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	Author	Ranjbari, E.; Hadjmohammadi, M.R.; Kiekens, F.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Mixed hemi/ad-micelle sodium dodecyl sulfate-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for the efficient removal and trace determination of rhodamine-B and rhodamine-6G			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	87	Issue	15	Pages	7894-7901
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Mixed hemi/ad-micelle sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MHAMS-MIONPs) were used as an efficient adsorbent for both removal and preconcentration of two important carcinogenic xanthine dyes named rhodamine-B (RB) and rhodamine-6G (RG). To gain insight in the configuration of SDS molecules on the surface of MIONPs, zeta potential measurements were performed in different [SDS]/[MIONP] ratios. Zeta potential data indicated that mixed hemi/ad-micelle MHAM was formed in [SDS]/[MIONP] ratios over the range of 1.1 to 7.3. Parameters affecting the adsorption of dyes were optimized as removal efficiency by one variable at-a-time and response surface methodology; the obtained removal efficiencies were ∼100%. Adsorption kinetic and equilibrium studies, under the optimum condition (pH = 2; amount of MIONPs = 87.15 mg; [SDS]/[MIONP] ratio = 2.9), showed that adsorption of both dyes are based on the pseudo-second-order and the Langmuir isotherm models, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities for RB and RG were 385 and 323 mg g1, respectively. MHAMS-MIONPs were also applied for extraction of RB and RG. Under optimum conditions (pH = 2; amount of damped MHAMS-MIONPs = 90 mg; eluent solvent volume = 2.6 mL of 3% acetic acid in acetonitrile), extraction recoveries for 0.5 mg L1 of RB and RG were 98% and 99%, with preconcentration factors of 327 and 330, respectively. Limit of detection obtained for rhodamine dyes were <0.7 ng mL1. Finally, MHAMS-MIONPs were successfully applied for both removal and trace determination of RB and RG in environmental and wastewater samples.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000359277900056	Publication Date	2015-07-08
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	36	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2015 IF: 5.636
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:126583			Serial	5730
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	Author	Neven, L.; Thiruvottriyur Shanmugam, S.; Rahemi, V.; Trashin, S.; Sleegers, N.; Carrion, E.N.; Gorun, S.M.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Optimized photoelectrochemical detection of essential drugs bearing phenolic groups			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	91	Issue	15	Pages	9962-9969
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The World Health Organization (WHO) model “List of Essential Medicines” includes among indispensable medicines antibacterials and pain and migraine relievers. Monitoring their concentration in the environment, while challenging, is important in the context of antibiotic resistance as well as their production of highly toxic compounds via hydrolysis. Traditional detection methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or LC combined with tandem mass spectrometry or UV-vis spectroscopy are time-consuming, have a high cost, require skilled operators and are difficult to adapt for field operations. In contrast, (electrochemical) sensors have elicited interest because of their rapid response, high selectivity, and sensitivity as well as potential for on-site detection. Previously, we reported a novel sensor system based on a type II photosensitizer, which combines the advantages of enzymatic sensors (high sensitivity) and photoelectrochemical sensors (easy baseline subtraction). Under red-light illumination, the photosensitizer produces singlet oxygen which oxidizes phenolic compounds present in the sample. The subsequent reduction of the oxidized phenolic compounds at the electrode surface gives rise to a quantifiable photocurrent and leads to the generation of a redox cycle. Herein we report the optimization in terms of pH and applied potential of the photoelectrochemical detection of the hydrolysis product of paracetamol, i.e., 4-aminophenol (4-AP), and two antibacterials, namely, cefadroxil (CFD, beta-lactam antibiotic) and doxycycline (DXC, tetracycline antibiotic). The optimized conditions resulted in a detection limit of 0.2 mu mol L-1 for DXC, but in a 10 times higher sensitivity, 20 nmol L-1, for CFD. An even higher sensitivity, 7 nmol L-1, was noted for 4-AP.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000480499200086	Publication Date	2019-06-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	2	Open Access
	Notes	; FWO and UA-BOF are acknowledged for financial support. The Center for Functional Materials of Seton Hall University is thanked for support (S.M.G. and E.N.C.). Joren Van Loon is thanked for the graphical abstract. This research was supported by the medium scale research infrastructure funding Hercules funding (SEM). ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:161831			Serial	5763
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	Author	De Jong, M.; Florea, A.; Eliaerts, J.; Van Durme, F.; Samyn, N.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Tackling poor specificity of cocaine color tests by electrochemical strategies			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2018	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	90	Issue	11	Pages	6811-6819
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	This paper presents electrochemical strategies for the fast screening of cocaine and most common cutting agents found in seized drug samples. First, a study on the performance of Scott color tests on cocaine and a wide range of cutting agents is described. The cutting agents causing false positive or false negative results when in mixture with cocaine are identified. To overcome the lack of specificity of color tests, we further propose a fast screening strategy by means of square wave voltammetry on disposable graphite screen printed electrodes, which reveals the unique fingerprint of cocaine and cutting agents. By employing a forward and backward scan and by a dual pH strategy, we enrich the electrochemical fingerprint and enable the simultaneous detection of cocaine and cutting agents. The effectiveness of the developed strategies was tested for the detection of cocaine in seized cocaine samples and compared with the color tests. Moreover, we prove the usefulness of square wave voltammetry for predicting possible interfering agents in color tests, based on the reduction peak of cobalt thiocyanate. The developed electrochemical strategies allow for a quick screening of seized cocaine samples resulting in a selective identification of drugs and cutting agents.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000434893200066	Publication Date	2018-05-09
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	7	Open Access
	Notes	; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 753223 Narcoreader. This work was also supported by Grants BR/314 /PI/APTADRU and IOF-SBO. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:151316			Serial	5867
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	Author	De Jong, M.; Sleegers, N.; Florea, A.; Van Loon, J.; van Nuijs, A.L.N.; Samyn, N.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Unraveling the mechanisms behind the complete suppression of cocaine electrochemical signals by chlorpromazine, promethazine, procaine, and dextromethorphan			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	91	Issue	24	Pages	15453-15460
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Toxicological Centre; Product development
	Abstract	The present work investigates the challenges accompanied by the electrochemical cocaine detection in physiological conditions (pH 7) in the presence of chlorpromazine, promethazine, procaine, and dextromethorphan, frequently used cutting agents in cocaine street samples. The problem translates into the absence of the cocaine oxidation signal (signal suppression) when in a mixture with one of these compounds, leading to false negative results. Although a solution to this problem was provided through earlier experiments of our group, the mechanisms behind the suppression are now fundamentally investigated via electrochemical and liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) strategies. The latter was used to confirm the passivation of the electrodes due to their interaction with promethazine and chlorpromazine. Electron transfer mechanisms were further identified via linear sweep voltammetry. Next, adsorption experiments were performed on the graphite screen printed electrodes both with and without potential assistance in order to confirm if the suppression of the cocaine signals is due to passivation induced by the cutting agents or their oxidized products. The proposed strategies allowed us to identify the mechanisms of cocaine suppression for each cutting agent mentioned. Suppression due to procaine and dextromethorphan is caused by fouling of the electrode surface by their oxidized forms, while for chlorpromazine and promethazine the suppression of the cocaine signal is related to the strong adsorption of these (nonoxidized) cutting agents onto the graphite electrode surface. These findings provide fundamental insights in possible suppression and other interfering mechanisms using electrochemistry in general not only in the drug detection sector.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000503910600018	Publication Date	2019-11-14
