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	Author	Schalm, O.; de Raedt, I.; Caen, J.; Janssens, K.
	Title	A methodology for the identification of glass panes of different origin in a single stained glass window: application on two 13th century windows			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2010	Publication	Journal of cultural heritage	Abbreviated Journal	J Cult Herit
	Volume	11	Issue	4	Pages	487-492
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The chemical composition of 11 glass panes originating from two 13th century non-figurative windows were analyzed by means of Scanning Electron MicroscopyEnergy Dispersive X-ray system (SEM-EDX). The windows were discovered in the back-wall of the triforium during the restoration of the choir of the cathedral St. Michael and St. Gudule in Brussels (Belgium). In order to determine if these windows were fabricated with glass of different origin or not, the compositional difference between the panes were compared with the variation in composition as a result of the following causes: (1) compositional fluctuation between panes cut from the same sheet of glass, (2) compositional fluctuation caused when panes are cut from different sheets that were made with the same batch, (3) compositional fluctuation caused when the glass is made from different batches at the same production center, and (4) compositional fluctuation as a result of glass produced at different fabrication centers.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000282680500016	Publication Date	2010-07-07
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1296-2074	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	1.838	Times cited	7	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 1.838; 2010 IF: 1.162
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:84942			Serial	5707
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Adams, F.; Adriaens, A.; Aerts, A.; de Raedt, I.; Janssens, K.; Schalm, O.
	Title	Micro and surface analysis in archaeology			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1997	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	J Anal Atom Spectrom
	Volume	12	Issue	3	Pages	257-265
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	A1997WN16300001	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.379	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 3.379; 1997 IF: 3.595
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:16274			Serial	5711
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Aibéo, C.L.; Goffin, S.; Schalm, O.; van der Snickt, G.; Laquière, N.; Eyskens, P.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Micro-Raman analysis for the identification of pigments from 19th and 20th century paintings			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2008	Publication	Journal of Raman spectroscopy	Abbreviated Journal	J Raman Spectrosc
	Volume	39	Issue	8	Pages	1091-1098
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	In this article, results using confocal µ-Raman to analyse the cross-section of paint samples are presented. Results obtained with light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with an energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and micro-X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF) are mentioned and compared to the ones obtained with confocal (MRS). In some cases, pigment identification was possible only by combining analytical results from different techniques. The samples were drawn from five paintings belonging to the Academy of Fine Arts of Antwerp, which are part of a collection of 34 paintings made by students from the Academy between 1819 and 1920. Since, on the one hand, the painting techniques and materials, especially pigments, used in this period are still not completely known, and on the other hand, this collection constitutes a very important and reliable resource of information, these paintings were chosen for a systematic investigation. They represent the evolution of painting in Belgium over approximately a century.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000259242100020	Publication Date	2008-05-16
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0377-0486	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.969	Times cited	28	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.969; 2008 IF: 3.526
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:74467			Serial	5716
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Padilla, R.; Schalm, O.; Janssens, K.; Arrazcaeta, R.; van Espen, P.
	Title	Microanalytical characterization of surface decoration in Majolica pottery			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2005	Publication	Analytica chimica acta	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chim Acta
	Volume	535	Issue	1-2	Pages	201-211
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Chemometrics (Mitac 3)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000228194200025	Publication Date	2005-01-15
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2670	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.95	Times cited	20	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.95; 2005 IF: 2.760
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:52143			Serial	5722
Permanent link to this record



	Author	't Hart, L.; Storme, P.; Anaf, W.; Nuyts, G.; Vanmeert, F.; Dorriné, W.; Janssens, K.; De Wael, K.; Schalm, O.
