections were also analyzed using microscopic X-ray fluorescence and powder diffraction mapping at the PETRA-III synchrotron. Numerous secondary products were observed on the painted surfaces, such as (a) copper tri-hydroxychloride in green/blue areas; (b) corderoite and calomel in vermillion red/cinnabar-rich paints; (c) plattnerite and/or scrutinyite assumed to be oxidation products of (hydro)cerussite (2PbCO(3)center dot Pb(OH)(2)) in the white areas, and (d) the calcium oxalates whewellite and weddellite. An extensive presence of chlorinated metal salts points to the central role of chlorine-containing compounds during the degradation of the 800-year-old paint, leading to, among other things, the formation of the rare mineral cumengeite (21PbCl(2)center dot 20Cu(OH) (2) center dot 6H(2)O).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001056388600001	Publication Date	2023-08-17
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1420-3049	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor	4.6	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.6; 2023 IF: 2.861
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:199265			Serial	8902
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	Author	Broers, F.T.H.; Verslype, I.; Bossers, K.W.; Vanmeert, F.; Gonzalez, V.; Garrevoet, J.; van Loon, A.; va Duijn, E.; Krekeler, A.; De Keyser, N.; Steeman, I.; Noble, P.; Janssens, K.; Meirer, F.; Keune, K.
	Title	Correlated x-ray fluorescence and ptychographic nano-tomography on Rembrandt's The Night Watch reveals unknown lead “layer”			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Science Advances	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	9	Issue	50	Pages	eadj9394-13
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Art; Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS)
	Abstract	The Night Watch, one of the most famous masterpieces by Rembrandt, is the subject of a large research and conservation project. For the conservation treatment, it is of great importance to understand its current condition. Correlated nano-tomography using x-ray fluorescence and ptychography revealed a-so far unknown-lead-containing “layer”, which likely acts as a protective impregnation layer applied on the canvas before the quartz-clay ground was applied. This layer might explain the presence of lead soap protrusions in areas where no other lead components are present. In addition to the three-dimensional elemental mapping, ptychography visualizes and quantifies components not detectable by hard x-ray fluorescence such as the organic fraction and quartz. The first-time use of this combination of synchrotron-based techniques on a historic paint micro-sample shows it to be an important tool to better interpret the results of noninvasive imaging techniques operating on the macroscale.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001142514700010	Publication Date	2023-12-15
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2375-2548	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:203849			Serial	9016
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	Author	Cagno, S.; Brede, D.A.; Nuyts, G.; Vanmeert, F.; Pacureanu, A.; Tucoulou, R.; Cloetens, P.; Falkenberg, G.; Janssens, K.; Salbu, B.; Lind, O.C.
	Title	Combined computed nanotomography and nanoscopic x-ray fluorescence imaging of cobalt nanoparticles in caenorhabditis elegans			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2017	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	89	Issue	21	Pages	11435-11442
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Synchrotron radiation phase-contrast computed nanotomography (nano-CT) and two-and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) nanoscopic X-ray fluorescence (nano-XRF) were used to investigate the internal distribution of engineered-cobalt nanoparticles (Co NPs) in exposed individuals of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Whole-nematodes and selected tissues and organs were 3D-rendered: anatomical 3D renderings with 50 nm voxel size enabled the visualization of spherical nanoparticle aggregates. with size tip to 200 nm within intact C. elegans. A 20 X 37 nm(2) high-brilliance beam was employed to obtain XRF elemental distribution maps of entire nematodes or anatomical details such as embryos, which could be compared with the CT data, These maps showed Co NPs to be predominantly present within the intestine and the epithelium, and they were not colocalized with Zn granules found in the lysosonie-containing vesicles or Fe agglomerates in the intestine. Iterated XRF scanning of a specimen at 0 degrees and 90 degrees angles suggested that NP aggregates were translocated into tissues outside of the intestinal lumen. Virtual-slicing by means of 2D XRF tomography, combined with holotomography, indicated presumable presence of individual NP aggregates inside the uterus and within embryos.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000414887000041	Publication Date	2017-10-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	13	Open Access
	Notes	; This study has been funded by the Norwegian Research Council through its Centre of Excellence (CoE) funding scheme (Project 223268/F50). We gratefully acknowledge ESRF and DESY for granting beamtime and Karl Andreas Jensen for performing ICPMS analysis. We thank Erica Maremonti for supplying the phase-contrast image used in Figure ^1A. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:147383			Serial	5520
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	Author	Cagno, S.; Lind, O.C.; Popic, J.M.; Skipperud, L.; De Nolf, W.; Nuyts, G.; Vanmeert, F.; Jaroszewicz, J.; Janssens, K.; Salbu, B.
	Title	Micro-analytical characterization of thorium-rich aggregates from Norwegian NORM sites (Fen Complex, Telemark)			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2020	Publication	Journal Of Environmental Radioactivity	Abbreviated Journal	J Environ Radioactiv
	Volume	219	Issue		Pages	106273
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	In this study we performed microscopic characterization of mineral particles that were collected in the thorium-rich Fen Complex in Norway and identified and isolated based on autoradiography in function of their radioactivity. For this we combined information obtained with X-ray absorption mu-CT, mu-XRF and mu-XRD, both in bi- and in three-dimensional (tomographic) mode. We demonstrate that radionuclides and metals are heterogeneously distributed both within soil samples and within individual Th-enriched aggregates, which are characterised as low-density mineral bulk particles with high density material inclusions, where Th as well as several metals are highly concentrated. For these sites, it is important to take into account how these inhomogeneous distributions could affect the overall environmental behaviour of Th and progeny upon weathering due to human or environmental factors. Moreover, the estimated size of the Th-containing inclusions as determined in this work represents information of importance for the characterization of radionuclides and toxic metals exposure, as well as for assessing the viability of mining for Th and rare-earth metals in the Fen Complex and the associated environmental impact.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000535130500005	Publication Date	2020-04-27
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0265-931x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.3	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.3; 2020 IF: 2.31
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:181195			Serial	8229
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	Author	Christiansen, T.; Cotte, M.; de Nolf, W.; Mouro, E.; Reyes-Herrera, J.; De Meyer, S.; Vanmeert, F.; Salvado, N.; Gonzalez, V.; Lindelof, P.E.; Mortensen, K.; Ryholt, K.; Janssens, K.; Larsen, S.
