| Records |
| Author |
Cotte, M.; Gonzalez, V.; Vanmeert, F.; Monico, L.; Dejoie, C.; Burghammer, M.; Huder, L.; de Nolf, W.; Fisher, S.; Fazlic, I.; Chauffeton, C.; Wallez, G.; Jimenez, N.; Albert-Tortosa, F.; Salvado, N.; Possenti, E.; Colombo, C.; Ghirardello, M.; Comelli, D.; Avranovich Clerici, E.; Vivani, R.; Romani, A.; Costantino, C.; Janssens, K.; Taniguchi, Y.; McCarthy, J.; Reichert, H.; Susini, J. |
| Title |
The “Historical Materials BAG” : a new facilitated access to synchrotron X-ray diffraction analyses for cultural heritage materials at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Molecules: a journal of synthetic chemistry and natural product chemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
Molecules |
| Volume |
27 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1997-21 |
| Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS) |
| Abstract |
The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) has recently commissioned the new Extremely Brilliant Source (EBS). The gain in brightness as well as the continuous development of beamline instruments boosts the beamline performances, in particular in terms of accelerated data acquisition. This has motivated the development of new access modes as an alternative to standard proposals for access to beamtime, in particular via the “block allocation group” (BAG) mode. Here, we present the recently implemented “historical materials BAG”: a community proposal giving to 10 European institutes the opportunity for guaranteed beamtime at two X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) beamlines-ID13, for 2D high lateral resolution XRPD mapping, and ID22 for high angular resolution XRPD bulk analyses-with a particular focus on applications to cultural heritage. The capabilities offered by these instruments, the specific hardware and software developments to facilitate and speed-up data acquisition and data processing are detailed, and the first results from this new access are illustrated with recent applications to pigments, paintings, ceramics and wood. |
| Address |
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| Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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| Language |
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Wos |
000776369800001 |
Publication Date |
2022-03-21 |
| Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume  |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
| ISSN |
1420-3049 |
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
| Impact Factor |
4.6 |
Times cited |
|
Open Access |
OpenAccess |
| Notes |
|
Approved |
Most recent IF: 4.6 |
| Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:188053 |
Serial |
7218 |
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
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| |
| Author |
Gonzalez, V.; Fazlic, I.; Cotte, M.; Vanmeert, F.; Gestels, A.; De Meyer, S.; Broers, F.; Hermans, J.; van Loon, A.; Janssens, K.; Noble, P.; Keune, K. |
| Title |
Lead(II) formate in Rembrandt's Night Watch : detection and distribution from the macro- to the micro-scale |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Angewandte Chemie: international edition in English |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
| Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
1-9 |
| Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Art; Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS) |
| Abstract |
The Night Watch, painted in 1642 and on view in the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, is considered Rembrandt's most famous work. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) mapping at multiple length scales revealed the unusual presence of lead(II) formate, Pb(HCOO)(2), in several areas of the painting. Until now, this compound was never reported in historical oil paints. In order to get insights into this phenomenon, one possible chemical pathway was explored thanks to the preparation and micro-analysis of model oil paint media prepared by heating linseed oil and lead(II) oxide (PbO) drier as described in 17(th) century recipes. Synchrotron radiation based micro-XRPD (SR-mu-XRPD) and infrared microscopy were combined to identify and map at the micro-scale various neo-formed lead-based compounds in these model samples. Both lead(II) formate and lead(II) formate hydroxide Pb(HCOO)(OH) were detected and mapped, providing new clues regarding the reactivity of lead driers in oil matrices in historical paintings. |
| Address |
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| Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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| Language |
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Wos |
000920584500001 |
Publication Date |
2023-01-02 |
| Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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| Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
| ISSN |
1433-7851; 0570-0833 |
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
| Impact Factor |
16.6 |
Times cited |
|
Open Access |
OpenAccess |
| Notes |
|
Approved |
Most recent IF: 16.6; 2023 IF: 11.994 |
| Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:194279 |
Serial |
7318 |
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
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| |
| Author |
Monico, L.; Hendriks, E.; Geldof, M.; Miliani, C.; Janssens, K.; Brunetti, B.G.; Cotte, M.; Vanmeert, F.; Chieli, A.; Van der Snickt, G.; Romani, A.; Melo, M.J. |
| Title |
Chemical alteration and colour changes in the Amsterdam sunflowers |
Type |
H1 Book chapter |
| Year |
2019 |
Publication |
|
Abbreviated Journal |
|
| Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
125-158
T2 - Van Gogh’s Sunflowers illuminated – a |
| Keywords |
