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	Author	Schram, J.; Parrilla, M.; Sleegers, N.; Van Durme, F.; van den Berg, J.; van Nuijs, A.L.N.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Electrochemical profiling and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry characterization of synthetic cathinones : from methodology to detection in forensic samples			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2021	Publication	Drug Testing And Analysis	Abbreviated Journal	Drug Test Anal
	Volume	13	Issue	7	Pages	1282-1294
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Toxicological Centre
	Abstract	The emergence of new psychoactive drugs in the market demands rapid and accurate tools for the on‐site classification of illegal and legal compounds with similar structures. Herein, a novel method for the classification of synthetic cathinones (SC) is presented based on their electrochemical profile. First, the electrochemical profile of five common SC (i.e., mephedrone, ethcathinone, methylone, butylone and 4‐chloro‐alpha‐pyrrolidinovalerophenone) is collected to build calibration curves using square wave voltammetry on graphite screen‐printed electrodes (SPE). Second, the elucidation of the oxidation pathways, obtained by liquid chromatography‐high resolution mass spectrometry, allows the pairing of the oxidation products to the SC electrochemical profile, providing a selective and robust classification. Additionally, the effect of common adulterants and illicit drugs on the electrochemical profile of the SC is explored. Interestingly, a cathodic pretreatment of the SPE allows the selective detection of each SC in presence of electroactive adulterants. Finally, the electrochemical approach is validated with gas‐chromatography‐mass spectrometry by analyzing 26 confiscated samples from seizures and illegal webshops. Overall, the electrochemical method exhibits a successful classification of SC including structural derivatives, a crucial attribute in an ever‐diversifying drug market.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000624902500001	Publication Date	2021-02-24
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1942-7603; 1942-7611	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.469	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.469
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:175583			Serial	7863
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Sleegers, N.; van Nuijs, A.L.N.; van den Berg, M.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Electrochemistry of intact versus degraded cephalosporin antibiotics facilitated by LC–MS analysis			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2021	Publication	Analytical Chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	93	Issue	4	Pages	2394-2402
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Toxicological Centre
	Abstract	The electrochemical detection of cephalosporins is a promising approach for the monitoring of cephalosporin levels in process waters. However, this class of antibiotics, like penicillins, is composed of chemically active molecules and susceptible to hydrolysis and aminolysis of the four membered β-lactam ring present. In order to develop a smart monitoring strategy for cephalosporins, the influence of degradation (hydrolysis and aminolysis) on the electrochemical fingerprint has to be taken into account. Therefore, an investigation was carried out to understand the changes of the voltammetric fingerprints upon acidic and alkaline degradation. Changes in fingerprints were correlated to the degradation pathways through the combination of square wave voltammetry and liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight analysis. The characteristic electrochemical signals of the β-lactam ring disappeared upon hydrolysis. Additional oxidation signals that appeared after degradation were elucidated and linked to different degradation products, and therefore, enrich the voltammetric fingerprints with information of the state of the cephalosporins. The applicability of the electrochemical monitoring system was explored by the analysis of the intact and degraded industrial process waters containing the key intermediate 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA). Clearly, the intact process samples exhibited the expected core signals of 7-ADCA and could be quantified, while the degraded samples only showed the newly formed degradation products.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000618089100063	Publication Date	2021-01-04
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited		Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:176206			Serial	7864
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Bernard, P.; Eisma, D.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Electron microprobe analysis of suspended matter in the Angola Basin			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1999	Publication	Journal of sea research	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	41	Issue		Pages	19-33
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000079367500003	Publication Date	2002-07-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-1101	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:23181			Serial	7869
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Rojas, C.M.; Van Grieken, R.E.
	Title	Electron microprobe characterization of individual aerosol particles collected by aircraft above the Southern Bight of the North Sea			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1992	Publication	Atmospheric environment : an international journal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	26a	Issue		Pages	1231-1237
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1992HM11500002	Publication Date	2003-08-06
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1352-2310	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:2826			Serial	7870
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Storms, H.; Van Dyck, P.; Van Grieken, R.; Maenhaut, W.
