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Author Tirry, W.; Coghe, F.; Bouvier, S.; Gasperini, M.; Rabet, L.; Schryvers, D.
Title A multi-scale characterization of deformation twins in Ti6Al4V sheet material deformed by simple shear Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2010 Publication Materials science and engineering: part A: structural materials: properties, microstructure and processing Abbreviated Journal Mat Sci Eng A-Struct
Volume 527 Issue 16/17 Pages 4136-4145
Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Abstract Ti6Al4V sheet material is subjected to simple shear deformation with strain ratio's of 10%, 30% and 50%. Optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction techniques are applied to study the presence and morphology of deformation twins. Only the View the MathML source type of twins seems to be present with a volume fraction below 1%. These View the MathML source twins show a high density of basal stacking faults of the ABABACAC type identified using atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy. A resolved shear stress analysis shows that twins most often occur on those planes with the highest resolved shear stresses, but that the starting texture is not beneficial for the occurrence of twins. It is further suggested that a transitory strain hardening regime observed around 530 MPa might be related with the onset of twinning.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Lausanne Editor
Language Wos 000278766800068 Publication Date 2010-03-23
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0921-5093; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 3.094 Times cited 20 Open Access
Notes Iap Approved Most recent IF: 3.094; 2010 IF: 2.101
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:82291 Serial 2212
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Author Idrissi, H.; Renard, K.; Ryelandt, L.; Schryvers, D.; Jacques, P.J.
Title On the mechanism of twin formation in FeMnC TWIP steels Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2010 Publication Acta materialia Abbreviated Journal Acta Mater
Volume 58 Issue 7 Pages 2464-2476
Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Abstract Although it is well known that FeMnC TWIP steels exhibit high work-hardening rates, the elementary twinning mechanisms controlling the plastic deformation of these steels have still not been characterized. The aim of the present study is to analyse the extended defects related to the twinning occurrence using transmission electron microscopy. Based on these observations, the very early stage of twin nucleation can be attributed to the pole mechanism with deviation proposed by Cohen and Weertman or to the model of Miura, Takamura and Narita, while the twin growth is controlled by the pole mechanism proposed by Venables. High densities of sessile Frank dislocations are observed within the twins at the early stage of deformation, which can affect the growth and the stability of the twins, but also the strength of these twins and their interactions with the gliding dislocations present in the matrix. This experimental evidence is discussed and compared to recent results in order to relate the defects analysis to the macroscopic behaviour of this category of material.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Oxford Editor
Language Wos 000276523200018 Publication Date 2010-01-25
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1359-6454; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 5.301 Times cited 244 Open Access
Notes Iap Approved Most recent IF: 5.301; 2010 IF: 3.791
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:82270 Serial 2441
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Author Delville, R.; Kasinathan, S.; Zhang, Z.; van Humbeeck, J.; James, R.D.; Schryvers, D.
Title Transmission electron microscopy study of phase compatibility in low hysteresis shape memory alloys Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2010 Publication Philosophical magazine Abbreviated Journal Philos Mag
Volume 90 Issue 1/4 Pages 177-195
Keywords A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Abstract Recent findings have linked low hysteresis in shape memory alloys with phase compatibility between austenite and martensite. To investigate the evolution of microstructure as phase compatibility increases and hysteresis is reduced, transmission electron microscopy was used to study the alloy system Ti50Ni50xPdx, where the composition is systemically tuned to approach perfect compatibility. Changes in morphology, twinning density and twinning modes are reported, along with special microstructures occurring when compatibility is achieved. In addition, the interface between austenite and a single variant of martensite was studied by high-resolution and conventional electron microscopy. The low energy configuration of the interface detailed in this article suggests that it plays an important role in the lowering of hysteresis compared to classical habit plane interfaces.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000274576500013 Publication Date 2010-01-16
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1478-6435;1478-6443; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 1.505 Times cited 70 Open Access
Notes Multimat; FWO Approved Most recent IF: 1.505; 2010 IF: 1.304
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:79859 Serial 3718
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Author Cao, S.; Somsen, C.; Croitoru, M.; Schryvers, D.; Eggeler, G.
Title Focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy tomography and conventional transmission electron microscopy assessment of Ni4Ti3 morphology in compression-aged Ni-rich Ni-Ti single crystals Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2010 Publication Scripta materialia Abbreviated Journal Scripta Mater
Volume 62 Issue 6 Pages 399-402
Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Condensed Matter Theory (CMT)
Abstract The size, morphology and configuration of Ni4Ti3 precipitates in a single-crystal NiTi alloy have been investigated by two-dimensional transmission electron microscopy-based image analysis and three-dimensional reconstruction from slice-and-view images obtained in a focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM) dual-beam system. Average distances between the precipitates measured along the compression direction correlate well between both techniques, while particle shape and configuration data is best obtained from FIB/SEM. Precipitates form pockets of B2 of 0.54 ìm in the compression direction and 1 ìm perpendicular to the compression direction.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Oxford Editor
Language Wos 000275072700020 Publication Date 2009-12-04
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1359-6462; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 3.747 Times cited 16 Open Access
Notes Fwo Approved Most recent IF: 3.747; 2010 IF: 2.820
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:79817 Serial 1246
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Author Zelaya, E.; Schryvers, D.; Tolley, A.; Fitchner, P.F.P.
