Records |
Author |
Koch, K.; Ysebaert, T.; Denys, S.; Samson, R. |
Title |
Urban heat stress mitigation potential of green walls: A review |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Urban Forestry & Urban Greening |
Abbreviated Journal |
Urban For Urban Gree |
Volume |
55 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
126843-13 |
Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Art; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL) |
Abstract |
Cities with resilience to climate change appear to be a vision of the future, but are inevitable to ensure the quality of life for citizens and to avoid an increase in civilian mortality. Urban green infrastructure (UGI), with the focus on vertical green, poses a beneficial mitigation and adaptation strategy for challenges such as climate change through cooling effects on building and street level. This review article explores recent literature regarding this considerable topic and investigates how green walls can be applied to mitigate this problem. Summary tables (see additional information) and figures are presented that can be used by policy makers and researchers to make informed decisions when installing green walls in built-up environments. At last, knowledge gaps are uncovered that need further investigation to exploit the benefits at its best. |
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000593921600001 |
Publication Date |
2020-09-25 |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1618-8667 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
Impact Factor |
6.4 |
Times cited |
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Open Access ![sorted by Open Access field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Notes |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: 6.4; 2020 IF: 2.113 |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:172985 |
Serial |
6650 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Bafekry, A.; Yagmurcukardes, M.; Akgenc, B.; Ghergherehchi, M.; Nguyen, C. |
Title |
Van der Waals heterostructures of MoS₂ and Janus MoSSe monolayers on graphitic boron-carbon-nitride (BC₃, C₃N, C₃N₄ and C₄N₃) nanosheets: a first-principles study |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Journal Of Physics D-Applied Physics |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Phys D Appl Phys |
Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
1-10 |
Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT) |
Abstract |
In this work, we extensively investigate the structural and electronic properties of van der Waals heterostructures (HTs) constructed by MoS${2}$/$BC3$, MoS${2}$/$C3N$, MoS${2}$/$C3N4$, MoS${2}$/$C4N3$ and those using Janus MoSSe instead of MoS$2$ by performing density functional theory calculations. The electronic band structure calculations and the corresponding partial density of states reveal that the significant changes are driven by quite strong layer-layer interaction between the constitutive layers. Our results show that although all monolayers are semiconductors as free-standing layers, the MoS${2}$/$C3N$ and MoS${2}$/$C4N3$ bilayer HTs display metallic behavior as a consequence of transfer of charge carriers between two constituent layers. In addition, it is found that in MoSSe/$C3N$ bilayer HT, the degree of metallicity is affected by the interface chalcogen atom type when Se atoms are facing to $C3N$ layer, the overlap of the bands around the Fermi level is smaller. Moreover, the half-metallic magnetic $C4N3$ is shown to form magnetic half-metallic trilayer HT with MoS$2$ independent of the stacking sequence, i.e. whether it is sandwiched or two $C4N3$ layer encapsulate MoS$2$ layer. We further analyze the trilayer HTs in which MoS$2$ is encapsulated by two different monolayers and it is revealed that at least with one magnetic monolayer, it is possible to construct a magnetic trilayer. While the trilayer of $C4N3$/MoS${2}$/$BC3$ and $C4N3$/MoS${2}$/$C3N4$ exhibit half-metallic characteristics, $C4N3$/MoS${_2}$/$C3$N possesses a magnetic metallic ground state. Overall, our results reveal that holly structures of BCN crystals are suitable for heterostructure formation even over van der Waals type interaction which significantly changes electronic nature of the constituent layers. |
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Wos |
000543344800001 |
Publication Date |
2020-04-07 |
Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0022-3727 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
Impact Factor |
3.4 |
Times cited |
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Open Access ![sorted by Open Access field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Notes |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: 3.4; 2020 IF: 2.588 |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:169754 |
Serial |
6651 |
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Author |
Rivera Julio, J. |
Title |
Cálculos ab initio de sistemas 2D y de baja dimensionalidad |
Type |
Doctoral thesis |
Year |
2021 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
137 p. |
Keywords |
Doctoral thesis; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT) |
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Open Access ![sorted by Open Access field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Notes |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: NA |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:176996 |
Serial |
6718 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Jafarzadeh, A. |
Title |
First-principle studies of plasma-catalyst interactions for greenhouse gas conversion |
Type |
Doctoral thesis |
Year |
2020 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
163 p. |
Keywords |
Doctoral thesis; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT) |
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Open Access ![sorted by Open Access field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Notes |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: NA |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:174073 |
Serial |
6765 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Guo, J.; Clima, S.; Pourtois, G.; Van Houdt, J. |
Title |
Identifying alternative ferroelectric materials beyond Hf(Zr)O-₂ |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Applied Physics Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl Phys Lett |
Volume |
117 |
Issue |
26 |
Pages |
262903 |
Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT) |
Abstract |
A database-driven approach combined with ab initio density functional theory (DFT) simulations is used to identify and simulate alternative ferroelectric materials beyond Hf(Zr)O-2. The database-driven screening method identifies a class of wurtzite ferroelectric materials. DFT simulations of wurtzite magnesium chalcogenides, including MgS, MgSe, and MgTe, show their potential to achieve improved ferroelectric (FE) stability, simple atomistic unit cell structure, and large FE polarization. Strain engineering can effectively modulate the FE switching barrier height for facilitating FE switching. The effect of the piezoelectric property on the FE switching barrier heights is also examined. |
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Wos |
000608049700003 |
Publication Date |
2020-12-28 |
Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0003-6951; 1077-3118 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
Impact Factor |
4 |
Times cited |
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Open Access ![sorted by Open Access field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Notes |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: 4; 2020 IF: 3.411 |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:176053 |
Serial |
6766 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Ranjbar, S. |
Title |
Mathematical model of plasma therapy on bacterial growth |
Type |
Doctoral thesis |
Year |
2020 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
95 p. |
Keywords |
Doctoral thesis; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT) |
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Impact Factor |
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Open Access ![sorted by Open Access field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Notes |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: NA |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:175471 |