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	; The authors acknowledge financial support from IOF-SBO/POC (UAntwerp) and the Fund for Scientific Research (FWO) Flanders, Grant 1S 37658 17N. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:165727			Serial	5887
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	Author	Ayalew, E.; Janssens, K.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Unraveling the reactivity of minium towards bicarbonate and the role of lead oxides therein			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	88	Issue	3	Pages	1564-1569
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Understanding the reactivity of (semiconductor) pigments provides vital information on how to improve conservation strategies for works of art in order to avoid rapid degradation of the pigments. This study focuses on the photoactivity of minium (Pb3O4), a semiconductor pigment, that gives rise to strong discoloration phenomena upon exposure to various environmental conditions. To demonstrate its photoactivity, an electrochemical setup with minium-modified graphite electrode (C\|Pb3O4) was used. It is confirmed that minium is a p-type semiconductor which is photoactive during illumination and becomes inactive in the dark. Raman measurements confirm the formation of the degradation products. The photoactivity of a semiconductor pigment is partly defined by the presence of lead oxide (PbO) impurities; these introduce new states in the original band gap. It will be experi-mentally evidenced that the presence of PbO particles in minium leads to an upward shift of the valence band that reduces the band gap. Thus, upon photoexcitation, the electron/hole separation is more easily initialized. The PbO/Pb3O4 composite electrodes demonstrate a higher reductive photocurrent compared to the photocurrent registered at pure PbO or Pb3O4 modified electrodes. Upon exposure to light with energy close to and above the band gap, electrons are excited from the valence band to the conduction band to initialize the reduction of Pb(IV) to Pb(II), resulting in the initial formation of PbO. However in the presence of bicarbonate ions, a significantly higher photoreduction current is recorded since the PbO reacts further to form hydrocerussite. Therefore the presence of bicarbonates in the environment stimulates the photodecomposition process of minium and plays an important role in the degradation process.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000369471100014	Publication Date	2015-12-31
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	9	Open Access
	Notes	; The authors acknowledge Sanne Aerts from the Laboratory of Adsorption and Catalysis (LADCA) of the University of Antwerp for her help with the UV-vis-DR. Financial support from the SOLARPAINT BOF-GOA project (University of Antwerp Research Council) is acknowledged. The authors are also indebted to F. Vanmeert for performing the XRD measurements. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:129963			Serial	5888
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	Author	De Wael, K.; Daems, D.; Van Camp, G.; Nagels, L.J.
	Title	The use of potentiometric sensors to study (bio)molecular interactions			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2012	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	84	Issue	11	Pages	4921-4927
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Potentiometric sensors were used to study molecular interactions in liquid environments, with sensorgram methodology. This is demonstrated with a lipophilic rubber-, and with a collagen based hydrogel sensor coating. The investigated molecules were promazine and tartaric acid respectively. The sensors were placed in a hydrodynamic wall jet system for the recording of sensorgrams. mV sensor responses were first converted to a signal, expressing the concentration of adsorbed organic ions. Using a linearization method, a pseudo first order kinetic model of adsorption was shown to fit the experimental results perfectly. Kass, kon and koff values were calculated.. The technique can be used over 4 decades of concentration, and it is very sensitive to low MW compounds as well as to multiply charged large biomolecules. This study is the first to demonstrate the application of potentiometric sensors as an alternative and complement to SPR methods.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000304783100041	Publication Date	2012-04-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	10	Open Access
	Notes	; Financial support for this work was provided by the University of Antwerp by granting D.D. a BOF interdisciplinary research project. We thank J. Everaert for his help in interpreting the results. K.D.W. and D.D. contributed equally to this work. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2012 IF: 5.695
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:97520			Serial	5898
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	Author	Neven, L.; Barich, H.; Ching, H.Y.V.; Khan, S.U.; Colomier, C.; Patel, H.H.; Gorun, S.M.; Verbruggen, S.; Van Doorslaer, S.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Correlation between the fluorination degree of perfluorinated zinc phthalocyanines, their singlet oxygen generation ability, and their photoelectrochemical response for phenol sensing			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	94	Issue	13	Pages	5221-5230
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Organic synthesis (ORSY); Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL); Antwerp Electrochemical and Analytical Sciences Lab (A-Sense Lab)
	Abstract	Electron-withdrawing perfluoroalkyl peripheral groups grafted on phthalocyanine (Pc) macrocycles improve their single-site isolation, solubility, and resistance to self-oxidation, all beneficial features for catalytic applications. A high degree of fluorination also enhances the reducibility of Pcs and could alter their singlet oxygen (1O2) photoproduction. The ethanol/toluene 20:80 vol % solvent mixture was found to dissolve perfluorinated FnPcZn complexes, n = 16, 52, and 64, and minimize the aggregation of the sterically unencumbered F16PcZn. The 1O2 production ability of FnPcZn complexes was examined using 9,10-dimethylanthracene (DMA) and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TEMP) in combination with UV–vis and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, respectively. While the photoreduction of F52PcZn and F64PcZn in the presence of redox-active TEMP lowered 1O2 production, DMA was a suitable 1O2 trap for ranking the complexes. The solution reactivity was complemented by solid-state studies via the construction of photoelectrochemical sensors based on TiO2-supported FnPcZn, FnPcZn\|TiO2. Phenol photo-oxidation by 1O2, followed by its electrochemical reduction, defines a redox cycle, the 1O2 production having been found to depend on the value of n and structural features of the supported complexes. Consistent with solution studies, F52PcZn was found to be the most efficient 1O2 generator. The insights on reactivity testing and structural–activity relationships obtained may be useful for designing efficient and robust sensors and for other 1O2-related applications of FnPcZn.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000786254500002	Publication Date	2022-03-22
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.4	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 7.4
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:187522			Serial	7141
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	Author	Khan, S.U.; Trashin, S.; Beltran, V.; Korostei, Y.S.; Pelmus, M.; Gorun, S.M.; Dubinina, T., V.; Verbruggen, S.W.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Photoelectrochemical behavior of phthalocyanine-sensitized TiO₂ in the presence of electron-shuttling mediators			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	94	Issue	37	Pages	12723-12731
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL); Antwerp Electrochemical and Analytical Sciences Lab (A-Sense Lab)
