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“Spatial neutron flux distributions around A 14 MeV neutron generator”. Van Grieken R, Speecke A, Hoste J, Journal of radioanalytical chemistry 10, 95 (1972). http://doi.org/10.1007/BF02518771
Abstract: The neutron flux distribution in the vicinity of 30, 20 and 10 mm diameter targets is measured by irradiating concentric ring-type iron monitors at different distances from the target and counting the induced56Mn activity. Considering the many uncertainties, satisfactory agreement was found between theory and experiment.
Keywords: A3 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1007/BF02518771
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“Spatial monitoring of organohalogen compounds in surface water and sediments of a rural-urban river basin in Tanzania”. Hellar-Kihampa H, De Wael K, Lugwisha E, Govindan M, Covaci A, Van Grieken R, The science of the total environment 447, 186 (2013). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2012.12.083
Abstract: The presence of persistent organic pollutants in Tanzanian environment is not well monitored despite the existing pollution potential from a number of sources. In this study, we investigated for the first time, the concentration profiles of different organohalogen compounds such as organochlorine pesticide residues (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in environmental samples (water and sediments) from the Pangani river basin (PRB). The PRB is one of the largest drainage basins in Tanzania, with its watershed exposed to multiple input sources of trace organic contaminants. Surface water and sediments were sampled from 12 representative stations of diverse characteristics and land-use practices, in three distinct seasons, and extracted by liquidliquid and Soxhlet extraction methods, respectively. Water samples were analyzed by GC-ECD for OCPs only, while sediment samples were analyzed for OCPs, PCBs and PBDEs by GC/MS. Seven compounds, dominated by HCH isomers (5104460 pg/L) and DDT analogs (1601460 pg/L),were detected in the water samples. These concentrations are far below the WHO guidelines for drinking water quality. A total of 42 compounds (8 OCPs, 28 PCB congeners and 6 PBDE congeners) were detected in the sediment samples. Their respective total concentration ranges were 24510,230; 35711,000 and 382175 pg/g dry weight. The spatial distribution patterns and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis reflected the impact of historical agricultural usage in sugarcane plantations (OCPs), and urbanization (PCBs and PBDEs). Risk assessment using sediment quality guidelines indicated no ecotoxicological risks. The results we have found provide preliminary data on levels of the organic contaminants in Pangani river basin as a new insight on the environmental quality of the area.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Toxicological Centre
Impact Factor: 4.9
Times cited: 42
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2012.12.083
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“Spatial and temporal variations in particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) levels over Menen (Belgium) and their relation with air mass trajectories”. Ravindra K, Wauters E, Van Grieken R page 838 (2007).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Spatial and temporal variation of anthropogenic palladium in the environment”. Bencs L, Ravindra K, Van Grieken R page 433 (2006).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Spark-source mass-spectrometric sensitivity factors for elements in a graphite matrix”. Vanderborght B, Van Grieken R, Talanta : the international journal of pure and applied analytical chemistry 26, 461 (1979). http://doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(79)80111-3
Abstract: Relative sensitivity factors for determination of 41 elements by spark-source mass-spectrometry have been measured. The samples were pressed into graphite electrodes and ionized with a radiofrequency spark. The mass spectra were recorded on a photoplate and the resulting data processed by a computer. Indium was used as standard and the relative sensitivity factors for both singly- and doubly-charged ions were determined with reference to the singly-charged indium ion, with an overall error of 30%. The mean analysis precision was 16%.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/0039-9140(79)80111-3
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“Spark source mass spectrometry for trace analysis of diverse biological matrices”. Vos L, Van Grieken R page 303 (1983).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Sources and transport of urban and biomass burning aerosol black carbon at the South-West Atlantic coast”. Evangelista H, Maldonado J, Godoi RHM, Pereira EB, Koch D, Tanizaki-Fonseca K, Van Grieken R, Sampaio M, Setzer A, Alencar A, Gonçalves SC, Journal of atmospheric chemistry 56, 225 (2007). http://doi.org/10.1007/S10874-006-9052-8