Serial |
6768 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Kolev, S.; Paunska, T.; Trenchev, G.; Bogaerts, A. |
Title |
Modeling the CO2 dissociation in pulsed atmospheric-pressure discharge |
Type |
P1 Proceeding |
Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Technologies |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
012007 |
Keywords |
P1 Proceeding; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT) |
Abstract |
CO2 dissociation and its subsequent conversion into added-value chemicals is a promising strategy for recycling CO2 gas into reusable products. One of the possible methods is direct plasma-induced dissociation. In this work we study the efficiency of CO2 dissociation in pulsed atmospheric-pressure gas discharge between two conducting electrodes by a 0-D numerical plasma model. The purpose of the study is to provide results on the optimal conditions of CO2 conversion with respect to the energy efficiency and dissociation by varying the maximum power density value and the pulse length. The power density is directly related to the discharge current and the reduced electric field in the discharge. We consider pulse lengths in the range from hundreds of nanosecond up to milliseconds. The results obtained show that the dissociation degree and energy efficiency are sensitive to the pulse length (duration) and the power density, so that a considerable improvement of the discharge performance can be achieved by fine-tuning these parameters. The study is intended to provide guidance in designing an experimental set-up and a power supply with the characteristics necessary to achieve optimal conversion. |
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Wos |
000593712900007 |
Publication Date |
2020-06-03 |
Series Editor |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
1492 |
Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1742-6588; 1742-6596 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record |
Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access ![sorted by Open Access field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Notes |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: NA |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:174447 |
Serial |
6769 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Kovács, A.; Billen, P.; Cornet, I.; Wijnants, M.; Neyts, E.C. |
Title |
Modeling the physicochemical properties of natural deep eutectic solvents : a review |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Chemsuschem |
Abbreviated Journal |
Chemsuschem |
Volume |
13 |
Issue |
15 |
Pages |
3789-3804 |
Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Intelligence in PRocesses, Advanced Catalysts and Solvents (iPRACS); Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT); Biochemical Wastewater Valorization & Engineering (BioWaVE) |
Abstract |
Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) are mixtures of naturally derived compounds with a significantly decreased melting point due to the specific interactions among the constituents. NADES have benign properties (low volatility, flammability, toxicity, cost) and tailorable physicochemical properties (by altering the type and molar ratio of constituents), hence they are often considered as a green alternative to common organic solvents. Modeling the relation between their composition and properties is crucial though, both for understanding and predicting their behavior. Several efforts were done to this end, yet this review aims at structuring the present knowledge as an outline for future research. First, we reviewed the key properties of NADES and relate them to their structure based on the available experimental data. Second, we reviewed available modeling methods applicable to NADES. At the molecular level, density functional theory and molecular dynamics allow interpreting density differences and vibrational spectra, and computation of interaction energies. Additionally, properties at the level of the bulk media can be explained and predicted by semi-empirical methods based on ab initio methods (COSMO-RS) and equation of state models (PC-SAFT). Finally, methods based on large datasets are discussed; models based on group contribution methods and machine learning. A combination of bulk media and dataset modeling allows qualitative prediction and interpretation of phase equilibria properties on the one hand, and quantitative prediction of melting point, density, viscosity, surface tension and refractive indices on the other hand. In our view, multiscale modeling, combining the molecular and macroscale methods, will strongly enhance the predictability of NADES properties and their interaction with solutes, yielding truly tailorable solvents to accommodate (bio)chemical reactions. |
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000541499100001 |
Publication Date |
2020-05-07 |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1864-5631 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
Impact Factor |
8.4 |
Times cited |
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Open Access ![sorted by Open Access field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Notes |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: 8.4; 2020 IF: 7.226 |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:168851 |
Serial |
6770 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Uytdenhouwen, Y. |
Title |
Tuning the performance of a DBD plasma reactor for CO2 reforming |
Type |
Doctoral thesis |
Year |
2020 |
Publication |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
303 p. |
Keywords |
Doctoral thesis; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT) |
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Open Access ![sorted by Open Access field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Notes |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: NA |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:174026 |
Serial |
6774 |
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Author |
Skorikov, A. |
Title |
Fast approaches for investigating 3D elemental distribution in nanomaterials |
Type |
Doctoral thesis |
Year |
2021 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Issue |
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Pages |
143 p. |
Keywords |
Doctoral thesis; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) |
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Open Access ![sorted by Open Access field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: NA |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:178855 |
Serial |
6795 |
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Author |
Pedrazo Tardajos, A. |
Title |
Advanced graphene supports for 3D in situ transmission electron microscopy |
Type |
Doctoral thesis |
Year |
2021 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
247 p. |
Keywords |
Doctoral thesis; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) |
Abstract |
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is an ideal tool to investigate nanomaterials. The information from TEM experiments allows us to link the structure and composition of nanomaterials to their intrinsic physical properties. However, despite the significant evolution of the TEM field during the last two decades, major progress is still possible through the development of optimal TEM techniques and supports. The results presented in this thesis focus on the optimization of sample supports and their application. Among the different options, graphene has previously been reported as useful sample support for electron microscopy due to its unparalleled properties, for example, it is the thinnest known support and provides a protective effect to the sample under investigation. Unfortunately, commercial graphene grids show poor quality, in terms of intactness and cleanness, inhibiting their wide application within the field. Therefore, this thesis focuses on the application of optimized graphene TEM grids, obtained by transferring high quality graphene using an advanced procedure. This improvement on the transfer has enabled the visualization of materials with low contrast and high sensitivity towards the electron beam, such as surface ligands capping gold nanoparticles or metal halide perovskites. Furthermore, the implemented protocol is not only of interest for conventional TEM grids but also a major benefit for in situ TEM studies, where the sample is investigated in real time under certain stimuli. Hence, the same graphene transfer technology can be also applied to advanced in situ MEMS holders dedicated for both heating and gas experiments, where the thickness and insulating nature of the silicon nitride (Si3N4) support may hamper some applications. By engineering periodic arrays of holes in their Si3N4 membrane by focused ion beam, onto which the graphene is transferred, it has been possible to get proof-of-concept 3D in situ investigations of heat-induced morphological and compositional transformations of complex nanosystems. As an example, it has enabled the investigation of the possible phase-transition of metal halide perovskites upon heating using 2D and 3D structural characterization. Moreover, it has allowed the study of in situ three-dimensional nanoparticle dynamics during gas phase catalysis as well as the first steps that would lead towards the design and creation of the first Graphene Gas Cell. Consequently, implementation of the advanced graphene transfer technology described in this thesis is envisaged to impact a broad range of future experiments. |