	Title	Electron microprobe observations of recrystallization affecting PIXE-analysis of marine aerosol deposits			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1985	Publication	Journal of trace and microprobe techniques	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	2	Issue		Pages	103-117
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0733-4680; 1532-2270	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116718			Serial	7871
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Leysen, L.A.; De Waele, J.K.; Roekens, E.J.; Van Grieken, R.E.
	Title	Electron probe micro-analysis and laser microprobe mass analysis of material, leached from a limestone cathedral			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1987	Publication	Scanning microscopy	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	1	Issue		Pages	1617-1630
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0891-7035	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116794			Serial	7872
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Hoornaert, S.; Treiger, B.; Valkovic, V.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Electron probe X-ray microanalysis for the assessment of homogeneity of candidate reference materials at the nanogram level			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1998	Publication	Microchimica acta	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	128	Issue		Pages	207-213
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000071438000010	Publication Date	2005-02-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0026-3672; 1436-5073	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:20960			Serial	7873
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Johansson, T.B.; Van Grieken, R.E.; Winchester, J.W.
	Title	Elemental abundance variation with particle-size in north florida aerosols			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1976	Publication	Journal of geophysical research	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	81	Issue	6	Pages	1039-1046
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	A nonurban base line has been established for nine trace element constituents of aerosol particles as a function of particle size at ground level sampling stations in north Florida up to 50 km from the Gulf of Mexico. The particle size range 0.25- to >4-μm aerodynamic diameter was investigated by cascade impactor sampling and elemental analysis by proton-induced X ray emission. By using a strategy of sampling at urban, forest, and coastal locations and by choosing approximately 48-hour sample averaging intervals the potential dependence of the base line levels both on local pollution and natural sources and on local particle size specific aerosol removal processes could be evaluated. It is found that elements contained in the largest particles, especially those of >4 μm, display the greatest degree of average concentration difference between sites, a result suggesting short atmospheric residence times and the importance of local dispersion sources and atmospheric cleansing processes in regulating the particle concentrations in air. Elements contained in particles of <2-μm diameter show little average concentration difference between sites unless they are influenced by local pollution sources, a finding suggesting that their concentrations in air are regulated by large-scale sources and transport processes. Sulfur in the smallest particles shows a marked constancy of concentration, but it may be modified in the largest particle size ranges in relation to proximity to the seacoast. No evidence is found for dependence of particulate sulfur concentrations on local pollution sources. K, Ca, Ti, Fe, and Zn appear to be regulated in the main by terrestrial source processes, and Cl by marine source processes, but Br and Pb appear to be accounted for adequately by assuming automotive fuel combustion as their major source. Limited data obtained for V indicate that it may vary considerably with fluctuations in aerosol transport from oil-fired electric power plant sources in the region. Limited additional data also suggest that Mn is derived from sources of natural terrestrial composition. In view of these findings, certain criteria may be set for the design of a meaningful nonurban aerosol monitoring network.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1976BG78300001	Publication Date	2008-02-06
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0148-0227; 2156-2202; 0022-1406; 0196-6928; 0196-6936; 0885-3401; 8755-8556; 0196-2256; 0747-7309; 1	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:113637			Serial	7879
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Johansson, T.B.; Nelson, J.W.; Van Grieken, R.E.; Winchester, J.W.
	Title	Elemental analysis of aerosol-size fractions by proton-induced X-ray-emission			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1973	Publication	Transactions of the American Nuclear Society	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	17	Issue	Nov	Pages	103-103
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1973R161300114	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-018x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:113643			Serial	7880
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Nelson, J.W.; Williams, I.; Johansson, T.B.; Van Grieken, R.E.