	Title	Monitoring the impact of the indoor air quality on silver cultural heritage objects using passive and continuous corrosion rate assessments			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	Applied physics A : materials science & processing	Abbreviated Journal	Appl Phys A-Mater
	Volume	122	Issue	10	Pages	923-10
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
	Abstract	There is a long tradition in evaluating industrial atmospheres by measuring the corrosion rate of exposed metal coupons. The heritage community also uses this method, but the interpretation of the corrosion rate often lacks clarity due to the low corrosivity in indoor museum environments. This investigation explores the possibilities and drawbacks of different silver corrosion rate assessments. The corrosion rate is determined by three approaches: (1) chemical characterization of metal coupons using analytical techniques such as electrochemical measurements, SEM-EDX, XRD, and µ-Raman spectroscopy, (2) continuous corrosion monitoring methods based on electrical resistivity loss of a corroding nm-sized metal wire and weight gain of a corroding silver coated quartz crystal, and (3) characterization of the visual degradation of the metal coupons. This study confirms that subtle differences in corrosivity between locations inside a museum can be determined on condition that the same corrosion rate assessment is used. However, the impact of the coupon orientation with respect to the prevailing direction of air circulation can be substantially larger than the impact of the coupon location.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000384753800053	Publication Date	2016-09-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0947-8396	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	1.455	Times cited	3	Open Access
	Notes	; This research has been sponsored by the Belgian Federal Public Planning Service Science Policy (BELSPO) under Project Number BR/132/A6/AIRCHECQ. In this project an innovative monitoring kit is developed that continuously and simultaneously measures both environmental parameters and material behaviour, enabling the study of the cause-effect relationships. The Quanta 250 FEG microscope at the University of Antwerp was funded by the Hercules foundation of the Flemish Government. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 1.455
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:135511			Serial	5733
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	Author	Caen, J.; Schalm, O.; Pires De Matos, A.; Ruivo, A.; Ferreira, M.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Reproduction of 16-17th centuries enamels for stained glass after orignal compositions and recipes			Type	P3 Proceeding
	Year	2008	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	P3 Proceeding; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:112032			Serial	5814
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Åmit, Å.; Janssens, K.; Schalm, O.; Kos, M.
	Title	Spread of façon-de-Venise glassmaking through central and western Europe			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2004	Publication	Nuclear instruments and methods in physics research B	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	213	Issue		Pages	717-722
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000187020700143	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:45376			Serial	5843
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Cosyns, P.; Vanderhoeven, A.; Vynckier, G.; Janssens, K.; Schalm, O.; Vanderlinden, V.
	Title	Two fragments of mold-blown glass beakers with Greek inscriptions from Tongeren (Belgium)			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2005	Publication	Journal of glass studies	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	47	Issue		Pages	179-183
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0075-4250	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:56123			Serial	5883
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Anaf, W.; Schalm, O.; Janssens, K.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Understanding the (in)stability of semiconductor pigments by a thermodynamic approach			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Dyes and pigments	Abbreviated Journal	Dyes Pigments
	Volume	113	Issue		Pages	409-415
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
	Abstract	Several artists pigments are semiconductors. Some of these materials appear stable over time, whereas others already show remarkable signs of degradation after limited time periods. The (in)stability of these pigments can be understood using a thermodynamic approach. For several pigment-related materials, the thermodynamic oxidation and reduction potential (ϕox and ϕred) were determined and evaluated considering the absolute energy positions of the valence and conduction band edges and the water redox potentials. The positions of ϕox and ϕred can be used in a fast screening of the stability of semiconductor pigments towards photoinduced corrosion in an aqueous/humid environment. This theoretical approach corresponds well with experimental data on pigment permanence and degradation phenomena found in literature.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000346543200052	Publication Date	2014-09-16
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0143-7208	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.473	Times cited	14	Open Access
	Notes	; The authors acknowledge the funding from the Belspo S2-ART project (Belgian Federal Government) SD/RI/04A. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.473; 2015 IF: 3.966
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:118875			Serial	5885
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Janssens, K.; Vittiglio, G.; Deraedt, I.; Aerts, A.; Vekemans, B.; Vincze, L.; Wei, F.; de Ryck, I.; Schalm, O.; Adams, F.; Rindby, A.; Knöchel, A.; Simionovici, A.S.; Snigirev, A.
	Title	Use of microscopic XRF for non-destructive analysis in art an archaeometry			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2000	Publication	X-ray spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal	X-Ray Spectrom
	Volume	29	Issue		Pages	73-91
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000085107800010	Publication Date	2002-08-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0049-8246	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	1.298	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 1.298; 2000 IF: 1.478
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:27561			Serial	5897
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Harth, A.; van der Snickt, G.; Schalm, O.; Janssens, K.; Blanckaert, G.