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Most recent IF: NA |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:181143 |
Serial |
6836 |
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Author |
Du, K. |
Title |
In situ TEM study on the manipulation of ferroelectrics |
Type |
Doctoral thesis |
Year |
2021 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
91 p. |
Keywords |
Doctoral thesis; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) |
Abstract |
The strong correlated oxide systems attract a lot of attentions of scientists recently, the coexistence and interplay between various degrees of freedom, such as charge, spin and orbital, has been demonstrated to induce some fancy physical properties and phenomenon, including metal-insulator transition, high temperature superconductivity, colossal magnetoresistance. As a part of the strong correlated oxide systems, the ferroelectrics is abundant in both physical properties and application. First, if the electric dipole continuously rotating around a stable core then a topological structure is produced. If people could manipulate the topological structure and simultaneously observe the structure evolution, with external field applied on the topological structure, then it is very likely for such kind of ferroelectrics to be the next generation of storage, for it is reported to need low power input and produce high density of storage. In the other hand, in solids, charge polarity can one-to-one correspond to spin polarity phenomenologically, such as ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism, antiferroelectricity and antiferromagnetism, but ferrielectricity and ferrimagnetism kept telling a disparate story in microscopic level. The claimed “ferrielectrics” in existing research is equivalent to ferroelectric ones, thus the findings of such a real irreducible solids would complete the last piece of the ferroelectrics family. While solving the above two questions remain challengeable: the size of topological structure is small (typically below 10 nm), general characterization methods are insufficient for such high demand on space resolution, not to mention manipulating and observing its dynamic behavior at an atomic level. Here, employing the spherical aberration corrected electron microscope, we applied external field (heating and bias) on ferroelectrics. Combined with high-end characterization methods including the high-angle annular dark field (HAADF-STEM) image, Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) and integrated differential phase contrast (iDPC), the dynamic evolution of ferroelectrics are observed and analyzed. The main findings of this paper could be concluded as listed here: (1) PbTiO3(001)// SrTiO3(001) is grown on DyScO3 and SrRuO3 by pusled laser deposition, the atomical EDS mapping results reveal that the interface between PTO and STO is atomically sharp. Increasing the thickness of PTO from 1 uc to 21 uc, the topological structure wihtin PTO layer would transform from a/c domain to wave, vortex and finally flux closure domain. The geometric phase analysis results (GPA) reveal that above topological structures are corresponding to various strain. (2) Combined with in-situ biasing holder, the electric bias was applied on polar vortex, and it evolved from vortex (0 V) to polar wave (2 V) and finally polar down (5 V). EELS analysis was performed and we find that negative charge is gathered at vortex core, which turns the Ti4+ to Ti3+ there. The oxygen vacancy at negative polarization surface and the negative charge at the positive polarization surface realized the polarization screening of polar down domain. (3) Through the atomic inspection and analysis on lattice structure of BaFe2Se3, the near ladders within single unit are found to be different in degree of tetramerization, thus leading to a residual polarization along the a-axis. The further in-situ heating and biasing experiment was conducted on BaFe2Se3, and the strong and weak ladders are proved to be independent for their behavior under external field. This findings distinguishes ferrielectrics from ferroelectrics in solids. |
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Open Access ![sorted by Open Access field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Most recent IF: NA |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:179310 |
Serial |
6842 |
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Author |
Prabhakara, V. |
Title |
Strain measurement for semiconductor applications with Raman spectroscopy and Transmission electron microscopy |
Type |
Doctoral thesis |
Year |
2021 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
149 p. |
Keywords |
Doctoral thesis; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) |
Abstract |
Scaling down the size of transistors has been a trend for several decades which has led to improved transistor performance, increased transistor density and hence the overall computation power of IC chips. The trend slowed in recent years due to reliability and power consumption issues at the nanoscale. Hence strain is introduced into transistor channels that has beneficial effects on improving the mobility of charge carriers, providing an alternative pathway for enhancing transistor performance. Therefore, monitoring strain is vital for the semiconductor industry. With the recent trend of decreasing device dimensions (FinFETS ~ 10-20nm) and strain modulation being used throughout, industry needs a reliable and fast method as quality control or defect characterisation. Such a universal strain measurement method does not exist, and one relies on a combination of quantitative in-line methods and complex off-line approaches. In this thesis, I investigated TEM and Raman spectroscopy-based methodologies for strain measurement. In terms of TEM methodologies, advancements are made for the STEM moiré imaging, targeting strain spatial resolution enhancement. I introduce advanced quadrature demodulation and phase stepping interferometry applied to STEM moiré that greatly enhances the spatial resolution while providing enhanced field of view and sensitivity for strain measurement. We introduce ways to reduce scan distortions in strain maps using an alternative scan strategy called “Block scanning” and the non-linear regression applied for strain extraction. Prospects for 3D strain analysis using high-resolution tomography is also investigated which gives direct access for the full second order strain tensors calculation. Finally, we compare strain measurements from TEM techniques with inline techniques like Raman spectroscopy. Raman stress measurement involves sensitive identification of the TO and LO phonon peaks. Raman spectrum of strained Ge transistor channel consists of strongly overlapping peaks within the spectral resolution of the spectrometer. Hence, the process of deconvolution of the two peaks is rather challenging. Hence, we explore new polarisation geometries like radially polarised incoming light which was shown to ease the deconvolution problem resulting in improved precision for Raman stress–strain measurements. |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
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ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record |
Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access ![sorted by Open Access field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Notes |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: NA |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:182261 |
Serial |
6847 |
Permanent link to this record |
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|
|
Author |
Zhang, Z.; Bourgeois, L.; Zhang, Y.; Rosalie, J.M.; Medhekar, N. |
Title |
Advanced imaging and simulations of precipitate interfaces in aluminium alloys and their role in phase transformations |
Type |
P1 Proceeding |
Year |
2020 |
Publication |
MATEC web of conferences
T2 – 17th International Conference on Aluminium Alloys (ICAA), October 26-29, 2020 |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
09003 |
Keywords |
P1 Proceeding; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) |
Abstract |
Precipitation is accompanied by the formation and migration of heterophase interfaces. Using the combined approach of advanced imaging and atomistic simulations, we studied the precipitate-matrix interfaces in various aluminium alloy systems, aiming to resolve their detailed atomic structures and illuminate their role in phase transformations. |
Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Language |
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Wos |
000652552200053 |
Publication Date |
2020-11-05 |
Series Editor |
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Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
Series Volume |
326 |
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
ISSN |
2261-236x; 2274-7214 |
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record |
Impact Factor |
|
Times cited |
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Open Access ![sorted by Open Access field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Notes |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: NA |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:179147 |
Serial |
6851 |
Permanent link to this record |
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|
|
Author |
Velazco Torrejón, A. |
Title |
Alternative scan strategies for high resolution STEM imaging |
Type |
Doctoral thesis |
Year |
2021 |
Publication |
|
Abbreviated Journal |
|
Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
131 p. |
Keywords |
Doctoral thesis; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) |
Abstract |
Currently, a large variety of materials are studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as it offers the possibility to perform structural and elemental analysis at a local scale. Relatively recent advances in aberration correctors and electron sources allow the instrument to achieve atomic resolution. Along with these advances, a state-of-the-art technology has been reached in TEM. However, the instrument is far from being perfect and imperfections or external sources can make the interpretation of information troublesome. Environmental factors such as acoustic and mechanical vibrations, temperature fluctuations, etc., can induce sample drift and create image distortions. These distortions are enhanced in scanning operation because of the serial acquisition of the information, which are more apparent at atomic resolution as small field of views are imaged. In addition, scanning distortions are induced due to the finite time response of the scan coils. These types of distortions would reduce precision in atomic-scale strain analysis, for instance, in semiconductors. Most of the efforts to correct these distortions are focused on data processing techniques post-acquisition. Another limitation in TEM is beam damage effects. Beam damage arises because of the energy transferred to the sample in electron-sample interactions. In scanning TEM, at atomic resolution, the increased electron charge density (electron dose) carried on a sub-Å size electron probe may aggravate beam damage effects. Soft materials such as zeolites, organic, biological materials, etc., can be destroyed under irradiation limiting the amount of information that can be acquired. Current efforts to circumvent beam damage are mostly based on low electron dose acquisitions and data processing methods to maximize the signal at low dose conditions. In this thesis, a different approach is given to address drift and scanning distortions, as well as beam damage effects. Novel scan strategies are proposed for that purpose, which are shown to substantially overcome these issues compared to the standard scan method in TEM. |
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Additional Links |
UA library record |
Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access ![sorted by Open Access field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Notes |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: NA |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:180973 |
Serial |
6852 |
Permanent link to this record |
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|
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Author |
Mahadi, A.H.; Ye, L.; Fairclough, S.M.; Qu, J.; Wu, S.; Chen, W.; Papaioannou, E.; Ray, B.; Pennycook, T.J.; Haigh, S.J.; Young, N.P.; Tedsree, K.; Metcalfe, I.S.; Tsang, S.C.E. |
Title |
Beyond surface redox and oxygen mobility at pd-polar ceria (100) interface : underlying principle for strong metal-support interactions in green catalysis |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Applied Catalysis B-Environmental |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl Catal B-Environ |
Volume |
270 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
118843 |
Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) |
Abstract |
When ceria is used as a support for many redox catalysis involved in green catalysis, it is well-known that the overlying noble metal can gain access to a significant quantity of oxygen atoms with high mobility and fast reduction and oxidation properties under mild conditions. However, it is as yet unclear what the underlying principle and the nature of the ceria surface involved are. By using two tailored morphologies of ceria nanocrystals, namely cubes and rods, it is demonstrated from Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy with Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (STEM-EELS) mapping and Pulse Isotopic Exchange (PIE) that ceria nano-cubes terminated with a polar surface (100) can give access to more than the top most layer of surface oxygen atoms. Also, they give higher oxygen mobility than ceria nanorods with a non-polar facet of (110). A new insight for the possible additional role of polar ceria surface plays in the oxygen mobility is obtained from Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations which suggest that the (100) surface sites that has more than half-filled O on same plane can drive oxygen atoms to oxidise adsorbate(s) on Pd due to the strong electrostatic repulsion. |
Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
000526110500007 |
Publication Date |
2020-03-04 |
Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
ISSN |
0926-3373 |
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
Impact Factor |
22.1 |
Times cited |
|
Open Access ![sorted by Open Access field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Notes |
|
Approved |
Most recent IF: 22.1; 2020 IF: 9.446 |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:183959 |
Serial |
6856 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Vervaet, B.A.; Nast, C.C.; Jayasumana, C.; Schreurs, G.; Roels, F.; Herath, C.; Kojc, N.; Samaee, V.; Rodrigo, S.; Gowrishankar, R. |
Title |
Chronic interstitial nephritis in agricultural communities : a toxin-induced proximal tubular nephropathy |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
Year |
2020 |
Publication |
European Medical Journal : Nephrology |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
Volume |
8 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
40-42 |
Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Pathophysiology |
Abstract |
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Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
2053-4248 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record |
Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access ![sorted by Open Access field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Notes |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: NA |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:180862 |