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1007/S10874-006-9052-8
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“Sources and elemental composition of ambient PM2.5 in three European cities”. Vallius M, Janssen NAH, Heinrich J, Hoek G, Ruuskanen J, Cyrys J, Van Grieken R, de Hartog JJ, Kreyling WG, Pekkanen J, The science of the total environment 337, 147 (2005). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2004.06.018
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2004.06.018
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“Source apportionment of individual aerosol particles at Hungarian background stations”. Török S, Szandor S, Xhoffer C, Van Grieken R page 32 (1993).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Source apportionment and seasonal variation in particulate PAHs levels at a coastal site in Belgium”. Ravindra K, Dirtu AC, Mor S, Wauters E, Van Grieken R, Environmental Science And Pollution Research (2020). http://doi.org/10.1007/S11356-020-07881-7
Abstract: In the present study, estimation of the atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was done in particulate samples collected from De Haan, Belgium, during different seasons. The sampling site was situated very close to the north sea and far from the influence of local or industrial activities. The levels of PAHs depicted a distinct seasonal trend, being highest during the spring season. The observations of the study indicated a mean value of 2.6 ng m(-3) for concentration of all the 16 US EPA PAHs, thus being significantly lower when compared to results of previous studies focused on other sites. The dominating PAHs species reported were naphthalene, fluoranthene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, and indeno[1,2,3c,d] pyrene. Assessment of the seasonal variation of the PAH levels was also done with respect to diagnostic ratio-based source identification, analysis of back trajectories, and principle component analysis. Burning of fossil fuels was observed to be the prominent source of atmospheric PAHs in the study area. Further, lifetime cancer risk assessment was performed to assess the detrimental health impacts on humans on being exposed to atmospheric PAHs. Particulate PAHs present in the ambient air of Belgium shows no carcinogenic health impacts. However, considering the industrial expansion in the region, efforts are required to prevent the environmental contamination of PAHs.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 5.8
DOI: 10.1007/S11356-020-07881-7
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“Sorption and desorption of organophosphate esters with different hydrophobicity by soils”. Cristale J, Álvarez-Martín A, Rodriguez-Cruz S, Sanchez-Martin MJ, Lacorte S, Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24, 27870 (2017). http://doi.org/10.1007/S11356-017-0360-0
Abstract: Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are ubiquitous contaminants with potentially hazardous effects on both the environment and human health. Knowledge about the soil sorption-desorption process of organic chemicals is important in order to understand their fate, mobility, and bioavailability, enabling an estimation to be made of possible risks to the environment and biota. The aim of this study was to use the batch equilibrium technique to evaluate the sorption-desorption behavior of seven OPEs (TCEP, TCPP, TBEP, TDCP, TBP, TPhP, and EHDP) in soils with distinctive characteristics (two unamended soils and a soil amended with sewage sludge). The equilibrium concentrations of the OPEs were determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS/MS). All the compounds were sorbed by the soils, and soil organic carbon (OC) played an important role in this process. The sorption of the most soluble OPEs (TCEP, TCPP, and TBEP) depended on soil OC content, although desorption was 58.1%. The less water-soluble OPEs (TDCP, TBP, TPhP, and EHDP) recorded total sorption (100% for TPhP and EHDP) or very high sorption (34.9%) by all the soils and were not desorbed, which could be explained by their highly hydrophobic nature, as indicated by the logarithmic octanol/water partition coefficient (K-ow) values higher than 3.8, resulting in a high affinity for soil OC. The results of the sorption-desorption of the OPEs by soils with different characteristics highlighted the influence of these compounds' physicochemical properties and the content and nature of soil OC in this process.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1007/S11356-017-0360-0
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“Soot removal from ancient Egyptian complex painted surfaces using a double network gel : empirical tests on the ceiling of the sanctuary of Osiris in the temple of Seti I-Abydos”. Al-Emam E, Motawea AG, Caen J, Janssens K, Heritage science 9, 1 (2021). http://doi.org/10.1186/S40494-020-00473-1
