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	Author	Aerts, A.; Follens, L.R.A.; Biermans, E.; Bals, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Loppinet, B.; Kirschhock, C.E.A.; Martens, J.A.
	Title	Modelling of synchrotron SAXS patterns of silicalite-1 zeolite during crystallization			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Physical chemistry, chemical physics	Abbreviated Journal	Phys Chem Chem Phys
	Volume	13	Issue	10	Pages	4318-4325
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was used to characterize silicalite-1 zeolite crystallization from TEOS/TPAOH/water clear sol. SAXS patterns were recorded over a broad range of length scales, enabling the simultaneous monitoring of nanoparticles and crystals occurring at various stages of the synthesis. A simple two-population model accurately described the patterns. Nanoparticles were modeled by polydisperse coreshell spheres and crystals by monodisperse oblate ellipsoids. These models were consistent with TEM images. The SAXS results, in conjunction with in situ light scattering, showed that nucleation of crystals occurred in a short period of time. Crystals were uniform in size and shape and became increasingly anisotropic during growth. In the presence of nanoparticles, crystal growth was fast. During crystal growth, the number of nanoparticles decreased gradually but their size was constant. These observations suggested that the nanoparticles were growth units in an aggregative crystal growth mechanism. Crystals grown in the presence of nanoparticles developed a faceted habit and intergrowths. In the final stages of growth, nanoparticles were depleted. Concurrently, the crystal growth rate decreased significantly.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Cambridge	Editor
	Language		Wos	000287584700017	Publication Date	2011-01-24
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1463-9076;1463-9084;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.123	Times cited	22	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Iap; Esteem 026019			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.123; 2011 IF: 3.573
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:87602			Serial	2155
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Bals, S.; Batenburg, K.J.; Liang, D.; Lebedev, O.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Aerts, A.; Martens, J.A.; Kirschhock, C.E.
	Title	Quantitative three-dimensional modeling of zeotile through discrete electron tomography			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2009	Publication	Journal of the American Chemical Society	Abbreviated Journal	J Am Chem Soc
	Volume	131	Issue	13	Pages	4769-4773
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
	Abstract	Discrete electron tomography is a new approach for three-dimensional reconstruction of nanoscale objects. The technique exploits prior knowledge of the object to be reconstructed, which results in an improvement of the quality of the reconstructions. Through the combination of conventional transmission electron microscopy and discrete electron tomography with a model-based approach, quantitative structure determination becomes possible. In the present work, this approach is used to unravel the building scheme of Zeotile-4, a silica material with two levels of structural order. The layer sequence of slab-shaped building units could be identified. Successive layers were found to be related by a rotation of 120°, resulting in a hexagonal space group. The Zeotile-4 material is a demonstration of the concept of successive structuring of silica at two levels. At the first level, the colloid chemical properties of Silicalite-1 precursors are exploited to create building units with a slablike geometry. At the second level, the slablike units are tiled using a triblock copolymer to serve as a mesoscale structuring agent.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000264806300050	Publication Date	2009-03-16
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0002-7863;1520-5126;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	13.858	Times cited	58	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Iap; Esteem 026019			Approved	Most recent IF: 13.858; 2009 IF: 8.580
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:76393			Serial	2767
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	Author	Sree, S.P.; Dendooven, J.; Masschaele, K.; Hamed, H.M.; Deng, S.; Bals, S.; Detavernier, C.; Martens, J.A.
	Title	Synthesis of uniformly dispersed anatase nanoparticles inside mesoporous silica thin films via controlled breakup and crystallization of amorphous TiO₂ deposited using atomic layer deposition			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Nanoscale	Abbreviated Journal	Nanoscale
	Volume	5	Issue	11	Pages	5001-5008
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Amorphous titanium dioxide was introduced into the pores of mesoporous silica thin films with 75% porosity and 12 nm average pore diameter via Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) using alternating pulses of tetrakis(dimethylamino)titanium and water. Calcination provoked fragmentation of the deposited amorphous TiO2 phase and its crystallization into anatase nanoparticles inside the nanoporous film. The narrow particle size distribution of 4 ± 2 nm and the uniform dispersion of the particles over the mesoporous silica support were uniquely revealed using electron tomography. These anatase nanoparticle bearing films showed photocatalytic activity in methylene blue degradation. This new synthesis procedure of the anatase nanophase in mesoporous silica films using ALD is a convenient fabrication method of photocatalytic coatings amenable to application on very small as well as very large surfaces
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Cambridge	Editor
	Language		Wos	000319008700056	Publication Date	2013-04-09
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2040-3364;2040-3372;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.367	Times cited	22	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Iap-Pai; Erc			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.367; 2013 IF: 6.739
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:108774			Serial	3460
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	Author	Bals, S.; Van Aert, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Avila-Brande, D.
	Title	Statistical estimation of atomic positions from exit wave reconstruction with a precision in the picometer range			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2006	Publication	Physical review letters	Abbreviated Journal	Phys Rev Lett
	Volume	96	Issue	9	Pages	096106,1-4
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	The local structure of Bi4W2/3Mn1/3O8Cl is determined using quantitative transmission electron microscopy. The electron exit wave, which is closely related to the projected crystal potential, is reconstructed and used as a starting point for statistical parameter estimation. This method allows us to refine all atomic positions on a local scale, including those of the light atoms, with a precision in the picometer range. Using this method one is no longer restricted to the information limit of the electron microscope. Our results are in good agreement with x-ray powder diffraction data demonstrating the reliability of the method. Moreover, it will be shown that local effects can be interpreted using this approach.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	New York, N.Y.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000235905700042	Publication Date	2006-03-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0031-9007;1079-7114;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	8.462	Times cited	69	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Iap V			Approved	Most recent IF: 8.462; 2006 IF: 7.072
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:56977			Serial	3154
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	Author	Justo, Y.; Goris, B.; Sundar Kamal, J.; Geiregat, P.; Bals, S.; Hens, Z.
