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“Gas phase photofuel cell consisting of WO₃- and TiO₂-photoanodes and an air-exposed cathode for simultaneous air purification and electricity generation”. Van Hal M, Campos R, Lenaerts S, De Wael K, Verbruggen SW, Applied Catalysis B-Environmental 292, 120204 (2021). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.APCATB.2021.120204
Abstract: Research has shown the potential of photofuel cells (PFCs) for waste water treatment, enabling the (partial) recovery of the energy released from the degraded compounds as electricity. Literature on PFCs targeting air pollution on the other hand is extremely scarce. In this work an autonomously operating air purification device targeting sustainable electricity generation is presented. Knowledge on gas phase operation of PFCs was gathered by combining photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical measurements, both for TiO2 and WO3-based photocatalysts. While TiO2-based photocatalysts performed better in direct photocatalytic experiments, they were outperformed by WO3-based photoanodes in all-gas-phase PFC operation. Not only do WO3-based photocatalysts generate the highest steady state photocurrent, they also achieved the highest fuel-to-electricity conversion (>65 %). The discrepancies between gas phase photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical processes highlight the difference in driving material properties. This study serves as a proof-of-concept towards development of an autonomous, low-cost and widely applicable waste gas-to-electricity PFC device.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
Impact Factor: 9.446
DOI: 10.1016/J.APCATB.2021.120204
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“Hydrogen clathrates : next generation hydrogen storage materials”. Gupta A, Baron GV, Perreault P, Lenaerts S, Ciocarlan R-G, Cool P, Mileo PGM, Rogge S, Van Speybroeck V, Watson G, Van Der Voort P, Houlleberghs M, Breynaert E, Martens J, Denayer JFM, Energy Storage Materials 41, 69 (2021). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENSM.2021.05.044
Abstract: Extensive research has been carried on the molecular adsorption in high surface area materials such as carbonaceous materials and MOFs as well as atomic bonded hydrogen in metals and alloys. Clathrates stand among the ones to be recently suggested for hydrogen storage. Although, the simulations predict lower capacity than the expected by the DOE norms, the additional benefits of clathrates such as low production and operational cost, fully reversible reaction, environmentally benign nature, low risk of flammability make them one of the most promising materials to be explored in the next decade. The inherent ability to tailor the properties of clathrates using techniques such as addition of promoter molecules, use of porous supports and formation of novel reverse micelles morphology provide immense scope customisation and growth. As rapidly evolving materials, clathrates promise to get as close as possible in the search of “holy grail” of hydrogen storage. This review aims to provide the audience with the background of the current developments in the solid-state hydrogen storage materials, with a special focus on the hydrogen clathrates. The in-depth analysis of the hydrogen clathrates will be provided beginning from their discovery, various additives utilised to enhance their thermodynamic and kinetic properties, challenges in the characterisation of hydrogen in clathrates, theoretical developments to justify the experimental findings and the upscaling opportunities presented by this system. The review will present state of the art in the field and also provide a global picture for the path forward.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Laboratory of adsorption and catalysis (LADCA); Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENSM.2021.05.044
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“A core-shell confined Pd@TS-1 @meso-SiO2 catalyst and its synergy effect on styrene oxidation”. Wang Y-T, Wu S-M, Luo G-Q, Tian G, Wang L-Y, Xiao S-T, Wu J-X, Wu A, Wu K-J, Lenaerts S, Yang X-Y, Applied catalysis : A : general 650, 119016 (2023). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.APCATA.2022.119016
Abstract: Dual active sites from acidic zeolite and Pd are not only capable of catalyzing multiple type of reactions, but could also generate unique functions owing to the synergy between metals and acidic sites. However, there are only a few reports on the investigation of the synergy of acid/Pd dual sites in TS-1. Herein, TS-1 confined Pd catalyst with mesoporous silica shell (Pd@TS-1 @meso-SiO2) has been successfully synthesized and its synergy effect contributes to the enhanced conversion rate (19.2%) and selectivity (74.7%) on styrene oxidation. The interaction between Pd and TS-1 has been investigated by EPR and 1H NMR techniques, the experimental measurements show an obvious change in the signal distribution of weakly acidic terminal hydroxyls and hydrogen-bonding silanols. The schematic illustration of selective styrene oxidation in the model of Pd@TS-1 @meso-SiO2 is proposed to clarify the synergistic effect on styrene oxidation between TS-1 and Pd nanoparticles at an atomic-/nanoscale.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
Impact Factor: 5.5
DOI: 10.1016/J.APCATA.2022.119016
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“Can we find an optimal fatty acid composition of biodiesel in order to improve oxidation stability?”.Maes RR, Potters G, Fransen E, Geuens J, Van Schaeren R, Lenaerts S, Sustainability 15, 10310 (2023). http://doi.org/10.3390/SU151310310
