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“Material analyses of “Christ with singing and music-making Angels”, a late 15th-C panel painting attributed to Hans Memling and assistants : part 1 : non-invasive in situ investigations”. van der Snickt G, Miliani C, Janssens K, Brunetti BG, Romani A, Rosi F, Walter P, Castaing J, de Nolf W, Klaassen L, Labarque I, Wittermann R, Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry 26, 2216 (2011). http://doi.org/10.1039/C1JA10073D
Abstract: In cultural heritage science, compositional data is traditionally obtained from works of art through the analysis of samples by means of various bench-top instruments (scanning electron microscope, Raman spectrometer, etc.). Alternatively, the object can be transported to a laboratory where it may be examined, usually by spectroscopic methods working in reflection mode. However, this paper describes how a complementary set of mobile and portable instruments was deployed in situ to gain a comprehensive view on the materials and related ageing compounds of an (almost) unmovable 15th-C polyptych, prior to and in preparation of the extraction of a limited number of samples. In line with the methodological approach discussed, PXRF was first employed as an efficient screening tool. The ensuing elemental data was supplemented by more specific information on both organic as inorganic materials supplied by reflection near- and mid-FTIR spectroscopy and fluorimetry. In completion, a limited number of diffraction patterns were collected with a mobile XRD instrument in order to identify the constituent crystalline phases in pigments, grounding materials and degradation products. In this way, it could be demonstrated how a rich array of colours was obtained by means of a limited palette of pigments: lead white, lead tin yellow, azurite, natural ultramarine, bone black, vermillion, madder lake, and a green copper-organo complex were detected and situated on the panels. Remarkably, next to chalk also gypsum was found in the ground layer(s) of this Western European easel painting. The relatively large surface of the background was covered with gold leaf; the analyses seem to point towards the labour-intensive water gilding technique. The versatility of this combination of analytical techniques was further illustrated by the accurate characterisation of degradation products affecting the readability and conservation of the painting: the overall presence of a calcium oxalate-based film of variable thickness was established. Nevertheless, further analysis of cross-sectioned samples was considered desirable in order to study the stratigraphy, to gain direct access to altered and sub-imposed layers and to allow highly detailed analysis of micrometric degradation products by state-of-the art techniques (i.e. synchrotron radiation).
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 3.379
Times cited: 32
DOI: 10.1039/C1JA10073D
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“XRDUA : crystalline phase distribution maps by two-dimensional scanning and tomographic (micro) X-ray powder diffraction”. de Nolf W, Vanmeert F, Janssens K, Journal of applied crystallography 47, 1107 (2014). http://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576714008218
Abstract: Imaging of crystalline phase distributions in heterogeneous materials, either plane projected or in virtual cross sections of the object under investigation, can be achieved by scanning X-ray powder diffraction employing X-ray micro beams and X-ray-sensitive area detectors. Software exists to convert the two-dimensional powder diffraction patterns that are recorded by these detectors to one-dimensional diffractograms, which may be analysed by the broad variety of powder diffraction software developed by the crystallography community. However, employing these tools for the construction of crystalline phase distribution maps proves to be very difficult, especially when employing micro-focused X-ray beams, as most diffraction software tools have mainly been developed having structure solution in mind and are not suitable for phase imaging purposes. XRDUA has been developed to facilitate the execution of the complete sequence of data reduction and interpretation steps required to convert large sequences of powder diffraction patterns into a limited set of crystalline phase maps in an integrated fashion.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Times cited: 62
DOI: 10.1107/S1600576714008218