	Title	Multiple dot-in-rod PbS/CdS heterostructures with high photoluminescence quantum yield in the near-infrared			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2012	Publication	Journal of the American Chemical Society	Abbreviated Journal	J Am Chem Soc
	Volume	134	Issue	12	Pages	5484-5487
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Pb cations in PbS quantum rods made from CdS quantum rods by successive complete cationic exchange reactions are partially re-exchanged for Cd cations. Using STEM-HAADF, we show that this leads to the formation of unique multiple dot-in-rod PbS/CdS heteronanostructures, with a photoluminescence quantum yield of 4555%. We argue that the formation of multiple dot-in-rods is related to the initial polycrystallinity of the PbS quantum rods, where each PbS crystallite transforms in a separate PbS/CdS dot-in-dot. Effective mass modeling indicates that electronic coupling between the different PbS conduction band states is feasible for the multiple dot-in-rod geometries obtained, while the hole states remain largely uncoupled.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000302489500015	Publication Date	2012-03-16
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0002-7863;1520-5126;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	13.858	Times cited	41	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Iap			Approved	Most recent IF: 13.858; 2012 IF: 10.677
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:96957			Serial	2226
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	Author	Wang, H.; Cuppens, J.; Biermans, E.; Bals, S.; Fernandez-Ballester, L.; Kvashnina, K.O.; Bras, W.; van Bael, M.J.; Temst, K.; Vantomme, A.
	Title	Tuning of the size and the lattice parameter of ion-beam synthesized Pb nanoparticles embedded in Si			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2012	Publication	Journal of physics: D: applied physics	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys D Appl Phys
	Volume	45	Issue	3	Pages	035301-035301,7
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	The size and lattice constant evolution of Pb nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized by high fluence implantation in crystalline Si have been studied with a variety of experimental techniques. Results obtained from small-angle x-ray scattering showed that the Pb NPs grow with increasing implantation fluence and annealing duration. The theory of NP growth kinetics can be applied to qualitatively explain the size evolution of the Pb NPs during the implantation and annealing processes. Moreover, the lattice constant of the Pb NPs was evaluated by conventional x-ray diffraction. The lattice dilatation was observed to decrease with increasing size of the Pb NPs. Such lattice constant tuning can be attributed to the pseudomorphism caused by the lattice mismatch between the Pb NPs and the Si matrix.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos	000299308400008	Publication Date	2011-12-23
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-3727;1361-6463;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.588	Times cited	5	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Iap			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.588; 2012 IF: 2.528
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:94208			Serial	3754
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	Author	Martens, J.A.; Thybaut, J.W.; Denayer, J.F.M.; Sree, S.P.; Aerts, A.; Reyniers, M.-F.; van Speybroeck, V.; Waroquier, M.; Buekenhoudt, A.; Vankelecom, I.; Buijs, W.; Persoons, J.; Baron, G.V.; Bals, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Marin, G.B.; Jacobs, P.A.; Kirschhock, C.E.A.
	Title	Catalytic and molecular separation properties of Zeogrids and Zeotiles			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Catalysis today	Abbreviated Journal	Catal Today
	Volume	168	Issue	1	Pages	17-27
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Zeogrids and Zeotiles are hierarchical materials built from assembled MFI zeolite precursor units. Permanent secondary porosity in these materials is obtained through self assembly of nanoparticles encountered in MFI zeolite synthesis in the presence of supramolecular templates. Hereon, the aggregated species are termed nanoslabs. Zeogrids are layered materials with lateral spacings between nanoslabs creating galleries qualifying as supermicropores. Zeotiles present a diversity of tridimensional nanoslab assemblies with mesopores. Zeotile-1, -4 and -6 are hexagonal mesostructures. Zeotile-1 has triangular and hexagonal channels; Zeotile-4 has hexagonal channels interconnected via slits. Zeotile-2 has a cubic structure with gyroid type mesoporosity. The behavior of Zeogrids and Zeotiles in adsorption, membrane and chromatographic separation and catalysis has been characterized and compared with zeolites and mesoporous materials derived from unstructured silica sources. Shape selectivity was detected via adsorption of n- and iso-alkanes. The mesoporosity of Zeotiles can be exploited in chromatographic separation of biomolecules. Zeotiles present attractive separation properties relevant to CO2 sequestration. Because of its facile synthesis procedure without hydrothermal steps Zeogrid is convenient for membrane synthesis. The performance of Zeogrid membrane in gas separation, nanofiltration and pervaporation is reported. In the Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime Zeogrids and Zeotiles display a catalytic activity characteristic of silicalite-1 zeolites. Introduction of acidity and redox catalytic activity can be achieved via incorporation of Al and Ti atoms in the nanoslabs during synthesis. Zeogrids are active in hydrocracking, catalytic cracking, alkylation and epoxidation reactions. Zeogrids and Zeotiles often behave differently from ordered mesoporous materials as well as from zeolites and present a valuable extension of the family of hierarchical silicate based materials.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000291033300003	Publication Date	2011-03-09
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0920-5861;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.636	Times cited	13	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Iap Sbo			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.636; 2011 IF: 3.407
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:88647			Serial	290
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	Author	Schouteden, K.; Zeng, Y.-J.; Lauwaet, K.; Romero, C.P.; Goris, B.; Bals, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Lievens, P.; Van Haesendonck, C.