	Title	The young Van Dyck's fingerprint : a technical approach to assess the authenticity of a disputed painting			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2017	Publication	Heritage science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	5	Issue		Pages	22-13
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
	Abstract	The painting Saint Jerome, part of the collection of the Maagdenhuis Museum (Antwerp, Belgium), is attributed to the young Anthony van Dyck (1613-1621) with reservations. The painting displays remarkable compositional and iconographic similarities with two early Van Dyck works (1618-1620) now in Museum Boijmans van Beuningen (Rotterdam) and Nationalmuseum (Stockholm). Despite these similarities, previous art historical research did not result in a clear attribution to this master. In this study, the works authenticity as a young Van Dyck painting was assessed from a technical perspective by employing a twofold approach. First, technical information on Van Dycks materials and techniques, here identified as his fingerprint, were defined based on a literature review. Second, the materials and techniques of the questioned Saint Jerome painting were characterized by using complementary imaging techniques: infrared reflectography, X-ray radiography and macro X-ray fluorescence scanning. The insights from this non-invasive research were supplemented with analysis of a limited number of cross-sections by means of field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that the questioned paintings materials and techniques deviate from Van Dycks fingerprint, thus making the authorship of this master very unlikely.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000403971300001	Publication Date	2017-05-12
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2050-7445	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited	1	Open Access
	Notes	; The authors are grateful to the staff of the Maagdenhuis Museum Antwerp, especially to Daniel Christiaens and Rudi van Velthoven, for their cooperation and enthusiastic support. Prof. Em. Claudine A. Chavannes-Mazel and Ph. D. student Alice Taatgen (University of Amsterdam) are acknowledged for the IRR recordings. We also would like to acknowledge Dr. Christina Currie (KIK/IRPA) and Catherine Fondaire (KIK/IRPA) for the XRR, and Eva Grieten (EMAT, University of Antwerp) for the FE-SEM-EDX. Finally, the authors wish to thank Prof. Dr. Katlijne van der Stighelen (University of Leuven) and Prof. Dr. Maximilaan Martens (Ghent University) for their art historical insights and additional comments. This research was supported by the Baillet Latour fund and Research Foundation Flanders (FWO). ;			Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:143633			Serial	5923
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	Author	Anaf, W.; Cabal, A.; Robbe, M.; Schalm, O.
	Title	Real-time wood behaviour : the use of strain gauges for preventive conservation applications			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2020	Publication	Sensors	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	20	Issue	1	Pages	305
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
	Abstract	Within the heritage field, the application of strain gauges on wood surfaces is a little-explored but inexpensive and effective method to analyse the environmental appropriateness of rooms for the wooden heritage collections they contain. This contribution proposes a wood sensor connected to a data logger to identify short moments with an elevated risk of harm. Two experiments were performed to obtain insights pertaining to the applicability of wood sensors to evaluate preservation conditions. (1) The representativeness of strain gauges on dummies was tested for their use in evaluating the preservation conditions of a range of wooden objects exposed to the same environment. For this, three situations were mimicked: a bare wood surface, a wood surface covered with a preparation layer, and a wood surface covered with a preparation and varnish layer. (2) The usability of strain gauges to monitor the wood behaviour in real-time measurements was tested with a monitoring campaign of almost two years in a church where a new heating system was installed. The results of both experiments are promising, and the authors encourage a broader application of strain gauges in the heritage field.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000510493100305	Publication Date	2020-01-06
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	; This research was funded by the Belgian Federal Public Planning Service Science Policy (BELSPO) under project number BR/132/A6/AIRCHECQ. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:166595			Serial	6592
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Kuczumow, A.; Vekemans, B.; Schalm, O.; Gysels, K.; Ro, C.-U.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Analysis of speleothems by electron and X-ray microprobes			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2001	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	16	Issue		Pages	90-95
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000166644100015	Publication Date	2002-07-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:32123			Serial	7451
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Grieten, E.; Storme, P.; Caen, J.; Schalm, O.; Schryvers, D.
	Title	Application of atmospheric plasma-jets for the conservation of cultural heritage			Type	P3 Proceeding
	Year	2015	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	P3 Proceeding; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:149629			Serial	7466
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Kuczumov, A.; Vekemans, B.; Schalm, O.; Vincze, L.; Dorriné, W.; Gysels, K.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Application of auxiliary signals in X-ray fluorescence and electron microprobe analysis for density evaluation			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	1999	Publication	X-ray spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	28	Issue		Pages	282-291
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000081693400014	Publication Date	2002-09-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0049-8246	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:27584			Serial	7467
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Caen, J.; Schalm, O.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Caractérisation historique et chimique des peintures en grisaille et du verre de vitrail dans l'oeuvre de J.-B. Capronnier (1814 – 1891) et J.-B. Bethune (1821 – 1894)			Type	P3 Proceeding
	Year	2000	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	P3 Proceeding; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:112007			Serial	7576
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Anaf, W.; Schalm, O.