H1 Book chapter; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES) |
| Abstract |
This chapter provides a description of colour changes in the Amsterdam Sunflowers due to chemical alteration of pigments, with a focus on geranium lakes and chrome yellows. The brilliant and forceful colours of these and other late nineteenth-century synthetic materials offered artists such as Vincent van Gogh new means of artistic expression that exploited a range of contrasting hues and tints. However, geranium lakes have a strong tendency to fade and chrome yellows to darken under the influence of light. Van Gogh, like other artists of his day, was aware of this drawback, yet he continued to favour the use of both pigments up until his death in July 1890 due to the unparalleled effects they gave. In April 1888, Vincent wrote to his brother Theo: Van Gogh's use of unstable colours opens a series of questions regarding the extent to which colour change affects the way his paintings look today, as discussed here in relation to the Amsterdam Sunflowers. Furthermore, given the frequency with which geranium lakes and chrome yellows occur in Van Gogh's paintings of the period 1888–90 and the predominance of chrome yellows in Sunflowers, it becomes important to understand the factors that can drive these processes of deterioration in order to develop appropriate strategies for conserving the artist's works. |
| Address |
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| Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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| Language |
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Wos |
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Publication Date |
2020-11-25 |
| Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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| Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
| ISSN |
|
ISBN |
978-94-6372-532-3 |
Additional Links |
UA library record |
| Impact Factor |
|
Times cited |
|
Open Access |
|
| Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:190779 |
Serial |
7640 |
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
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| |
| Author |
Monico, L.; Cotte, M.; Vanmeert, F.; Amidani, L.; Janssens, K.; Nuyts, G.; Garrevoet, J.; Falkenberg, G.; Glatzel, P.; Romani, A.; Miliani, C. |
| Title |
Damages induced by synchrotron radiation-based X-ray microanalysis in chrome yellow paints and related Cr-compounds : assessment, quantification, and mitigation strategies |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Analytical Chemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anal Chem |
| Volume |
92 |
Issue |
20 |
Pages |
14164-14173 |
| Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
| Abstract |
Synchrotron radiation (SR)-based X-ray methods are powerful analytical tools for several purposes. They are widely used to probe the degradation mechanisms of inorganic artists' pigments in paintings, including chrome yellows (PbCr1-xSxO4; 0 <= x <= 0.8), a class of compounds often found in Van Gogh masterpieces. However, the high intensity and brightness of SR beams raise important issues regarding the potential damage inflicted on the analyzed samples. A thorough knowledge of the SR X-ray sensitivity of each class of pigment in the painting matrix is therefore required to find analytical strategies that seek to minimize the damage for preserving the integrity of the analyzed samples and to avoid data misinterpretation. Here, we employ a combination of Cr K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy, Cr-K-beta X-ray emission spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction to monitor and quantify the effects of SR X-rays on the stability of chrome yellows and related Cr compounds and to define mitigation strategies. We found that the SR X-ray beam exposure induces changes in the oxidation state and local coordination environment of Cr ions and leads to a loss of the compound's crystalline structure. The extent of X-ray damage depends on some intrinsic properties of the samples (chemical composition of the pigment and the presence/absence and nature of the binder). It can be minimized by optimizing the overall fluence/dose released to the samples and by working in vacuum and under cryogenic conditions. |
| Address |
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| Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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| Language |
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Wos |
000584418100072 |
Publication Date |
2020-09-21 |
| Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
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| Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
| ISSN |
0003-2700; 5206-882x |
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
| Impact Factor |
7.4 |
Times cited |
|
Open Access |
|
| Notes |
|
Approved |
Most recent IF: 7.4; 2020 IF: 6.32 |
| Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:174363 |
Serial |
7754 |
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
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| |
| Author |
Janssens, K.; Alfeld, M.; Van der Snickt, G.; De Nolf, W.; Vanmeert, F.; Monico, L.; Legrand, S.; Dik, J.; Cotte, M.; Falkenberg, G.; van der Loeff, L.; Leeuwestein, M.; Hendriks, E. |
| Title |
Examination of Vincent van Gogh's paintings and pigments by means of state-of-the-art analytical methods |
Type |
H2 Book chapter |
| Year |
2014 |
Publication |
|
Abbreviated Journal |
|
| Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
373-403
T2 - Science and art : the painted surface |
| Keywords |
H2 Book chapter; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
| Abstract |