	Title	Band structure quantization in nanometer sized ZnO clusters			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Nanoscale	Abbreviated Journal	Nanoscale
	Volume	5	Issue	9	Pages	3757-3763
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Nanometer sized ZnO clusters are produced in the gas phase and subsequently deposited on clean Au(111) surfaces under ultra-high vacuum conditions. The zinc blende atomic structure of the approximately spherical ZnO clusters is resolved by high resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy. The large band gap and weak n-type conductivity of individual clusters are determined by scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy at cryogenic temperatures. The conduction band is found to exhibit clear quantization into discrete energy levels, which can be related to finite-size effects reflecting the zero-dimensional confinement. Our findings illustrate that gas phase cluster production may provide unique possibilities for the controlled fabrication of high purity quantum dots and heterostructures that can be size selected prior to deposition on the desired substrate under controlled ultra-high vacuum conditions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Cambridge	Editor
	Language		Wos	000317859400026	Publication Date	2013-03-05
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2040-3364;2040-3372;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.367	Times cited	13	Open Access
	Notes	FWO; Hercules; COUNTATOMS			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.367; 2013 IF: 6.739
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:108518			Serial	219
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	Author	di Vece, M.; Bals, S.; Lievens, P.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	Compositional changes of Pd-Au bimetallic nanoclusters upon hydrogenation			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2009	Publication	Physical review : B : solid state	Abbreviated Journal	Phys Rev B
	Volume	80	Issue	12	Pages	125420,1-125420,4
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Changes in the size distribution and composition of bimetallic Pd-Au nanoclusters have been observed after hydrogen exposure. This effect is caused by hydrogen-induced Ostwald ripening whereby the hydrogen reduces the binding energy of the cluster atoms leading to their detachment from the cluster. The composition changes due to a difference in mobility of the detached palladium and gold atoms on the surface. Fast palladium atoms contribute to the formation of larger nanoclusters, while the slower gold atoms are confined to the smaller nanoclusters. These transformations in the Pd-Au nanocluster size and composition set a limit for chemical reactions in which such nanoclusters are involved together with hydrogen.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Lancaster, Pa	Editor
	Language		Wos	000270383300121	Publication Date	2009-09-23
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1098-0121;1550-235X;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.836	Times cited	28	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Goa; Iap-Vi; Esteem 026019			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.836; 2009 IF: 3.475
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:79232			Serial	445
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	Author	Smeulders, G.; van Oers, C.; Van Havenbergh, K.; Houthoofd, K.; Mertens, M.; Martens, J.A.; Bals, S.; Maes, B.U.W.; Meynen, V.; Cool, P.
	Title	Smart heating profiles for the synthesis of benzene bridged periodic mesoporous organosilicas			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Chemical engineering journal	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Eng J
	Volume	175	Issue		Pages	585-591
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Laboratory of adsorption and catalysis (LADCA); Organic synthesis (ORSY)
	Abstract	In this study the effects of the heating rate and heating time on the formation of crystal-like benzene bridged periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) are investigated. The time needed to heat up an autoclave during the hydrothermal treatment has shown to be crucial in the synthesis of PMOs, while the total duration of heating gave rise to only minor differences. By choosing a smart heating profile, superior PMO materials can be obtained in a short time. Different heating profiles in a range from one minute to one hour are adopted by microwave equipment and compared with conventional heating methods. The heating rate has a large influence on the porosity characteristics and the uniformity of the obtained particles. Moreover, two new alternative synthetic strategies to adopt the smart heating profile are presented, in order to give some possible solutions for the expensive microwave equipment.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Lausanne	Editor
	Language		Wos	000297875900069	Publication Date	2011-10-07
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1385-8947;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.216	Times cited	7	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Goa-Bof			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.216; 2011 IF: 3.461
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:93630			Serial	3044
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	Author	Bals, S.; Tirry, W.; Geurts, R.; Yang, Z.; Schryvers, D.
	Title	High-quality sample preparation by low kV FIB thinning for analytical TEM measurements			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2007	Publication	Microscopy and microanalysis	Abbreviated Journal	Microsc Microanal
	Volume	13	Issue	2	Pages	80-86
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Focused ion beam specimen preparation has been used for NiTi samples and SrTiO(3)/SrRuO(3) multilayers with prevention of surface amorphization and Ga implantation by a 2-kV cleaning procedure. Transmission electron microscopy techniques show that the samples are of high quality with a controlled thickness over large scales. Furthermore, preferential thinning effects in multicompounds are avoided, which is important when analytical transmission electron microscopy measurements need to be interpreted in a quantitative manner. The results are compared to similar measurements acquired for samples obtained using conventional preparation techniques such as electropolishing for alloys and ion milling for oxides.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Cambridge, Mass.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000245662200002	Publication Date	2007-03-19
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1431-9276;1435-8115;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	1.891	Times cited	82	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Goa			Approved	Most recent IF: 1.891; 2007 IF: 1.941
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:65850			Serial	1441
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	Author	Croitoru, M.D.; van Dyck, D.; Van Aert, S.; Bals, S.; Verbeeck, J.
