Abstract: The phase and microstructure relationship of 12 mol% CeO2-stabilized ZrO2 ceramics prepared from coated powder was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersed Xray spectroscopy (EDS). As compared with the sample prepared with co-precipitated method, which exhibited a similar grain size distribution, the EDS analysis revealed that the powder coating induced a wide distribution of CeO2 solubility, which decreases monotonically with the increase of grain size. This variation of stabilizer content from grain to grain rendered many large grains in the monoclinic phase. Stronger cerium segregation to grain boundaries was observed between large grains, which often form thin amorphous films there. The inhomogeneous; CeO2 distribution keeps more tetragonal ZrO2 grains close to the phase boundary to facilitate the transforming toughness. Addition of an Al2O3 precursor in coated powders effectively raises the overall CeO2 stabilizer content in the grains and preserves more transformable tetragonal phase in the microstructure, which further enhanced the fracture toughness. The dependence of CeO2 solubility on grain size may be explained in a simple coating-controlled diffusion and growth process that deserves further investigation.

Abstract: A flow injection hydride generation graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric (FI-HG-GFAAS) method was applied to the determination of Se in Se-doped and undoped cereals and bakery products. For the purpose of doping, the soils used for the cultivation of the cereals were dosed with Se- doped foliar fertilizers. The samples were dissolved in a mixture of HNO(3) and H(2)O(2) solutions using micro-waveassisted digestion. The decomposition of H(2)Se generated from the sample solutions and the trapping of elemental Se were performed at a temperature of 300 degrees C on an Ir-pretreated integrated graphite platform of a transversally heated graphite atomizer(THGA). For release of the trapped Se within a fairly short atomization time (5s), an atomization temperature of 2200 degrees C was observed to be optimal. The overall efficiency of hydride generation, transport and trapping was similar to 86%. The upper limit of the linear dynamic range of calibration was 10 mu gL(-1), which corresponds to 0.5 mu g g(-1) for solid samples. Recovery of the samples spiked with Se(VI) solutions was found to be 93 +/- 6% on average. The relative standard deviation of the determinations was less than 8%. The limit of detection was found to be 0.06 mu gL(-1), corresponding to 3 ng g(-1) for solid samples. The accuracy of the method was verified with the use of IAEA-155 ( whey powder) certified reference material. End-capped THGA tubes resulted in an extension of the linear calibration range compared to that of standard THGAs. The Se content in bakery products made of undoped cereals ranged from 7.7 to 68 ng g(-1) ( wet weight) in 18 samples, whereas the Se content of the corresponding cereals was found to be below 100 ng g(-1) ( wet weight). The Se level of cereals grown on soils treated with Se- doped fertilizers ranged from 128 to 1046 ng g(-1) ( wet weight), and it depended linearly on the Se concentration of the corresponding foliar fertilizer.

Abstract: The effect of the electric field on an exciton confined in a pair of vertically coupled quantum dots is studied. We use a single-band approximation and a parabolic model potential. As a result of these idealizations, we obtain a numerically solvable model, which is used to describe the influence of the electron-hole interaction on the Stark effect for the lowest-energy photo luminescence lines. We show that for intermediate tunnel coupling between the dots this interaction leads to an anomalous Stark effect with an essential deviation of the recombination energy from the usual quadratic dependence on the electric field. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Abstract: This study deals with the process of zeolite formation in an agricultural soil artificially polluted by high amounts of Cu (15 mg of Cu/g of soil dry weight) and treated with fused coal fly ash at 30 and 60 degrees C and how this process affects the mobility and availability of the metal. As a consequence of the treatment, the amount of dissolved Cu, and thus its mobility, was strongly reduced, and the percentage of the metal stabilized in the solid phase increased over time, reaching values of 30% at 30 degrees C and 40% at 60 degrees C. The physicochemical phenomena responsible for Cu stabilization in the solid phase have been evaluated by EDTA sequential extractions and synchrotron radiation based X-ray microanalytical techniques. These techniques were used for the visualization of the spatial distribution and the speciation of Cu in and/or on the neo-formed zeolite particles. In particular, micro XRF (X-ray fluorescence) tomography showed direct evidence that Cu can be entrapped as clusters inside the porous zeolitic structures while,mu-XANES (X-ray absorption near edge structure) spectroscopy determinations revealed Cu to be present mainly as Cu(II) hydroxide and Cu(II) oxide. The reported results could be useful as a basic knowledge for planning new technologies for the on site physicochemical stabilization of heavy metals in heavily polluted soils.