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“μ-XRF/μ-RS vs. SR μ-XRD for pigment identification in illuminated manuscripts”. van der Snickt G, de Nolf W, Vekemans B, Janssens K, Applied physics A : materials science &, processing 92, 59 (2008). http://doi.org/10.1007/S00339-008-4447-9
Abstract: For the non-destructive identification of pigments and colorants in works of art, in archaeological and in forensic materials, a wide range of analytical techniques can be used. Bearing in mind that every method holds particular limitations, two complementary spectroscopic techniques, namely confocal ì-Raman spectroscopy (ì-RS) and ì-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (ì-XRF), were joined in one instrument. The combined ì-XRF and ì-RS device, called PRAXIS unites both complementary techniques in one mobile setup, which allows ì- and in situ analysis. ì-XRF allows one to collect elemental and spatially-resolved information in a non-destructive way on major and minor constituents of a variety of materials. However, the main disadvantages of ì-XRF are the penetration depth of the X-rays and the fact that only elements and not specific molecular combinations of elements can be detected. As a result ì-XRF is often not specific enough to identify the pigments within complex mixtures. Confocal Raman microscopy (ì-RS) can offer a surplus as molecular information can be obtained from single pigment grains. However, in some cases the presence of a strong fluorescence background limits the applicability. In this paper, the concrete analytical possibilities of the combined PRAXIS device are evaluated by comparing the results on an illuminated sheet of parchment with the analytical information supplied by synchrotron radiation ì-X-ray diffraction (SR ì-XRD), a highly specific technique.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 1.455
Times cited: 56
DOI: 10.1007/S00339-008-4447-9
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“Optimization of mobile scanning macro-XRF systems for the in situ investigation of historical paintings”. Alfeld M, Janssens K, Dik J, de Nolf W, van der Snickt G, Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry 26, 899 (2011). http://doi.org/10.1039/C0JA00257G
Abstract: Elemental distribution maps are of great interest in the study of historical paintings, as they allow to investigate the pigment use of the artist, to image changes made in the painting during or after its creation and in some cases to reveal discarded paintings that were later over painted. Yet a method that allows to record such maps of a broad range of elements in a fast, non-destructive and in situ manner is not yet commonly available; a dedicated mobile scanning XRF instrument might fill this gap. In this paper we present three self-built scanning macro-XRF instruments, each based on the experience gained with its precursor. These instruments are compared in terms of sensitivity and limits of detection, which includes a discussion of the use of polycapillary optics and pinhole collimators as beam defining devices. Furthermore, the imaging capabilities of the instruments are demonstrated in three exemplary cases: (parts of) historical paintings from the 15th to the 19th century are examined. These cases illustrate the value of element specific distribution maps in the study of historical paintings and allow in the case of Vincent van Gogh's Patch of Grass a direct comparison between in situ and synchrotron based scanning macro-XRF.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 3.379
Times cited: 107
DOI: 10.1039/C0JA00257G
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“Confocal mu-XRF, mu-XAFS, and mu-XRD studies of sediment from a nuclear waste disposal natural analogue site and fractured granite following a radiotracer migration experiment”. Denecke MA, Janssens K, Brendebach B, de Nolf W, Falkenberg G, Rothe J, Simon R, Somogyi A, Vekemans B, Noseck U, AIP conference proceedings 882, 187 (2007)
Abstract: Combined mu-XRF, mu-XAFS, and mu-XRD investigations of a uranium-rich tertiary sediment, from a nuclear repository natural analogue site, and a fractured granite bore core section after a column tracer experiment using a Np(V) containing cocktail have been performed. Most mu-XRF/mu-XAFS measurements are recorded in a confocal geometry to provide added depth information. The U-rich sediment results show uranium to be present as a tetravalent phosphate and that U(IV) is associated with As(V). Arsenic present is either As(V) or As(0). The As(0) form thin coatings on the surface of pyrite nodules. A hypothesis for the mechanism of uranium immobilization is proposed, where arsenopyrite acted as reductant of ground water dissolved U(VI) leading to precipitation of less soluble U(IV) and thereby forming As(V). Results for the granite sample show the immobilized Np to be tetravalent and associated with facture material.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Micro X-ray diffraction and fluorescence tomography for the study of multilayered automotive paints”. de Nolf W, Janssens K, Surface and interface analysis 42, 411 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1002/SIA.3125