	Title	Elemental analysis of aerosols using proton-scattering			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1974	Publication	IEEE transactions on nuclear science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Ns21	Issue	1	Pages	618-621
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Elemental analysis for all of the light elements up through chlorine by elastic scattering of 16 MeV protons has been shown to be feasible. Basic problems associated with such measurements are discussed including kinematics, angular distribution, and sample backings. Spectra are presented for air particulate matter for both a total filter (Nuclepore) and a size fractionated air impactor (polystyrene backed) sample. The method is absolute, non destructive and can be used in conjunction with proton induced x-ray fluorescence to quantitatively analyze all elements in the same sample in minutes of time.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1974S533700086	Publication Date	2008-07-22
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0018-9499	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:113642			Serial	7881
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Mmari, A.G.; Potgieter-Vermaak, S.S.; Bencs, L.; McCrindle, R.I.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Elemental and ionic components of atmospheric aerosols and associated gaseous pollutants in and near Dar es Salaam, Tanzania			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Atmospheric environment : an international journal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	77	Issue		Pages	51-61
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Elemental and water-soluble ionic compounds (WSICs) of atmospheric aerosols (total suspended particulate TSP) and some gaseous pollutants (SO2, NO2 and O3) from a coastal, semi-urban and rural site in and near Dar es Salaam, Tanzania were investigated during dry and wet seasons of January 2005November 2007. Na+, Ca2+, SO42−, NO3− and Cl− made up the dominant fraction of WSICs during the dry season with average concentrations ranging from non-detectable (n.d.)5.4, 0.262.6, 0.7414.7, 0.41.5 and 1.13.4 μg m−3, respectively, while in the wet season, from n.d. up to 1.7, 1.2, 4.4, 2.1 and 3.0 μg m−3, respectively. The total air concentrations of the detected elements (Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe and Zn) showed seasonal and site-specific variation in the range of 7.526.6 with an average of 14.5 μg m−3. Most of the air concentrations of pollutants were observed to decrease with increasing distance from the coastal site, which is under urban and industrial pollutant emissions. Sulphur and nitrogen oxidation ratios during the dry season ranged from 0.08 to 0.91 and 0.013 to 0.049, respectively, while they were between 0.090.65 and 0.0020.095, respectively, in the wet season. These values indicate the photochemical oxidation of SO2 and a high extent of NO3−formation in the atmosphere. Neutralization ratios revealed the presence of acidic SO42− and NO3− aerosols. Principal component analysis identified sea spray, local combustion, vehicular traffic, biomass burning and re-suspended road dust as dominant sources of aerosols at the studied coastal and semi-urban sites. However, at the rural site, besides sea spray, crustal sources, soil dust re-suspension and long-range transport are the possible origins of suspended particulates.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000324848500006	Publication Date	2013-05-01
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1352-2310	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:108096			Serial	7882
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Deutsch, F.; Stranger, M.; Kaplinskii, A.E.; Samek, L.; Joos, P.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Elemental and ionic concentrations in the urban aerosol in Antwerp, Belgium			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2004	Publication	Journal of environmental science and health: part A: toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	39	Issue	3	Pages	539-558
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000220119800001	Publication Date	2004-02-19
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:44335			Serial	7883
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Hoornaert, S.; Godoi, R.H.M.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Elemental and single particle aerosol characterisation at a background station in Kazakhstan			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2004	Publication	Journal of atmospheric chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	48	Issue		Pages	301-315
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000224389700006	Publication Date	2004-10-12
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0167-7764	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:49509			Serial	7884
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Ramesh, R.; Subramanian, V.; Van Grieken, R.; Van 't dack, L.