	Abstract	Dye-sensitized TiO(2 )has found many applications for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC), solar-to-chemical energy conversion, water/air purification systems, and (electro)chemical sensors. We report an electrochemical system for testing dye-sensitized materials that can be utilized in photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensors and energy conversion. Unlike related systems, the reported system does not require a direct electron transfer from semiconductors to electrodes. Rather, it relies on electron shuttling by redox mediators. A range of model photocatalytic materials were prepared using three different TiO2 materials (P25, P90, and PC500) and three sterically hindered phthalocyanines (Pcs) with electron-rich tert-butyl substituents (t-Bu4PcZn, t-Bu4PcAlCl, and t-Bu4PcH2). The materials were compared with previously developed TiO(2 )modified by electron-deficient, also sterically hindered fluorinated phthalocyanine F64PcZn, a singlet oxygen (O-1(2)) producer, as well as its metal-free derivative, F64PcH2. The PEC activity depended on the redox mediator, as well as the type of TiO2 and Pc. By comparing the responses of one-electron shuttles, such as K4Fe(CN)(4), and O-1(2)-reactive electron shuttles, such as phenol, it is possible to reveal the action mechanism of the supported photosensitizers, while the overall activity can be assessed using hydroquinone. t-Bu4PcAlCl showed significantly lower blank responses and higher specific responses toward chlorophenols compared to t-Bu4PcZn due to the electron-withdrawing effect of the Al3+ metal center. The combination of reactivity insights and the need for only microgram amounts of sensing materials renders the reported system advantageous for practical applications.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000855284300001	Publication Date	2022-09-12
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.4	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 7.4
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:190602			Serial	7190
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	Author	Sleegers, N.; van Nuijs, A.L.N.; van den Berg, M.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Electrochemistry of intact versus degraded cephalosporin antibiotics facilitated by LC–MS analysis			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2021	Publication	Analytical Chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	93	Issue	4	Pages	2394-2402
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Toxicological Centre
	Abstract	The electrochemical detection of cephalosporins is a promising approach for the monitoring of cephalosporin levels in process waters. However, this class of antibiotics, like penicillins, is composed of chemically active molecules and susceptible to hydrolysis and aminolysis of the four membered β-lactam ring present. In order to develop a smart monitoring strategy for cephalosporins, the influence of degradation (hydrolysis and aminolysis) on the electrochemical fingerprint has to be taken into account. Therefore, an investigation was carried out to understand the changes of the voltammetric fingerprints upon acidic and alkaline degradation. Changes in fingerprints were correlated to the degradation pathways through the combination of square wave voltammetry and liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight analysis. The characteristic electrochemical signals of the β-lactam ring disappeared upon hydrolysis. Additional oxidation signals that appeared after degradation were elucidated and linked to different degradation products, and therefore, enrich the voltammetric fingerprints with information of the state of the cephalosporins. The applicability of the electrochemical monitoring system was explored by the analysis of the intact and degraded industrial process waters containing the key intermediate 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA). Clearly, the intact process samples exhibited the expected core signals of 7-ADCA and could be quantified, while the degraded samples only showed the newly formed degradation products.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000618089100063	Publication Date	2021-01-04
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited		Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:176206			Serial	7864
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	Author	Trashin, S.; Morales-Yánez, F.; Thiruvottriyur Shanmugam, S.; Paredis, L.; Carrión, E.N.; Sariego, I.; Muyldermans, S.; Polman, K.; Gorun, S.M.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Nanobody-based immunosensor detection enhanced by photocatalytic-electrochemical redox cycling			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2021	Publication	Analytical Chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	93	Issue	40	Pages	13606-13614
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Electrochemical and Analytical Sciences Lab (A-Sense Lab)
	Abstract	Detection of antigenic biomarkers present in trace amounts is of crucial importance for medical diagnosis. A parasitic disease, human toxocariasis, lacks an adequate diagnostic method despite its worldwide occurrence. The currently used serology tests may stay positive even years after a possibly unnoticed infection, whereas the direct detection of a re-infection or a still active infection remains a diagnostic challenge due to the low concentration of circulating parasitic antigens. We report a time-efficient sandwich immunosensor using small recombinant single-domain antibodies (nanobodies) derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies specific to Toxocara canis antigens. An enhanced sensitivity to pg/mL levels is achieved by using a redox cycle consisting of a photocatalytic oxidation and electrochemical reduction steps. The photocatalytic oxidation is achieved by a photosensitizer generating singlet oxygen (1O2) that, in turn, readily reacts with p-nitrophenol enzymatically produced under alkaline conditions. The photooxidation produces benzoquinone that is electrochemically reduced to hydroquinone, generating an amperometric response. The light-driven process could be easily separated from the background, thus making amperometric detection more reliable. The proposed method for detection of the toxocariasis antigen marker shows superior performances compared to other detection schemes with the same nanobodies and outperforms by at least two orders of magnitude the assays based on regular antibodies, thus suggesting new opportunities for electrochemical immunoassays of challenging low levels of antigens.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000708550500025	Publication Date	2021-09-29
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:181795			Serial	8290
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	Author	Steijlen, A.S.M.; Parrilla, M.; Van Echelpoel, R.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Dual microfluidic sensor system for enriched electrochemical profiling and identification of illicit drugs on-site			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2024	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	96	Issue	1	Pages	590-598
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Antwerp Electrochemical and Analytical Sciences Lab (A-Sense Lab)
	Abstract	Electrochemical sensors have emerged as a new analytical tool for illicit drug detection to facilitate ultrafast and accurate identification of suspicious compounds on-site. Drugs of abuse can be identified using their unique voltammetric fingerprint at a given pH. Today, the right buffer solution is manually selected based on drug appearance, and in some cases, a consecutive analysis in two different pH solutions is required. In this work, we present a disposable microfluidic multichannel sensor system that automatically records fingerprints in two pH solutions (e.g., pH 5 and pH 12). This system has two advantages. It will overcome the manual selection of a buffer solution at the right pH, decrease analysis time, and minimize the risk of human errors. Second, the combination of two fingerprints, the superfingerprint, contains more detailed information about the samples, which enhances the selectivity of the analytical technique. First, real-time pH measurements proved that the sample can be brought to the desired pH within a minute. Subsequently, an electrochemical study on the microfluidic platform with 1 mM illicit drug standards of MDMA, cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine showed that the characteristic voltammetric fingerprints and peak potentials are reproducible, also in the presence of common cutting agents. Finally, the microfluidic concept was validated with real confiscated samples, showing promising results for the user-friendly identification of drugs of abuse. In short, this paper presents a successful proof-of-concept study of a multichannel microfluidic sensor system to enrich the fingerprints of illicit drugs at pH 5 and pH 12, thus providing a low-cost, portable, and rapid identification system of illicit drugs with minimal user intervention.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001139443500001	Publication Date	2023-12-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.4	Times cited		Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 7.4; 2024 IF: 6.32
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:201877			Serial	9024
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	Author	Ayalew, E.; Gebre, Y.; De Wael, K.