Abstract: Air quality currently poses a major risk for human health. Currently, diesel is widely used as fuel and is a significant source of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM), both hazardous to human health. A good alternative for mineral diesel is biodiesel, not only for the improvement of hazardous components in the exhaust gases but also because it can be produced in view of a circular economy. Biodiesel consists of a mix of different fatty acid methyl esters, which can react with oxygen. As a consequence, the oxidation stability of biodiesel has to be studied, because the oxidation of biodiesel could affect the performance of the engine due to the wear of injectors and fuel pumps. The oxidation stability could also affect the quality of the exhaust gases due to increases in NOx and PM. The basic question we try to answer in this communication is: 'Can we find an optimal fatty acid composition in order to have a maximal oxidation stability?' In this article, we try to find the optimal fatty acid composition according to the five most common fatty acid methyl esters present in biodiesel in order to reach a maximal oxidation stability. The measurements and statistical analysis show, however, that there is no useful regression model because there are statistically significant two- and three-way interactions among the different fatty acids.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL); Medical Genetics (MEDGEN)
Impact Factor: 3.9
DOI: 10.3390/SU151310310
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Goorden L, Van Tendeloo G, Lenaerts S, Deblonde M, et al. (2009) Nanotechnologie: gewikt en gewogen. NanoSoc
Keywords: Minutes and reports; Engineering sciences. Technology; Engineering Management (ENM); Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL); Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
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Goorden L, Van Tendeloo G, Lenaerts S, Deblonde M, van Oudheusden M, et al. (2009) Nanotechnologie op de agenda. NanoSoc
Keywords: Minutes and reports; Engineering sciences. Technology; Engineering Management (ENM); Society and Environment; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL); Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
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“Suppressing the formation of NOxand N2O in CO2/N2dielectric barrier discharge plasma by adding CH4: scavenger chemistry at work”. Snoeckx R, Van Wesenbeeck K, Lenaerts S, Cha MS, Bogaerts A, Sustainable Energy &, Fuels 3, 1388 (2019). http://doi.org/10.1039/C8SE00584B
Abstract: The need for carbon negative technologies led to the development of a wide array of novel CO<sub>2</sub>conversion techniques. Most of them either rely on high temperatures or generate highly reactive O species, which can lead to the undesirable formation of NO<sub>x</sub>and N<sub>2</sub>O when the CO<sub>2</sub>feeds contain N<sub>2</sub>. Here, we show that, for plasma-based CO<sub>2</sub>conversion, adding a hydrogen source, as a chemical oxygen scavenger, can suppress their formation,<italic>in situ</italic>. This allows the use of low-cost N<sub>2</sub>containing (industrial and direct air capture) feeds, rather than expensive purified CO<sub>2</sub>. To demonstrate this, we add CH<sub>4</sub>to a dielectric barrier discharge plasma used for converting impure CO<sub>2</sub>. We find that when adding a stoichiometric amount of CH<sub>4</sub>, 82% less NO<sub>2</sub>and 51% less NO are formed. An even higher reduction (96 and 63%) can be obtained when doubling this amount. However, in that case the excess radicals promote the formation of by-products, such as HCN, NH<sub>3</sub>and CH<sub>3</sub>OH. Thus, we believe that by using an appropriate amount of chemical scavengers, we can use impure CO<sub>2</sub>feeds, which would bring us closer to ‘real world’ conditions and implementation.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT); Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
DOI: 10.1039/C8SE00584B
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“Leaf accumulation of atmospheric dust : biomagnetic, morphological and elemental evaluation using SEM, ED-XRF and HR-ICP-MS”. Castanheiro A, Hofman J, Nuyts G, Joosen S, Spassov S, Blust R, Lenaerts S, De Wael K, Samson R, Atmospheric Environment 221, 117082 (2020). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.ATMOSENV.2019.117082
Abstract: Atmospheric dust deposition on plants enables the collection of site-specific particulate matter (PM). Knowing the morphology and composition of PM aids in disclosing their emitting sources as well as the associated human health risk. Therefore, this study aimed for a leaf-level holistic analysis of dust accumulation on plant leaves. Plant species (ivy and strawberry) with distinct leaf macro- and micro-morphology were exposed during 3 months at a moderate road traffic site in Antwerp, Belgium. Leaves collected every three weeks were analyzed for their magnetic signature, morphology and elemental content, by a combination of techniques (biomagnetic analyses, ED-XRF, HR-ICP-MS, SEM). Dust accumulation on the leaves was observed both visually (SEM) and magnetically, while the metal enrichment was limited (only evident for Cr) and more variable over time. Temporal dynamics during the second half of the exposure period, due to precipitation events and reduction of atmospheric pollution input, were evidenced in our results (elements/magnetically/SEM). Ivy accumulated more dust than strawberry leaves and seemed less susceptible to wash-off, even though strawberry leaves contain trichomes and a rugged micromorphology, leaf traits considered to be important for capturing PM. The magnetic enrichment (in small-grained, SD/PSD magnetite particles), on the other hand, was not species-specific, indicating a common contributing source. Variations in pollution contributions, meteorological phenomena, leaf traits, particle deposition (and encapsulation) versus micronutrients depletion, are discussed in light of the conducted monitoring campaign. Although not completely elucidative, the complex, multifactorial process of leaf dust accumulation can better be understood through a combination of techniques.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