	Title	An efficient way of including thermal diffuse scattering in simulation of scanning transmission electron microscopic images			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2006	Publication	Ultramicroscopy	Abbreviated Journal	Ultramicroscopy
	Volume	106	Issue	10	Pages	933-940
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Condensed Matter Theory (CMT); Vision lab
	Abstract	We propose an improved image simulation procedure for atomic-resolution annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) based on the multislice formulation, which takes thermal diffuse scattering fully into account. The improvement with regard to the classical frozen phonon approach is realized by separating the lattice configuration statistics from the dynamical scattering so as to avoid repetitive calculations. As an example, the influence of phonon scattering on the image contrast is calculated and investigated. STEM image simulation of crystals can be applied with reasonable computing times to problems involving a large number of atoms and thick or large supercells.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000240397200006	Publication Date	2006-05-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0304-3991;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.843	Times cited	18	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Fwo-V			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.843; 2006 IF: 1.706
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:87604UA @ admin @ c:irua:87604			Serial	876
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	Author	Batenburg, K.J.; Bals, S.; Sijbers, J.; Kübel, C.; Midgley, P.A.; Hernandez, J.C.; Kaiser, U.; Encina, E.R.; Coronado, E.A.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	3D imaging of nanomaterials by discrete tomography			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2009	Publication	Ultramicroscopy	Abbreviated Journal	Ultramicroscopy
	Volume	109	Issue	6	Pages	730-740
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
	Abstract	The field of discrete tomography focuses on the reconstruction of samples that consist of only a few different materials. Ideally, a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of such a sample should contain only one grey level for each of the compositions in the sample. By exploiting this property in the reconstruction algorithm, either the quality of the reconstruction can be improved significantly, or the number of required projection images can be reduced. The discrete reconstruction typically contains fewer artifacts and does not have to be segmented, as it already contains one grey level for each composition. Recently, a new algorithm, called discrete algebraic reconstruction technique (DART), has been proposed that can be used effectively on experimental electron tomography datasets. In this paper, we propose discrete tomography as a general reconstruction method for electron tomography in materials science. We describe the basic principles of DART and show that it can be applied successfully to three different types of samples, consisting of embedded ErSi2 nanocrystals, a carbon nanotube grown from a catalyst particle and a single gold nanoparticle, respectively.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000265816400005	Publication Date	2009-02-01
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0304-3991;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.843	Times cited	220	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Esteem 026019			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.843; 2009 IF: 2.067
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:74665 c:irua:74665			Serial	12
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	Author	Van Aert, S.; Chang, L.Y.; Bals, S.; Kirkland, A.I.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	Effect of amorphous layers on the interpretation of restored exit waves			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2009	Publication	Ultramicroscopy	Abbreviated Journal	Ultramicroscopy
	Volume	109	Issue	3	Pages	237-246
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	The effects of amorphous layers on the quality of exit wave restorations have been investigated. Two independently developed software implementations for exit wave restoration have been used to simulated focal series of images of SrTiO3 with amorphous carbon layers incorporated. The restored exit waves have been compared both qualitatively and quantitatively. We have shown that amorphous layers have a strong impact on the quantitative measurements of atomic column positions, however, the error in the position measurements is still in the picometer range.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000264280200005	Publication Date	2008-11-15
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0304-3991;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.843	Times cited	10	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Esteem 026019			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.843; 2009 IF: 2.067
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:76421			Serial	796
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	Author	Van Aert, S.; Verbeeck, J.; Erni, R.; Bals, S.; Luysberg, M.; van Dyck, D.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	Quantitative atomic resolution mapping using high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2009	Publication	Ultramicroscopy	Abbreviated Journal	Ultramicroscopy
	Volume	109	Issue	10	Pages	1236-1244
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
	Abstract	A model-based method is proposed to relatively quantify the chemical composition of atomic columns using high angle annular dark field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images. The method is based on a quantification of the total intensity of the scattered electrons for the individual atomic columns using statistical parameter estimation theory. In order to apply this theory, a model is required describing the image contrast of the HAADF STEM images. Therefore, a simple, effective incoherent model has been assumed which takes the probe intensity profile into account. The scattered intensities can then be estimated by fitting this model to an experimental HAADF STEM image. These estimates are used as a performance measure to distinguish between different atomic column types and to identify the nature of unknown columns with good accuracy and precision using statistical hypothesis testing. The reliability of the method is supported by means of simulated HAADF STEM images as well as a combination of experimental images and electron energy-loss spectra. It is experimentally shown that statistically meaningful information on the composition of individual columns can be obtained even if the difference in averaged atomic number Z is only 3. Using this method, quantitative mapping at atomic resolution using HAADF STEM images only has become possible without the need of simultaneously recorded electron energy loss spectra.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000270015200004	Publication Date	2009-05-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0304-3991;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.843	Times cited	166	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Esteem 026019			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.843; 2009 IF: 2.067
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:78585UA @ admin @ c:irua:78585			Serial	2748
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	Author	Goris, B.; van Huis, M.A.; Bals, S.; Zandbergen, H.W.; Manna, L.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	Thermally induced structural and morphological changes of CdSe/CdS octapods			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2012	Publication	Small	Abbreviated Journal	Small