Abstract: In this study, we evaluated the ease of removal of soot layers from ancient wall paintings by employing double network gels as a controllable and safe cleaning method. The ceiling of the temple of Seti I (Abydos, Egypt) is covered with thick layers of soot; this is especially the case in the sanctuary of Osiris. These layers may have been accumulated during the occupation of the temple by Christians, fleeing the Romans in the first centuries A.D. Soot particulates are one of the most common deposits to be removed during conservation-restoration activities of ancient Egyptian wall paintings. They usually mask the painted reliefs and reduce the permeability of the painted surface. A Polyvinyl alcohol-borax/agarose (PVA-B/AG) double network gel was selected for this task since its properties were expected to be compatible with the cleaning treatment requirements. The gel is characterized by its flexibility, permitting to take the shape of the reliefs, while also having self-healing properties, featuring shape stability and an appropriate capacity to retain liquid. The gel was loaded with several cleaning reagents that proved to be effective for soot removal. Soot removal tests were conducted with these gel composites. The cleaned surfaces were evaluated with the naked eye, a digital microscope, and color measurements in order to select the best gel composite. The gel composite, loaded with a solution of 5% ammonia, 0.3% ammonium carbonate, and 0.3% EDTA yielded the most satisfactory results and allowed to safely remove a crust of thick soot layers from the surface. Thus, during the final phase of the study, it was used successfully to clean a larger area of the ceiling.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
DOI: 10.1186/S40494-020-00473-1
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“Some studies of the effect of indoor and outdoor pollutants on cultural heritage items”. Van Grieken R, Kontozova V, Godoi RHM, Spolnik Z, Worobiec A, Deutsch F, Bencs L, (2005)
Keywords: P3 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
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“Some new applications of auxiliary signals in X-ray fluorescence and electron microprobe analysis”. Kuczumow A, Vekemans B, Schalm O, Vincze L, Dorriné, W, Gysels K, Van Grieken R, , 197 (1999)
Keywords: P1 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Some critical observations about the degradation of glass : the formation of lamellae explained”. Schalm O, Nuyts G, Janssens K, Journal Of Non-Crystalline Solids 569, 120984 (2021). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.JNONCRYSOL.2021.120984
Abstract: This study demonstrates that the mechanism responsible for the transformation of glass into a degradation layer is pH-dependent. In acid conditions, the transformed glass is homogeneous and brittle. In mild alkaline conditions, transformed glass is heterogeneous due to the presence of lamellae composed of silica nanoparticles and the occurrence of Ca-rich inclusions. The fundamental difference between acid and alkaline conditions cannot be explained by the currently accepted degradation mechanism based on ion exchange. To explain this critical observation, we propose a refined degradation mechanism based on existing knowledge that involves several inwardly moving reaction fronts. The fronts responsible for the transformation of the silicate network into amorphous silica are also responsible for the morphology of the transformed glass. We have identified the feedback mechanism that explains the formation of lamellae in alkaline conditions.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 2.124
DOI: 10.1016/J.JNONCRYSOL.2021.120984
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“Solving mercury (Hg) speciation in soil samples by synchrotron X-ray microspectroscopic techniques”. Terzano R, Santoro A, Spagnuolo M, Vekemans B, Medici L, Janssens K, Göttlicher J, Denecke MA, Mangold S, Ruggiero P, Environmental pollution 158, 2702 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2010.04.016
Abstract: Direct mercury (Hg) speciation was assessed for soil samples with a Hg concentration ranging from 7 up to 240 mg kg1. Hg chemical forms were identified and quantified by sequential extractions and bulkand micro-analytical techniques exploiting synchrotron generated X-rays. In particular, microspectroscopic techniques such as m-XRF, m-XRD and m-XANES were necessary to solve bulk Hg speciation, in both soil fractions <2 mm and <2 mm. The main Hg-species found in the soil samples were metacinnabar (b-HgS), cinnabar (a-HgS), corderoite (Hg3S2Cl2), and an amorphous phase containing Hg bound to chlorine and sulfur. The amount of metacinnabar and amorphous phases increased in the fraction <2 mm. No interaction among Hg-species and soil components was observed. All the observed Hgspecies originated from the slow weathering of an inert Hg-containing waste material (K106, U.S. EPA) dumped in the area several years ago, which is changing into a relatively more dangerous source of pollution.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 5.099