Serial |
6858 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Roegiers, J. |
Title |
Development of combined photocatalytic and active carbon fiber technology for indoor air purification based on Multiphysics models |
Type |
Doctoral thesis |
Year |
2021 |
Publication |
|
Abbreviated Journal |
|
Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
XXX, 197 p. |
Keywords |
Doctoral thesis; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL) |
Abstract |
Exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) remains a major public health concern. Indoor VOC concentrations typically far exceed outdoor levels due to a variety of emission sources and the stringent insulation measures that are imposed today. Many attempts have been made to use photocatalysis for indoor air purification. In an ideal situation, photocatalysis is capable of complete mineralization of VOCs to H2O and CO2, without any byproduct formation. Moreover, the process can take place at standard atmospheric conditions, i.e. ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. However, successful exploitation is still impeded due to low conversion efficiency, significant pressure loss (and hence a high energy consumption) and byproduct formation. In the first part of this thesis an attempt was made to tackles these problems by designing a novel type of photocatalytic (PCO) reactor. The PCO device consists of a cylindrical vessel filled with TiO2-coated glass tubes and equipped with UV fluorescence lamps. It was investigated in terms of fluid dynamics, coating properties, UV-light distribution and photocatalytic activity. Experimental data was later used to develop and calibrate a Multiphysics model. The model proved to be a useful tool for designing and upscaling the PCO reactor. Consequently, an optimized prototype reactor was constructed and tested according the CEN-EN-16846-1 standard for VOC removal. Although the prototype showed promising results for lab-scale conditions, it struggled with byproduct formation when purifying ppb-level VOCs. In the second part of this thesis, activated carbon adsorption was investigated in order to combine it with photocatalysis. Activated carbon fiber was opted for its fast kinetics, high adsorption capacity and thermo-electrical regeneration. The filter was studied in detail regarding the adsorption of polar and apolar VOCs at indoor air concentration levels and regeneration capabilities. Experimental data was used to develop a Multiphysics model for activated carbon adsorption as well. Consequently, a novel type of ACF filter was developed using the Multiphysics model, which was equipped with electrodes in the tips of the pleats for effective thermal regeneration. In the last part, the combination of both ACF and PCO was studied using a realistic case study. Based on the Multiphysics model, the feasibility of a so-called hybrid air purification device could be investigated. The Multiphysics model shows promising results for this hybrid PCO-ACF system and hence, a demo setup was constructed for future research. |
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Additional Links |
UA library record |
Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access ![sorted by Open Access field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Notes |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: NA |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:181137 |
Serial |
6860 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Haug, C.; Ruebeling, F.; Kashiwar, A.; Gumbsch, P.; Kübel, C.; Greiner, C. |
Title |
Early deformation mechanisms in the shear affected region underneath a copper sliding contact |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Nature Communications |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nat Commun |
Volume |
11 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
839-8 |
Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) |
Abstract |
Dislocation mediated plastic deformation decisively influences the friction coefficient and the microstructural changes at many metal sliding interfaces during tribological loading. This work explores the initiation of a tribologically induced microstructure in the vicinity of a copper twin boundary. Two distinct horizontal dislocation traces lines (DTL) are observed in their interaction with the twin boundary beneath the sliding interface. DTL formation seems unaffected by the presence of the twin boundary but the twin boundary acts as an indicator of the occurring deformation mechanisms. Three concurrent elementary processes can be identified: simple shear of the subsurface area in sliding direction, localized shear at the primary DTL and crystal rotation in the layers above and between the DTLs around axes parallel to the transverse direction. Crystal orientation analysis demonstrates a strong compatibility of these proposed processes. Quantitatively separating these different deformation mechanisms is crucial for future predictive modeling of tribological contacts. |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Wos |
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Publication Date |
2020-02-11 |
Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
2041-1723 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record |
Impact Factor |
16.6 |
Times cited |
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Open Access ![sorted by Open Access field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Notes |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: 16.6; 2020 IF: 12.124 |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:183619 |
Serial |
6863 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Guzzinati, G.; Ghielens, W.; Mahr, C.; Béché, A.; Rosenauer, A.; Calders, T.; Verbeeck, J. |
Title |
Electron Bessel beam diffraction patterns, line scan of Si/SiGe multilayer |
Type |
Dataset |
Year |
2019 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
Dataset; ADReM Data Lab (ADReM); Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) |
Abstract |
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UA library record |
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Times cited |
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Open Access ![sorted by Open Access field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:169114 |
Serial |
6865 |
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Author |
Guzzinati, G.; Das, P.P.; Zompra, A., A.; Nicopoulos, S.; Verbeeck, J. |
Title |
Electron energy loss spectra of several organic compounds |
Type |
Dataset |
Year |
2020 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
Dataset; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) |
Abstract |
We placed crystals of different compounds to explore the possibility of fingerprinting them through EELS. Here are representative datasets of 7 different compounds: b-cyclodextrin hexacarboxy cyclohexane tannin TH-15 peptide TH-27 peptide two different forms of piroxicam The datasets were collected at EMAT, using a monochromated FEI Titan3 TEM, within the scope of an EUSMI request. More information as well as analysis methodologies adopted for the data are detailed in the paper: Das et al. “Reliable Characterization of Organic & Pharmaceutical Compounds with High Resolution Monochromated EEL Spectroscopy”, Polymers 2020, 12(7), 1434. |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record |
Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access ![sorted by Open Access field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Notes |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: NA |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:180654 |
Serial |
6866 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
De wael, A. |
Title |
Model-based quantitative scanning transmission electron microscopy for measuring dynamic structural changes at the atomic scale |
Type |
Doctoral thesis |
Year |
2021 |
Publication |
|
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
xiv, 146 p. |
Keywords |
Doctoral thesis; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) |
Abstract |