Title Cavity nucleation and growth in Cu-Zn-Al irradiated with Cu+ ions at different temperatures Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2010 Publication Intermetallics Abbreviated Journal Intermetallics
Volume 18 Issue 4 Pages 493-498
Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Abstract The effects of high dose ion irradiation in β CuZnAl were investigated between room temperature and 150 °C. Single crystal samples with surface normal close to [001]β were irradiated with 300 keV Cu+ ions. Microstructural changes were characterized using transmission electron microscopy. Irradiation induced cavities located on the surface exposed to the irradiation were observed. The morphology, size and density distribution of these cavities were analyzed as a function of different irradiation conditions. The shape and location of the cavities with respect to the irradiation surface were not affected by irradiation temperature or irradiation dose. Instead, the cavity size distribution showed a bi-modal shape for a dose of 15 dpa, regardless of irradiation temperature. For a dose of 30 dpa the bi-modal distribution was only observed after room temperature irradiation. The diffusion effects of vacancies produced by irradiation are analyzed in shape memory CuZnAl alloys, which main characteristic is the diffusionless martensitic transformation. Particularly, the cavity size distributions were analyzed in terms of nucleation, growth and coalescence.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Chicago, Ill. Editor
Language Wos 000276058200014 Publication Date 2009-10-17
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0966-9795; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 3.14 Times cited 1 Open Access
Notes Iaea Approved Most recent IF: 3.14; 2010 IF: 2.335
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:80924 Serial 302
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Author Salje, E.K.H.; Zhang, H.; Idrissi, H.; Schryvers, D.; Carpenter, M.A.; Moya, X.; Planes, A.
Title Mechanical resonance of the austenite/martensite interface and the pinning of the martensitic microstructures by dislocations in Cu74.08Al23.13Be2.79 Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2009 Publication Physical review: B: condensed matter and materials physics Abbreviated Journal Phys Rev B
Volume 80 Issue 13 Pages 134114,1-1134114,8
Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Abstract A single crystal of Cu74.08Al23.13Be2.79 undergoes a martensitic phase transition at 246 and 232 K under heating and cooling, respectively. The phase fronts between the austenite and martensite regions of the sample are weakly mobile with a power-law resonance under external stress fields. Surprisingly, the martensite phase is elastically much harder than the austenite phase showing that interfaces between various crystallographic variants are strongly pinned and cannot be moved by external stress while the phase boundary between the austenite and martensite regions in the sample remains mobile. This unusual behavior was studied by dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA) and resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. The remnant strain, storage modulus, and internal friction were recorded simultaneously for different applied forces in DMA. With increasing forces, the remnant strain increases monotonously while the internal friction peak height shows a minimum at 300 mN. Transmission electron microscopy shows that the pinning is generated by dislocations which are inherited from the austenite phase.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Lancaster, Pa Editor
Language Wos 000271351300033 Publication Date 2009-10-22
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1098-0121;1550-235X; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 3.836 Times cited 38 Open Access
Notes Multimat Approved Most recent IF: 3.836; 2009 IF: 3.475
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:78542 Serial 1975
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Delville, R.; James, R.D.; Salman, U.; Finel, A.; Schryvers, D.
Title Transmission electron microscopy study of low-hysteresis shape memory alloys Type P1 Proceeding
Year (down) 2009 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 02005,1-02005,7
Keywords P1 Proceeding; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Abstract Recent findings have linked low hysteresis in shape memory alloys with phase compatibility between austenite and martensite. In order to investigate the evolution of microstructure as the phase compatibility increases and the hysteresis is reduced, transmission electron microscopy was used to study the alloy system Ti50Ni50-xPdx where the composition is systemically tuned to approach perfect compatibility. Changes in morphology, twinning density and twinning modes are reported along with special microstructures occurring when the compatibility is achieved. In addition, the interface between austenite and a single variant of martensite was studied by high-resolution and conventional electron microscopy. The atomically sharp, defect free, low energy configuration of the interface suggests that it plays an important role in the lowering of hysteresis. Finally, dynamical modeling of the martensitic transformation using the phase-field micro-elasticity model within the geometrically linear theory succeeded in reproducing the change in microstructure as the compatibility condition is satisfied. Latest results on the extension of these findings in other Ni-Ti based ternary/quaternary systems are also reported.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Edp Place of Publication Coutaboeuf Editor
Language Wos 000274582300009 Publication Date 2009-08-31
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor Times cited 3 Open Access
Notes Approved Most recent IF: NA
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:81951 Serial 3716
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Tian, H.; Schryvers, D.; Shabalovskaya, S.; van Humbeeck, J.