	Title	Insights into the composition of ancient Egyptian red and black inks on papyri achieved by synchrotron-based microanalyses			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2020	Publication	Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America	Abbreviated Journal	P Natl Acad Sci Usa
	Volume	117	Issue	45	Pages	27825-27835
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	A hitherto unknown composition is highlighted in the red and black inks preserved on ancient Egyptian papyri from the Roman period (circa 100 to 200 CE). Synchrotron-based macro-X-ray fluo-rescence (XRF) mapping brings to light the presence of iron (Fe) and lead (Pb) compounds in the majority of the red inks inscribed on 12 papyrus fragments from the Tebtunis temple library. The iron-based compounds in the inks can be assigned to ocher, notably due to the colocalization of Fe with aluminum, and the detection of hematite (Fe2O3) by micro-X-ray diffraction. Using the same techniques together with micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Pb is shown to be associated with fatty acid phosphate, sulfate, chloride, and carboxylate ions. Moreover, microXRF maps reveal a peculiar distribution and colocalization of Pb, phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S), which are present at the micrometric scale resembling diffused “coffee rings” surrounding the ocher particles imbedded in the red letters, and at the submicrometric scale concentrated in the papyrus cell walls. A similar Pb, P, and S composition was found in three black inks, suggesting that the same lead components were employed in the manufacture of carbon-based inks. Bearing in mind that pigments such as red lead (Pb3O4) and lead white (hydrocerussite [Pb-3(CO3)(2)(OH)(2)] and/or cerussite [PbCO3]) were not detected, the results presented here suggest that the lead compound in the ink was used as a drier rather than as a pigment. Accordingly, the study calls for a reassessment of the composition of lead-based components in ancient Mediterranean pigments.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000590753400016	Publication Date	2020-10-27
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0027-8424; 1091-6490	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	11.1	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 11.1; 2020 IF: 9.661
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:174323			Serial	8107
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	Author	Cotte, M.; Gonzalez, V.; Vanmeert, F.; Monico, L.; Dejoie, C.; Burghammer, M.; Huder, L.; de Nolf, W.; Fisher, S.; Fazlic, I.; Chauffeton, C.; Wallez, G.; Jimenez, N.; Albert-Tortosa, F.; Salvado, N.; Possenti, E.; Colombo, C.; Ghirardello, M.; Comelli, D.; Avranovich Clerici, E.; Vivani, R.; Romani, A.; Costantino, C.; Janssens, K.; Taniguchi, Y.; McCarthy, J.; Reichert, H.; Susini, J.
	Title	The “Historical Materials BAG” : a new facilitated access to synchrotron X-ray diffraction analyses for cultural heritage materials at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	Molecules: a journal of synthetic chemistry and natural product chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Molecules
	Volume	27	Issue	6	Pages	1997-21
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS)
	Abstract	The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) has recently commissioned the new Extremely Brilliant Source (EBS). The gain in brightness as well as the continuous development of beamline instruments boosts the beamline performances, in particular in terms of accelerated data acquisition. This has motivated the development of new access modes as an alternative to standard proposals for access to beamtime, in particular via the “block allocation group” (BAG) mode. Here, we present the recently implemented “historical materials BAG”: a community proposal giving to 10 European institutes the opportunity for guaranteed beamtime at two X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) beamlines-ID13, for 2D high lateral resolution XRPD mapping, and ID22 for high angular resolution XRPD bulk analyses-with a particular focus on applications to cultural heritage. The capabilities offered by these instruments, the specific hardware and software developments to facilitate and speed-up data acquisition and data processing are detailed, and the first results from this new access are illustrated with recent applications to pigments, paintings, ceramics and wood.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000776369800001	Publication Date	2022-03-21
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1420-3049	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.6	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.6
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:188053			Serial	7218
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	Author	da Pieve, F.; Hogan, C.; Lamoen, D.; Verbeeck, J.; Vanmeert, F.; Radepont, M.; Cotte, M.; Janssens, K.; Gonze, X.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	Casting light on the darkening of colors in historical paintings			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Physical review letters	Abbreviated Journal	Phys Rev Lett
	Volume	111	Issue	20	Pages	208302-208305
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The degradation of colors in historical paintings affects our cultural heritage in both museums and archeological sites. Despite intensive experimental studies, the origin of darkening of one of the most ancient pigments known to humankind, vermilion (α-HgS), remains unexplained. Here, by combining many-body theoretical spectroscopy and high-resolution microscopic x-ray diffraction, we clarify the composition of the damaged paint work and demonstrate possible physicochemical processes, induced by illumination and exposure to humidity and air, that cause photoactivation of the original pigment and the degradation of the secondary minerals. The results suggest a new path for the darkening process which was never considered by previous studies and prompt a critical examination of their findings.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	New York, N.Y.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000327244500003	Publication Date	2013-11-15
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0031-9007;1079-7114;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	8.462	Times cited	30	Open Access
	Notes	Vortex; ERC FP7; COUNTATOMS; ECASJO_;			Approved	Most recent IF: 8.462; 2013 IF: 7.728
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:111396UA @ admin @ c:irua:111396			Serial	287
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	Author	De Keyser, N.; Broers, F.; Vanmeert, F.; De Meyer, S.; Gabrieli, F.; Hermens, E.; van der Snickt, G.; Janssens, K.; Keune, K.