Nanomaterialen kunnen uiterst interessante eigenschappen vertonen voor een verscheidenheid aan veelbelovende toepassingen, gaande van zonnecrème tot batterijen voor elektrische auto’s. Een nanometer is een miljard keer kleiner dan een meter. Op deze schaal kunnen de materiaaleigenschappen volledig verschillen van bulkmaterialen op grotere schaal. Bovendien hangen de eigenschappen van nanomaterialen sterk af van hun exacte grootte en vorm. Kleine verschillen in de posities van de atomen, in de grootte-orde van een picometer (nog eens duizend maal kleiner dan een nanometer), kunnen de fysische eigenschappen al drastisch beïnvloeden. Daarom is een betrouwbare kwantificering van de atomaire structuur van kritisch belang om de evolutie naar materiaalontwerp mogelijk te maken en inzicht te verwerven in de relatie tussen de fysische eigenschappen en de structuur van nanomaterialen. Daarnaast kan de atomaire structuur van nanomaterialen ook veranderen in de loop van de tijd ten gevolge van verschillende fysische processen. Het onderzoek dat in deze thesis gepresenteerd wordt, maakt het mogelijk om de dynamische structuurveranderingen van nanomaterialen betrouwbaar te kwantificeren op atomaire schaal door gebruik te maken van raster transmissie elektronenmicroscopie (STEM). Ik heb dit gerealiseerd door methodes te ontwikkelen waarmee ik het aantal atomen “achter elkaar” kan tellen in elke atoomkolom van een nanomateriaal, en dit op basis van beelden opgenomen met een elektronenmicroscoop. Een belangrijk verschil met telmethodes voor de analyse van een enkel beeld is het schatten van de kans dat een atoomkolom atomen zal verliezen of bijkrijgen van het ene naar het andere beeld in de tijdreeks. Deze kwantitatieve methode kan het ontrafelen van de tijdsafhankelijke structuur-eigenschappen relatie van een nanomateriaal mogelijk maken, wat uiteindelijk kan leiden tot efficiënter design en productie van nanomaterialen voor innovatieve toepassingen. |
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UA library record |
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Times cited |
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Open Access ![sorted by Open Access field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Notes |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: NA |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:179514 |
Serial |
6870 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Gorji, S.; Kashiwar, A.; Mantha, L.S.; Kruk, R.; Witte, R.; Marek, P.; Hahn, H.; Kübel, C.; Scherer, T. |
Title |
Nanowire facilitated transfer of sensitive TEM samples in a FIB |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Ultramicroscopy |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ultramicroscopy |
Volume |
219 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
113075 |
Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) |
Abstract |
We introduce a facile approach to transfer thin films and other mechanically sensitive TEM samples inside a FIB with minimal introduction of stress and bending. The method is making use of a pre-synthetized flexible freestanding Ag nanowire attached to the tip of a typical tungsten micromanipulator inside the FIB. The main advantages of this approach are the significantly reduced stress-induced bending during transfer and attachment of the TEM sample, the very short time required to attach and cut the nanowire, the operation at very low dose and ion current, and only using the e-beam for Pt deposition during the transfer of sensitive TEM samples. This results in a reduced sample preparation time and reduced exposure to the ion beam or e-beam for Pt deposition during the sample preparation and thus also reduced contamination and beam damage. The method was applied to a number of thin films and different TEM samples in order to illustrate the advantageous benefits of the concept. In particular, the technique has been successfully tested for the transfer of a thin film onto a MEMS heating chip for in situ TEM experiments. |
Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Language |
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Wos |
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Publication Date |
2020-07-15 |
Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
|
ISSN |
0304-3991 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record |
Impact Factor |
2.2 |
Times cited |
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Open Access ![sorted by Open Access field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Notes |
|
Approved |
Most recent IF: 2.2; 2020 IF: 2.843 |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:183618 |
Serial |
6871 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Jannis, D. |
Title |
Novel detection schemes for transmission electron microscopy |
Type |
Doctoral thesis |
Year |
2021 |
Publication |
|
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
iv, 208 p. |
Keywords |
Doctoral thesis; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) |
Abstract |
Electron microscopy is an excellent tool which provides resolution down to the atomic scale with up to pm precision in locating atoms. The characterization of materials in these length scales is of utmost importance to answer questions in biology, chemistry and material science. The successful implementation of aberration-corrected microscopes made atomic resolution imaging relatively easy, this could give the impression that the development of novel electron microscopy techniques would stagnate and only the application of these instruments as giant magnifying tools would continue. This is of course not true and a multitude of problems still exist in electron microscopy. Two of such issues are discussed below. One of the biggest problems in electron microscopy is the presence of beam damage which occurs due the fact that the highly energetic incoming electrons have sufficient kinetic energy to change the structure of the material. The amount of damage induced depends on the dose, hence minimizing this dose during an experiment is beneficial. This minimizing of the total dose comes at the expense of more noise due to the counting nature of the electrons. For this reason, the implementation of four dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D STEM) experiments has reduced the total dose needed per acquisition. However, the current cameras used to measure the diffraction patterns are still two orders of magnitude slower than to the conventional STEM methods. Improving the acquisition speed would make the 4D STEM technique more feasible and is of utmost importance for the beam sensitive materials since less dose is used during the acquisition. In TEM there is not only the possibility to perform imaging experiments but also spectroscopic measurements. There are two frequently used methods: electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). EELS measures the energy-loss spectrum of the incoming electron which gives information on the available excitations in the material providing elemental sensitivity. In EDX, the characteristic x-rays, arising from the decay of an atom which is initially excited due to the incoming electrons, are detected providing similar elemental analysis. Both methods are able to provide comparable elemental information where in certain circumstances one outperforms the other. However, both methods have a detection limit of approximately 100-1000 ppm which is not sufficient for some materials. In this thesis, two novel techniques which can make significant progress for the two problems discussed above. |
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ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record |
Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access ![sorted by Open Access field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Notes |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: NA |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:182404 |
Serial |
6872 |
Permanent link to this record |
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|
|
Author |
Marteleur, M.; Idrissi, H.; Amin-Ahmadi, B.; Prima, F.; Schryvers, D.; Jacques, P.J. |
Title |
On the nucleation mechanism of {112} < 111 > mechanical twins in as-quenched beta metastable Ti-12 wt.% Mo alloy |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Materialia |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
Volume |
7 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
Unsp 100418 |
Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) |
Abstract |