Abstract: Combined microscopic X-ray fluorescence/microscopic X-ray diffraction (µ-XRF/µ-XRD) tomography is a recently developed method that allows the visualization of the distribution of chemical elements and the associated crystalline phases inside complex, heterogeneous materials of extended thickness (millimeter range) in a nondestructive fashion. In this paper, the accuracy and resolution with which the individual layers in a multilayer stack of automotive paints can be distinguished is evaluated, and some of their properties measured. A paint layer system of eight layers was investigated, in which eight different crystalline substances were identified, each layer consisting of an organic, synthetic resin doped with finely milled inorganic compounds that serve as pigments or to strengthen the layer. In the XRD tomograms, all paint layers could be straightforwardly distinguished and their average thickness calculated. In case the filtered back projection method was used for tomogram reconstruction, a spatial resolution comparable to the microbeam size was obtained indicating no significant reconstruction blurring. When a more robust reconstruction method, such as the maximum-likelihood expectation maximization method, was employed, tomograms showing fewer artifacts were obtained, but with a spatial resolution that was two times worse. In the corresponding XRF tomograms, significant self-absorption distorted the element-specific tomograms corresponding to the low-energy (<7 keV) characteristic radiation and limited their usefulness. It can be concluded that microbeam XRD tomography allows the accurate visualization of the distribution of crystalline phases in multilayered automotive paint materials of millimeter dimensions with sufficient resolution to allow separate characterization of each layer in terms of its crystal-phase composition and thickness.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 1.132
Times cited: 70
DOI: 10.1002/SIA.3125
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“Role of the relative humidity and the Cd/Zn stoichiometry in the photooxidation process of cadmium yellows (CdS/Cd1-xZnxS) in oil paintings”. Monico L, Chieli A, De Meyer S, Cotte M, de Nolf W, Falkenberg G, Janssens K, Romani A, Miliani C, Chemistry: a European journal 24, 11584 (2018). http://doi.org/10.1002/CHEM.201801503
Abstract: Cadmium yellows (CdYs) refer to a family of cadmium sulfide pigments, which have been widely used by artists since the late 19th century. Despite being considered stable, they are suffering from discoloration in iconic paintings, such as Joy of Life by Matisse, Flowers in a blue vase by Van Gogh, and The Scream by Munch, most likely due to the formation of CdSO4 center dot nH(2)O. The driving factors of the CdYs degradation and how these affect the overall process are still unknown. Here, we study a series of oil mock-up paints made of CdYs of different stoichiometry (CdS/Cd0.76Zn0.24S) and crystalline structure (hexagonal/ cubic) before and after aging at variable relative humidity under exposure to light and in darkness. Synchrotron radiation-based X-ray methods combined with UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopy show that: 1) Cd0.76Zn0.24S is more susceptible to photooxidation than CdS; both compounds can act as photocatalysts for the oil oxidation. 2) The photooxidation of CdS/Cd0.76Zn0.24S to CdSO4 center dot nH(2)O is triggered by moisture. 3) The nature of alteration products depends on the aging conditions and the Cd/Zn stoichiometry. Based on our findings, we propose a scheme for the mechanism of the photocorrosion process and the photocatalytic activity of CdY pigments in the oil binder. Overall, our results form a reliable basis for understanding the degradation of CdS-based paints in artworks and contribute towards developing better ways of preserving them for future generations.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 5.317
Times cited: 5
DOI: 10.1002/CHEM.201801503