Impact Factor: 5
DOI: 10.1016/J.ATMOSENV.2019.117082
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“Impact of tank construction on corrosion of ship ballast tanks”. de Baere K, Verstraelen H, Dewil R, Lemmens L, Lenaerts S, Nkunzimana T, Potters G, Materials performance 49, 48 (2010)
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Theory of quantum systems and complex systems; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
Impact Factor: 0.149
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“In situ study of ballast tank corrosion on ships: part 1”. Verstraelen H, de Baere K, Schillemans W, Lemmens L, Dewil R, Lenaerts S, Potters G, Materials performance 48, 48 (2009)
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Theory of quantum systems and complex systems; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
Impact Factor: 0.149
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“In situ study of ballast tank corrosion on ships: part 2”. Verstraelen H, de Baere K, Schillemans W, Lemmens L, Dewil R, Lenaerts S, Potters G, Materials performance 48, 54 (2009)
Abstract: A study was undertaken to determine causes and effects of corrosion processes in ballast tanks. Part 1 of this article (October 2009 MP) described the data collection. Part 2 describes the development of a corrosion index (CI) derived from the general International Association of Classification Societies corrosion assessment methods. The CI can be used in situ to assess ballast tank corrosion. An average timeline for-corrosion of tanks is presented.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Theory of quantum systems and complex systems; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
Impact Factor: 0.149
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“Proof of concept of an upscaled photocatalytic multi-tube reactor : a combined modelling and experimental study”. van Walsem J, Roegiers J, Modde B, Lenaerts S, Denys S, Chemical engineering journal 378, 122038 (2019). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2019.122038
Abstract: Three upscaled multi-tube photocatalytic reactors designed for integration into HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) systems were proposed and evaluated using a CFD modelling approach, with emphasis on the flow, irradiation and concentration distribution in the reactor and hence, photocatalytic performance. Based on the obtained insights, the best reactor design was selected, further characterized and improved by an additional proof of concept study and eventually converted into practice. Subsequently, the scaled-up prototype was experimentally tested according to the CEN-EN-16846-1 standard (2017) for volatile organic compound (VOC) removal by an external scientific research center. The combined modelling and experimental approach used in this work, leads to essential insights into the design and assessment of photocatalytic reactors. Therefore, this study provides an essential step towards the optimization and commercialization of photocatalytic reactors for HVAC applications.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
Impact Factor: 6.216
DOI: 10.1016/J.CEJ.2019.122038
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Van Hoecke L, Laffineur L, Campe R, Perreault P, Verbruggen SW, Lenaerts S (2021) Challenges in the use of hydrogen for maritime applications
Abstract: Maritime shipping is a key factor that enables the global economy, however the pressure it exerts on the environment is increasing rapidly. In order to reduce the emissions of harmful greenhouse gasses, the search is on for alternative fuels for the maritime shipping industry. In this work the usefulness of hydrogen and hydrogen carriers is being investigated as a fuel for sea going ships. Due to the low volumetric energy density of hydrogen under standard conditions, the need for efficient storage of this fuel is high. Key processes in the use of hydrogen are discussed, starting with the production of hydrogen from fossil and renewable sources. The focus of this review is different storage methods, and in this work we discuss the storage of hydrogen at high pressure, in liquefied form at cryogenic temperatures and bound to liquid or solid-state carriers. In this work a theoretical introduction to different hydrogen storage methods precedes an analysis of the energy-efficiency and practical storage density of the carriers. In the final section the major challenges and hurdles for the development of hydrogen storage for the maritime industry are discussed. The most likely challenges will be the development of a new bunkering infrastructure and suitable monitoring of the safety to ensure safe operation of these hydrogen carriers on board the ship.