	Title	A survey of occupational exposure to inhalable wood dust among workers in small- and medium-scale wood-processing enterprises in Ethiopia			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	The annals of occupational hygiene	Abbreviated Journal	Ann Occup Hyg
	Volume	59	Issue	2	Pages	253-257
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	A study of wood dust exposure in 20 small- and medium-scale wood-processing enterprises was performed in Ethiopia. Sampling was conducted daily from January to June, 2013 and a total of 360 samples from 113 workers were collected with Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) personal samplers. Eight-hour time-weighted average exposure to wood dust ranged from 0.24 to 23.3mg m−3 with a geometric mean (GM) of 6.82mg m−3 and a geometric standard deviation of 1.82. Although Ethiopia did not have any defined standard of Occupational Exposure Limit for wood dust exposure, 71% of the measurements exceeded the limit of 5mg m−3 set by the European Union (EU). Higher than the EU exposure limit was measured while workers perform sanding and sawing activities with a GM of 9.72 and 7.60mg m−3, respectively. In conclusion, wood workers in the small- and medium-scale enterprises are at a higher risk of developing different respiratory health problems with continuous exposure trends.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000352158700011	Publication Date	2014-10-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-4878	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	1.71	Times cited	4	Open Access
	Notes	; Eyasu Ayalew thanks the Addis Ababa University (Center for Environmental Sciences) for the personal grant for independent study. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 1.71; 2015 IF: 2.101
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:119739			Serial	5857
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Kuckova, S.; Hamidi-Asl, E.; Matulkova, I.; Hynek, R.; De Wael, K.; Sanyova, J.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Technoques and applications of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Spectroscopy (SERSS) focused on cultural heritage			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2018	Publication	Chemické listy	Abbreviated Journal	Chem Listy
	Volume	112	Issue	5	Pages	312-316
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The review is devoted to a modern method of vibrational spectroscopy – surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy Its principle and some of its special variants (imunnoSERS and TERS (Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy)) are described m a simpinified manner Wide application possibilities are demonstrated on selected examples from its application m culturinl heritage.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0009-2770; 1213-7103	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor	0.387	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 0.387
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:151616			Serial	5869
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	Author	Thirumalraj, alamurugan; Palanisamy, S.; Chen, S.-M.; De Wael, K.
	Title	A graphene/gelatin composite material for the entrapment of hemoglobin for bioelectrochemical sensing applications			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	Journal of the electrochemical society	Abbreviated Journal	J Electrochem Soc
	Volume	163	Issue	7	Pages	265-271
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	In the present work, a novel graphene (GN) and gelatin (GTN) composite was prepared and used as an immobilization matrix for hemoglobin (Hb). Compared with Hb immobilized on a bare, GN or GTN modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE), a stable and pair of well-defined quasi redox couple was observed at an Hb modified GN/GTN composite GCE at a formal potential of −0.306 V versus Ag\|AgCl. The direct electrochemical behavior of Hb was greatly enhanced by the presence of both GTN and GN. A heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (Ks) was calculated as 3.82 s−1 for Hb immobilized at GN/GTN modified GCE, which indicates the fast direct electron transfer of Hb toward the electrode surface. The biosensor shows a stable and wide linear response for H2O2 in the linear response range from 0.1 μM to 786.6 μM with an analytical sensitivity and limit of detection of 0.48 μAμM−1 cm−2 and 0.04 μM, respectively. The fabricated biosensor holds its high selectivity in the presence of potentially active interfering species and metal ions. The biosensor shows its satisfactory practical ability in the commercial contact lens solution and human serum samples.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000377412900047	Publication Date	2016-04-08
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0013-4651	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.259	Times cited	9	Open Access
	Notes	; This project was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology (project no. NSC1012113M027001MY3), Taiwan (Republic of China). The authors express their sincere thanks to Prof. Bih-Show Lou, Chemistry Division, Center for General Education, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan for providing the human serum samples. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.259
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:132627			Serial	5635
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	Author	Lybaert, J.; Maes, B.U.W.; Tehrani, K.A.; De Wael, K.
	Title	The electrochemistry of tetrapropylammonium perruthenate, its role in the oxidation of primary alcohols and its potential for electrochemical recycling			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Electrochimica acta	Abbreviated Journal	Electrochim Acta
	Volume	182	Issue		Pages	693-698
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Organic synthesis (ORSY)
	Abstract	The search for strategies aiming at more sustainable (oxidation) reactions has led to the application of electrochemistry for recycling the spent catalyst. In this work, an electrochemical study of the tetrapropylammonium perruthenate catalyst (TPAP) and its activity towards a primary alcohol, n-butanol, has been carried out as well as a control study with tert-butanol. The redox chemistry of TPAP and the transition between the perruthenate anion and ruthenium tetroxide in a non-aqueous solvent have been, for the first time, investigated in depth. The oxidation reaction of n-butanol in the presence of TPAP has been electrochemically elucidated by performing potentiostatic experiments and registration of the corresponding oxidation current. Furthermore, it was shown that, by applying a specific potential, the reoxidized TPAP is able to oxidize/convert the primary alcohol, paving the way for practical applications using TPAP in electrochemical synthesis. The conversion of n-butanol into n-butanal was proven by the use of GC-MS.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000365075800084	Publication Date	2015-09-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0013-4686	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.798	Times cited	2	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.798; 2015 IF: 4.504
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:127676			Serial	5599
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	Author	Pauwels, D.; Ching, H.Y.V.; Samanipour, M.; Neukermans, S.; Hereijgers, J.; Van Doorslaer, S.; De Wael, K.; Breugelmans, T.