Recent studies in which X-ray beams of macroscopic to (sub) microscopic dimensions were used for non-destructive analysis and characterization of pigments, paint micro samples and/or entire paintings by Vincent van Gogh are concisely reviewed. The overview presented encompasses the use of laboratory and synchrotron radiation-based instrumentation and deals with the use of several variants of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) as a method of elemental analysis and imaging as well as with the combined use of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Microscopic and macroscopic XRF are variants of the method that are well suited to visualize the elemental distribution of key elements, mostly metals, present in paint multi layers, either on the length scale from 1–100 μm inside micro samples taken from paintings or on the 1–100 cm length scale when the (subsurface) distribution of specific pigments in entire paintings is concerned. In the context of the characterization of van Gogh's pigments subject to natural degradation, the use of methods limited to elemental analysis or imaging usually is not sufficient to elucidate the chemical transformations that have taken place. However, at synchrotron facilities, combinations of μ-XRF with related methods such as μ-XAS and μ-XRD have proven themselves to be very suitable for such studies. Their use is often combined with microscopic Fourier transform infra-red (μ-FTIR) spectroscopy since this method delivers complementary information at more or less the same length scale as the X-ray microprobe techniques. Also in the context of macroscopic imaging of works of art, the complementary use of X-ray based and infra-red based imaging appears very promising; some recent developments are discussed. |
| Address |
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| Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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| Language |
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Wos |
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Publication Date |
2020-02-24 |
| Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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| Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
| ISSN |
|
ISBN |
978-1-84973-818-7 |
Additional Links |
UA library record |
| Impact Factor |
|
Times cited |
|
Open Access |
|
| Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:190782 |
Serial |
7943 |
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
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| |
| Author |
Christiansen, T.; Cotte, M.; de Nolf, W.; Mouro, E.; Reyes-Herrera, J.; De Meyer, S.; Vanmeert, F.; Salvado, N.; Gonzalez, V.; Lindelof, P.E.; Mortensen, K.; Ryholt, K.; Janssens, K.; Larsen, S. |
| Title |
Insights into the composition of ancient Egyptian red and black inks on papyri achieved by synchrotron-based microanalyses |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
P Natl Acad Sci Usa |
| Volume |
117 |
Issue |
45 |
Pages |
27825-27835 |
| Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
| Abstract |
A hitherto unknown composition is highlighted in the red and black inks preserved on ancient Egyptian papyri from the Roman period (circa 100 to 200 CE). Synchrotron-based macro-X-ray fluo-rescence (XRF) mapping brings to light the presence of iron (Fe) and lead (Pb) compounds in the majority of the red inks inscribed on 12 papyrus fragments from the Tebtunis temple library. The iron-based compounds in the inks can be assigned to ocher, notably due to the colocalization of Fe with aluminum, and the detection of hematite (Fe2O3) by micro-X-ray diffraction. Using the same techniques together with micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Pb is shown to be associated with fatty acid phosphate, sulfate, chloride, and carboxylate ions. Moreover, microXRF maps reveal a peculiar distribution and colocalization of Pb, phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S), which are present at the micrometric scale resembling diffused “coffee rings” surrounding the ocher particles imbedded in the red letters, and at the submicrometric scale concentrated in the papyrus cell walls. A similar Pb, P, and S composition was found in three black inks, suggesting that the same lead components were employed in the manufacture of carbon-based inks. Bearing in mind that pigments such as red lead (Pb3O4) and lead white (hydrocerussite [Pb-3(CO3)(2)(OH)(2)] and/or cerussite [PbCO3]) were not detected, the results presented here suggest that the lead compound in the ink was used as a drier rather than as a pigment. Accordingly, the study calls for a reassessment of the composition of lead-based components in ancient Mediterranean pigments. |
| Address |
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| Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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| Language |
|
Wos |
000590753400016 |
Publication Date |
2020-10-27 |
| Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
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| Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
| ISSN |
0027-8424; 1091-6490 |
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
| Impact Factor |
11.1 |
Times cited |
|
Open Access |
|
| Notes |
|
Approved |
Most recent IF: 11.1; 2020 IF: 9.661 |
| Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:174323 |
Serial |
8107 |
| Permanent link to this record |
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| |
| Author |
Monico, L.; d'Acapito, F.; Cotte, M.; Janssens, K.; Romani, A.; Ricci, G.; Miliani, C.; Cartechini, L. |
| Title |
Total electron yield (TEY) detection mode Cr K-edge XANES spectroscopy as a direct method to probe the composition of the surface of darkened chrome yellow (PbCr1-xSxO4) and potassium chromate paints |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Nuclear instruments and methods in physics research: B: beam interactions with materials and atoms |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