Times cited: 30
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2010.04.016
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“Solid state speciation and potential bioavailability of depleted uranium particles from Kosovo and Kuwait”. Lind OC, Salbu B, Skipperud L, Janssens K, Jaroszewicz J, de Nolf W, Journal of environmental radioactivity 100, 301 (2009). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVRAD.2008.12.018
Abstract: A combination of synchrotron radiation based X-ray microscopic techniques (ì-XRF, ì-XANES, ì-XRD) applied on single depleted uranium (DU) particles and semi-bulk leaching experiments has been employed to link the potential bioavailability of DU particles to site-specific particle characteristics. The oxidation states and crystallographic forms of U in DU particles have been determined for individual particles isolated from selected samples collected at different sites in Kosovo and Kuwait that were contaminated by DU ammunition during the 1999 Balkan conflict and the 1991 Gulf war. Furthermore, small soil or sand samples heavily contaminated with DU particles were subjected to simulated gastrointestinal fluid (0.16 M HCl) extractions. Characteristics of DU particles in Kosovo soils collected in 2000 and in Kuwait soils collected in 2002 varied significantly depending on the release scenario and to some extent on weathering conditions. Oxidized U (+6) was determined in large, fragile and bright yellow DU particles released during fire at a DU ammunition storage facility and crystalline phases such as schoepite (UO3·2.25H2O), dehydrated schoepite (UO3·0.75H2O) and metaschoepite (UO3·2.0H2O) were identified. As expected, these DU particles were rapidly dissolved in 0.16 M HCl (84 ± 3% extracted after 2 h) indicating a high degree of potential mobility and bioavailability. In contrast, the 2 h extraction of samples contaminated with DU particles originating either from corrosion of unspent DU penetrators or from impacted DU ammunition appeared to be much slower (2030%) as uranium was less oxidized (+4 to +6). Crystalline phases such as UO2, UC and metallic U or UTi alloy were determined in impacted DU particles from Kosovo and Kuwait, while the UO2,34 phase, only determined in particles from Kosovo, could reflect a more corrosive environment. Although the results are based on a limited number of DU particles, they indicate that the structure and extractability of DU particles released from similar sources (metallic U penetrators) will depend on the release scenarios (fire, impact) and to some extent environmental conditions. However, most of the DU particles (7396%) in all investigated samples were dissolved in 0.16 M HCl after one week indicating that a majority of the DU material is bioaccessible.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 2.31
Times cited: 49
DOI: 10.1016/J.JENVRAD.2008.12.018
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“Soil analysis by thin-film energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence”. Van Grieken R, Van 't dack L, Costa Dantas C, Da Silveira Dantas H, Analytica chimica acta 108, 93 (1979). http://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)93044-2
Abstract: Energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence is advantageous for trace analysis of soils present as thin films. A target thickness of about 2 mg cm-2 provides a compromise between optimal sensitivity and minimal absorption effect or optimal accuracy. Sample preparation involves only suspending the finely ground soil in water and drying this suspension on a thin mylar foil glued on a ring that fits into the x.r.f. spectrometer. The effective sample weight present in the exciting beam area is computed from the scatter peaks, a method that cancels out target heterogeneity problems. High accuracy is demonstrated for many elements in reference soil and rock materials; a precision around 5% and a detection limit around 10 ppm can be achieved. As an illustration, results for 16 trace elements and preliminary interpretation are given for a series of pedologically important soil samples from Brasil.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/S0003-2670(01)93044-2
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“SnIV-containing layered double hydroxides as precursors for nano-sized ZnO/SnO2 photocatalysts”. Seftel EM, Popovici E, Mertens M, Stefaniak EA, Van Grieken R, Cool P, Vansant EF, Applied catalysis : B : environmental 84, 699 (2008). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.APCATB.2008.06.006