	Title	Identifying intermediates in the reductive intramolecular cyclisation of allyl 2-bromobenzyl ether by an improved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroelectrochemical electrode design combined with density functional theory calculations			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2018	Publication	Electrochimica acta	Abbreviated Journal	Electrochim Acta
	Volume	271	Issue	271	Pages	10-18
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Applied Electrochemistry & Catalysis (ELCAT)
	Abstract	The electrochemical activation of C-X bonds requires very negative electrode potentials. Lowering the overpotentials and increasing the catalytic activity requires intensive electrocatalytic research. A profound understanding of the reaction mechanism and the influence of the electrocatalyst allows optimal tuning of the electrocatalyst. This can be achieved by combining electrochemical techniques with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Although this was introduced in the mid-twentieth century, the application of this combined approach in electrocatalytic research is underexploited. Several reasons can be listed, such as the limited availability of EPR instrumentation and electrochemical devices for such in situ experiments. In this work, a simple and inexpensive construction adapted for in situ EPR electrocatalytic research is proposed. The proof of concept is provided by studying a model reaction, namely the reductive cyclisation of allyl 2-bromobenzyl ether which has interesting industrial applications.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000430369800002	Publication Date	2018-03-20
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0013-4686	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.798	Times cited	2	Open Access
	Notes	; The authors would like to thank Melissa Van Landeghem for her assistance with the experimental work and analysis of the data. Jonas Hereijgers greatly acknowledges the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) for support through a Post-Doctoral grant (12Q8817N). H.Y. Vincent Ching gratefully acknowledges the University of Antwerp for a Post-Doctoral grant. Sabine Van Doorslaer and Tom Breugelmans acknowledge the FWO for research funding (research grant G093317N). ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.798
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:150463			Serial	5652
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	Author	Lybaert, J.; Tehrani, K.A.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Mediated electrolysis of vicinal diols by neocuproine palladium catalysts			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2017	Publication	Electrochimica acta	Abbreviated Journal	Electrochim Acta
	Volume	247	Issue		Pages	685-691
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Organic synthesis (ORSY)
	Abstract	Synthetic electrochemistry agrees well with the principles of sustainable chemistry, therefore it is considered as a more environmentally friendly approach than some current synthetic methods Here, we present a new strategy for the chemoselective oxidation of vicinal diols, viz. the integration of neocuproine palladium catalysts and electrosynthesis. Benzoquinones are used as an effective mediator as the reduced species (hydroquinones) can be easily reoxidized at relative low potentials at an electrode surface. NeocuproinePd(OAc)2 efficiently works as a catalyst in an electrolysis reaction for vicinal diols at room temperature. This is a remarkable observation given the fact that aerobic oxidation reactions of alcohols typically need a more complex catalyst, i.e. [neocuproinePdOAc]2[OTf]2. In this article we describe the optimization of the electrolysis conditions for the neocuproinePd(OAc)2 catalyst to selectively oxidize diols. The suggested approach leads to conversion of alcohols with high yields and provides an interesting alternative to perform oxidation reactions under mild conditions by the aid of electrochemistry.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000408582300072	Publication Date	2017-07-08
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0013-4686	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.798	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.798
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:144118			Serial	5706
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Gaetani, C.; Gheno, G.; Borroni, M.; De Wael, K.; Moretto, L.M.; Ugo, P.
	Title	Nanoelectrode ensemble immunosensing for the electrochemical identification of ovalbumin in works of art			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	Electrochimica acta	Abbreviated Journal	Electrochim Acta
	Volume	312	Issue	312	Pages	72-79
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	This research is aimed to the study and application of an electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of ovalbumin (OVA) from egg white (or albumen) used as a binder in some works of art, such as some historical photographic prints and tempera paintings. The immunosensor takes advantage of the interesting biodetection capabilities offered by nanoelectrode ensembles (NEEs). The NEEs used to this aim are prepared by template deposition of gold nanoelectrodes within the pores of track-etched polycarbonate (PC) membranes. The affinity of polycarbonate for proteins is exploited to capture OVA from the aqueous extract obtained by incubation in phosphate buffer of a small sample fragment (<1 mg). The captured protein is reacted selectively with anti-OVA antibody, labelled with glucose oxidase (GOx). In the case of positive response, the addition of the GOx substrate (i.e. glucose) and a suitable redox mediator (a ferrocenyl derivative) reflects in the up rise of an electrocatalytic oxidation current, which depends on the OVA amount captured on the NEE, this amount correlating with OVA concentration in the extract. After optimization, the sensor is successfully applied to identify OVA in photographic prints dating back to the late 19th century, as well as in ancient tempera paintings from the 15th and 18th centuries.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000468595500008	Publication Date	2019-04-29
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0013-4686	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.798	Times cited	2	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.798
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:159573			Serial	5743
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Stefan, G.; Hosu, O.; De Wael, K.; Jesus Lobo-Castanon, M.; Cristea, C.
	Title	Aptamers in biomedicine : selection strategies and recent advances			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2021	Publication	Electrochimica Acta	Abbreviated Journal	Electrochim Acta
	Volume	376	Issue		Pages	137994
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Aptamers have come in the spotlight as bio-mimetic molecular recognition elements in the field of biomedicine due to various applications in diagnostics, drug delivery, therapeutics, and pharmaceutical analysis. Aptamers are composed of nucleic acid strands (DNA or RNA) that can specifically interact in a three-dimensional tailored design with the target molecule. The basic method to generate aptamers is Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX). Recent technological advances in aptamer selection allow for faster and cheaper production of a new generation of high-affinity aptamers compared to the traditional SELEX, which can last up to several months. Rigorous characterization performed by multiple research groups endorsed several well-defined aptamer sequences. Binding affinity, nature of the biomolecular interactions and structural characterization are of paramount importance for aptamer screening and development of applications. However, remarkable challenges still need to be dealt with before the aptamers can make great contributions to the biomedical field. Poor specificity and sensitivity, questionable clinical use, low drug loading, in vivo stability and toxicity are only some of the identified challenges. This review accounts for the 30th celebration of the SELEX technology underlining the most important aptamers' achievements in the biomedical field within mostly the past five years. Aptamers' advantages over antibodies are discussed. Because of potential clinical translational utility, insights of remarkable developments in aptamer-based methods for diagnosis and monitoring of disease biomarkers and pharmaceuticals are discussed focusing on the recent studies (2015-2020). The current challenges and promising opportunities for aptamers for therapeutic and theragnostic purposes are also presented. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000634761900003	Publication Date	2021-02-22
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0013-4686	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.798	Times cited		Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.798
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:177677			Serial	7491
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Schram, J.; Thiruvottriyur Shanmugam, S.; Sleegers, N.; Florea, A.; Samyn, N.; van Nuijs, A.L.N.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Local conversion of redox inactive molecules into redox active ones : a formaldehyde based strategy for the electrochemical detection of illicit drugs containing primary and secondary amines			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2021	Publication	Electrochimica Acta	Abbreviated Journal	Electrochim Acta
	Volume	367	Issue		Pages	137515
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Toxicological Centre