Title TEM study of the mechanism of Ni ion release from Nitinol wires with original oxides Type P1 Proceeding
Year (down) 2009 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 05027,1-05027,6
Keywords P1 Proceeding; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Abstract The surface of commercial Nitinol wires with original oxides and a thickness in the 30-190 nm range was investigated by different state of art TEM techniques. The oxide surface layer was identified as a combination of TiO and TiO2 depending on the processing of the wire. Between the core of the wires and the oxidized surface, an interfacial Ni3Ti nanolayer was observed while Ni nanoparticles are found inside the original oxide. The particle sizes, their distribution in the surface and the Ti-O stoichiometry were deduced from the analysis of the obtained data. Molecular dynamics calculations performed for evaluation of the stability of Ni particles relative to the atomic state revealed that a pure Ni particle has a lower energy than free Ni atoms inside the TiO2 lattice. The obtained results are discussed with respect to surface stability and Ni release in the human body.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Edp Place of Publication Coutaboeuf Editor
Language Wos 000274582300092 Publication Date 2009-08-31
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor Times cited 1 Open Access
Notes Approved Most recent IF: NA
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:81954 Serial 3493
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Author Idrissi, H.; Schryvers, D.; Salje, E.K.H.; Zhang, H.; Carpenter, M.A.; Moya, X.
Title Pinning of the martensitic microstructures by dislocations in Cu74.08Al23.13Be2.79 Type P1 Proceeding
Year (down) 2009 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 02029,1-02029,5
Keywords P1 Proceeding; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Abstract A single crystal of Cu74.08Al23.13Be2.79 undergoes a martensitic phase transition at 246K and 232K under heating and cooling, respectively. Surprisingly, the martensite phase is elastically much harder than the austenite phase showing that interfaces between various crystallographic variants are strongly pinned and can not be moved by external stress while the phase boundary between the austenite and martensite regions in the sample remains mobile. This unusual behavior was revealed by Dynamical Mechanical Analysis and Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy. Transmission Electron Microscopy shows that the pinning is generated by dislocations, which are inherited from the austenite phase. Such dislocations can hinder the movement of stacking faults in the 18R martensite structure or twin boundaries between martensite variants.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Edp Place of Publication Coutaboeuf Editor
Language Wos 000274582300033 Publication Date 2009-08-31
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor Times cited 2 Open Access
Notes Approved Most recent IF: NA
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:81952 Serial 2626
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Tirry, W.; Schryvers, D.
Title 3D strain fields surrounding Ni4Ti3: direct measurement and correlation with the R-phase Type P1 Proceeding
Year (down) 2009 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 02032,1-02032,6
Keywords P1 Proceeding; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Abstract Strain fields introduced by coherent Ni4Ti3 precipitates in austenitic Ni-Ti are believed to be a possible origin of why the R-phase transformation is introduced as an extra step before transforming to the B19'. The presence of this strain field was already confirmed in the past by conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques and measured quantitatively by high resolution TEM (HRTEM). This time the geometrical phase method is applied on HRTEM micrographs to measure the full 3D strain tensor of the strain fields. Since each atomic resolution micrograph only results in a 2D measurement of the strain, observations in two different zone orientations are combined to retrieve the 3 x 3 strain tensor. In this work observations in a [1-1 1](B2) and [1 0-1](B2) zone orientation are used and this in case of precipitates with a diameter of around 50nm. In a next step the measured strain tensor is compared to the calculated eigenstrain of the R-phase in reference to the B2 matrix. This comparison shows that the introduced strain is very similar to the eigenstrain of one R-phase variant. Since for both structures, Ni4Ti3 and R-phase, four orientation variants are possible, each variant of the R-phase is thus able to accommodate the strain field of one of the Ni4Ti3 variants.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Edp Place of Publication Coutaboeuf Editor
Language Wos 000274582300036 Publication Date 2009-08-31
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record
Impact Factor Times cited Open Access
Notes Approved Most recent IF: NA
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:81953 Serial 17
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Cao, S.; Nishida, M.; Somsen, C.; Eggeler, G.; Schryvers, D.