Keywords: A1 Journal Article;Review article, Hydrogen Production, Hydrogen Storage, Maritime Applications; Sustainable energy, air and water technology (DuEL)
Impact Factor: 29.518
DOI: 10.1039/D0EE01545H
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“Image analysis and in situ FTIR as complementary detection tools for photocatalytic soot oxidation”. Van Hal M, Verbruggen SW, Yang X-Y, Lenaerts S, Tytgat T, Chemical engineering journal 367, 269 (2019). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2019.02.154
Abstract: Air pollution, especially particulate matter (PM), is an increasingly urgent problem in urban environments, causing both short and long-term health problems, climate interference and aesthetical problems due to building fouling. Photocatalysis has been shown to be a possible solution to that end. In this work two complementary detection methods for photocatalytic soot oxidation are studied and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. First, a colour-based digital image analysis method is drastically improved towards an accurate, detailed and straightforward detection tool, that enables simultaneous measurement of the degradation of different grades of soot fouling (for instance a shallow soot haze versus condensed soot deposits). In the next part, a second soot oxidation detection method is presented based on in situ FTIR spectroscopy. This method has the additional advantage of providing more insight into the photocatalytic soot degradation process by monitoring both gaseous and adsorbed intermediates as well as reaction products while the reactions are ongoing. As an illustration, the proposed detection strategies were applied on four different commercially available and synthesized photocatalytic materials. The digital image analysis showed that P25 (Evonik) is the fastest photocatalytic soot degrader of all studied materials for both a uniform soot haze as well as concentrated soot spots. Application of the in situ method showed that for all studied materials adsorbed formate-related surface species were formed and that commercially available ZnO nanopowder has the highest specificity towards complete mineralization into CO2. With this we aim to provide a set of complementary experimental tools for the convenient, reliable, realistic and standardised detection of photocatalytic soot degradation.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
Impact Factor: 6.216
Times cited: 1
DOI: 10.1016/J.CEJ.2019.02.154
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“Study of positive and negative plasma catalytic oxidation of ethylene”. Van Wesenbeeck K, Hauchecorne B, Lenaerts S, Environmental technology 38, 1554 (2017). http://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2016.1237553
Abstract: The effect of introducing a photocatalytically active coating inside a plasma unit is investigated. This technique combines the advantages of high product selectivity from catalysis and the fast start-up from plasma technology. In this study, a preselected TiO2 coating is applied on the collector electrode of a DC corona discharge unit as non-thermal plasma reactor, in order to study the oxidation of ethylene. For both positive and negative polarities an enhanced mineralization is observed while the formation of by-products drastically decreases. The plasma catalytic unit gave the best results when using negative polarity at a voltage of 15kV. This shows the potential of plasma catalysis as indoor air purification technology.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
Impact Factor: 1.751
Times cited: 1
DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1237553
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“Pd/Lewis acid synergy in macroporous Pd@Na-ZSM-5 for enhancing selective conversion of biomass”. Liu J-W, Wu S-M, Wang L-Y, Tian G, Qin Y, Wu J-X, Zhao X-F, Zhang Y-X, Chang G-G, Wu L, Zhang Y-X, Li Z-F, Guo C-Y, Janiak C, Lenaerts S, Yang X-Y, Chemcatchem , 1 (2020). http://doi.org/10.1002/CCTC.202000868
Abstract: Pd nanometal particles encapsulated in macroporous Na-ZSM-5 with only Lewis acid sites have been successfully synthesized by a steam-thermal approach. The synergistic effect of Pd and Lewis acid sites have been investigated for significant enhancement of the catalytic selectivity towards furfural alcohol in furfural hydroconversion.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
Impact Factor: 4.5
Times cited: 1
DOI: 10.1002/CCTC.202000868
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“Determination of intrinsic kinetic parameters in photocatalytic multi-tube reactors by combining the NTUm-method with radiation field modelling”. van Walsem J, Roegiers J, Modde B, Lenaerts S, Denys S, Chemical engineering journal 354, 1042 (2018). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2018.08.010