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“Macroscopic X-ray powder diffraction scanning : possibilities for quantitative and depth-selective parchment analysis”. Vanmeert F, de Nolf W, Dik J, Janssens K, Analytical chemistry 90, 6445 (2018). http://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.ANALCHEM.8B00241
Abstract: At or below the surface of painted works of art, valuable information is present that provides insights into an objects past, such as the artists technique and the creative process that was followed or its conservation history but also on its current state of preservation. Various noninvasive techniques have been developed over the past 2 decades that can probe this information either locally (via point analysis) or on a macroscopic scale (e.g., full-field imaging and raster scanning). Recently macroscopic X-ray powder diffraction (MA-XRPD) mapping using laboratory X-ray sources was developed. This method can visualize highly specific chemical distributions at the macroscale (dm(2)). In this work we demonstrate the synergy between the quantitative aspects of powder diffraction and the noninvasive scanning capability of MA-XRPD highlighting the potential of the method to reveal new types of information. Quantitative data derived from a 15th/16th century illuminated sheet of parchment revealed three lead white pigments with different hydrocerussite-cerussite compositions in specific pictorial elements, while quantification analysis of impurities in the blue azurite pigment revealed two distinct azurite types: one rich in barite and one in quartz. Furthermore, on the same artifact, the depth-selective possibilities of the method that stem from an exploitation of the shift of the measured diffraction peaks with respect to reference data are highlighted. The influence of different experimental parameters on the depth-selective analysis results is briefly discussed. Promising stratigraphic information could be obtained, even though the analysis is hampered by not completely understood variations in the unit cell dimensions of the crystalline pigment phases.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 6.32
Times cited: 6
DOI: 10.1021/ACS.ANALCHEM.8B00241
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“Combined use of synchrotron-radiation-based imaging techniques for the characterization of structured catalysts”. Basile F, Benito P, Bugani S, de Nolf W, Fornasari G, Janssens K, Morselli L, Scavetta E, Tonelli D, Vaccari A, Advanced functional materials 20, 4117 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1002/ADFM.201001004
Abstract: Active-phase-coated metallic supports as structured catalysts are gaining attention in endothermic and exothermic processes because they improve heat transfer. The deposition of a well-adhered and stable catalyst layer on the metallic support constitutes an important feature for the successful application of the final material. In this work, coating of FeCrAlY foams is performed by a one-step electrosynthesis-deposition of hydrotalcite-type compounds, precursors of catalysts active in endothermic steam methane reforming. The catalysts are studied at different length scales by using, for the first time, a combination of several techniques: SEM/EDS and X-ray fluorescence, X-ray powder diffraction and absorption-tomography experiments on the micro- and nanoscales at a synchrotron facility. The results show that the morphology of the coating depends on the synthesis conditions and that the catalyst may be described as Ni metal crystallites dispersed on γ-Al2O3, homogeneously coating the FeCrAlY foam.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 12.124
Times cited: 24
DOI: 10.1002/ADFM.201001004
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“Insights into the composition of ancient Egyptian red and black inks on papyri achieved by synchrotron-based microanalyses”. Christiansen T, Cotte M, de Nolf W, Mouro E, Reyes-Herrera J, De Meyer S, Vanmeert F, Salvado N, Gonzalez V, Lindelof PE, Mortensen K, Ryholt K, Janssens K, Larsen S, Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 117, 27825 (2020). http://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.2004534117