	Volume	8	Issue	6	Pages	937-942
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Branched nanostructures are of great interest because of their promising optical and electronic properties. For successful and reliable integration in applications such as photovoltaic devices, the thermal stability of the nanostructures is of major importance. Here the different domains (CdSe cores, CdS pods) of the heterogeneous octapods are shown to have different thermal stabilities, and heating is shown to induce specific shape changes. The octapods are heated from room temperature to 700 °C, and investigated using (analytical and tomographic) transmission electron microscopy (TEM). At low annealing temperatures, pure Cd segregates in droplets at the outside of the octapods, indicating non-stochiometric composition of the octapods. Furthermore, the tips of the pods lose their faceting and become rounded. Further heating to temperatures just below the sublimation temperature induces growth of the zinc blende core at the expense of the wurtzite pods. At higher temperatures, (500700 °C), sublimation of the octapods is observed in real time in the TEM. Three-dimensional tomographic reconstructions reveal that the four pods pointing into the vacuum have a lower thermal stability than the four pods that are in contact with the support.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Weinheim	Editor
	Language		Wos	000301718800021	Publication Date	2012-01-31
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1613-6810;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	8.643	Times cited	20	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Esteem 026019			Approved	Most recent IF: 8.643; 2012 IF: 7.823
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:95040			Serial	3633
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	Author	Bals, S.; Batenburg, J.; Verbeeck, J.; Sijbers, J.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	Quantitative three-dimensional reconstruction of catalyst particles for bamboo-like carbon nanotubes			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2007	Publication	Nano letters	Abbreviated Journal	Nano Lett
	Volume	7	Issue	12	Pages	3669-3674
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
	Abstract	The three-dimensional (3D) structure and chemical composition of bamboo-like carbon nanotubes including the catalyst particles that are. used during their growth are studied by discrete electron tomography in combination with energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy. It is found that cavities are present in the catalyst particles. Furthermore, only a small percentage of the catalyst particles consist of pure Cu, since a large volume fraction of the particles is oxidized to CU(2)0. These volume fractions are determined quantitatively from 3D reconstructions obtained by discrete tomography.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington	Editor
	Language		Wos	000251581600022	Publication Date	2007-11-14
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1530-6984;1530-6992;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	12.712	Times cited	78	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; Esteem			Approved	Most recent IF: 12.712; 2007 IF: 9.627
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:66762UA @ admin @ c:irua:66762			Serial	2768
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	Author	Ustarroz, J.; Altantzis, T.; Hammons, J.A.; Hubin, A.; Bals, S.; Terryn, H.
	Title	The role of nanocluster aggregation, coalescence, and recrystallization in the electrochemical deposition of platinum nanostructures			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2014	Publication	Chemistry of materials	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Mater
	Volume	26	Issue	7	Pages	2396-2406
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	By using an optimized characterization approach that combines aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy, electron tomography, and in situ ultrasmall angle X-ray scattering (USAXS), we show that the early stages of Pt electrochemical growth on carbon substrates may be affected by the aggregation, self-alignment, and partial coalescence of nanoclusters of d ≈ 2 nm. The morphology of the resulting nanostructures depends on the degree of coalescence and recrystallization of nanocluster aggregates, which in turn depends on the electrodeposition potential. At low overpotentials, a self-limiting growth mechanism may block the epitaxial growth of primary nanoclusters and results in loose dendritic aggregates. At more negative potentials, the extent of nanocluster coalescence and recrystallization is larger and further growth by atomic incorporation may be allowed. On one hand, this suggests a revision of the VolmerWeber island growth mechanism. Whereas this theory has traditionally assumed direct attachment as the only growth mechanism, it is suggested that nanocluster self-limiting growth, aggregation, and coalescence should also be taken into account during the early stages of nanoscale electrodeposition. On the other hand, depending on the deposition potential, ultrahigh porosities can be achieved, turning electrodeposition in an ideal process for highly active electrocatalyst production without the need of using high surface area carbon supports.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000334572300026	Publication Date	2014-03-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0897-4756;1520-5002;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	9.466	Times cited	55	Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes	FWO; contract no. FWOAL527			Approved	Most recent IF: 9.466; 2014 IF: 8.354
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:116956			Serial	2916
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	Author	Goris, B.; de Beenhouwer, J.; de Backer, A.; Zanaga, D.; Batenburg, K.J.; Sánchez-Iglesias, A.; Liz-Marzán, L.M.; Van Aert, S.; Bals, S.; Sijbers, J.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	Measuring lattice strain in three dimensions through electron microscopy			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Nano letters	Abbreviated Journal	Nano Lett
	Volume	15	Issue	15	Pages	6996-7001
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
	Abstract	The three-dimensional (3D) atomic structure of nanomaterials, including strain, is crucial to understand their properties. Here, we investigate lattice strain in Au nanodecahedra using electron tomography. Although different electron tomography techniques enabled 3D characterizations of nanostructures at the atomic level, a reliable determination of lattice strain is not straightforward. We therefore propose a novel model-based approach from which atomic coordinates are measured. Our findings demonstrate the importance of investigating lattice strain in 3D.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington	Editor
	Language		Wos	000363003100108	Publication Date	2015-09-04
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1530-6984;1530-6992;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	12.712	Times cited	87	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	Fwo; 335078 Colouratom; 267867 Plasmaquo; 312483 Esteem2; 262348 Esmi; esteem2jra4; ECASSara; (ROMEO:white; preprint:; postprint:restricted 12 months embargo; pdfversion:cannot);			Approved	Most recent IF: 12.712; 2015 IF: 13.592
	Call Number	c:irua:127639 c:irua:127639			Serial	1965
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	Author	Bals, S.; Van Aert, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	High resolution electron tomography			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Current opinion in solid state and materials science	Abbreviated Journal	Curr Opin Solid St M