Abstract: Sn4+-containing LDH was prepared using the co-precipitation method at constant pH, and characterized using X-ray diffraction, UVvis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and TG/DTG methods. The obtained product was further exposed to different thermal treatments in order to obtain nano-sized coupled ZnO/SnO2 systems with enhanced photocatalytic performances than the ones obtained by mixing the two semiconductor oxides. The formation of a well-defined ZnO/SnO2 system and the crystallite size, fully investigated using XRD, micro-Raman scattering and UVvis DR techniques, were found to be influenced by the nature of the precursors and the calcination temperature. The photocatalytic activity of the ZnO/SnO2 systems, evaluated for the photodegradation of methyl orange (MO) dye, was studied as a function of the initial pH, catalyst loading and the calcination temperature. The metal dispersion supplied by layered structures proved to be an advantage when preparing coupled ZnO/SnO2 systems, the photocatalytic activity being 2.3 times higher comparing with the physical mixtures performances. The maximum photocatalytic activity of the coupled ZnO/SnO2 system having a layered precursor was observed when using neutral pH, at a catalyst loading of 1 g/L calcined at 600 °C for 4 h.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Laboratory of adsorption and catalysis (LADCA); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/J.APCATB.2008.06.006
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“Skin penetration of minerals in psoriatics and guinea-pigs bathing in hypertonic salt solutions”. Shani J, Barak S, Levi D, Ram M, Schachner ER, Schlesinger T, Robberecht H, Van Grieken R, Avrach WW, Pharmacological research communications 17, 501 (1985). http://doi.org/10.1016/0031-6989(85)90123-7
Abstract: Penetration of electrolytes through the human skin was measured in healthy volunteers and in psoriatic patients after bathing in the Dead-Sea or in simulated bath-salt solutions. Significant increases in the levels of serum Br, Rb, Ca and Zn were noticed only in the psoriatic patients after daily bathing in the Dead-Sea for a 4-week regimen. Guinea-pigs bathed in simulated Dead-Sea bath-salt solutions containing radionuclides of Ca, Mg, K and Br. Traces of each radionuclide were detected in the blood and in some internal organs after 60 minutes of bathing. The radionuclides showed a physiological pattern in their organ distribution. Even though the whole investigation was carried out in hypertonic solutions, there is a definite penetration of salts through healthy (human and guinea-pigs) and damaged (psoriatic) epidermis. This finding suggests that improvement of the psoriatic condition after bathing in the Dead-Sea, may be partly attributed (in addition to ultraviolet irradiation) to the minerals' effect on the psoriatic skin.
Keywords: A3 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/0031-6989(85)90123-7
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“Size-differentiated composition of aerosols in Khartoum, Sudan”. Eltayeb MAH, van Espen PJ, Cafmeyer J, Van Grieken RE, Maenhaut W, The science of the total environment 120, 281 (1992). http://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(92)90062-W
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Chemometrics (Mitac 3)
DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(92)90062-W
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“Size distribution and chemical properties of welding fumes of inhalable particles”. Oprya M, Kiro S, Worobiec A, Horemans B, Darchuk L, Novakovic V, Ennan A, Van Grieken R, Journal of aerosol science 45, 50 (2012). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAEROSCI.2011.10.004
Abstract: The goal of the present study was to analyze the relationship between the fume formation rate, welding conditions, chemical composition of welding fume particles and their size. In the range from 0.25 to 16 μm aerodynamic diameter, three distinct types of welding fume particles were identified in the welder's breathing zone. The elemental composition of each type depended completely on the used welding materials, and reflects their mechanism of formation. Their relative abundance in the welding fume appeared to be dependent on the electrode coating, as well as the heat input during welding.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
DOI: 10.1016/J.JAEROSCI.2011.10.004
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“Singlet oxygen-based electrosensing by molecular photosensitizers”. Trashin S, Rahemi V, Ramji K, Neven L, Gorun SM, De Wael K, Nature communications 8, 16108 (2017). http://doi.org/10.1038/NCOMMS16108
Abstract: Enzyme-based electrochemical biosensors are an inspiration for the development of (bio)analytical techniques. However, the instability and reproducibility of the reactivity of enzymes, combined with the need for chemical reagents for sensing remain challenges for the construction of useful devices. Here we present a sensing strategy inspired by the advantages of enzymes and photoelectrochemical sensing, namely the integration of aerobic photocatalysis and electrochemical analysis. The photosensitizer, a bioinspired perfluorinated Zn phthalocyanine, generates singlet-oxygen from air under visible light illumination and oxidizes analytes, yielding electrochemically-detectable products while resisting the oxidizing species it produces. Compared with enzymatic detection methods, the proposed strategy uses air instead of internally added reactive reagents, features intrinsic baseline correction via on/off light switching and shows C-F bonds-type enhanced stability. It also affords selectivity imparted by the catalytic process and nano-level detection, such as 20 nM amoxicillin in μl sample volumes.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 12.124