	Title	Reviving degraded colors of yellow flowers in 17th century still life paintings with macro- and microscale chemical imaging			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	Science Advances	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	8	Issue	23	Pages	1-12
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Art; Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES); Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS)
	Abstract	Over time, artist pigments are prone to degradation, which can decrease the readability of the artwork or notably change the artist's intention. In this article, the visual implication of secondary degradation products in a degraded yellow rose in a still life painting by A. Mignon is discussed as a case study. A multimodal combination of chemical and optical imaging techniques, including noninvasive macroscopic x-ray powder diffraction (MA-XRPD) and macroscopic x-ray fluorescence imaging, allowed us to gain a 3D understanding of the transformation of the original intended appearance of the rose into its current degraded state. MA-XRPD enabled us to precisely correlate in situ formed products with what is optically visible on the surface and demonstrated that the precipitated lead arsenates and arsenolite from the yellow pigment orpiment and the light-induced fading of an organic yellow lake irreversibly changed the artist's intentional light-shadow modeling.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000811556500011	Publication Date	2022-06-08
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2375-2548	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	13.6	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 13.6
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:189657			Serial	7205
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	Author	De Meyer, S.; Vanmeert, F.; Janssens, K.; Storme, P.
	Title	A mobile scanner for xrpd-imaging of paintings in transmission and reflection geometry			Type	P1 Proceeding
	Year	2017	Publication	ACTA ARTIS ACADEMICA 2017: PAINTING AS A STORY T2 – 6th Interdisciplinary ALMA Conference, JUN 01-03, 2017, Brno, CZECH REPUBLIC	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	29-38
	Keywords	P1 Proceeding; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
	Abstract	In this paper the possibilities and limitations of a non-invasive prototype of macroscopic X-ray powder diffraction scanning device employed in transmission and reflection mode are demonstrated. Contrarily to e.g. macroscopic X-ray fluorescence scanners, which gather information on the elemental level, the prototype instrument allows to obtain information on the crystallographic structure of the components. When applied to cultural heritage artefacts, it becomes possible to identify and localize crystalline pigments. Furthermore, it became clear that different information can be available depending on the geometry of the scanner components. In transmission mode information over the entire stratigraphy of the painting is gathered, which is useful to e.g. identify background substrates and major pigments. On the other hand, reflection-XRPD is a surface-sensitive technique and allows the identification of pigments and degradation products located on the surface. The data acquired during both experiments can be presented as two-dimensional distribution maps which show the spatial distribution of every identified pigment. The complementary nature of transmission and reflectionmode makes it possible to gain more insight into the stratigraphy of the painting which is valuable information for conservation and restoration scientists.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000430517600002	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-80-87108-75-8	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:189869			Serial	7392
Permanent link to this record



	Author	De Meyer, S.; Vanmeert, F.; Vertongen, R.; Van Loon, A.; Gonzalez, V.; Delaney, J.; Dooley, K.; Dik, J.; van der Snickt, G.; Vandivere, A.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Macroscopic x-ray powder diffraction imaging reveals Vermeer's discriminating use of lead white pigments in Girl with a Pearl Earring			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	Science Advances	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	5	Issue	8	Pages	eaax1975
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
	Abstract	Until the 19th century, lead white was the most important white pigment used in oil paintings. Lead white is typically composed of two crystalline lead carbonates: hydrocerussite [2PbCO(3)center dot Pb(OH)(2)] and cerussite (PbCO3). Depending on the ratio between hydrocerussite and cerussite, lead white can be classified into different subtypes, each with different optical properties. Current methods to investigate and differentiate between lead white subtypes involve invasive sampling on a microscopic scale, introducing problems of paint damage and representativeness. In this study, a 17th century painting Girl with a Pearl Earring (by Johannes Vermeer, c. 1665, collection of the Mauritshuis, NL) was analyzed with a recently developed mobile and noninvasive macroscopic x-ray powder diffraction (MA-XRPD) scanner within the project Girl in the Spotlight. Four different subtypes of lead white were identified using XRPD imaging at the macroscopic and microscopic scale, implying that Vermeer was highly discriminatory in his use of lead white.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000491121200021	Publication Date	2019-08-30
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2375-2548	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited	3	Open Access
	Notes	; K.J. wishes to thank the Research Council of the University of Antwerp for financial support through GOA project SolarPaint. Also, FWO, Brussels is acknowledged for financial support through grants G056619N and G054719N. The support of InterReg programme Smart*Light is appreciated. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:163815			Serial	5700
Permanent link to this record



	Author	De Meyer, S.; Vanmeert, F.; Vertongen, R.; van Loon, A.; Gonzalez, V.; van der Snickt, G.; Vandivere, A.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Imaging secondary reaction products at the surface of Vermeer's Girl with the Pearl Earring by means of macroscopic X-ray powder diffraction scanning			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	Heritage science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	7	Issue	1	Pages	67
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
	Abstract	The use of non-invasive macroscopic imaging techniques is becoming more prevalent in the field of cultural heritage, especially to avoid invasive procedures that damage valuable artworks. For this purpose, an X-ray powder diffraction scanner (MA-XRPD) capable of visualising crystalline compounds in a highly specific manner was recently developed. Many inorganic pigments present in paintings fall into this category of materials. In this study, the 17th century oil painting Girl with a Pearl Earring (c. 1665) by Johannes Vermeer was analysed with a combination of transmission and reflection mode MA-XRPD. By employing this scanner in reflection mode, the relative sensitivity for compounds that are present at the paint surface could be increased, establishing it as a highly relevant technique for investigating the degradation processes that are ongoing at paint surfaces. Many of the original pigments employed by Vermeer could be identified, along with four secondary alteration products: gypsum (CaSO4 center dot 2H(2)O), anglesite (PbSO4), palmierite (K2Pb(SO4)(2)) and weddellite (CaC2O4 center dot 2H(2)O). The formation of gypsum was linked to the presence of chalk in the upper glaze layer while the formation of palmierite and weddellite is driven by the presence of lake pigments (and their substrates). In this manner, MA-XRPD can also be used to pinpoint locations relevant for sampling and synchrotron mu-XRPD analysis, which provides information on the microscopic make-up of the paint. A paint cross-section taken from an area rich in palmierite was analysed with synchrotron mu-XRPD, which confirmed the presence of this secondary compound at the interface of the upper paint layer with the ground layer as well as the presence of anglesite in the ground layer. The capacity of MA-XRPD to identify and chart secondary alteration products in a non-invasive manner has only very recently been demonstrated and makes it a highly relevant technique for the assessment of the chemical condition of works of art.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000484938100001	Publication Date	2019-09-08
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2050-7445	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited	5	Open Access
	Notes	; The authors would like to thank Interreg Vlaanderen-Nederland for funding to help develop the MA-rXRPD scanner. This project was made possible with support from the Johan Maurits Compagnie Foundation. This study was supported by Interreg and CALIPSOplus (Grant 730872). ;			Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:162801			Serial	5653
Permanent link to this record



	Author	de Nolf, W.; Vanmeert, F.; Janssens, K.