	Volume	17	Issue	3	Pages	107-114
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Reaching atomic resolution in 3D has been the ultimate goal in the field of electron tomography for many years. Significant progress, both on the theoretical as well as the experimental side has recently resulted in several exciting examples demonstrating the ability to visualise atoms in 3D. In this paper, we will review the different steps that have pushed the resolution in 3D to the atomic level. A broad range of methodologies and practical examples together with their impact on materials science will be discussed. Finally, we will provide an outlook and will describe future challenges in the field of high resolution electron tomography.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	London	Editor
	Language		Wos	000323869800003	Publication Date	2013-03-30
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1359-0286;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.938	Times cited	24	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo; 312483 Esteem; Countatoms;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.938; 2013 IF: 7.167
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:109454			Serial	1457
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	Author	Kerkhofs, S.; Leroux, F.; Allouche, L.; Mellaerts, R.; Jammaer, J.; Aerts, A.; Kirschhock, C.E.A.; Magusin, P.C.M.M.; Taulelle, F.; Bals, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Martens, J.A.;
	Title	Single-step alcohol-free synthesis of coreshell nanoparticles of \gamma-casein micelles and silica			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2014	Publication	RSC advances	Abbreviated Journal	Rsc Adv
	Volume	4	Issue	49	Pages	25650-25657
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	A new, single-step protocol for wrapping individual nanosized β-casein micelles with silica is presented. This biomolecule-friendly synthesis proceeds at low protein concentration at almost neutral pH, and makes use of sodium silicate instead of the common silicon alkoxides. This way, formation of potentially protein-denaturizing alcohols can be avoided. The pH of the citrate-buffered synthesis medium is close to the isoelectric point of β-casein, which favours micelle formation. A limited amount of sodium silicate is added to the protein micelle suspension, to form a thin silica coating around the β-casein micelles. The size distribution of the resulting proteinsilica structures was characterized using DLS and SAXS, as well as 1H NMR DOSY with a dedicated pulsed-field gradient cryo-probehead to cope with the low protein concentration. The degree of silica-condensation was investigated by 29Si MAS NMR, and the nanostructure was revealed by advanced electron microscopy techniques such as ESEM and HAADF-STEM. As indicated by the combined characterization results, a silica shell of 2 nm is formed around individual β-casein micelles giving rise to separate protein coresilica shell nanoparticles of 17 nm diameter. This alcohol-free method at mild temperature and pH is potentially suited for packing protein molecules into bio-compatible silica nanocapsules for a variety of applications in biosensing, therapeutic protein delivery and biocatalysis.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000338434500025	Publication Date	2014-05-29
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2046-2069;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.108	Times cited	3	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	Fwo; 262348 Esmi; 335078 Colouratom; ECAS_Sara; (ROMEO:green; preprint:; postprint:can ; pdfversion:can);			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.108; 2014 IF: 3.840
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:125382			Serial	3027
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	Author	Van Aert, S.; de Backer, A.; Martinez, G.T.; Goris, B.; Bals, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Rosenauer, A.
	Title	Procedure to count atoms with trustworthy single-atom sensitivity			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Physical review : B : condensed matter and materials physics	Abbreviated Journal	Phys Rev B
	Volume	87	Issue	6	Pages	064107-6
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	We report a method to reliably count the number of atoms from high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy images. A model-based analysis of the experimental images is used to measure scattering cross sections at the atomic level. The high sensitivity of these measurements in combination with a thorough statistical analysis enables us to count atoms with single-atom sensitivity. The validity of the results is confirmed by means of detailed image simulations. We will show that the method can be applied to nanocrystals of arbitrary shape, size, and atom type without the need for a priori knowledge about the atomic structure.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000315144700006	Publication Date	2013-02-20
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1098-0121;1550-235X;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.836	Times cited	106	Open Access
	Notes	FWO; 262348 ESMI; 312483 ESTEEM2;246791 COUNTATOMS; Hercules 3; esteem2_jra2			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.836; 2013 IF: 3.664
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:105674			Serial	2718
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	Author	Boneschanscher, M.P.; Evers, W.H.; Geuchies, J.J.; Altantzis, T.; Goris, B.; Rabouw, F.T.; van Rossum, S.A.P.; van der Zant, H.S.J.; Siebbeles, L.D.A.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Swart, I.; Hilhorst, J.; Petukhov, A.V.; Bals, S.; Vanmaekelbergh, D.;
	Title	Long-range orientation and atomic attachment of nanocrystals in 2D honeycomb superlattices			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2014	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	344	Issue	6190	Pages	1377-1380
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Oriented attachment of synthetic semiconductor nanocrystals is emerging as a route for obtaining new semiconductors that can have Dirac-type electronic bands like graphene, but also strong spin-orbit coupling. The two-dimensional assembly geometry will require both atomic coherence and long-range periodicity of the superlattices. We show how the interfacial self-assembly and oriented attachment of nanocrystals results in two-dimensional (2D) metal chalcogenide semiconductors with a honeycomb superlattice. We present an extensive atomic and nanoscale characterization of these systems using direct imaging and wave scattering methods. The honeycomb superlattices are atomically coherent, and have an octahedral symmetry that is buckled; the nanocrystals occupy two parallel planes. Considerable necking and large-scale atomic motion occurred during the attachment process.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000337531700035	Publication Date	2014-05-30
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0036-8075;1095-9203;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	37.205	Times cited	304	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	Fwo; 262348 Esmi; 246791 Countatoms; 335078 Colouratom; ECAS_Sara; (ROMEO:green; preprint:; postprint:can ; pdfversion:cannot);			Approved	Most recent IF: 37.205; 2014 IF: 33.611
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:117095			Serial	1840
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	Author	Goris, B.; Guzzinati, G.; Fernández-López, C.; Pérez-Juste, J.; Liz-Marzán, L.M.; Trügler, A.; Hohenester, U.; Verbeeck, J.; Bals, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.