	Title	The elemental chemistry of sediments in the Krishna River basin, India			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1989	Publication	Chemical geology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	74	Issue	3/4	Pages	331-341
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Composition of bed, core and suspended sediments collected from Krishna River sediments were studied and the observations are discussed in the light of other Indian rivers, world's average river suspended particles, surficial rock and soils. The contents of V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn in the suspended particles are higher in the Krishna River than in the world's average, indicating pollution inputs. Suspended sediments are enriched (5 to 10 times) in all the elements considered relative to bed sediments. Downstream profile and metal/Al ratios of the elements indicate that the mobility of elements within the basin is controlled by basin geology, size and mineralogical characteristics. Good correlations observed for a number of elements point out to their common sink in the clay fraction of the sediments. There is no systematic variation with depth for the major elements and most of the elements are considerably higher compared to estuarine or Bay of Bengal sediments.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1989T007000012	Publication Date	2003-08-06
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0009-2541	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:111482			Serial	7885
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Das, B.K.; Singh, M.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	The elemental chemistry of sediments in the Nainital lake, Kumaun Himalaya, India			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1995	Publication	The science of the total environment	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	168	Issue		Pages	85-90
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1995RH03700008	Publication Date	2002-07-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0048-9697; 1879-1026	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:12347			Serial	7886
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Smekens, A.; Knupfer, M.; Berghmans, P.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	The elemental composition and microstructure of soot emitted by different sources			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2000	Publication	Journal of aerosol science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	31	Issue	S1	Pages	917-918
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8502; 1879-1964	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:31647			Serial	7887
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Rojas, C.M.; Van Grieken, R.; Maenhaut, W.
	Title	Elemental composition of aircraft-sampled aerosols above the Southern Bight of the North Sea			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1993	Publication	Water, air and soil pollution	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	71	Issue		Pages	391-404
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1993MT74000011	Publication Date	2004-11-15
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0049-6979; 1573-2932	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:6263			Serial	7888
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Hellar-Kihampa, H.; Potgieter-Vermaak, S.; van Meel, K.; Gatto Rotondo, G.; Kishimba, M.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Elemental composition of bottom-sediments from Pangani river basin, Tanzania : lithogenic and anthropogenic sources			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2012	Publication	Toxicological and environmental chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	94	Issue	3	Pages	525-544
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	River-bed sediments from the Pangani basin, Tanzania, were characterized for elemental compositions, following contamination risks from rapid expansions of human activities in the area. Samples were collected during two individual seasons and analyzed by high-polarizing beam energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) for eight major and 14 trace elements. Evaluation of enrichment factors (EFs) was used to investigate the elemental flux and assess the contributions of natural and anthropogenic influences. The abundances of the major elements followed the order Si > Al > Fe > Ca > K > Ti > Mn > P, similar to that of the upper earth's crust, and were generally from the weathering of the bed-rock. The high concentrations of typical anthropogenic trace-elements (Cr < 160 mg kg−1, V < 85 mg kg−1, Ni < 60 mg kg−1, Cu < 87 mg kg−1, La < 90 mg kg−1) coupled with high EFs (>2) in some locations indicated contamination associated with agricultural and industrial activities. Factor analysis extracted five principal components that contributed to 96.0% of the total observed variance. The results indicated that river-bed sediments of the Pangani basin were influenced to a larger extent by lithogenic sources than anthropogenic impacts.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000304276100007	Publication Date	2012-01-16
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0277-2248	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:97080			Serial	7889
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Eltayeb, M.A.H.; Injuk, J.; Maenhaut, W.; Van Grieken, R.E.
	Title	Elemental composition of mineral aerosol generated from Sudan Sahara sand			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2001	Publication	Journal of atmospheric chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	40	Issue		Pages	247-273
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000171535300003	Publication Date	2002-12-23
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0167-7764	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:36088			Serial	7890
Permanent link to this record



	Author	van Alsenoy, V.; Bernard, P.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Elemental concentrations and heavy metal pollution in sediments and suspended matter from the Belgian North Sea and the Scheldt estuary			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1993	Publication	The science of the total environment	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	133	Issue		Pages	153-181
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1993LA92200010	Publication Date	2003-09-12
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0048-9697; 1879-1026	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:6253			Serial	7892
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	Author	van Meel, K.; Horemans, B.; Krata, A.; Bencs, L.; Buczyńska, A.J.; Dirtu, A.C.; Worobiec, A.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Elemental concentrations in aerosols at the Belgian coast versus seasons and air mass trajectories			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2010	Publication	Environmental chemistry letters	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	8	Issue	2	Pages	157-163
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP); Toxicological Centre
	Abstract	Marine aerosols have extensively been monitored in the framework of a research project to investigate the inorganic and organic nutrient fluxes of the atmospheric nitrogen input into the North Sea. As a part of this project bulk analysis was also performed by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) on a total of 366 samples in order to provide detailed elemental composition. Samples have been clustered per campaign and differences were related to backward trajectories. Elements as Cl, Si, and S appeared to be the best tracers for coastal aerosols. Therefore they have been chosen to represent each campaign and to map the seasonal variations. It is clear that Cl is an excellent tracer for oceanic trajectories, while a less clear correlation between the soil dust components and the air mass trajectories is found.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000277786900007	Publication Date	2009-02-17
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1610-3653	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:82494			Serial	7893
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	Author	Johansson, T.B.; Van Grieken, R.E.; Nelson, J.W.; Winchester, J.W.