Abstract: A hitherto unknown composition is highlighted in the red and black inks preserved on ancient Egyptian papyri from the Roman period (circa 100 to 200 CE). Synchrotron-based macro-X-ray fluo-rescence (XRF) mapping brings to light the presence of iron (Fe) and lead (Pb) compounds in the majority of the red inks inscribed on 12 papyrus fragments from the Tebtunis temple library. The iron-based compounds in the inks can be assigned to ocher, notably due to the colocalization of Fe with aluminum, and the detection of hematite (Fe2O3) by micro-X-ray diffraction. Using the same techniques together with micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Pb is shown to be associated with fatty acid phosphate, sulfate, chloride, and carboxylate ions. Moreover, microXRF maps reveal a peculiar distribution and colocalization of Pb, phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S), which are present at the micrometric scale resembling diffused “coffee rings” surrounding the ocher particles imbedded in the red letters, and at the submicrometric scale concentrated in the papyrus cell walls. A similar Pb, P, and S composition was found in three black inks, suggesting that the same lead components were employed in the manufacture of carbon-based inks. Bearing in mind that pigments such as red lead (Pb3O4) and lead white (hydrocerussite [Pb-3(CO3)(2)(OH)(2)] and/or cerussite [PbCO3]) were not detected, the results presented here suggest that the lead compound in the ink was used as a drier rather than as a pigment. Accordingly, the study calls for a reassessment of the composition of lead-based components in ancient Mediterranean pigments.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 11.1
DOI: 10.1073/PNAS.2004534117
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“Solid state speciation and potential bioavailability of depleted uranium particles from Kosovo and Kuwait”. Lind OC, Salbu B, Skipperud L, Janssens K, Jaroszewicz J, de Nolf W, Journal of environmental radioactivity 100, 301 (2009). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVRAD.2008.12.018
Abstract: A combination of synchrotron radiation based X-ray microscopic techniques (ì-XRF, ì-XANES, ì-XRD) applied on single depleted uranium (DU) particles and semi-bulk leaching experiments has been employed to link the potential bioavailability of DU particles to site-specific particle characteristics. The oxidation states and crystallographic forms of U in DU particles have been determined for individual particles isolated from selected samples collected at different sites in Kosovo and Kuwait that were contaminated by DU ammunition during the 1999 Balkan conflict and the 1991 Gulf war. Furthermore, small soil or sand samples heavily contaminated with DU particles were subjected to simulated gastrointestinal fluid (0.16 M HCl) extractions. Characteristics of DU particles in Kosovo soils collected in 2000 and in Kuwait soils collected in 2002 varied significantly depending on the release scenario and to some extent on weathering conditions. Oxidized U (+6) was determined in large, fragile and bright yellow DU particles released during fire at a DU ammunition storage facility and crystalline phases such as schoepite (UO3·2.25H2O), dehydrated schoepite (UO3·0.75H2O) and metaschoepite (UO3·2.0H2O) were identified. As expected, these DU particles were rapidly dissolved in 0.16 M HCl (84 ± 3% extracted after 2 h) indicating a high degree of potential mobility and bioavailability. In contrast, the 2 h extraction of samples contaminated with DU particles originating either from corrosion of unspent DU penetrators or from impacted DU ammunition appeared to be much slower (2030%) as uranium was less oxidized (+4 to +6). Crystalline phases such as UO2, UC and metallic U or UTi alloy were determined in impacted DU particles from Kosovo and Kuwait, while the UO2,34 phase, only determined in particles from Kosovo, could reflect a more corrosive environment. Although the results are based on a limited number of DU particles, they indicate that the structure and extractability of DU particles released from similar sources (metallic U penetrators) will depend on the release scenarios (fire, impact) and to some extent environmental conditions. However, most of the DU particles (7396%) in all investigated samples were dissolved in 0.16 M HCl after one week indicating that a majority of the DU material is bioaccessible.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 2.31
Times cited: 49
DOI: 10.1016/J.JENVRAD.2008.12.018
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“2θ-resolution obtainable during – XRPD experiments at Beamline L”. de Nolf W, Jaroszewicz J, Janssens K, Falkenberg G page 1655 (2008).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Advantages of combined mu-XRF and mu-XRD for phase characterization of Ti-B-C ceramics compared with conventional X-ray diffraction”. Jaroszewicz J, de Nolf W, Janssens K, Michalski A, Falkenberg G, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 391, 1129 (2008). http://doi.org/10.1007/S00216-008-2097-6
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 3.431