	Title	Plasmon mapping in Au@Ag nanocube assemblies			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2014	Publication	The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces	Abbreviated Journal	J Phys Chem C
	Volume	118	Issue	28	Pages	15356-15362
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Surface plasmon modes in metallic nanostructures largely determine their optoelectronic properties. Such plasmon modes can be manipulated by changing the morphology of the nanoparticles or by bringing plasmonic nanoparticle building blocks close to each other within organized assemblies. We report the EELS mapping of such plasmon modes in pure Ag nanocubes, Au@Ag coreshell nanocubes, and arrays of Au@Ag nanocubes. We show that these arrays enable the creation of interesting plasmonic structures starting from elementary building blocks. Special attention will be dedicated to the plasmon modes in a triangular array formed by three nanocubes. Because of hybridization, a combination of such nanotriangles is shown to provide an antenna effect, resulting in strong electrical field enhancement at the narrow gap between the nanotriangles.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000339368700031	Publication Date	2014-06-27
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1932-7447;1932-7455;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.536	Times cited	41	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	Fwo; 246791 Countatoms; 278510 Vortex; 335078 Colouratom; 262348 Esmi ECASJO;; ECASSara; (ROMEO:white; preprint:; postprint:restricted 12 months embargo; pdfversion:cannot);			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.536; 2014 IF: 4.772
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:118099UA @ admin @ c:irua:118099			Serial	2644
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	Author	Goris, B.; de Backer, A.; Van Aert, S.; Gómez-Graña, S.; Liz-Marzán, L.M.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Bals, S.
	Title	Three-dimensional elemental mapping at the atomic scale in bimetallic nanocrystals			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Nano letters	Abbreviated Journal	Nano Lett
	Volume	13	Issue	9	Pages	4236-4241
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	A thorough understanding of the three-dimensional (3D) atomic structure and composition of coreshell nanostructures is indispensable to obtain a deeper insight on their physical behavior. Such 3D information can be reconstructed from two-dimensional (2D) projection images using electron tomography. Recently, different electron tomography techniques have enabled the 3D characterization of a variety of nanostructures down to the atomic level. However, these methods have all focused on the investigation of nanomaterials containing only one type of chemical element. Here, we combine statistical parameter estimation theory with compressive sensing based tomography to determine the positions and atom type of each atom in heteronanostructures. The approach is applied here to investigate the interface in coreshell Au@Ag nanorods but it is of great interest in the investigation of a broad range of nanostructures.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington	Editor
	Language		Wos	000330158900043	Publication Date	2013-08-16
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1530-6984;1530-6992;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	12.712	Times cited	90	Open Access
	Notes	FWO; 246791 COUNTATOMS; 267867 PLASMAQUO; 262348 ESMI; 312483 ESTEEM2; Hercules 3; esteem2_jra4			Approved	Most recent IF: 12.712; 2013 IF: 12.940
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:110036			Serial	3650
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	Author	Deng, S.; Kurttepeli, M.; Cott, D.J.; Bals, S.; Detavernier, C.
	Title	Porous nanostructured metal oxides synthesized through atomic layer deposition on a carbonaceous template followed by calcination			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Journal of materials chemistry A : materials for energy and sustainability	Abbreviated Journal	J Mater Chem A
	Volume	3	Issue	3	Pages	2642-2649
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Porous metal oxides with nano-sized features attracted intensive interest in recent decades due to their high surface area which is essential for many applications, e.g. Li ion batteries, photocatalysts, fuel cells and dye-sensitized solar cells. Various approaches have so far been investigated to synthesize porous nanostructured metal oxides, including self-assembly and template-assisted synthesis. For the latter approach, forests of carbon nanotubes are considered as particularly promising templates, with respect to their one-dimensional nature and the resulting high surface area. In this work, we systematically investigate the formation of porous metal oxides (Al2O3, TiO2, V2O5 and ZnO) with different morphologies using atomic layer deposition on multi-walled carbon nanotubes followed by post-deposition calcination. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy accompanied by X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used for the investigation of morphological and structural transitions at the micro- and nano-scale during the calcination process. The crystallization temperature and the surface coverage of the metal oxides and the oxidation temperature of the carbon nanotubes were found to produce significant influence on the final morphology.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Cambridge	Editor
	Language		Wos	000348990500019	Publication Date	2014-12-06
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2050-7488;2050-7496;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	8.867	Times cited	23	Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes	Fwo; 239865 Cocoon; 335078 Colouratoms; ECAS_Sara; (ROMEO:yellow; preprint:; postprint:restricted ; pdfversion:cannot);			Approved	Most recent IF: 8.867; 2015 IF: 7.443
	Call Number	c:irua:125298			Serial	2673
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	Author	Shan, L.; Punniyakoti, S.; Van Bael, M.J.; Temst, K.; Van Bael, M.K.; Ke, X.; Bals, S.; Van Tendeloo, G.; D'Olieslaeger, M.; Wagner, P.; Haenen, K.; Boyen, H.G.;
	Title	Homopolymers as nanocarriers for the loading of block copolymer micelles with metal salts : a facile way to large-scale ordered arrays of transition-metal nanoparticles			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2014	Publication	Journal of materials chemistry C : materials for optical and electronic devices	Abbreviated Journal	J Mater Chem C
	Volume	2	Issue	4	Pages	701-707