	Title	XRDUA : crystalline phase distribution maps by two-dimensional scanning and tomographic (micro) X-ray powder diffraction			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2014	Publication	Journal of applied crystallography	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	47	Issue	3	Pages	1107-1117
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Imaging of crystalline phase distributions in heterogeneous materials, either plane projected or in virtual cross sections of the object under investigation, can be achieved by scanning X-ray powder diffraction employing X-ray micro beams and X-ray-sensitive area detectors. Software exists to convert the two-dimensional powder diffraction patterns that are recorded by these detectors to one-dimensional diffractograms, which may be analysed by the broad variety of powder diffraction software developed by the crystallography community. However, employing these tools for the construction of crystalline phase distribution maps proves to be very difficult, especially when employing micro-focused X-ray beams, as most diffraction software tools have mainly been developed having structure solution in mind and are not suitable for phase imaging purposes. XRDUA has been developed to facilitate the execution of the complete sequence of data reduction and interpretation steps required to convert large sequences of powder diffraction patterns into a limited set of crystalline phase maps in an integrated fashion.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000336738500031	Publication Date	2014-05-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8898	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited	62	Open Access
	Notes	; The authors would like to thank the synchrotron beamline staff at ID15 (ESRF, Grenoble, France), MicroXAS (SLS, Villigen, Switzerland) and PO6/BL-L (Petra III/Hasylab, Hamburg, Germany) for accommodating the experiments presented in this paper. Support from FWO 'Big Science' project G0C1213N as well as from the BELSPO project 'S2ART' (SD/RI/04A) is acknowledged. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:117758			Serial	5920
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Geldof, M.; Monico, L.; Johnson, D.H.; Miliani, C.; Romani, A.; Grazia, C.; Buti, D.; Brunetti, B.G.; Janssens, K.; Van der Snickt, G.; Vanmeert, F.
	Title	Methods and materials of the Amsterdam sunflowers			Type	H1 Book chapter
	Year	2019	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	85-123 T2 - Van Gogh’s Sunflowers illuminated – ar
	Keywords	H1 Book chapter; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
	Abstract	This chapter explains the materials and techniques employed in the Amsterdam Sunflowers, enabling a comparison with the London version described in chapter 3. Building upon the 2016 article published in the National Gallery Technical Bulletin, it incorporates the latest findings gained by computer-assisted methods used to characterize the canvas support, as well as in-situ campaigns of non-invasive investigation together with further analysis of microscopic paint samples. The chapter sequence follows the steps in Van Gogh's working practice. Starting with the canvas, automated analysis of the weave enables the provenance of the canvas to be traced back to a particular roll of linen ordered by Van Gogh. Combining technical evidence with knowledge of historical manufacturing techniques further allows us to reconstruct the way in which Van Gogh divided his canvas roll into pieces used for Sunflowers and other paintings. We go on to consider how, with the original painting at hand, he used charcoal to transfer the motif of the London Sunflowers onto his blank canvas. Despite careful planning of the composition, an adjustment was required late in the working process, when Van Gogh added a painted wooden strip to extend the background above the flower at the top edge of the canvas. The artist's process of working up the composition in paint is described, paying special attention to his use of colour. The pigments and pigment mixtures used in the Amsterdam Sunflowers have been comprehensively mapped and are compared with the London picture, with discussion of some similarities and differences that account for the distinctive colour scheme of each painting. This understanding of colour application in the Amsterdam Sunflowers lays the foundation for subsequent chapters that will go on to consider the impact of light-induced colour changes that have taken place over time, and the related need to define appropriate lighting guidelines for the future safe preservation of this painting and others made with similar materials (chapters 5 and 7).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2020-11-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-94-6372-532-3	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:190781			Serial	8223
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Gestels, A.; Van der Snickt, G.; Caen, J.; Nuyts, G.; Legrand, S.; Vanmeert, F.; Detry, F.; Janssens, K.; Steenackers, G.