Abstract: In this work, we propose an adapted Number of Transfer Units (NTUm)-method as an effective tool to determine the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic parameters for a photocatalytic multi-tube reactor. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate constant kLH and the Langmuir adsorption constant KL were determined from several experiments under different UV-irradiance conditions, resulting in irradiance depending values for kLH. In order to determine a unique, intrinsic empirical constant k0, valid for all irradiation conditions, we coupled the adapted NTUm-method with a radiation field model to predict UV-irradiance distribution inside the reactor. The final set of kinetic parameters were derived using a Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) nonlinear solving method in Matlab which minimizes the differences between model and experimental reactor outlet concentrations of acetaldehyde for various photocatalytic experiments under varying operating conditions, including inlet concentration, flow rate and UV-irradiance. An excellent agreement of the intrinsic empirical constant k0, derived from the coupled NTUm-radiation field model and an earlier published CFD approach was found, emphasizing its validity and reliability.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
Impact Factor: 6.216
Times cited: 2
DOI: 10.1016/J.CEJ.2018.08.010
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“Immobilization of TiO2 into self-supporting photocatalytic foam : influence of calcination temperature”. Tytgat T, Smits M, Lenaerts S, Verbruggen SW, International journal of applied ceramic technology 11, 714 (2014). http://doi.org/10.1111/IJAC.12086
Abstract: Immobilization of photocatalytic powder is crucial to obtain industrially relevant purification processes. To achieve this goal, self-supporting TiO2 foams were manufactured by a polyacrylamide gel process. These gels were calcined at different temperatures to study the effect of the calcination temperature on foam characteristics (rigidity, crystallinity, and porosity) and its influence on photocatalytic activity. The results show that an optimal degradation is achieved for those foams calcined between 700 and 800°C. Calcination at higher temperatures results in a steep decrease in activity, explained by stability issues of the material due to formation of Na2SO4 phases and a larger rutile fraction.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
Impact Factor: 1.048
Times cited: 2
DOI: 10.1111/IJAC.12086
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“Combining CO2 conversion and N2 fixation in a gliding arc plasmatron”. Ramakers M, Heijkers S, Tytgat T, Lenaerts S, Bogaerts A, Journal of CO2 utilization 33, 121 (2019). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2019.05.015
Abstract: Industry needs a flexible and efficient technology to convert CO2 into useful products, which fits in the Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) philosophy. Plasma technology is intensively being investigated for this purpose. A promising candidate is the gliding arc plasmatron (GAP). Waste streams of CO2 are often not pure and contain N2 as important impurity. Therefore, in this paper we provide a detailed experimental and computational study of the combined CO2 and N2 conversion in a GAP. Is it possible to take advantage of the presence of N2 in the mixture and to combine CO2 conversion with N2 fixation? Our experiments and simulations reveal that N2 actively contributes to the process of CO2 conversion, through its vibrational levels. In addition, NO and NO2 are formed, with concentrations around 7000 ppm, which is slightly too low for valorization, but by improving the reactor design it must be possible to further increase their concentrations. Other NO-based molecules, in particular the strong greenhouse gas N2O, are not formed in the GAP, which is an important result. We also compare our results with those obtained in other plasma reactors to clarify the differences in underlying plasma processes, and to demonstrate the superiority of the GAP.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT); Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
Impact Factor: 4.292
Times cited: 3
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2019.05.015
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“Assessment of corrosion resistance, material properties, and weldability of alloyed steel for ballast tanks”. De Baere K, Verstraelen H, Willemen R, Smet J-P, Tchuindjang JT, Lecomte-Beckers J, Lenaerts S, Meskens R, Jung HG, Potters G, Journal of marine science and technology 22, 176 (2017). http://doi.org/10.1007/S00773-016-0402-1
Abstract: Ballast tanks are of great importance in the lifetime of modern merchant ships. Making a ballast tank less susceptible to corrosion can, therefore, prolong the useful life of a ship and, thereby, lower its operational cost. An option to reinforce a ballast tank is to construct it out of a corrosion-resistant steel type. Such steel was recently produced by POSCO Ltd., South Korea. After 6 months of permanent immersion, the average corrosion rate of A and AH steel (31 samples) was 535 g m(-2) year(-1), while the Korean CRS was corroding with 378 g m(-2) year(-1). This entails a gain of 29 %. Follow-up measurements after 10, 20, and 24 months confirmed this. The results after 6 months exposure to alternating wet/dry conditions are even more explicit. Furthermore, the physical and metallurgical properties of this steel show a density of 7.646 t/m(3), the elasticity modulus 209.3 GPa, the tensile strength 572 MPa, and the hardness 169HV10. Microscopically, the metal consists of equiaxed and recrystallized grains (ferrite and pearlite), with an average size of between 20 and 30 A mu m (ASTM E 112-12 grain size number between 7 and 8) with a few elongated pearlitic grains. The structure is banded ferrite/pearlite. On the basis of a series of energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer measurements the lower corrosion rate of the steel can be attributed to the interplay of Al, Cr, their oxides, and the corroding steel. In addition, the role of each element in the formation of oxide layers and the mechanisms contributing to the corrosion resistance are discussed.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