Title 3D FIB/SEM study of Ni4Ti3 precipitates in Ni-Ti alloys with different thermal-mechanical histories Type P1 Proceeding
Year (down) 2009 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 02004,1-02004,6
Keywords P1 Proceeding; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Abstract The three-dimensional size, morphology and distribution of Ni4Ti3 precipitates growing in binary Ni-rich Ni-Ti alloys have been investigated via a slice view procedure in a Dual-Beam FIB/SEM system, in order to better stress-free Ni50.8Ti49.2 alloy with all four variants of precipitates and a compressed Ni51Ti49 alloy with aligned precipitates in one family were studied. The Ni4Ti3 precipitates reach a volume fraction of 9.6% in the reconstructed region of the stress-free alloy and 4.3% in the compressed one. In both cases, the mean volume, specific surface area, sphericity and aspect ratio of the precipitates are calculated and the Pair Distribution Functions of the precipitates are obtained. It is shown that most precipitates in the stress-free sample grow larger and have a more lenticular shape, while those in the compressed sample are more cylindrical. Deviations from these ideal shapes reveal internal steps in the stress-free sample and lamellae formation in the compressed one.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Edp Place of Publication Coutaboeuf Editor
Language Wos 000274582300008 Publication Date 2009-08-31
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor Times cited 1 Open Access
Notes Approved Most recent IF: NA
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:81950 c:irua:81950 Serial 14
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Author Malard, B.; Pilch, J.; Sittner, P.; Gartnerova, V.; Delville, R.; Schryvers, D.; Curfs, C.
Title Microstructure and functional property changes in thin Ni-Ti wires heat teated by electric current: high energy X-ray and TEM investigations Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2009 Publication Functional materials letters Abbreviated Journal Funct Mater Lett
Volume 2 Issue 2 Pages 45-54
Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Abstract High energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and mechanical testing were employed to investigate the evolution of microstructure, texture and functional superelastic properties of 0.1 mm thin as drawn NiTi wires subjected to a nonconventional heat treatment by controlled electric current (FTMT-EC method). As drawn NiTi wires were prestrained in tension and exposed to a sequence of short DC power pulses in the millisecond range. The annealing time in the FTMT-EC processing can be very short but the temperature and force could be very high compared to the conventional heat treatment of SMAs. It is shown that the heavily strained, partially amorphous microstructure of the as drawn NiTi wire transforms under the effect of the DC pulse and tensile stress into a wide range of annealed nanosized microstructures depending on the pulse time. The functional superelastic properties and microstructures of the FTMT-EC treated NiTi wire are comparable to those observed in straight annealed wires.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000271077000001 Publication Date 2009-07-22
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1793-6047;1793-7213; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 1.234 Times cited 21 Open Access
Notes Multimat Approved Most recent IF: 1.234; 2009 IF: 2.561
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:77656 Serial 2052
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Tian, H.; Schryvers, D.; Mohanchandra, K.P.; Carman, G.P.; van Humbeeck, J.
Title Fabrication and characterization of functionally graded Ni-Ti multilayer thin films Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2009 Publication Functional materials letters Abbreviated Journal Funct Mater Lett
Volume 2 Issue 2 Pages 61-66
Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Abstract A functionally graded multilayer NiTi thin film was deposited on a SiO2/Si substrate by d.c. sputtering using a ramped heated NiTi alloy target. The stand-alone films were crystallized at 500°C in vacuum better than 10-7 Torr. Transmission electron microscopy micrographs taken along the film cross section show two distinct regions, thin and thick, with weak R and B2 phases, respectively. The film compositions along the thickness were measured and quantified using the standard-less EELSMODEL method. The film deposited during the initial thermal ramp (thin regions) displays an average of 54 at.% Ni while the film deposited at a more elevated target temperature (thick regions) shows about 51 at.% Ni.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000271077000003 Publication Date 2009-07-22
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1793-6047;1793-7213; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 1.234 Times cited 9 Open Access
Notes Fwo Approved Most recent IF: 1.234; 2009 IF: 2.561
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:77655 Serial 1165
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Tirry, W.; Schryvers, D.
Title Linking a completely three-dimensional nanostrain to a structural transformation eigenstrain Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2009 Publication Nature materials Abbreviated Journal Nat Mater
Volume 8 Issue 9 Pages 752-757
Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Abstract NiTi is one of the most popular shape-memory alloys, a phenomenon resulting from a martensitic transformation. Commercial NiTi-based alloys are often thermally treated to contain Ni4Ti3 precipitates. The presence of these precipitates can introduce an extra transformation step related to the so-called R-phase. It is believed that the strain field surrounding the precipitates, caused by the matrixprecipitate lattice mismatch, lies at the origin of this intermediate transformation step. Atomic-resolution transmission electron microscopy in combination with geometrical phase analysis is used to measure the elastic strain field surrounding these precipitates. By combining measurements from two different crystallographic directions, the three-dimensional strain matrix is determined from two-dimensional measurements. Comparison of the measured strain matrix to the eigenstrain of the R-phase shows that both are very similar and that the introduction of the R-phase might indeed compensate the elastic strain introduced by the precipitate.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication London Editor
Language Wos 000269215500022 Publication Date 2009-06-21
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1476-1122;1476-4660; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 39.737 Times cited 53 Open Access
Notes Multimat Approved Most recent IF: 39.737; 2009 IF: 29.504
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:77657 Serial 1822
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Author Schalm, O.; van der Linden, V.; Frederickx, P.; Luyten, S.; van der Snickt, G.; Caen, J.; Schryvers, D.; Janssens, K.; Cornelis, E.; van Dyck, D.; Schreiner, M.