	Title	Elemental trace analysis of small samples by proton-induced X-ray-emission			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1975	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	47	Issue	6	Pages	855-860
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1975AA02900016	Publication Date	2005-03-08
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:113638			Serial	7895
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	Author	Tsuji, K.; Nullens, R.; Wagatsuma, K.; Van Grieken, R.E.
	Title	Elemental x-ray images obtained by grazing-exit electron probe microanalysis (GE-EPMA)			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1999	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	14	Issue		Pages	1711-1713
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000083208000009	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:34103			Serial	7896
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	Author	Treiger, B.; Bondarenko, I.; van Malderen, H.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Elucidating the composition of atmospheric aerosols through the combined hierarchical, non-hierarchical and fuzzy clustering of large electron probe microanalysis data sets			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1995	Publication	Analytica chimica acta	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	317	Issue		Pages	33-51
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1995TP42200003	Publication Date	2003-04-23
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2670; 1873-4324	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:12355			Serial	7897
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	Author	Verbueken, A.H.; Van Grieken, R.E.; Paulus, G.J.; De Bruijn, W.C.
	Title	Embedded ion exchange beads as standards for laser microprobe mass analysis of biological specimens			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1984	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	56	Issue	8	Pages	1362-1370
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1984SX51800045	Publication Date	2005-03-08
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116520			Serial	7898
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	Author	Saiz-Jimenez, C.; Garcia-Rowe, J.; Garcia Del Cura, M.A.; Ortega-Camvo, J.J.; Roekens, E.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Endolithic cyanobacteria in Maastricht limestone			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1990	Publication	The science of the total environment	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	94	Issue	3	Pages	209-220
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The Maastricht limestone used for the construction of the 14th century O.L. Basilica in Tongeren, Belgium, is a light yellowish, porous, soft rock of the Late Cretaceous age. The limestone has a high carbonate content (> 95%); quartz and glauconite occur rarely. On the north side of the building, there is extensive growth of epilithic algae. On the south side, an assemblage of organisms was observed beneath the abiotic surface. This community, developed as a green layer 1 mm below the surface, is dominated by cyanobacteria. A moss was also present. The organisms were studied by transmitted light, phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy, and isolated in cultures. The cyanobacteria belong to the genera Synechococcus and Chroococcidiopsis, and the moss was identified as Tortula muralis Hedw. The organic matter present in the green layer was characterized in terms of molecular components using analytical pyrolysis. Pyrolysis products from polysaccharides and proteins, and evaporation/pyrolysis products from lipids, comprise the vast majority of identified compounds. The identification of specific biomarkers such as 7-methylheptadecane is further evidence of the presence of cyanobacteria. Phytenes and phytadienes are indicative of phototrophic organisms, as they are pyrolysis products from chlorophylls.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1990DF51800004	Publication Date	2003-09-12
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0048-9697; 1879-1026	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:116654			Serial	7902
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	Author	Muia, L.M.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis of geological materials in borax beads using Tertian's binary coefficient approach combined with internal standard addition			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1991	Publication	X-ray spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	20	Issue		Pages	179-183
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0049-8246	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:662			Serial	7903
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	Author	Civici, N.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence in geochemical mapping			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1997	Publication	X-ray spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	26	Issue		Pages	147-152
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1997XM14500003	Publication Date	2002-08-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0049-8246	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:18782			Serial	7906