Recently developed beta-metastable Ti grades take advantage of the simultaneous activation of TRIP and TWIP effects for enhancing their work hardening rate. However, the role of each plasticity mechanism on the macroscopic mechanical response is still unclear. In this work, the nucleation mechanism of the first activated plasticity mechanism, namely {112} < 111 > twinning, was investigated. Firstly, post-mortem TEM analysis showed that twins nucleate on pre-existing microstructural defects such as thermal jogs with the zonal dislocation mechanism. The precipitation of the omega phase on twin boundaries has been observed, as well as the emission of numerous dislocations from super-jogs present in these twin boundaries. It is also shown that {112} < 111 > twins act as effective dislocation sources for the subsequent plasticity mechanisms such as beta -> alpha '' martensitic transformation and {332} < 111 > twinning. Secondly, in situ TEM tensile testing of the investigated Ti grade highlighted the primary role of the initial defect configuration present in the microstructure. It is shown that twins cannot nucleate without the presence of specific defects allowing the triggering of the dislocation decomposition needed for the twinning mechanism highlighted in investigated bulk samples. |
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000537131000052 |
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2019-07-31 |
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2589-1529 |
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UA @ admin @ c:irua:170326 |
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6875 |
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Samaeeaghmiyoni, V.; Cordier, P.; Demouchy, S.; Bollinger, C.; Gasc, J.; Mussi, A.; Schryvers, D.; Idrissi, H. |
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Research data supporting for Stress-induced amorphization triggers deformation in the lithospheric mantle |
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2020 |
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Dataset; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) |
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Most recent IF: NA |
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UA @ admin @ c:irua:180668 |
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6881 |
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Guzzinati, G.; Béché, A.; McGrouther, D.; Verbeeck, J. |
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Rotation of electron beams in the presence of localised, longitudinal magnetic fields |
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2019 |
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Dataset; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) |
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Electron Bessel beams have been generated by inserting an annular aperture in the illumination system of a TEM. These beams have passed through a localised magnetic field. As a result a low amount of image rotation (which is expected to be proportional to the longitudinal component of the magnetic field) is observed in the far field. A measure of this rotation should give access to the magneti field. The two datasets have been acquired in a FEI Titan3 microscope, operated at 300kV. The file focalseries.tif contains a series of images acquired varying the magnetic field through the objective lens. The file lineprofile.ser contains a series of images acquired by scanning the beam over a sample with several magnetised nanopillars. For reference, check the associated publication. |
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UA @ admin @ c:irua:169135 |
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6883 |
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Jannis, D.; Müller-Caspary, K.; Béché, A.; Oelsner, A.; Verbeeck, J. |
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Spectrocopic coincidence experiment in transmission electron microscopy |
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2019 |
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Dataset; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) |
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This dataset contains individual EEL and EDX events where for every event (electron or X-ray), their energy and time of arrival is stored. The experiment was performed in a transmission electron microscope (Tecnai Osiris) at 200 keV. The material investigated is an Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy. The 'full_dataset.mat' contains the full dataset and the 'subset.mat' has the first five frames of the full dataset. The attached 'EELS-EDX.ipynb' is a jupyter notebook file. This file describes the data processing in order to observe the temporal correlation between the electrons and X-rays. |
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UA @ admin @ c:irua:169112 |
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6888 |
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Idrissi, H.; Samaee, V.; Lumbeeck, G.; van der Werf, T.; Pardoen, T.; Schryvers, D.; Cordier, P. |
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Supporting data for “In situ Quantitative Tensile Tests on Antigorite in a Transmission Electron Microscope” |
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2019 |
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Dataset; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) |
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The determination of the mechanical properties of serpentinites is essential towards the understanding of the mechanics of faulting and subduction. Here, we present the first in situ tensile tests on antigorite in a transmission electron microscope. A push-to-pull deformation device is used to perform quantitative tensile tests, during which force and displacement are measured, while the microstructure is imaged with the microscope. The experiments have been performed at room temperature on beams prepared by focused ion beam. The specimens are not single crystals despite their small sizes. Orientation mapping indicated that some grains were well-oriented for plastic slip. However, no dislocation activity has been observed even though engineering tensile stress went up to 700 MPa. We show also that antigorite does not exhibit an pure elastic-brittle behaviour since, despite the presence of defects, the specimens underwent plastic deformation and did not fail within the elastic regime. Instead, we observe that strain localizes at grain boundaries. All observations concur to show that under our experimental conditions, grain boundary sliding is the dominant deformation mechanism. This study sheds a new light on the mechanical properties of antigorite and calls for further studies on the structure and properties of grain boundaries in antigorite and more generally in phyllosilicates. |
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UA @ admin @ c:irua:169107 |
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6891 |
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Peeters, M. |
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The added value of Smart Product-Service Systems to real estate developments |
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2021 |
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117 p. |
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Doctoral thesis; Economics; Engineering Management (ENM); Internet Data Lab (IDLab) |