Impact Factor: 0.838
Times cited: 3
DOI: 10.1007/S00773-016-0402-1
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“A field study of the effectiveness of sacrificial anodes in ballast tanks of merchant ships”. De Baere K, Verstraelen H, Lemmens L, Lenaerts S, Dewil R, Van Ingelgem Y, Potters G, Journal of marine science and technology 19, 116 (2014). http://doi.org/10.1007/S00773-013-0232-3
Abstract: Sacrificial anodes have become a standard practice for the protection of ballast tanks of merchant vessels against corrosive damage. A well protected tank should extend the life span of a ship and consequently enhances its economic value. An in situ survey comprising more than 100 merchant vessels provided the opportunity to measure the impact of these anodes on the life expectancy of these vessels. Contrary to the general belief of these anodes beneficial effect, no significant difference was found in our observations in terms of corrosion occurrence between ship populations with and without sacrificial anodes, across all ship ages. This may be explained by the highly variable conditions and the complex geometry in a ballast tank severely impede optimal and straightforward installation of these anodes in these tanks. Also, poorly placed anodes in it may harm the integrity of the coating of the tank. We therefore plead for uniform and clear rules on anode installation and inspection.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
Impact Factor: 0.838
Times cited: 3
DOI: 10.1007/S00773-013-0232-3
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“Integration of a photocatalytic multi-tube reactor for indoor air purification in HVAC systems : a feasibility study”. van Walsem J, Roegiers J, Modde B, Lenaerts S, Denys S, Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25, 18015 (2018). http://doi.org/10.1007/S11356-018-2017-Z
Abstract: This work is focused on an in-depth experimental characterization of multi-tube reactors for indoor air purification integrated in ventilation systems. Glass tubes were selected as an excellent photocatalyst substrate to meet the challenging requirements of the operating conditions in a ventilation system in which high flow rates are typical. Glass tubes show a low-pressure drop which reduces the energy demand of the ventilator, and additionally, they provide a large exposed surface area to allow interaction between indoor air contaminants and the photocatalyst. Furthermore, the performance of a range of P25-loaded sol-gel coatings was investigated, based on their adhesion properties and photocatalytic activities. Moreover, the UV light transmission and photocatalytic reactor performance under various operating conditions were studied. These results provide vital insights for the further development and scaling up of multi-tube reactors in ventilation systems which can provide a better comfort, improved air quality in indoor environments, and reduced human exposure to harmful pollutants.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
Impact Factor: 2.741
Times cited: 3
DOI: 10.1007/S11356-018-2017-Z
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“Monitoring the laccase reaction of vanillin and poplar hydrolysate”. Sóti V, Jacquet N, Apers S, Richel A, Lenaerts S, Cornet I, Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology 91, 1914 (2016). http://doi.org/10.1002/JCTB.4789
Abstract: BACKGROUND Laccase is an intensively researched enzyme for industrial use. Except for decolorisation measurements, HPLC analysis is the conventional method for monitoring the phenolic removal during laccase enzyme reaction. This paper reports an investigation of the continuous UV absorbance follow-up of the laccase reaction with steam pretreated poplar hydrolysate. RESULTS Vanillin was used as a model substrate and lignocellulose xylose rich fraction (XRF) as a biologically complex substrate for laccase detoxification. The reaction was followed by HPLC-UV as well as by UV spectrometric measurements. Results suggest that the reaction can be successfully monitored by measuring the change of UV absorbance at 280 nm, without previous compound separation. In case of XRF experiments the spectrophotometric follow-up is especially useful, as HPLC analysis takes a long time and provides less information than in case of single substrates. The method seems to be suitable for optimization and process control. CONCLUSION The obtained results can help to construct a fast, easy and straightforward monitoring system for laccase-phenolic substrate reactions.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL); Biochemical Wastewater Valorization & Engineering (BioWaVE)
Impact Factor: 3.135
Times cited: 3
DOI: 10.1002/JCTB.4789
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“Modeling of the performance of BSCF capillary membranes in four-end and three-end integration mode”. Buysse C, Michielsen B, Middelkoop V, Snijkers F, Buekenhondt A, Kretzschmar J, Lenaerts S, Ceramics international 39, 4113 (2013). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.CERAMINT.2012.10.266