| Volume |
539 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
141-147 |
| Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS) |
| Abstract |
The darkening of chromate-pigments, including chrome yellows (PbCr1-xSxO4), is a surface phenomenon affecting late 19th-early 20th c. paintings, such as those by Van Gogh. Exploring analytical strategies that contribute to a deep understanding of darkening is therefore significant for the long-term conservation of unique masterpieces. Here, we examined the capabilities of Cr K-edge XANES spectroscopy collected at the same time in X-ray fluorescence yield (XFY) and total electron yield (TEY) detection modes to selectively study the surface composition of darkened oil paint mock-ups composed of chrome yellow (PbCr0.2S0.8O4) or potassium chromate. By discussing advantages and drawbacks in using XFY/TEY modes in relation to XFY & mu;-XANES analysis from sectioned samples, we aim at assessing if TEY-XANES spectroscopy: (i) is a selective surface method to determine the abundance of different Cr-species from paint fragments; (ii) can contribute to optimize the analytical strategy by limiting time consuming sample preparation procedures; (iii) can decrease the probability of radiation damage. |
| Address |
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| Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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| Language |
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Wos |
001041485400001 |
Publication Date |
2023-04-10 |
| Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
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| Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
| ISSN |
0168-583x |
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
| Impact Factor |
1.3 |
Times cited |
|
Open Access |
OpenAccess |
| Notes |
|
Approved |
Most recent IF: 1.3; 2023 IF: 1.109 |
| Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:198427 |
Serial |
8944 |
| Permanent link to this record |
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| |
| Author |
Mayda, S.; Monico, L.; Krishnan, D.; De Meyer, S.; Cotte, M.; Garrevoet, J.; Falkenberg, G.; Sandu, I.C.A.; Partoens, B.; Lamoen, D.; Romani, A.; Miliani, C.; Verbeeck, J.; Janssens, K. |
| Title |
A combined experimental and computational approach to understanding CdS pigment oxidation in a renowned early 20th century painting |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Chemistry of materials |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
| Volume |
35 |
Issue |
24 |
Pages |
10403-10415 |
| Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Condensed Matter Theory (CMT); Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS) |
| Abstract |
Cadmium sulfide (CdS)-based yellow pigments have been used in a number of early 20th century artworks, including The Scream series painted by Edvard Munch. Some of these unique paintings are threatened by the discoloration of these CdS-based yellow oil paints because of the oxidation of the original sulfides to sulfates. The experimental data obtained here prove that moisture and cadmium chloride compounds play a key role in promoting such oxidation. To clarify how these two factors effectively prompt the process, we studied the band alignment between CdS, CdCl2, and Cd-(OH)Cl as well as the radicals center dot OH and H3O center dot by density functional theory (DFT) methods. Our results show that a stack of several layers of Cd-(OH)Cl creates a pocket of positive holes at the Cl-terminated surface and a pocket of electrons at the OH-terminated surface by leading in a difference in ionization energy at both surfaces. The resulting band alignment indicates that Cd-(OH)Cl can indeed play the role of an oxidative catalyst for CdS in a moist environment, thus providing an explanation for the experimental evidence. |
| Address |
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| Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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| Language |
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Wos |
001133000900001 |
Publication Date |
2023-12-08 |
| Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
| Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
| ISSN |
0897-4756; 1520-5002 |
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record |
| Impact Factor |
8.6 |
Times cited |
|
Open Access |
|
| Notes |
The experimental research on the cadmium yellow powders/paint mock-ups and The Scream (ca. 1910) was financially supported by the European Union, research projects IPERION-CH (H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015, GA no. 654028) and IPERION-HS (H2020-INFRAIA-2019-1, GA no. 871034) and the project AMIS within the program Dipartimenti di Eccellenza 2018-2022 (funded by MUR and the University of Perugia). For the beamtime grants received, the authors thank the ESRF-ID21 beamline (experiments HG64 and HG95), the DESY-P06 beamline, a member of the Helmholtz Association HGF (experiments I-20130221 EC and I-20160126 EC), and the project CALIPSOplus under the GA no. 730872 from the E.U. Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020. All of the staff of the MUNCH Museum (Conservation Department) is acknowledged for their collaboration. The computational resources and services used in this work were provided by the VSC (Flemish Supercomputer Center) and the HPC infrastructure of the University of Antwerp (CalcUA), both funded by the FWO – Vlaanderen and the Flemish Government, Department EWI. |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 8.6; 2023 IF: 9.466 |
| Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:202836 |
Serial |
8999 |
| Permanent link to this record |