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	Author	Parrilla, M.; Joosten, F.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Enhanced electrochemical detection of illicit drugs in oral fluid by the use of surfactant-mediated solution			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2021	Publication	Sensors And Actuators B-Chemical	Abbreviated Journal	Sensor Actuat B-Chem
	Volume	348	Issue		Pages	130659
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Electrochemical and Analytical Sciences Lab (A-Sense Lab)
	Abstract	Illicit drug consumption is a worldwide worrying phenomenon that troubles modern society. For this reason, law enforcement agencies (LEAs) are placing tremendous efforts into tackling the spreading of such substances among our community. New sensing technologies can facilitate the LEAs duties by providing portable and affordable analytical devices. Herein, we present for the first time a sensitive and low-cost electrochemical method, i.e. square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry on carbon screen-printed electrodes (SPE), for the detection of five illicit drugs (i.e. cocaine, heroin, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 4-chloro-alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone, and ketamine) in oral fluid by the aid of a surfactant. Particularly, the surfactant is adsorbed at the carbon electrode’s surface and yields the adsorption of illicit drug molecules, allowing for an enhanced electrochemical signal in comparison to surfactant-free media. First, the surfactant-mediated behavior is deeply explored at the SPE by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Subsequently, the electrochemical behavior of the five illicit drugs is studied and optimized to render optimal analytical performance. Accordingly, the analytical system exhibited a wide linear concentration range from 1 to 30 µM with sub-micromolar limits of detection and high sensitivity. This performance is similar to other reported electrochemical sensors, but with the advantage of using an unmodified SPE, thus avoiding costly and complex functionalization of the SPE. Finally, the methodology was evaluated in diluted oral fluid samples spiked with illicit drugs. Overall, this work describes a simple, rapid, portable, and sensitive method for the detection of illicit drugs aiming to provide oral fluid testing opportunities to LEAs.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000701915600005	Publication Date	2021-08-27
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0925-4005	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	5.401	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 5.401
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:181307			Serial	7912
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	Author	Blidar, A.; Trashin, S.; Carrion, E.N.; Gorun, S.M.; Cristea, C.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Enhanced photoelectrochemical detection of an analyte triggered by its concentration by a singlet oxygen-generating fluoro photosensitizer			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2020	Publication	Acs Sensors	Abbreviated Journal	Acs Sensors
	Volume	5	Issue	11	Pages	3501-3509
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The use of a photocatalyst (photosensitizer) which produces singlet oxygen instead of enzymes for oxidizing analytes creates opportunities for designing cost-efficient and sensitive photoelectrochemical sensors. We report that perfluoroisopropyl-substituted zinc phthalocyanine (F64PcZn) interacts specifically with a complex phenolic compound, the antibiotic rifampicin (RIF), but not with hydroquinone or another complex phenolic compound, the antibiotic doxycycline. The specificity is imparted by the selective preconcentration of RIF in the photocatalytic layer, as revealed by electrochemical and optical measurements, complemented by molecular modeling that confirms the important role of a hydrophobic cavity formed by the iso-perfluoropropyl groups of the photocatalyst. The preconcentration effect favorably enhances the RIF photoelectrochemical detection limit as well as sensitivity to nanomolar (ppb) concentrations, LOD = 7 nM (6 ppb) and 2.8 A.M-1.cm(-2), respectively. The selectivity to RIF, retained in the photosensitizer layer, is further enhanced by the selective removal of all unretained phenols via simple washing of the electrodes with pure buffer. The utility of the sensor for analyzing municipal wastewater was demonstrated. This first demonstration of enhanced selectivity and sensitivity due to intrinsic interactions of a molecular photocatalyst (photosensitizer) with an analyte, without use of a biorecognition element, may allow the design of related, robust, simple, and viable sensors.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000595550100021	Publication Date	2020-10-29
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2379-3694	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	8.9	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 8.9; 2020 IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:176057			Serial	7913
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