Abstract: Owing to their high surface-to-volume ratio, there has been an increasing research interest in mixed ionic electronic conducting (MIEC) capillary membranes for large-scale high temperature oxygen separation applications. They offer an energy-efficient solution for high temperature combustion processes in oxy-fuel and pre-combustion CO2 capture technologies used in fossil fuel power plants. In order to assess the effectiveness of these membranes in power plant applications, the impact of the geometry of Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-delta (BSCF) capillaries on their performance in the three-end and four-end integration modes has been investigated and thoroughly discussed. The model's parameters were derived from four-end mode lab-scale experiments using gas-tight, macrovoid free and sulfur-free BSCF capillary membranes that were prepared by a phase-inversion spinning technique. The results of this modeling study revealed that in the four-end mode higher average oxygen fluxes and smaller total membrane areas can be obtained than in the three-end mode. This is due to the higher pO(2) gradient across the membrane wall. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
Impact Factor: 2.986
Times cited: 4
DOI: 10.1016/J.CERAMINT.2012.10.266
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“Titania-functionalized diatom frustules as photocatalyst for indoor air purification”. Ouwehand J, Van Eynde E, De Canck E, Lenaerts S, Verberckmoes A, Van der Voort P, Applied catalysis : B : environmental 226, 303 (2018). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.APCATB.2017.12.063
Abstract: Diatom frustules were extracted from the species Thalassiosira pseudonana and functionalized with titania to be used as photocatalysts in the abatement of acetaldehyde. The synthetic procedure is water-based and environmentally friendly. The synthesis parameters were optimized to give the highest possible photocatalytic activity. The optimized material, visualized with TEM and STEM-EDX, shows the TiO2 nanoparticles grafted inside the frustule pores, as well as on the silica surface. The titania particles, stabilized by the frustules, are 2.5 times more active than the P25 benchmark material. The photocatalyst is then tested in conditions of elevated relative humidity, to simulate indoor air. The catalytic activity only shows a minor decrease at 50% relative humidity, which is a better result than for the P25 benchmark. When tested over an extended period of time, the photocatalyst only shows a minor decrease in activity.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
Impact Factor: 9.446
Times cited: 4
DOI: 10.1016/J.APCATB.2017.12.063
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“Interfacial co-existence of oxygen and titanium vacancies in nanostructured TiO₂, for enhancement of carrier transport”. Lu Y, Liu Y-X, He L, Wang L-Y, Liu X-L, Liu J-W, Li Y-Z, Tian G, Zhao H, Yang X-H, Liu J, Janiak C, Lenaerts S, Yang X-Y, Su B-L, Nanoscale 12, 8364 (2020). http://doi.org/10.1039/D0NR01180K
Abstract: The interfacial co-existence of oxygen and metal vacancies in metal oxide semiconductors and their highly efficient carrier transport have rarely been reported. This work reports on the co-existence of oxygen and titanium vacancies at the interface between TiO2 and rGO via a simple two-step calcination treatment. Experimental measurements show that the oxygen and titanium vacancies are formed under 550 degrees C/Ar and 350 degrees C/air calcination conditions, respectively. These oxygen and titanium vacancies significantly enhance the transport of interfacial carriers, and thus greatly improve the photocurrent performances, the apparent quantum yield, and photocatalysis such as photocatalytic H-2 production from water-splitting, photocatalytic CO2 reduction and photo-electrochemical anticorrosion of metals. A new “interfacial co-existence of oxygen and titanium vacancies” phenomenon, and its characteristics and mechanism are proposed at the atomic-/nanoscale to clarify the generation of oxygen and titanium vacancies as well as the interfacial carrier transport.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
Impact Factor: 6.7
Times cited: 4
DOI: 10.1039/D0NR01180K
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“Effect of operating and sampling conditions on the exhaust gas composition of small-scale power generators”. Smits M, Vanpachtenbeke F, Horemans B, De Wael K, Hauchecorne B, Van Langenhove H, Demeestere K, Lenaerts S, PLoS ONE 7, e32825 (2012). http://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0032825
Abstract: Small stationary diesel engines, like in generator sets, have limited emission control measures and are therefore responsible for 44% of the particulate matter (PM) emissions in the United States. The diesel exhaust composition depends on operating conditions of the combustion engine. Furthermore, the measurements are influenced by the used sampling method. This study examines the effect of engine loading and exhaust gas dilution on the composition of small-scale power generators. These generators are used in different operating conditions than road-transport vehicles, resulting in different emission characteristics. Experimental data were obtained for gaseous volatile organic compounds (VOC) and PM mass concentration, elemental composition and nitrate content. The exhaust composition depends on load condition because of its effect on fuel consumption, engine wear and combustion temperature. Higher load conditions result in lower PM concentration and sharper edged particles with larger aerodynamic diameters. A positive correlation with load condition was found for K, Ca, Sr, Mn, Cu, Zn and Pb adsorbed on PM, elements that originate from lubricating oil or engine corrosion. The nitrate concentration decreases at higher load conditions, due to enhanced nitrate dissociation to gaseous NO at higher engine temperatures. Dilution on the other hand decreases PM and nitrate concentration and increases gaseous VOC and adsorbed metal content. In conclusion, these data show that operating and sampling conditions have a major effect on the exhaust gas composition of small-scale diesel generators. Therefore, care must be taken when designing new experiments or comparing literature results.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