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Socially responsible investments can be defined as an investment process that integrates ethical values and environmental protection, improving social conditions, and good governance into a traditional investment decision. This integration is mainly a consequence of the growing importance that investors give to environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria, resulting in more sustainable development. Also, in the real estate sector, increased attention is being paid to the contributions made to integrate economic, environmental, and social factors into decisions. The ESG framework looks closely at how companies are managed, and the impact related to their market value. The factors for investors’ focus are summarized as environmental, social, and governance. The term ESG was coined in a 2004 United Nations (UN) report titled “Who Cares Wins,” aimed at raising awareness regarding the importance of environmental, social, and corporate governance issues in financial markets. The ESG criteria’s specific purpose is to guide investors in recognizing sustainable investments without evaluating how sustainable the asset is or the investment value represented by sustainability. It is essential to underline that ESG does not take specific economic interests into account. The rationale behind this apparent gap is that investors investigate the economic aspects before investing. However, by not explicitly linking ESG and economic criteria, attractive investments are often misjudged and not implemented. For example, investments that only show their value in the longer term or indirectly influence value by achieving a higher retention rate among incumbent tenants, reducing or eliminating friction costs. A product–service system (PSS) refers to a market proposition (business model) that builds on a product’s traditional functionality by incorporating additional services. Although services are already offered, the PSS function is to link the service to a product. The service thereby supports the operation of the product and generates additional benefits. It encompasses the integrated solutions of products and services to satisfy customers' needs and generate maximum value. According to Sutanto et al., a PSS is designed to focus on sustainability characterized in three dimensions. 1. The economic dimension 2. The environmental dimension 3. The social dimension When discussing sustainability in this thesis, we use the criteria listed above related to socially responsible investments. The link between PSS and ESG is that a PSS focuses on creating a sustainable system, and ESG makes sustainability more visible to investors. Therefore, when PSS are recognized and implemented in buildings, they must be evaluated using ESG analysis methods. Product-Service Systems (PSS) try to find a way to offer services on top of a product. The product is essentially secondary to the result that is delivered from the services. For example, the modem (product) that a cable company provides will be of secondary importance to the connectivity (service). Alternatively, it will be less critical how heat is made (product) than the intended set point is achieved in the building. PSSs transform the supply of products into services. In doing so, the responsibility shifts from delivering a product (once only) to continuous service delivery. Therefore, it is in the best interest of the service provider to deliver the outcome of the service as efficiently (read: lowest cost) as possible. A direct consequence of this is that the service provider will want to use the product as efficiently as possible and as long as possible to reduce his costs. Therefore, the supplier will also want to recover and maximize the reuse of his product based on the same rationale. A positive impact on the environment and the used raw materials is thus to be expected. The whole process of servitization (transforming products into services) in real estate will positively impact the Economic, Environmental and Social factors. Therefore, demonstrating this proposition is the main objective of this thesis. Smart PSS is the same idea as Product-Service systems but in which the digitization of the services plays a key role. It will be shown that by digitizing services, a broader range can be offered. It will be demonstrated that products that provide services at the building level can, through their interconnectedness, also provide services to external systems (e.g. electricity grid, urban planning, mobility, ...). At the same time, digitizing the products and services will also underpin trust in the systems and allow for proper remuneration. In this PhD, different standard systems in a building, such as the reservation system, the water heater, or the fire detection system, are equipped with additional services. A PSS is often specifically designed to focus on economic, social, and environmental dimensions. These dimensions correspond to the investor’s examination as part of the ESG analysis before investing. As the PSS is often specifically designed to integrate sustainability, there is a close link between the sustainability performance of the PSS and the ESG criteria evaluated by the investor. Throughout the work, the owner is considered to be the user of the building. It is not the case that only an owner-user can generate cash flow. In essence, if they have sufficient rights to the underlying product, any building user can activate services that generate cash flow. In today's market, it is logical that this is viewed in the owner-user context as they will usually choose the products to be installed in larger technical installations. They may have previously used a PSS or choose to move to one. However, a building’s tenant could choose to lease out their meeting rooms if they are not contractually prohibited from doing so since, in practice, contracts have begun to prohibit certain services. For example, rental contracts that actively prohibit renting out a property through platforms such as Airbnb. Thus, the user’s function could potentially impact how the PSS is designed. This work does not explicitly explore the impact of this aspect. The owner-user is assumed throughout this manuscript. The second chapter describes the state of affairs concerning PSSs in a broad framework evolving towards focusing on the real estate sector. After which, in the second chapter, ESG and the link to real estate and how smart real estate (smart buildings) is missing from this evaluation are discussed in more detail. Chapter 3 shows from a fire alarm system, which was extended with an evacuation support system, the usefulness, and the risk of data. Further work was done to demonstrate the added value in terms of Economic, Environmental and Social factors of standard installations in buildings. In Chapter 4, a simple sanitary hot water boiler is extended with a service that allows controlling this boiler according to the status of the electricity grid (surplus or shortage of energy). The supply and demand of energy on the power grid must be equal at all times. By equipping a classic water heater (product) with additional intelligence (service), it becomes possible to adjust the energy use to the grid's needs. The grid operators are prepared to pay for this. This payment can be linked to different energy markets (long term market, spot market, ...). This study looked at the fee that would have to be paid when the adjustment of the energy use can be made instantaneously so that the fee must be settled according to the prices on the imbalance market. In chapter 5, we look at the impact of the service to rent out free spaces as co-working places on a broad market (external to the building), compared to a regular reservation system. By renting out unused workplaces on a broad market, the utilization of the existing patrimony will be higher. The demand for new square meters with the same function will decrease as the supply-demand curve changes, and so will the price. This makes it less interesting to build new buildings. Less construction of new buildings will result in fewer resources being used, which will positively affect the environment. In addition, fewer new buildings with an office function will leave more space for buildings with another function. Also, the city's infrastructure will be less burdened (roads, sewerage, electricity grid,...). In The Hague, the decreasing need for new square meters of office buildings can lead to more space for affordable housing, for which the city has a great need. Chapter 6 will frame the valuation of service as a real options method that gives an impetus to a general valuation methodology to value the flexibility that Smart PSS inherently has. Finally, this thesis demonstrates that (smart) PSSs impact real estate profitability, while positively influencing environmental and social factors. Further research and the limitations of the studies conducted are documented. This PhD concludes that Product-Service systems should break the silos between different stakeholders, resulting in a lower total cost of ownership of buildings in the longer term. This can only be achieved if the valuation of Product-Service systems is done correctly and is recognized by every stakeholder in the real estate process. |
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Most recent IF: NA |
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UA @ admin @ c:irua:183415 |
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6912 |
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