Title Enamels in stained glass windows: preparation, chemical composition, microstructure and causes of deterioration Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2009 Publication Spectrochimica acta: part B : atomic spectroscopy Abbreviated Journal Spectrochim Acta B
Volume 64 Issue 8 Pages 812-820
Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Vision lab
Abstract Stained glass windows incorporating dark blue and purple enamel paint layers are in some cases subject to severe degradation while others from the same period survived the ravages of time. A series of dark blue, greenblue and purple enamel glass paints from the same region (Northwestern Europe) and from the same period (16early 20th centuries) has been studied by means of a combination of microscopic X-ray fluorescence analysis, electron probe micro analysis and transmission electron microscopy with the aim of better understanding the causes of the degradation. The chemical composition of the enamels diverges from the average chemical composition of window glass. Some of the compositions appear to be unstable, for example those with a high concentration of K2O and a low content of CaO and PbO. In other cases, the deterioration of the paint layers was caused by the less than optimal vitrification of the enamel during the firing process. Recipes and chemical compositions indicate that glassmakers of the 1617th century had full control over the color of the enamel glass paints they made. They mainly used three types of coloring agents, based on Co (dark blue), Mn (purple) and Cu (light-blue or greenblue) as coloring elements. Bluepurple enamel paints were obtained by mixing two different coloring agents. The coloring agent for redpurple enamel, introduced during the 19th century, was colloidal gold embedded in grains of lead glass.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Oxford Editor
Language Wos 000269995300018 Publication Date 2009-06-19
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0584-8547; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 3.241 Times cited 28 Open Access
Notes Iuap Vi/6; Fwo; Goa Approved Most recent IF: 3.241; 2009 IF: 2.719
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:79647 Serial 1035
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Idrissi, H.; Ryelandt, L.; Veron, M.; Schryvers, D.; Jacques, P.J.
Title Is there a relationship between the stacking fault character and the activated mode of plasticity of FeMn-based austenitic steels? Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2009 Publication Scripta materialia Abbreviated Journal Scripta Mater
Volume 60 Issue 11 Pages 941-944
Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Abstract By changing the testing temperature, an austenitic FeMnAlSi alloy presents either å-martensite transformation or mechanical twinning during straining. In order to understand the nucleation and growth mechanisms involved in both phenomena, defects and particularly stacking faults, were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. It is observed that the character of the stacking faults also changes (from extrinsic to intrinsic) together with the temperature and the activated mode of plasticity.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Oxford Editor
Language Wos 000265359900005 Publication Date 2009-02-10
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1359-6462; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 3.747 Times cited 84 Open Access
Notes Iap Approved Most recent IF: 3.747; 2009 IF: 2.949
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:77276 Serial 1751
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Cao, S.; Tirry, W.; van den Broek, W.; Schryvers, D.
Title Optimization of a FIB/SEM slice-and-view study of the 3D distribution of Ni4Ti3 precipitates in NiTi Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2009 Publication Journal of microscopy Abbreviated Journal J Microsc-Oxford
Volume 233 Issue 1 Pages 61-68
Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
Abstract The 3D morphology and distribution of lenticular Ni4Ti3 precipitates in the austenitic B2 matrix of a binary Ni51Ti49 alloy has been investigated by a slice-and-view procedure in a dual-beam focused ion beam/scanning electron microscope system. Due to the weak contrast of the precipitates, proper imaging conditions need to be selected first to allow for semi-automated image treatment. Knowledgeable imaging is further needed to ensure that all variants of the precipitates are observed with equal probability, regardless of sample orientation. Finally, a volume ratio of 10.2% for the Ni4Ti3 precipitates could be calculated, summed over all variants, which yields a net composition of Ni50.27Ti49.73 for the matrix, leading to an increase of 125 degrees for the martensitic start temperature. Also, the expected relative orientation of the different variants of the precipitates could be confirmed.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Oxford Editor
Language Wos 000262511900008 Publication Date 2009-01-15
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0022-2720;1365-2818; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 1.692 Times cited 22 Open Access
Notes Multimat Fwo; G0465.05 Approved Most recent IF: 1.692; 2009 IF: 1.612
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:76026 Serial 2486
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Tian, H.; Schryvers, D.; Shabalovskaya, S.; van Humbeeck, J.