Impact Factor: 2.806
Times cited: 5
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0032825
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“Photocatalytic carbon oxidation with nitric oxide”. Liao L, Heylen S, Vallaey B, Keulemans M, Lenaerts S, Roeffaers MBJ, Martens JA, Applied catalysis : B : environmental 166, 374 (2015). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.APCATB.2014.11.051
Abstract: The photocatalytic oxidation of carbon black on TiO2 using nitric oxide as an oxidizing agent was investigated. Layer-wise deposited carbon and TiO2 powder was illuminated with UVA light in the presence of NO at parts per million concentrations in dry and hydrated carrier gas at a temperature of 150 degrees C. Carbon was photocatalytically converted mainly into CO2, and NO mainly into N-2. Carbon oxidation rates of 7.2 mu g/h/mgTiO(2) were achieved in the presence of 3000 ppm NO. Under these experimental conditions in the absence of molecular oxygen, formation of surface nitrates causing TiO2 photocatalyst deactivation is suppressed. Addition of water enhances surface nitrate formation and catalyst deactivation. NO and carbon particulate matter are air pollutants emitted by diesel engines. Elimination of soot collected on a diesel particulate filter through oxidation is a demanding reaction requiring temperatures in excess of 250 degrees C. The present study opens perspectives for a low-temperature regeneration strategy for the diesel particulate filter that simultaneously performs DeNO(x) reactions. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
Impact Factor: 9.446
Times cited: 5
DOI: 10.1016/J.APCATB.2014.11.051
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“Ultrafast screening of commercial sorbent materials for VOC adsorption using real-time FTIR spectroscopy”. Blommaerts N, Dingenen F, Middelkoop V, Savelkouls J, Goemans M, Tytgat T, Verbruggen SW, Lenaerts S, Separation and purification technology 207, 284 (2018). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.SEPPUR.2018.06.062
Abstract: Recovery of valuable volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from waste streams is of great industrial importance. Adsorption on zeolites offers an economically and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional activated carbon. When evaluating the suitability of a given zeolite for a particular adsorption application, its adsorption capacity has to be determined. This is traditionally achieved using gas chromatography as an analysis tool, yielding only a few discrete sampling points that constitute the adsorption profile. Meanwhile, only low flow rates and low concentrations of volatile organics can be used, rendering the procedure troublesome and time consuming. Herein, we propose a tool for the fast screening of a large amount of zeolites using on-line and quasi real-time Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The technique was used to determine the adsorption capacity of three different commercial zeolites and two silica gels, for five industrially relevant VOCs: acetone; methanol; isohexane; isopentane; and toluene. A series of rapid measurements of the individual adsorption capacities were carried out to obtain a detailed overview of the versatility of the proposed method for the characterization of multi-component and multi-sorption bed systems.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
Impact Factor: 3.359
Times cited: 5
DOI: 10.1016/J.SEPPUR.2018.06.062
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“Harvesting hydrogen gas from air pollutants with an un-biased gas phase photo-electrochemical cell”. Verbruggen SW, Van Hal M, Bosserez T, Rongé, J, Hauchecorne B, Martens JA, Lenaerts S, Chemsuschem 10, 1413 (2017). http://doi.org/10.1002/CSSC.201601806
Abstract: The concept of an all-gas-phase photo-electrochemical cell (PEC) producing hydrogen gas from volatile organic contaminated gas and light is presented. Without applying any external bias, organic contaminants are degraded and hydrogen gas is produced in separate electrode compartments. The system works most efficiently with organic pollutants in inert carrier gas. In the presence of oxygen gas, the cell performs less efficiently but still significant photocurrents are generated, showing the cell can be run on organic contaminated air. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate new application opportunities of PEC technology and to encourage further advancement toward photo-electrochemical remediation of air pollution with the attractive feature of simultaneous energy recovery and pollution abatement.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
Impact Factor: 7.226
Times cited: 6
DOI: 10.1002/CSSC.201601806
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