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	A new and facile approach is presented for generating quasi-regular patterns of transition metal-based nanoparticles on flat substrates exploiting polystyrene-block-poly2vinyl pyridine (PS-b-P2VP) micelles as intermediate templates. Direct loading of such micellar nanoreactors by polar transition metal salts in solution usually results in nanoparticle ensembles exhibiting only short range order accompanied by broad distributions of particle size and inter-particle distance. Here, we demonstrate that the use of P2VP homopolymers of appropriate length as molecular carriers to transport precursor salts into the micellar cores can significantly increase the degree of lateral order within the final nanoparticle arrays combined with a decrease in spreading in particle size. Thus, a significantly extended range of materials is now available which can be exploited to study fundamental properties at the transition from clusters to solids by means of well-organized, well-separated, size-selected metal and metal oxide nanostructures.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000329069900015	Publication Date	2013-11-12
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2050-7526;2050-7534;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	5.256	Times cited	5	Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes	FWO projects G.0456.12; 50 G.0346.09N; Methusalem project "NANO			Approved	Most recent IF: 5.256; 2014 IF: 4.696
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:113734			Serial	1489
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	Author	De Schutter, B.; Devulder, W.; Schrauwen, A.; van Stiphout, K.; Perkisas, T.; Bals, S.; Vantomme, A.; Detavernier, C.
	Title	Phase formation in intermixed NiGe thin films : influence of Ge content and low-temperature nucleation of hexagonal nickel germanides			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2014	Publication	Microelectronic engineering	Abbreviated Journal	Microelectron Eng
	Volume	120	Issue		Pages	168-173
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	In this study, we focus on phase formation in intermixed NiGe thin films as they represent a simplified model of the small intermixed interface layer that is believed to form upon deposition of Ni on Ge and where initial phase formation happens. A combinatorial sputter deposition technique was used to co-deposit a range of intermixed NiGe thin films with Ge concentrations varying between 0 and 50 at.%Ge in a single deposition on both Ge (100) and inert SiO2 substrates. In situ X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy where used to study phase formation. In almost the entire composition range under investigation, crystalline phases where found to be present in the as-deposited films. Between 36 and 48 at.%Ge, high-temperature hexagonal nickel germanides were found to occur metastabily below 300 °C, both on SiO2 and Ge (100) substrates. For Ge concentrations in the range between 36 and 42 at.%, this hexagonal germanide phase was even found to be present at room temperature in the as-deposited films. The results obtained in this work could provide more insight in the phase sequence of a pure Ni film on Ge.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000336697300028	Publication Date	2013-09-20
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0167-9317;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	1.806	Times cited	9	Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes	FWO project Nr. G076112N			Approved	Most recent IF: 1.806; 2014 IF: 1.197
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:116958			Serial	2584
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	Author	Roelandts, T.; Batenburg, K.J.; Biermans, E.; Kübel, C.; Bals, S.; Sijbers, J.
	Title	Accurate segmentation of dense nanoparticles by partially discrete electron tomography			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2012	Publication	Ultramicroscopy	Abbreviated Journal	Ultramicroscopy
	Volume	114	Issue		Pages	96-105
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
	Abstract	Accurate segmentation of nanoparticles within various matrix materials is a difficult problem in electron tomography. Due to artifacts related to image series acquisition and reconstruction, global thresholding of reconstructions computed by established algorithms, such as weighted backprojection or SIRT, may result in unreliable and subjective segmentations. In this paper, we introduce the Partially Discrete Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (PDART) for computing accurate segmentations of dense nanoparticles of constant composition. The particles are segmented directly by the reconstruction algorithm, while the surrounding regions are reconstructed using continuously varying gray levels. As no properties are assumed for the other compositions of the sample, the technique can be applied to any sample where dense nanoparticles must be segmented, regardless of the surrounding compositions. For both experimental and simulated data, it is shown that PDART yields significantly more accurate segmentations than those obtained by optimal global thresholding of the SIRT reconstruction.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000301954300011	Publication Date	2012-01-06
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0304-3991;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.843	Times cited	34	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.843; 2012 IF: 2.470
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:97710			Serial	52
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	Author	Goris, B.; Roelandts, T.; Batenburg, K.J.; Heidari Mezerji, H.; Bals, S.
	Title	Advanced reconstruction algorithms for electron tomography : from comparison to combination			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Ultramicroscopy	Abbreviated Journal	Ultramicroscopy
	Volume	127	Issue		Pages	40-47
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
	Abstract	In this work, the simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique (SIRT), the total variation minimization (TVM) reconstruction technique and the discrete algebraic reconstruction technique (DART) for electron tomography are compared and the advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Furthermore, we describe how the result of a three dimensional (3D) reconstruction based on TVM can provide objective information that is needed as the input for a DART reconstruction. This approach results in a tomographic reconstruction of which the segmentation is carried out in an objective manner.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Amsterdam	Editor
	Language		Wos	000316659100007	Publication Date	2012-08-02
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0304-3991;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.843	Times cited	63	Open Access
	Notes	Fwo			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.843; 2013 IF: 2.745
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:101217			Serial	72
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