	Abstract	Electrochemical techniques have evidenced to be highly suitable for the development of portable, rapid and accurate screening methods for the detection of illicit drugs in seized samples. However, the redox inactivity of primary amines, one of the most common functional groups of illicit drugs, masks voltammetric detection in aqueous environment at carbon electrodes and, therefore, leads to false negative results if only these primary amines are present in the structures. This work explores the feasibility of a derivatisation approach that introduces formaldehyde in the measuring conditions in order to achieve methylation, via an Eschweiler-Clarke mechanism, of illicit drugs containing primary and secondary amines, using amphetamine (AMP) and methamphetamine (MET) as model molecules. As a result the electrochemical fingerprint is enriched and thereby the detectability enhanced. A combination of liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOFMS) and square-wave voltammetric (SWV) measurements is employed to identify reaction products and link them to the observed redox peaks. Although an alkaline environment (pH 12.0) proved to increase the reaction yield, a richer electrochemical fingerprint (EF) is obtained in neutral conditions (pH 7.0). Similarly, the addition of formate improved the reaction conversion but reduced the EF by eliminating a redox peak that is attributed to side products formed in the absence of formate. To illustrate the applicability, the derivatisation strategy is applied to several prominent illicit drugs containing primary and secondary amines to demonstrate its EF enriching capabilities. Finally, real street samples from forensic seizures are analysed. Overall, this strategy unlocks the detectability of the hitherto undetectable AMP and other drugs only containing primary amines, while strongly facilitating the identification of MET and analogues. These findings are not limited to illicit drugs, the insights can ultimately be applied to other target molecules containing similar functional groups. (C) 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000607620700010	Publication Date	2020-11-21
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0013-4686	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.798	Times cited		Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.798
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:176083			Serial	8177
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Mendonça, C.D.; Khan, S.U.; Rahemi, V.; Verbruggen, S.W.; Machado, S.A.S.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Surface plasmon resonance-induced visible light photocatalytic TiO₂ modified with AuNPs for the quantification of hydroquinone			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2021	Publication	Electrochimica Acta	Abbreviated Journal	Electrochim Acta
	Volume	389	Issue		Pages	138734
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	The impregnation of size-controlled gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on an anatase TiO2 structure (AuNPs@TiO2) was studied for the photoelectrochemical detection of hydroquinone (HQ) under visible light illumination integrated into a flow injection analysis (FIA) setup. The crystalline form of TiO2 was preserved during synthesis and the homogeneous distribution of AuNPs over the TiO2 structure was confirmed. Its photoelectrocatalytic activity was improved due to the presence of AuNPs, preventing charge recombination in TiO2 and improving its light absorption ability by the surface plasmon resonance effect (SPR). The FIA system was used in order to significantly reduce the electrode fouling during electroanalysis through periodic washing steps of the electrode surface. During the amperometric detection process, reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated by visible light illumination of AuNPs@TiO2, participate in the oxidation process of HQ. The reduction of the oxidized form of HQ, i.e. benzoquinone (BQ) occurs by applying a negative potential and the measurable amperometric response will be proportional to the initial HQ concentration. The influencing parameters on the response of the amperometric photocurrent such as applied potential, flow rate and pH were investigated. The linear correlation between the amperometric response and the concentration of HQ was recorded (range 0.0125 – 1.0 µM) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 33.8 nM and sensitivity of 0.22 A M−1 cm−2. In this study, we illustrated for the first time that the impregnation of AuNPs in TiO2 allows the sensitive detection of phenolic substances under green laser illumination by using a photoelectrochemical flow system.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000687283100018	Publication Date	2021-06-04
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0013-4686	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.798	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.798
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:178908			Serial	8626
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Joosten, F.; Parrilla, M.; van Nuijs, A.L.N.; Ozoemena, K.Id; De Wael, K.
	Title	Electrochemical detection of illicit drugs in oral fluid : potential for forensic drug testing			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	Electrochimica acta	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	2022	Issue	436	Pages	141309-141315
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; Engineering sciences. Technology; Toxicological Centre; Antwerp Electrochemical and Analytical Sciences Lab (A-Sense Lab)
	Abstract	Illicit drugs continue to pose a serious threat to society and public health. Drug (ab)use is linked to organised crime and violence. Therefore, to fight the so-called war on drugs, police and law enforcement agencies need to be equipped with accurate and efficient sensors for the detection of illicit drugs and drug use. Even though colour tests (for powders) and lateral flow immunoassays (for biological samples) lack accuracy, they are relied upon for fast and easy on-site detection. Alternatively, in recent years, there has been an increasing interest in electrochemical sensors as a promising technique for the rapid and accurate on-site detection of illicit drugs. While a myriad of literature exists on the use of electrochemical sensors for drug powder analysis, literature on their use for the detection of drug use in biological samples is scarce. To this end, this review presents an overview of strategies for the electrochemical detection of illicit drugs in oral fluid. First, pharmacokinetics of drugs in oral fluid and the legal limit dilemma regarding the analytical cut-offs for roadside drug detection tests are elaborated to present the reader with the background knowledge required to develop such a test. Subsequently, an overview of electrochemical strategies developed for the detection of illicit drugs in oral fluid is given. Importantly, key challenges to address in the development of roadside tests are highlighted to improve the design of the next electrochemical devices and to bring them to the field. Overall, electrochemical sensors for illicit drugs detection in oral fluid show promise to disrupt current strategies for roadside testing.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000882442300001	Publication Date	2022-10-13
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0013-4686	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:191107			Serial	8855
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Montiel, F.N.; Parrilla, M.; Sleegers, N.; Van Durme, F.; van Nuijs, A.L.N.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Electrochemical sensing of amphetamine-type stimulants (pre)-precursors to fight against the illicit production of synthetic drugs			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2022	Publication	Electrochimica acta	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	436	Issue		Pages	141446-11
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Toxicological Centre; Antwerp Electrochemical and Analytical Sciences Lab (A-Sense Lab)
	Abstract	The illicit drug precursor market for the manufacture of amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS), mainly amphetamine, methamphetamine and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), has emerged quickly in the last years. The evidence of a more complex and sophisticated drug market underlines the pressing need for new on-site methods to quickly detect precursors of synthetic drugs, with electrochemical analysis as a promising technique. Herein, the electrochemical fingerprints of ten common ATS precursors-3-oxo-2-phenylbutanenitrile (APAAN), 3-oxo-2-phenylbutanamide (APAA), methyl 3-oxo-2-phenylbutanoate (MAPA), benzyl methyl ketone (BMK), 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)propan-2-one (PMK), ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, safrole, sassafras oil and piperonal- are reported for the first time. The electrochemical screening disclosed the redox inactivity of BMK, which is an essential starting material for the production of ATS. Therefore, the local derivatization of BMK at an electrode surface by reductive amination is presented as a feasible solution to enrich its electrochemical fingerprint. To prove that, the resulting mixture was analyzed using a set of chromatographic techniques to understand the reaction mechanism and to identify possible electrochemical active products. Two reaction products (i.e. methamphetamine and 1-phenylpropan-2-ol) were found and characterized using mass spectrometry and electrochemical methods. Subsequently, the optimization of the reaction parameters was carefully addressed to set the portable electrochemical sensing strategy. Ultimately, the analysis concept was validated for the qualitative identification of ATS precursors in seizures from a forensic institute. Overall, the electrochemical approach demonstrates to be a useful and affordable analytical tool for the early identification of ATS precursors to prevent trafficking and drug manufacture in clandestine laboratories.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000914833800003	Publication Date	2022-10-27
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0013-4686	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:191622			Serial	8858
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Almabadi, M.H.; Truta, F.M.; Adamu, G.; Cowen, T.; Tertis, M.; Alanazi, K.D.M.; Stefan, M.-G.; Piletska, E.; Kiss, B.; Cristea, C.; De Wael, K.; Piletsky, S.A.; Cruz, A.G.