Times cited: 7
DOI: 10.1007/S00216-008-2097-6
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“Assessing the origin and fate of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, and V in an industrial polluted soil by combined micro-spectroscopic techniques and bulk extraction methods”. Terzano R, Spagnuolo M, Vekemans B, de Nolf W, Janssens K, Falkenberg G, Fiore S, Ruggiero P (2008).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Assessing the origin and fate of CR, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ph, and V in industrial polluted soil by combined microspectroscopic techniques and bulk extraction methods”. Terzano R, Spagnuolo M, Vekemans B, de Nolf W, Janssens K, Falkenberg G, Ruggiero P, Environmental science &, technology 41, 6762 (2007). http://doi.org/10.1021/ES070260H
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Times cited: 61
DOI: 10.1021/ES070260H
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“Characterization of carcinogenic Ni-rich dust particles by scanning micro-XRF/XRD at BL L”. de Nolf W, Janssens K, Rickers K (2005).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Characterization of Yenisey River U-particles using a combination of μ-XRF, μ-XRD and U-LIII μ-XANES”. Lind OC, Claussen-Kjerre L, de Nolf W, Falkenberg G, Jaroszewicz J, Janssens K, Salbu B page 1279 (2008).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Combined micro-XRF/XRPD tomography on historical and modern paint multilayer samples at Beamline L”. de Nolf W, Jaroszewicz J, van der Snickt G, Janssens K, Farnell S, Klaassen L page 1633 (2008).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Combined use of μ-XRF and μ-XRD for characterization of radioactive particle clusters released during the Chernobyl reactor incident”. Jaroszewicz J, de Nolf W, Janssens K, Claussen-Kjerre L, Lind OC, Salbu B, Falkenberg G (2007).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Combined use of μ-XRF and μ-XRD to determine the heterogeneity, the chemical and phase composition of Ti-B-C ceramics prepared by the pulse plasma sintering (PPS) method”. Jaroszewicz J, de Nolf W, Janssens K, Michalski A, Falkenberg G (2007).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Confocal μ-XRF and μ-XAFS studies of fractured granite following a radiotracer migration experiment”. Denecke MA, Janssens K, Brendebach B, Falkenberg G, de Nolf W, Römer J (2007).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Identification of the geochemical forms of CR, Zn, Ni, Pb, V, and Cu in an industrial polluted soil by combined μ-XRF/μ-XRD and μ-XANES”. Terzano R, Spagnuolo M, Ruggiero P, Vekemans B, de Nolf W, Janssens K, Fiore S, Falkenberg G (2008).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“mu-X-ray fluorescence and mu-X-ray diffraction investigations of sediment from the Ruprechtov nuclear waste disposal natural analog site”. Denecke MA, de Nolf W, Janssens K, Brendebach B, Falkenberg G, Noseck U, Rothkirch A, Spectrochimica acta: part B : atomic spectroscopy 63, 484 (2008). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.SAB.2008.01.001
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 3.241
Times cited: 7
DOI: 10.1016/J.SAB.2008.01.001
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“Pigment identification by scanning μ-XRF/μ-XRD”. de Nolf W, Vekemans B, Janssens K, van der Snickt G, Falkenberg G (2007).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Recent trends in quantitative aspects of microscopic X-ray fluorescence analysis”. Janssens K, de Nolf W, van der Snickt G, Vincze L, Vekemans B, Terzano R, Brenker FE, Trends in analytical chemistry 29, 464 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRAC.2010.03.003
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 8.442
Times cited: 48
DOI: 10.1016/J.TRAC.2010.03.003
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“Reexamination of U and Pu in particles from Thule and Palomares by μ-XRD”. Lind O-C, Salbu B, de Nolf W, Jaroszewicz J, Janssens K, Falkenberg G page 1297 (2008).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Study of the degradation on historical documents induced by iron gall ink by means of scanning μ-XRF/μ-XRD”. de Nolf W, Janssens K, Rouchon V, Falkenberg G (2007).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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de Nolf W (2013) Imaging of crystalline phase distributions by means of scanning and tomographic X-ray powder diffraction. 407 p
Keywords: Doctoral thesis; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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