Times cited: 26
DOI: 10.1038/NCOMMS16108
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“Single-run ion chromatographic separation of inorganic and low-molecular-mass organic anions under isocratic elution: application to environmental samples”. Krata A, Kontozova-Deutsch V, Bencs L, Deutsch F, Van Grieken R, Talanta : the international journal of pure and applied analytical chemistry 79, 16 (2009). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.TALANTA.2009.02.044
Abstract: For the isocratic ion chromatography (IC) separation of low-molecular-mass organic acids and inorganic anions three different anion-exchange columns were studied: IonPac AS14 (9 ìm particle size), Allsep A-2 (7 ìm particle size), and IC SI-50 4E (5 ìm particle size). A complete baseline separation for all analyzed anions (i.e., F−, acetate, formate, Cl−, NO2−, Br−, NO3−, HPO42− and SO42−) in one analytical cycle of shorter than 17 min was achieved on the IC SI-50 4E column, using an eluent mixture of 3.2 mM Na2CO3 and 1.0 mM NaHCO3 with a flow rate of 1.0 mL min−1. On the IonPac AS14 column, it was possible to separate acetate from inorganic anions in one run (i.e., less than 9 min), but not formate, under the following conditions: 3.5 mM Na2CO3 plus 1.0 mM NaHCO3 with a flow rate of 1.2 mL min−1. Therefore, it was necessary to adapt a second run with a 2.0 mM Na2B4O7 solution as an eluent under a flow rate of 0.8 mL min−1 for the separation of organic ions, which considerably enlarged the analysis time. For the Allsep A-2 column, using an eluent mixture of 1.2 mM Na2CO3 plus 1.5 mM NaHCO3 with a flow rate of 1.6 mL min−1, it was possible to separate almost all anions in one run within 25 min, except the fluoride-acetate critical pair. A Certified Multianion Standard Solution PRIMUS for IC was used for the validation of the analytical methods. The lowest RSDs (less than 1%) and the best LODs (0.02, 0.2, 0.16, 0.11, 0.06, 0.05, 0.04, 0.14 and 0.09 mg L−1 for F−, Ac−, For−, Cl−, NO2−, Br−, NO3−, HPO42− and SO42−, respectively) were achieved using the IC SI-50 4E column. This column was applied for the separation of concerned ions in environmental precipitation samples such as snow, hail and rainwater.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/J.TALANTA.2009.02.044
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“Single-particle characterization of urban aerosol particles collected in three Korean cities using low-Z electron probe x-ray microanalysis”. Ro C-U, Kim H, Oh K-Y, Yea SK, Lee CB, Jang M, Van Grieken R, Environmental science and technology 36, 4770 (2002). http://doi.org/10.1021/ES025697Y
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1021/ES025697Y
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“Single-particle characterization of four “Asian Dust&rdquo, samples collected in Korea, using low-Z particle electron probe X-ray microanalysis”. Ro C-U, Hwang H, Kim HK, Chun Y, Van Grieken R, Environmental science and technology 39, 1409 (2005). http://doi.org/10.1021/ES049772B
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1021/ES049772B
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“Single-particle analysis of aerosols at Cheju Island, Korea, using low-Z electron probe X-ray microanalysis: a direct proof of nitrate formation from sea salts”. Ro C-U, Oh K-Y, Kim H, Kim YP, Lee CB, Kim K-H, Kang CH, Osán J, de Hoog J, Worobiec A, Van Grieken R, Environmental science and technology 35, 4487 (2001). http://doi.org/10.1021/ES0155231
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1021/ES0155231
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“Single particle characterisation of the aerosol in the marine boundary layer and free troposphere over Tenerife, NE Atlantic, during ACE-2”. Hoornaert S, Godoi RHM, Van Grieken R, Journal of atmospheric chemistry 46, 271 (2003). http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026383403878
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1023/A:1026383403878
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“Single particle characterisation of inorganic suspension in Lake Baikal”. Jambers W, Van Grieken R, Environmental science and technology 31, 1525 (1997)
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Single particle characterisation of inorganic North Sea suspensions”. Jambers W, Van Grieken R, (1996)
Keywords: P3 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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