Title Microstructure of surface and subsurface layers of a Ni-Ti shape memory microwire Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2009 Publication Microscopy and microanalysis Abbreviated Journal Microsc Microanal
Volume 15 Issue Pages 62-70
Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Abstract The microstructure of a 55 Êm diameter, cold-worked Ni-Ti microwire is investigated by different transmission electron microscopy techniques. The surface consists of a few hundred nanometer thick oxide layer composed of TiO and TiO2 with a small fraction of inhomogeneously distributed Ni. The interior of the wire has a core-shell structure with primarily B2 grains in the 1 Êm thick shell, and heavily twinned B19 martensite in the core. This core-shell structure can be explained by a concentration gradient of the alloying elements resulting in a structure separation due to the strong temperature dependence of the martensitic start temperature. Moreover, in between the B2 part of the metallic core-shell and the oxide layer, a Ni3Ti interfacial layer is detected.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Cambridge, Mass. Editor
Language Wos 000262912700009 Publication Date 2009-01-15
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1431-9276;1435-8115; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 1.891 Times cited 15 Open Access
Notes FWO G.0465.05; Multimat Approved Most recent IF: 1.891; 2009 IF: 3.035
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:72319 Serial 2074
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Author van den Broek, W.; Verbeeck, J.; Schryvers, D.; de Backer, S.; Scheunders, P.
Title Tomographic spectroscopic imaging; an experimental proof of concept Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2009 Publication Ultramicroscopy Abbreviated Journal Ultramicroscopy
Volume 109 Issue 4 Pages 296-303
Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
Abstract Recording the electron energy loss spectroscopy data cube with a series of energy filtered images is a dose inefficient process because the energy slit blocks most of the electrons. When recording the data cube by scanning an electron probe over the sample, perfect dose efficiency is attained; but due to the low current in nanoprobes, this often is slower, with a smaller field of view. In W. Van den Broek et al. [Ultramicroscopy, 106 (2006) 269], we proposed a new method to record the data cube, which is more dose efficient than an energy filtered series. It produces a set of projections of the data cube and then tomographically reconstructs it. In this article, we demonstrate these projections in practice, we present a simple geometrical model that allows for quantification of the projection angles and we present the first successful experimental reconstruction, all on a standard post-column instrument.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Amsterdam Editor
Language Wos 000265345400003 Publication Date 2008-12-10
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0304-3991; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 2.843 Times cited 1 Open Access
Notes Esteem 026019 Approved Most recent IF: 2.843; 2009 IF: 2.067
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:77271 Serial 3671
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Author Bervoets, A.R.J.; Behets, G.J.; Schryvers, D.; Roels, F.; Yang, Z.; Verberckmoes, S.C.; Damment, S.J.P.; Dauwe, S.; Mubiana, V.K.; Blust, R.; de Broe, M.E.; d' Haese, P.C.
Title Hepatocellular transport and gastrointestinal absorption of lanthanum in chronic renal failure Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2009 Publication Kidney international Abbreviated Journal Kidney Int
Volume 75 Issue Pages 389-398
Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Pathophysiology
Abstract Lanthanum carbonate is a new phosphate binder that is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and eliminated largely by the liver. After oral treatment, we and others had noticed 23 fold higher lanthanum levels in the livers of rats with chronic renal failure compared to rats with normal renal function. Here we studied the kinetics and tissue distribution, absorption, and subcellular localization of lanthanum in the liver using transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectrometry, and X-ray fluoresence. We found that in the liver lanthanum was located in lysosomes and in the biliary canal but not in any other cellular organelles. This suggests that lanthanum is transported and eliminated by the liver via a transcellular, endosomal-lysosomal-biliary canicular transport route. Feeding rats with chronic renal failure orally with lanthanum resulted in a doubling of the liver levels compared to rats with normal renal function, but the serum levels were similar in both animal groups. These levels plateaued after 6 weeks at a concentration below 3 g/g in both groups. When lanthanum was administered intravenously, thereby bypassing the gastrointestinal tract-portal vein pathway, no difference in liver levels was found between rats with and without renal failure. This suggests that there is an increased gastrointestinal permeability or absorption of oral lanthanum in uremia. Lanthanum levels in the brain and heart fluctuated near its detection limit with long-term treatment (20 weeks) having no effect on organ weight, liver enzyme activities, or liver histology. We suggest that the kinetics of lanthanum in the liver are consistent with a transcellular transport pathway, with higher levels in the liver of uremic rats due to higher intestinal absorption.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication New York, N.Y. Editor
Language Wos 000263145800009 Publication Date 2008-12-03
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0085-2538;1523-1755; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 8.395 Times cited 29 Open Access
Notes Fwo; Iwt Approved Most recent IF: 8.395; 2009 IF: 6.193
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:72290 Serial 1417
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Author Shabalovskaya, S.A.; Tian, H.; Anderegg, J.W.; Schryvers, D.U.; Carroll, W.U.; van Humbeeck, J.