	Title	Combined MA-XRF, MA-XRPD and SEM-EDX analysis of a medieval stained-glass panel formerly from Notre Dame, Paris reveals its material history			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	Microchemical journal	Abbreviated Journal	Microchem J
	Volume	177	Issue		Pages	107304
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Art; Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES); Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS)
	Abstract	As part of its conservation-restoration, the 13th century stained-glass panel ‘the Annunciation’, was examined at the micro- and macro level. This window, since 1898 in the collection of the Museum Mayer Van den Bergh (Antwerp, B), was formerly a part of the southern Rose window of the Notre Dame Cathedral (Paris, F). The insigths emerging from a first phase of the analysis, comprising non-invasive analysis techniques such as optical microscopy combined with macroscopic X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) and X-ray diffraction (MA-XRPD) mapping, were used to select sampling positions for the second phase of investigation that involved micro-invasive analysis, namely scanning-electron microscopy coupled to energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX). The aim of the investigation was fourfold: (1) to assess the applicability of MA-XRF scanning for the characterisation of stained glass windows prior to any conservation or restoration procedure, (2) to assess the applicability of MA-XRPD scanning to identify the degradation products formed on the surface of stained glass windows, (3) to establish a method to limit the set of sampled glass fragments taken from a glass panel for quantititive analysis while maintaining sufficient representativeness and (4) to distinguish the original glass panes and grisaille paint from non-original glass panes that were inserted during various past interventions. Most of the panes in this window proved to consist of medieval potash glass, consistent with the 13th c. origin of the window while a limited number of panes were identified as non-original infills, with divergent glass compositional types and/or colorants. Most panes derive their color from the pot metal glass (i.e. homogenously colored) they were made of. Some of the panes that originally had a red flashed layer on their surface, completely or partially lost this layer due to weathering. Three main compositional glass families with similar color could be defined. With the exception of the yellow and orange panes, the chromophoric elements responsible for the dark(er) and light(er) blue (Co), green (Cu), purple (Mn) and red colors (Cu) were identified. Two different grisaille paints were encountered, part of which were restored during the 19th century. On the basis of this information, all missing pieces were replaced by glass panes with appropriate colors and the panel could be successfully conserved to its former glory. On the surface of several panes, typical glass degradation products such as calcite, syngenite and gypsum were identified, together with lead based degradation products such as anglesite and palmierite. In addition, the presence of hematite and melanotekite in the grisailles was observed; also the presence of Zn, uncorrelated to Cu, in the grissailes on the right side of the window became apparent.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000850000900001	Publication Date	2022-02-22
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0026-265x; 0026-265x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.8	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.8
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:187493			Serial	7138
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Gonzalez, V.; Cotte, M.; Vanmeert, F.; de Nolf, W.; Janssens, K.
	Title	X-ray diffraction mapping for cultural heritage science : a review of experimental configurations and applications			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	Chemistry: a European journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem-Eur J
	Volume	26	Issue	26	Pages	1703-1719
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	X-ray diffraction (XRD) mapping consists in the acquisition of XRD patterns at each pixel (or voxel) of an area (or volume). The spatial resolution ranges from the micrometer (mu XRD) to the millimeter (MA-XRD) scale, making the technique relevant for tiny samples up to large objects. Although XRD is primarily used for the identification of different materials in (complex) mixtures, additional information regarding the crystallite size, their orientation, and their in-depth distribution can also be obtained. Through mapping, these different types of information can be located on the studied sample/object. Cultural heritage objects are usually highly heterogeneous, and contain both original and later (degradation, conservation) materials. Their structural characterization is required both to determine ancient manufacturing processes and to evaluate their conservation state. Together with other mapping techniques, XRD mapping is increasingly used for these purposes. Here, the authors review applications as well as the various configurations for XRD mapping (synchrotron/laboratory X-ray source, poly-/monochromatic beam, micro/macro beam, 2D/3D, transmission/reflection mode). On-going hardware and software developments will further establish the technique as a key tool in heritage science.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000501927300001	Publication Date	2019-10-14
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0947-6539	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	5.317	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	; M.C. thanks the KNAW for supporting her stays in the Netherlands through the Descartes Huygens price. V.G. and M.C. thank the Center of Research and Restoration of French Museums (C2RMF), Paris and in particular Myriam Eveno, for the collaboration on Rembrandt's impastos (Figure 7). M.C. is indebted to the Afghan government, NRICPT and in particular, Yoko Taniguchi for providing samples shown in Figure 5. K.J. and F.V. acknowledge the University of Antwerp Research Council for financial support via GOA project SolarPaint as well as InterReg project Smart*Light. FWO projects G057419N and G056619N are also acknowledged. The authors also wish to acknowledge the Van Gogh and Kroller-Muller museums, the Rijksmuseum, the Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp and the Louvre museum for the constructive and inspiring collaborations in the past decade. Various beam lines and the staff at ESRF and DESY are thanked for providing beam time and support during experiments. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 5.317
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:165061			Serial	5911
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Gonzalez, V.; Fazlic, I.; Cotte, M.; Vanmeert, F.; Gestels, A.; De Meyer, S.; Broers, F.; Hermans, J.; van Loon, A.; Janssens, K.; Noble, P.; Keune, K.
	Title	Lead(II) formate in Rembrandt's Night Watch : detection and distribution from the macro- to the micro-scale			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Angewandte Chemie: international edition in English	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-9
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Art; Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS)
	Abstract	The Night Watch, painted in 1642 and on view in the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, is considered Rembrandt's most famous work. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) mapping at multiple length scales revealed the unusual presence of lead(II) formate, Pb(HCOO)(2), in several areas of the painting. Until now, this compound was never reported in historical oil paints. In order to get insights into this phenomenon, one possible chemical pathway was explored thanks to the preparation and micro-analysis of model oil paint media prepared by heating linseed oil and lead(II) oxide (PbO) drier as described in 17(th) century recipes. Synchrotron radiation based micro-XRPD (SR-mu-XRPD) and infrared microscopy were combined to identify and map at the micro-scale various neo-formed lead-based compounds in these model samples. Both lead(II) formate and lead(II) formate hydroxide Pb(HCOO)(OH) were detected and mapped, providing new clues regarding the reactivity of lead driers in oil matrices in historical paintings.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000920584500001	Publication Date	2023-01-02
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1433-7851; 0570-0833	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	16.6	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 16.6; 2023 IF: 11.994
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:194279			Serial	7318
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	Author	Hendriks, E.; Geldof, M.; van den Berg, K.J.; Monico, L.; Miliani, C.; Moretti, P.; Iwanicka, M.; Targowski, P.; Megens, L.; de Groot, S.; van Keulen, H.; Janssens, K.; Vanmeert, F.; van der Snickt, G.