	Title	Integration of smart nanomaterials for highly selective disposable sensors and their forensic applications in amphetamine determination			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Electrochimica acta	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	446	Issue		Pages	142009-142010
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Antwerp Electrochemical and Analytical Sciences Lab (A-Sense Lab)
	Abstract	Screening drugs on the street and biological samples pose a challenge to law enforcement agencies due to existing detection methods and instrument limitations. Herein we present a graphene-assisted molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticle-based sensor for amphetamine. These nanoparticles are electroactive by incorporating ferrocene in their structure. These particles act as specific actuators in electrochemical sensors, and the presence of a ferrocene redox probe embedded in the structure allows the detection of non-electroactive amphetamine. In a control approach, nanoparticles were covalently immobilised onto electrochemical sensors by drop-casting using silanes. Alternatively, nanoparticles were immobilised employing 3D printing and a graphene ink composite. The electrochemical performance of both approaches was evaluated. As a result, 3D printed nanoMIPs/graphene sensors displayed the highest selectivity in spiked human plasma, with sensitivity at 73 nA nM-1, LOD of 68 nM (RSD 2.4%) when compared to the silane drop cast electrodes. The main advantage of the optimised 3D printing technology is that it allows quantitative determination of amphetamine, a nonelectroactive drug, challenging to detect with conventional electrochemical sensors. In addition, the costefficient 3D printing method makes these sensors easy to manufacture, leading to robust, highly selective and sensitive sensors. As proof of concept, sensors were evaluated on the street specimens and clinically relevant samples and successfully validated using UPLC-MS.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000953087600001	Publication Date	2023-02-09
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0013-4686	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.6	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 6.6; 2023 IF: 4.798
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:196145			Serial	8888
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Horemans, B.; Van Holsbeke, C.; Vos, W.; Darchuk, L.; Novakovic, V.; Fontan, A.C.; de Backer, J.; van Grieken, R.; de Backer, W.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Particle deposition in airways of chronic respiratory patients exposed to an urban aerosol			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2012	Publication	Environmental science and technology	Abbreviated Journal	Environ Sci Technol
	Volume	46	Issue	21	Pages	12162-12169
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
	Abstract	Urban atmospheres in modern cities carry characteristic mixtures of particulate pollution which are potentially aggravating for chronic respiratory patients (CRP). Although air quality surveys can be detailed, the obtained information is not always useful to evaluate human health effects. This paper presents a novel approach to estimate particle deposition rates in airways of CRP, based on real air pollution data. By combining computational fluid dynamics with physical-chemical characteristics of particulate pollution, deposition rates are estimated for particles of different toxicological relevance, that is, minerals, iron oxides, sea salts, ammonium salts, and carbonaceous particles. Also, it enables some qualitative evaluation of the spatial, temporal, and patient specific effects on the particle dose upon exposure to the urban atmosphere. Results show how heavy traffic conditions increases the deposition of anthropogenic particles in the trachea and lungs of respiratory patients (here, +0.28 and +1.5 μg·h1, respectively). In addition, local and synoptic meteorological conditions were found to have a strong effect on the overall dose. However, the pathology and age of the patient was found to be more crucial, with highest deposition rates for toxic particles in adults with a mild anomaly, followed by mild asthmatic children and adults with severe respiratory dysfunctions (7, 5, and 3 μg·h1, respectively).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Easton, Pa	Editor
	Language		Wos	000310665000082	Publication Date	2012-10-04
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0013-936X;1520-5851;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.198	Times cited	5	Open Access
	Notes	; We are grateful for the financial support of n.v. Vooruitzicht. Furthermore, co-workers at the environmental analysis research group are acknowledged for their help in the fieldwork. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.198; 2012 IF: 5.257
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:101411			Serial	2557
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	Author	Trashin, S.; De Jong, M.; Luyckx, E.; Dewilde, S.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Electrochemical evidence for neuroglobin activity on NO at physiological concentrations			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	Journal of biological chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	J Biol Chem
	Volume	291	Issue	36	Pages	18959-18966
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The true function of neuroglobin (Ngb) and, particularly, human Ngb (NGB) has been under debate since its discovery 15 years ago. It has been expected to play a role in oxygen binding/supply, but a variety of other functions have been put forward, including NO dioxygenase activity. However, in vitro studies that could unravel these potential roles have been hampered by the lack of an Ngb-specific reductase. In this work, we used electrochemical measurements to investigate the role of an intermittent internal disulfide bridge in determining NO oxidation kinetics at physiological NO concentrations. The use of a polarized electrode to efficiently interconvert the ferric (Fe3+) and ferrous (Fe2+) forms of an immobilized NGB showed that the disulfide bridge both defines the kinetics of NO dioxygenase activity and regulates appearance of the free ferrous deoxy-NGB, which is the redox active form of the protein in contrast to oxy-NGB. Our studies further identified a role for the distal histidine, interacting with the hexacoordinated iron atom of the heme, in oxidation kinetics. These findings may be relevant in vivo, for example in blocking apoptosis by reduction of ferric cytochrome c, and gentle tuning of NO concentration in the tissues.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000383242300031	Publication Date	2016-07-12
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-9258; 1083-351x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.125	Times cited	11	Open Access
	Notes	; This work was supported by Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FWO) Grant G.0687.13 and Universiteit Antwerpen GOA BOF 28312. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with the contents of this article. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.125
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:134340			Serial	5590
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	Author	Krupińska, B.; Van Grieken, R.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Air quality monitoring in a museum for preventive conservation : results of a three-year study in the Plantin-Moretus Museum in Antwerp, Belgium			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Microchemical journal	Abbreviated Journal	Microchem J
	Volume	110	Issue		Pages	350-360
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Through different research projects on air quality in museums, researcher and conservators try identifying various risks of air pollution on materials. The conclusions may be later translated into specific actions for a maximum preservation of the museum collections, a process known as preventive conservation. Air pollution is a particular problem in historical buildings such as museums, because they were not originally built to exhibit and protect art objects in a sustainable way. This article reports on the data and results that were obtained during 10 sampling campaigns, in the period between November 2008 and February 2012 in a museum in Antwerp (Belgium), i.e. Plantin-Moretus Museum/Print Room. Different pollutants were measured inside and outside the museum such as inorganic gases, particulate matter and black carbon. The report specifically addresses environmental factors that may be responsible for damage to the collections present in museums. Thanks to the knowledge about the current situation in the museum, accurate solutions regarding preventive conservation, in general, are suggested.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000326851200051	Publication Date	2013-05-21