Title The influence of surface oxides on the distribution and release of nickel from Nitinol wires Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2009 Publication Biomaterials Abbreviated Journal Biomaterials
Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages 468-477
Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Abstract The patterns of Ni release from Nitinol vary depending on the type of material (NiTi alloys with low or no processing versus commercial wires or sheets). A thick TiO2 layer generated on the wire surface during processing is often considered as a reliable barrier against Ni release. The present study of Nitinol wires with surface oxides resulting from production was conducted to identify the sources of Ni release and its distribution in the surface sublayers. The chemistry and topography of the surfaces of Nitinol wires drawn using different techniques were studied with XPS and SEM. The distribution of Ni into surface depth and the surface oxide thickness were evaluated using Auger spectroscopy, TEM with FIB and ELNES. Ni release was estimated using either ICPA or AAS. Potentiodynamic potential polarization of selected wires was performed in as-received state with no strain and in treated strained samples. Wire samples in the as-received state showed low breakdown potentials (200 mV); the improved corrosion resistance of these wires after treatment was not affected by strain. It is shown how processing techniques affect surface topography, chemistry and also Ni release. Nitinol wires with the thickest surface oxide TiO2 (up to 720 nm) showed the highest Ni release, attributed to the presence of particles of essentially pure Ni whose number and size increased while approaching the interface between the surface and the bulk. The biological implications of high and lasting Ni release are also discussed.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Guildford Editor
Language Wos 000262065500006 Publication Date 2008-11-09
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0142-9612; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 8.402 Times cited 102 Open Access
Notes Fwo; G.0465.05 Approved Most recent IF: 8.402; 2009 IF: 7.365
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:72320 Serial 1641
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Author Delville, R.; Schryvers, D.; Zhang, Z.; James, R.D.
Title Transmission electron microscopy investigation of microstructures in low-hysteresis alloys with special lattice parameters Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2009 Publication Scripta materialia Abbreviated Journal Scripta Mater
Volume 60 Issue 5 Pages 293-296
Keywords A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Abstract A sharp drop in hysteresis is observed for shape memory alloys satisfying the compatibility condition between austenite and martensite, i.e. ë2 = 1, where ë2 is the middle eigenvalue of the transformation strain matrix. The present work investigates the evolution of microstructure by transmission electron microscopy as the composition of the Ti50Ni50−xPdx system is systemically tuned to achieve the condition ë2 = 1. Changes in morphology, twinning density and twinning modes are reported along with twinless martensite and exact austenitemartensite interfaces.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Oxford Editor
Language Wos 000262553300007 Publication Date 2008-11-08
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1359-6462; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 3.747 Times cited 56 Open Access
Notes Multimat Approved Most recent IF: 3.747; 2009 IF: 2.949
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:76017 Serial 3710
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Author Cao, S.; Tirry, W.; van den Broek, W.; Schryvers, D.
Title 3D reconstruction of Ni4Ti3 precipitates in a Ni51Ti49 alloy in a FIB/SEM dual-beam system Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2008 Publication Materials science forum Abbreviated Journal
Volume 583 Issue Pages 277-284
Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
Abstract Ni4Ti3 precipitates play an important role in the shape memory and superelastic behaviour of thermo-mechanically treated Ni-Ti material. The 3D morphology and distribution of such precipitates with lenticular shape and rhombohedral atomic structure in the austenitic B2 matrix of a binary Ni-rich Ni-Ti alloy has been elucidated via a slice view procedure in a Dual-Beam FIB/SEM system. With the sequence of cross-section SE images obtained from the SEM, a 3D reconstruction has been achieved after proper alignment and image processing, from which both qualitative and quantitative analysis can be performed. Careful imaging is needed to ensure that all variants of the precipitates are observed with equal probability, regardless sample orientation. Moreover, due to the weak contrast of the precipitates, proper imaging conditions need to be selected to allow for semi-automated image treatment. Finally, a volume ratio of 10.2% for the Ni4Ti3 precipitates could be calculated, summed over all variants, which yields a net composition of Ni50.36Ti49.64 for the matrix, leading to an increase of 113 degrees for the martensitic start temperature Ms. Also, the expected relative orientation of the different variants of the precipitates could be confirmed. In the near future, other quantitative measures on the distribution of the precipitates can be expected.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Lausanne Editor
Language Wos Publication Date 2009-03-11
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1662-9752; ISBN Additional Links UA library record
Impact Factor Times cited Open Access
Notes Multimat; Fwo Approved Most recent IF: NA
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:77454 Serial 16
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Author Bartova, B.; Wiese, N.; Schryvers, D.; Chapman, J.N.; Ignacova, S.