	Title	Conservation of the Amsterdam sunflowers : from past to future			Type	H1 Book chapter
	Year	2019	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	175-205 T2 - Van Gogh’s Sunflowers illuminated – a
	Keywords	H1 Book chapter; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
	Abstract	This chapter lays out a conservation timeline, from past to future, for the Amsterdam version of Van Gogh's Sunflowers. It starts by considering the restoration history of the painting in order to assess its current physical state, and looks ahead to formulate an appropriate strategy for future conservation treatment and display. Due attention is paid to the two recorded episodes of restoration performed in 1927 and 1961 by the Dutch restorer, Jan Cornelis Traas. Based on physical and chemical investigation of Sunflowers we attempt to reconstruct what these former treatments (which are barely documented) entailed and consider the repercussions for the present condition of the painting. The former interventions by Traas also serve as a benchmark to reflect on current choices made, highlighting the extent to which ideas and methodologies have continued to evolve over the past century as conservation has moved further away from being a singularly craft-based activity to become an established historical and scientific discipline underpinned by ethical guidelines. Jan Cornelis Traas (1898–1984) As mentioned, the two main recorded interventions to the Amsterdam Sunflowers may be associated with the Dutch restorer, Jan Cornelis Traas, who treated the picture in 1927, close to the start of his career, and again in 1961, shortly before he retired. Traas was the first restorer to be appointed at the Mauritshuis in The Hague where he worked from 1931 to 1962 and treated hundreds of paintings, including iconic masterpieces such as Girl with a Pearl Earring by Johannes Vermeer. Yet despite the magnitude and importance of his restoration oeuvre, J.C. Traas (as he is usually referred to in surviving documents), has remained somewhat obscure. He is shown here in the only known surviving photograph of him at work, shortly before he retired (fig. 7.1). Unlike his illustrious contemporaries, A. Martin de Wild (1899–1969) and Helmut Ruhemann (1891–1973), for example, Traas did not publish anything, he appears to have kept no records of his work and no personal archive is known. However, the study of some newly discovered historical documents, combined with physical examination of Sunflowers and a large number of other works he treated, allows us to recover an idea of his working practices and approaches viewed within the context of his day.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2020-11-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-94-6372-532-3	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:190780			Serial	7727
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Hirayama, A.; Abe, Y.; van Loon, A.; De Keyser, N.; Noble, P.; Vanmeert, F.; Janssens, K.; Tantrakarn, K.; Taniguchi, K.; Nakai, I.
	Title	Development of a new portable X-ray powder diffractometer and its demonstration to on-site analysis of two selected old master paintings from the Rijksmuseum			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2018	Publication	Microchemical journal	Abbreviated Journal	Microchem J
	Volume	138	Issue	138	Pages	266-272
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	A portable X-ray powder diffractometer (p-XRD) PT-APXRD III has been developed for onsite analysis of paintings and archaeological samples. By using a Cu anode X-ray tube and a silicon drift diode (SDD) detector, diffraction patterns with a high signalnoise (S/N) ratio can be recorded. The X-ray tube can be operated at a maximum voltage of 60 kV, which makes it possible to simultaneously record X-ray fluorescence spectra up to the high-energy region. The total weight of this instrument is 16 kg, which can be carried anywhere and the goniometer unit (5.6 kg) can be placed on a tripod for analysis of mural paintings. We brought the instrument to the Rijksmuseum in the Netherlands to examine its applicability for the analysis of oil paintings. We successfully analyzed two seventeenthcentury oil paintings by Johannes Vermeer and Jan Davidsz de Heem (copy after). Ultramarine blue, leadtin yellow type I, and Naples yellow were identified from the diffraction patterns, demonstrating the high practicality of this instrument. Furthermore, it was found from the SEM-EDX analysis of a paint cross section that the yellow pigment was applied in separate layers rather than being mixed. This diffractometer will be commercially available in the near future and will have many applications in the field of material analysis. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000428103000030	Publication Date	2018-01-04
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0026-265x; 0026-265x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.034	Times cited	2	Open Access
	Notes	; This research was conducted with the support of the JSPS (Tokyo, Japan)-FWO (Brussels, Belgium) bilateral exchange project. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.034
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:151565			Serial	5575
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Idaszek, J.; Brynk, T.; Jaroszewicz, J.; Vanmeert, F.; Bruinink, A.; Swieszkowski, W.
	Title	Investigation of mechanical properties of porous composite scaffolds with tailorable degradation kinetics after in vitro degradation using digital image correlation			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2017	Publication	Polymer composites	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	38	Issue	11	Pages	2402-2410
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Tissue engineering combines artificial scaffolds and living cells in order to reconstruct damaged tissues and organs. The biodegradable scaffolds should maintain their mechanical properties during first stages of the regeneration. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent the degradation affects the mechanical stability of novel biodegradable composite scaffolds in relation to their composition. The scaffolds were made using fused deposition modeling. They were composed of ternary composites containing poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL), 5 wt% of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and 5, 15, and 25 wt% of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). Scaffolds made of pristine PCL and binary composite PCL-TCP were tested as reference samples. The degradation experiment was carried out in simulated body fluid at 37 degrees C for 12 weeks. Mechanical tests were carried out in a mechanical tester. Strain was measured using digital image correlation and crossbar displacement. Chemical composition had a significant effect on initial mechanical properties and their changes during degradation. The initial apparent Young's modulus of ternary composite scaffolds was two times higher than that of PCL-TCP. Higher PLGA concentration yielded faster decrease of the mechanical properties. At the end of the experiment, there were no significant differences of the modulus among all tested materials although degradation of the ternary composite scaffolds was significantly advanced. (C) 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000415812000008	Publication Date	2015-10-08
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0272-8397	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:147728			Serial	8127
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Janssens, K.; Alfeld, M.; Van der Snickt, G.; De Nolf, W.; Vanmeert, F.; Monico, L.; Legrand, S.; Dik, J.; Cotte, M.; Falkenberg, G.; van der Loeff, L.; Leeuwestein, M.; Hendriks, E.