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0026-265x; 0026-265x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.034	Times cited	46	Open Access
	Notes	; The presented work was realised in the frame of the project Preventive conservation/preservation in the museum Plantin-Moretus/Prentenkabinet, Antwerp, financed by the Flemish Government. Special thanks are due to Mrs Hanne Moris and Mrs Elke van Herck and all the staff of the Museum Plantin-Moretus/Print Room in Antwerp for their sincere interest in this work and their eager assistance during all the sampling campaigns. VMM and Dr. Edward Roekens is acknowledged for sharing the black carbon measurements. Barbara Krupinska is supported as PhD student by the Flemish Fund for Scientific Research (FWO, Belgium). ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.034; 2013 IF: 3.583
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:108402			Serial	5460
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	Author	Vermeulen, M.; Janssens, K.; Sanyova, J.; Rahemi, V.; McGlinchey, C.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Assessing the stability of arsenic sulfide pigments and influence of the binding media on their degradation by means of spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2018	Publication	Microchemical journal	Abbreviated Journal	Microchem J
	Volume	138	Issue	138	Pages	82-91
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	In this paper, we used the semiconducting and lightfastness properties of synthetic and mineral arsenic sulfide pigments to study their stability by means of electrochemical and microfadometric techniques. A combination of these techniques shows that in the early stage of the degradation process, amorphous arsenic sulfides are more stable than both crystalline forms, while upon longer exposure time, amorphous pigments will fade more than both mineral pigments, making it less suitable. While the stability study was carried out on unbound pigments, the influence of the organic binder on the relative degradation of the arsenic sulfide pigments was investigated through a multi-analytical approach on pigment/binder mock-up paint samples. For this purpose, the formation of arsenic trioxide was assessed by micro Fourier transform infrared (μ-FTIR) spectroscopy while the influence of the binder on the formation of sulfates was studied by means of synchrotron radiation X-ray near edge structure (μ-XANES). Both techniques elucidate a higher stability of all pigments in gum arabic while the use of egg yolk as binder leads to the most degradation, most likely due to its sulfur-rich composition. In the context of the degradation of arsenic sulfide pigments, other binders such as animal glue, egg white or linseed oil show an intermediate impact.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000428103000010	Publication Date	2018-01-06
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0026-265x; 0026-265x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.034	Times cited	4	Open Access
	Notes	; This research is made possible with the support of the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO, Brussels) through the research program Science for a Sustainable Development – SDD, “Long-term role and fate of metal-sulfides in painted works of art – S2ART” (grant number SD/RI/04A). We gratefully acknowledge Megane Willems (Institut Paul-Lambin) for her help with mu-FFIR analyses and realization of the mock-up paint samples. We acknowledge the Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland for provision of synchrotron radiation beamtime at beamline Phoenix of the SLS. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.034
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:150149			Serial	5482
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	Author	Krupińska, B.; Worobiec, A.; Rotondo, G.G.; Novaković, V.; Kontozova, V.; Ro, C.-U.; Van Grieken, R.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Assessment of the air quality (NO₂, SO₂, O₃ and particulate matter) in the Plantin-Moretus Museum/Print Room in Antwerp, Belgium, in different seasons of the year			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2012	Publication	Microchemical journal	Abbreviated Journal	Microchem J
	Volume	102	Issue	1	Pages	49-53
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
	Abstract	The Plantin-Moretus Museum/Print Room in Antwerp, Belgium, gathers one of the most precious collections of typographical material and old printed books in the world. Rich decorations of this former printing-house and the history of the building itself underline its uniqueness. The cultural heritage (CH) objects collected in the museum, in particular books and manuscripts are vulnerable to the atmospheric pollution and can be irreversibly damaged. To assess the air quality inside the museum, four consecutive sampling campaigns were performed in each season of the year. The gas monitoring of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3) was carried out outside the building, in galleries and in showcases by means of using diffusive samplers. The particulate matter (PM) was collected in bulk form and as single particles and then analysed with use of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and electron probe micro-analyser (EPMA), respectively. The museum complex turned out to show good protection against gaseous pollutants, especially SO2 and O3. The concentrations of these pollutants were significantly reduced inside the building in comparison to the outdoor ones. Similar protective character of the museum complex was established in case of the coarse fraction of PM; however with some limitations. Single particle analysis showed that the relative abundance of carbon-rich particles inside the museum was greater than outside. Moreover, these particles contributed more to the fine fraction of PM than to the coarse fraction. Therefore, for better preservation of cultural heritage, special attention should be paid to the small particles and their distribution within the museum.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000301559100007	Publication Date	2011-11-22
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0026-265x; 0026-265x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.034	Times cited	25	Open Access
	Notes	; The presented work was realised in the frame of the project Preventive conservation/preservation in the museum Plantin-Moretus/Prentenkabinet, Antwerp, financed by the Flemish Government. Special thanks are due to Mrs Hanne Moris and Mrs Elke van Herck and all the staff of the Museum Plantin-Moretus/Print Room in Antwerp for their sincere interest in this work and their eager assistance during all the sampling campaigns. Barbara Krupinska is supported as PhD student by the Flemish Fund for Scientific Research (FWO, Belgium). ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.034; 2012 IF: 2.879
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:94466			Serial	5483
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	Author	Horemans, B.; Cardell, C.; Bencs, L.; Kontozova-Deutsch, V.; De Wael, K.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Evaluation of airborne particles at the Alhambra monument in Granada, Spain			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Microchemical journal	Abbreviated Journal	Microchem J
	Volume	99	Issue	2	Pages	429-438
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	As a part of an ongoing investigation regarding the air quality at the Alhambra monument (UNESCO World Cultural Heritage), indoor and outdoor atmospheric aerosols (PM1 and PM10-1) and pollutant gases (O3, NO2, SO2 and NH3) were studied during summer and winter. Bulk elements, ionic compounds and black carbon (BC) in aerosols were analyzed with X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, ion chromatography and aethalometry/reflectometry, respectively. Natural PM10-1 aerosols, such as carbonate-rich soil and sea salts, reacted with a typical urban atmosphere, producing a mixture of particulates with diverse chemical composition. The content/formation of secondary inorganic aerosols depended on the air temperature and absolute humidity. Ratios of typical mineral elements (i.e., Ti/Fe and Si/Fe) showed that Saharan dust events contribute to the composition of the observed mineral aerosol content. BC, V and Ni originated from diesel exhaust, while Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn came mainly from non-exhaust vehicular emissions. Weathering phenomena, such as blackening and pigment discoloration, which could arise from gradual aerosol deposition indoors, are discussed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000295770700042	Publication Date	2011-06-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0026-265x; 0026-265x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.034	Times cited	39	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.034; 2011 IF: 3.048
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:91720			Serial	5611
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