Title Microstructure of precipitates and magnetic domain structure in an annealed Co38Ni33Al29 shape memory alloy Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2008 Publication Acta materialia Abbreviated Journal Acta Mater
Volume 56 Issue 16 Pages 4470-4476
Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Abstract The microstructure of a Co38Ni33Al29 ferromagnetic shape memory alloy was determined by conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction studies together with advanced microscopy techniques and in situ Lorentz microscopy. Rod-like precipitates, 1060 nm long, of hexagonal close-packed -Co were confirmed to be present by high-resolution TEM. The orientation relationship between the precipitates and B2 matrix is described by the Burgers orientation relationship. The crystal structure of the martensite obtained after cooling is tetragonal L10 with a (111) twinning plane. The magnetic domain structure was determined during an in situ cooling experiment using the Fresnel mode of Lorentz microscopy. While transformation proceeds from B2 austenite to L10 martensite, new domains are nucleated, leading to a decrease in domain width, with the magnetization lying predominantly along a single direction. It was possible to completely describe the relationship between magnetic domains and crystallographic directions in the austenite phase though complications existed for the martensite phase.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Oxford Editor
Language Wos 000259931300033 Publication Date 2008-06-11
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1359-6454; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 5.301 Times cited 23 Open Access
Notes Multimat Approved Most recent IF: 5.301; 2008 IF: 3.729
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:72321 Serial 2072
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Author Yang, Z.Q.; Verbeeck, J.; Schryvers, D.; Tarcea, N.; Popp, J.; Rösler, W.
Title TEM and Raman characterisation of diamond micro- and nanostructures in carbon spherules from upper soils Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2008 Publication Diamond and related materials Abbreviated Journal Diam Relat Mater
Volume 17 Issue 6 Pages 937-943
Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Abstract Carbonaceous spherules of millimeter size diameter and found in the upper soils throughout Europe are investigated by TEM, including SAED, HRTEM and EELS, and Raman spectroscopy. The spherules consist primarily of carbon and have an open cell-like internal structure. Most of the carbon appears in an amorphous state, but different morphologies of nano- and microdiamond particles have also been discovered including flake shapes. The latter observation, together with the original findings of some of these spherules in crater-like structures in the landscape and including severely deformed rocks with some spherules being embedded in the fused crust of excavated rocks, points towards unique conditions of origin for these spherules and particles, possibly of exogenic origin. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Amsterdam Editor
Language Wos 000256940800005 Publication Date 2008-02-14
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0925-9635; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 2.561 Times cited 26 Open Access
Notes GAO project Approved Most recent IF: 2.561; 2008 IF: 2.092
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:68518 Serial 3474
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Author Zhang, H.; Salje, E.K.H.; Schryvers, D.; Bartova, B.
Title The martensitic phase transition in Ni-Al: experimental observation of excess entropy and heterogeneous spontaneous strain Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2008 Publication Journal of physics : condensed matter Abbreviated Journal J Phys-Condens Mat
Volume 20 Issue 5 Pages 055220,1-7
Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication London Editor
Language Wos 000252923400023 Publication Date 2008-01-19
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0953-8984;1361-648X; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 2.649 Times cited 7 Open Access
Notes Multimat (MRTN-CT-2004-505226) Approved Most recent IF: 2.649; 2008 IF: 1.900
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:67710 Serial 1948
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Author Yang, Z.; Tirry, W.; Lamoen, D.; Kulkova, S.; Schryvers, D.
Title Electron energy-loss spectroscopy and first-principles calculation studies on a Ni-Ti shape memory alloy Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2008 Publication Acta materialia Abbreviated Journal Acta Mater
Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 395-404
Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Oxford Editor
Language Wos 000253020900011 Publication Date 2007-12-01
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1359-6454; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 5.301 Times cited 20 Open Access
Notes Goa; Ec Rtn; Fwo Approved Most recent IF: 5.301; 2008 IF: 3.729
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:67462 Serial 931
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Author Yang, Z.Q.; Schryvers, D.
Title Electron energy-loss spectroscopy study of NiTi shape memory alloys Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2008 Publication Materials science and engineering: part A: structural materials: properties, microstructure and processing Abbreviated Journal Mat Sci Eng A-Struct
Volume 481 Issue Pages 214-217
Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000255716100041 Publication Date 2007-06-11
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0921-5093; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 3.094 Times cited 7 Open Access
Notes Gao Approved Most recent IF: 3.094; 2008 IF: 1.806
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:69156 Serial 934
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Author Rotaru, G.-M.; Schryvers, D.
Title New (3(3)under-bar) long-period microtwin variant in the martensitic phase of the PtTi alloy Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2008 Publication Materials science and engineering: part A: structural materials: properties, microstructure and processing Abbreviated Journal Mat Sci Eng A-Struct
Volume 481 Issue Si Pages 437-441
Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000255716100090 Publication Date 2007-06-07
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0921-5093; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 3.094 Times cited 3 Open Access
Notes Multimat Approved Most recent IF: 3.094; 2008 IF: 1.806
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:69140 Serial 2300
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Author Tirry, W.; Schryvers, D.
Title In situ transmission electron microscopy of stress-induced martensite with focus on martensite twinning Type A1 Journal article
Year (down) 2008 Publication Materials science and engineering: part A: structural materials: properties, microstructure and processing Abbreviated Journal Mat Sci Eng A-Struct
Volume 481 Issue Si Pages 420-425
Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000255716100087 Publication Date 2007-06-07
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0921-5093; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 3.094 Times cited 22 Open Access
Notes Approved Most recent IF: 3.094; 2008 IF: 1.806
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:69139 Serial 1586
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