	Title	Examination of Vincent van Gogh's paintings and pigments by means of state-of-the-art analytical methods			Type	H2 Book chapter
	Year	2014	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	373-403 T2 - Science and art : the painted surface
	Keywords	H2 Book chapter; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Recent studies in which X-ray beams of macroscopic to (sub) microscopic dimensions were used for non-destructive analysis and characterization of pigments, paint micro samples and/or entire paintings by Vincent van Gogh are concisely reviewed. The overview presented encompasses the use of laboratory and synchrotron radiation-based instrumentation and deals with the use of several variants of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) as a method of elemental analysis and imaging as well as with the combined use of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Microscopic and macroscopic XRF are variants of the method that are well suited to visualize the elemental distribution of key elements, mostly metals, present in paint multi layers, either on the length scale from 1–100 μm inside micro samples taken from paintings or on the 1–100 cm length scale when the (subsurface) distribution of specific pigments in entire paintings is concerned. In the context of the characterization of van Gogh's pigments subject to natural degradation, the use of methods limited to elemental analysis or imaging usually is not sufficient to elucidate the chemical transformations that have taken place. However, at synchrotron facilities, combinations of μ-XRF with related methods such as μ-XAS and μ-XRD have proven themselves to be very suitable for such studies. Their use is often combined with microscopic Fourier transform infra-red (μ-FTIR) spectroscopy since this method delivers complementary information at more or less the same length scale as the X-ray microprobe techniques. Also in the context of macroscopic imaging of works of art, the complementary use of X-ray based and infra-red based imaging appears very promising; some recent developments are discussed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2020-02-24
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-1-84973-818-7	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:190782			Serial	7943
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	Author	Janssens, K.; Alfeld, M.; van der Snickt, G.; de Nolf, W.; Vanmeert, F.; Radepont, M.; Monico, L.; et al.
	Title	The use of synchrotron radiation for the characterization of artists' pigments and paintings			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Annual review of analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Annu Rev Anal Chem
	Volume	6	Issue		Pages	399-425
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	We review methods and recent studies in which macroscopic to (sub)microscopic X-ray beams were used for nondestructive analysis and characterization of pigments, paint microsamples, and/or entire paintings. We discuss the use of portable laboratory- and synchrotron-based instrumentation and describe several variants of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis used for elemental analysis and imaging and combined with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Macroscopic and microscopic (μ-)XRF variants of this method are suitable for visualizing the elemental distribution of key elements in paint multilayers. Technical innovations such as multielement, large-area XRF detectors have enabled such developments. The use of methods limited to elemental analysis or imaging usually is not sufficient to elucidate the chemical transformations that take place during natural pigment alteration processes. However, synchrotron-based combinations of μ-XRF, μ-XAS, and μ-XRD are suitable for such studies.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000323887500019	Publication Date	2013-06-18
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1936-1327	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.435	Times cited	46	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.435; 2013 IF: 7.814
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:111315			Serial	5902
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	Author	Janssens, K.; Legrand, S.; van der Snickt, G.; Vanmeert, F.
	Title	Virtual archaeology of altered paintings : multiscale chemical imaging tools			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	Elements	Abbreviated Journal	Elements
	Volume	12	Issue	1	Pages	39-44
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Understanding how painted works of art were constructed, layer-by-layer, requires a range of macroscopic and microscopic X-ray and infrared-based analytical methods. Deconstructing complex assemblies of paints horizontally across a picture and vertically through it provides insight into the detailed production process of the art work and on the painting techniques and styles of its maker. The unwanted chemical transformations that some paint pigments undergo are also detectable; these changes can alter the paint's optical properties. Understanding the chemistry behind such paint degradation gives conservators vital clues to counter these effects and is an invaluable asset in protecting these cultural artefacts for future generations.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000370987700007	Publication Date	2016-02-08
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1811-5209	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.038	Times cited	12	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.038
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:132301			Serial	5904
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	Author	Janssens, K.; van der Snickt, G.; Vanmeert, F.; Legrand, S.; Nuyts, G.; Alfeld, M.; Monico, L.; Anaf, W.; de Nolf, W.; Vermeulen, M.; Verbeeck, J.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Non-invasive and non-destructive examination of artistic pigments, paints, and paintings by means of X-Ray methods			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	Topics in Current Chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Topics Curr Chem
	Volume	374	Issue	374	Pages	81
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Recent studies are concisely reviewed, in which X-ray beams of (sub)micrometre to millimetre dimensions have been used for non-destructive analysis and characterization of pigments, minute paint samples, and/or entire paintings from the seventeenth to the early twentieth century painters. The overview presented encompasses the use of laboratory and synchrotron radiation-based instrumentation and deals with the use of several variants of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) as a method of elemental analysis and imaging, as well as with the combined use of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Microscopic XRF is a variant of the method that is well suited to visualize the elemental distribution of key elements, mostly metals, present in paint multi-layers, on the length scale from 1 to 100 μm inside micro-samples taken from paintings. In the context of the characterization of artists pigments subjected to natural degradation, the use of methods limited to elemental analysis or imaging usually is not sufficient to elucidate the chemical transformations that have taken place. However, at synchrotron facilities, combinations of μ-XRF with related methods such as μ-XAS and μ-XRD have proven themselves to be very suitable for such studies. Their use is often combined with microscopic Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and/or Raman microscopy since these methods deliver complementary information of high molecular specificity at more or less the same length scale as the X-ray microprobe techniques. Since microscopic investigation of a relatively limited number of minute paint samples, taken from a given work of art, may not yield representative information about the entire artefact, several methods for macroscopic, non-invasive imaging have recently been developed. Those based on XRF scanning and full-field hyperspectral imaging appear very promising; some recent published results are discussed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer international publishing ag	Place of Publication	Cham	Editor
	Language		Wos	000391178900006	Publication Date	2016-11-21
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2365-0869;2364-8961;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.033	Times cited	50	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.033
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:139930UA @ admin @ c:irua:139930			Serial	4443
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	Author	Klaassen, L.; van der Snickt, G.; Legrand, S.; Higgitt, C.; Spring, M.; Vanmeert, F.; Rosi, F.; Brunetti, B.G.; Postec, M.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Characterization and removal of a disfiguring oxalate crust on a large altarpiece by Hans Memling			Type	H1 Book chapter
	Year	2019	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	263-282 T2 - Metal soaps in art / Casadio, F. [edi
	Keywords	H1 Book chapter; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
	Abstract	During the conservation treatment of Memling’s Christ with Singing and Music-making Angels, three panel paintings that are among the most monumental works in early Netherlandish art, the conservators came across insoluble surface layers containing calcium oxalates. A very thin and irregular layer of this type, hardly visible to the naked eye, was spread across the surface of all three panels. A much thicker layer forming an opaque and highly disfiguring crust that obscured the composition (Figs. 15.1 and 15.7) was locally present on areas of dark copper-containing paint, where multiple layers of old discolored coatings and accretions remained in place before the most recent cleaning. This article describes the application of a wide range of analytical techniques in order to fully understand the stratigraphy and composition of the crusts on the Memling paintings. FTIR spectroscopy in transmission and reflection mode, micro-ATR-FTIR imaging and macro-rFTIR scanning, SEM-EDX, mobile XRD, and SR-μXRD showed that the crusts contained two related Ca-based oxalate salts, whewellite and weddellite, and were separated from the original paint surface by varnish, indicating that they did not originate from degradation of the original paint but from a combination of microbial action and a thick accumulation of dirt. Supported by the results from these different analytical techniques, which when used together proved to be very effective in providing complementary information that addressed this specific conservation problem, and aided by the presence of the intermediate varnish layer(s), the conservators were able to remove most of the crusts with spectacular results.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2019-03-23
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-319-90616-4	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:190778			Serial	7609
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	Author	Legrand, S.; Alfeld, M.; Vanmeert, F.; de Nolf, W.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Macroscopic Fourier transform infrared scanning in reflection mode (MA-rFTIR), a new tool for chemical imaging of cultural heritage artefacts in the mid-infrared range			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2014	Publication	The analyst	Abbreviated Journal	Analyst
	Volume	139	Issue	10	Pages	2489-2498
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	In this paper we demonstrate that by means of scanning reflection FTIR spectroscopy, it is possible to record highly specific distribution maps of organic and inorganic compounds from flat, macroscopic objects with cultural heritage value in a non-invasive manner. Our previous work involved the recording of macroscopic distributions of chemical elements or crystal phases from painted works of art based on respectively macroscopic X-ray fluorescence or X-ray powder diffraction analysis. The use of infrared radiation instead of X-rays has the advantage that more specific information about the nature and distribution of the chemical compounds present can be gathered. This higher imaging specificity represents a clear advantage for the characterization of painting and artist materials. It allows the distribution of metallo-organic compounds to be visualized and permits distinguishing between pigmented materials containing the same key metal. The prototype instrument allows the recording of hyperspectral datacubes by scanning the surface of the artefact in a contactless and sequential single-point measuring mode, while recording the spectrum of reflected infrared radiation. After the acquisition, spectral line intensities of individual bands and chemical distribution maps can be extracted from the datacube to identify the compounds present and/or to highlight their spatial distribution. Not only is information gained on the surface of the investigated artefacts, but also images of overpainted paint layers and, if present, the underdrawing may be revealed in this manner. A current major limitation is the long scanning times required to record these maps.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000334734200028	Publication Date	2014-02-19
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2654	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.885	Times cited	25	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.885; 2014 IF: 4.107
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116595			Serial	5699
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	Author	Legrand, S.; Vanmeert, F.; van der Snickt, G.; Alfeld, M.; de Nolf, W.; Dik, J.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Examination of historical paintings by state-of-the-art hyperspectral imaging methods : from scanning infra-red spectroscopy to computed X-ray laminography			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2014	Publication	Heritage science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	2	Issue		Pages	13-11
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The development of advanced methods for non-destructive selective imaging of painted works of art at the macroscopic level based on radiation in the X-ray and infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum are concisely reviewed. Such methods allow to either record depth-selective, element-selective or species-selective images of entire paintings. Camera-based full field methods (that record the image data in parallel) can be discerned next to scanning methods (that build up distributions in a sequential manner by scanning a beam of radiation over the surface of an artefact). Six methods are discussed: on the one hand, macroscopic X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction imaging and X-ray laminography and on the other hand macroscopic Mid and Near Infrared hyper- and full spectral imaging and Optical Coherence Tomography. These methods can be considered to be improved versions of the well-established imaging methods employed worldwide for examination of paintings, i.e., X-ray radiography and Infrared reflectography. Possibilities and limitations of these new imaging techniques are outlined.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date	2014-05-30
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2050-7445	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:124629			Serial	5619
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