	Title	Climatic quality evaluation by peak analysis and segregation of low-, mid-, and high-frequency fluctuations, applied on a historic chapel			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	Building and environment	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	148	Issue		Pages	286-293
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
	Abstract	Heritage-related guidelines and standards recommend stable climatic conditions, since these contribute to the extension of heritage collections life. As a result, numerous museums and other heritage institutions implement (expensive) mitigation measures to achieve stable conditions. Nevertheless, temperature and relative humidity fluctuations are often still observed. This contribution demonstrates that the analysis of temperature and humidity peaks and drops helps to identify hazards which cause fluctuations in different frequency ranges. This hazard identification provides information on the type of mitigation actions that are required in the near future and in which order they need to be implemented. The approach is illustrated with a case study. A 22 month monitoring campaign was performed in a chapel in the center of Antwerp (Belgium) where the climatic conditions are controlled with a heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system. Low-, mid- and high-frequency fluctuations were separated and discussed for their hazards.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000457116500024	Publication Date	2018-11-15
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0360-1323	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:157569			Serial	7672
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Cabal, A.; Schalm, O.; Eyskens, P.; Willems, P.; Harth, A.; van Espen, P.
	Title	Comparison of x-ray absorption and emission techniques for the investigation of paintings			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	X-ray spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	44	Issue	3	Pages	141-148
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
	Abstract	Four x-ray techniques: computed radiography, emission radiography, energy-resolved radiography and imaging x-ray fluorescence were compared using four mock-up panel paintings. The paintings have different stratigraphy and pigments and are representative for different historical periods. One of the paintings has a hidden underlying painting. The type of pigments used mainly influences the information obtained by both the emission and absorption measurements; high-Z white pigment and high-Z color pigments giving the best contrast. Each of the techniques revealed interesting aspects of the paintings, but none of them could reveal the hidden painting to a satisfactory level. Due to the statistical quality of the spectral data, x-ray fluorescence gives elemental images with high contrast. The radiographic images are better to reveal the internal structure. Imaging x-ray fluorescence and energy-resolved radiography measurements can be done simultaneously, and the combination has the highest potential for the study of complex multilayer paintings. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000353644500010	Publication Date	2015-02-05
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0049-8246	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:126016			Serial	7698
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Vandevoorde, D.; Pamplona, M.; Schalm, O.; Vanhellemont, Y.; Cnudde, V.; Verhaeven, E.
	Title	Contact sponge method : performance of a promising tool for measuring the initial water absorption			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2009	Publication	Journal of cultural heritage	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	10	Issue	1	Pages	41-47
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Porous limestone and mortar are able to absorb large quantities of water. This phenomenon will accelerate the deterioration of the material. In such cases, the material might be treated with a hydrophobic product, which creates a superficial layer that hampers the penetration of water. In order to decide if such a treatment should be applied or not, the water absorbing behaviour of the material should be measured. With the same measuring technique the efficiency of the hydrophobic barrier can be evaluated. Moreover, it allows the monitoring of such barriers as a function of time. At the same time, the water absorption of porous stone material is an indication of the degree of deterioration and its sensitivity to future deterioration. Up to now, two different measuring techniques exist, but one can only be used in laboratory and the other, which can be operated in laboratory as well as in situ, is not always reliable for in situ analyses. This article proposes an alternative method: the contact sponge method. This recently developed method was tested on non-treated porous stone materials in a laboratory environment in order to evaluate its performance in comparison with the two existing methods.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000264831900005	Publication Date	2009-03-14
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1296-2074	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:115023			Serial	7728
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	Author	Schalm, O.; Cabal, A.; Anaf, W.; Leyva Pernia, D.; Callier, J.; Ortega, N.
	Title	A decision support system for preventive conservation : from measurements towards decision making			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2019	Publication	The European Physical Journal Plus	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	134	Issue	2	Pages	74-11
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Antwerp Systems and software Modelling (AnSyMo); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
	Abstract	We present a decision-support system that guides heritage guardians in selecting mitigation actions to improve the indoor air quality and thus the preservation conditions of indoor collections in heritage buildings. This contribution shows that it is feasible to build a decision support system dedicated to preventive conservation when the following barriers are overcome: 1) simultaneous measurement of a wide range of environmental parameters in order to detect a larger number of undesired situations; 2) development of an algorithm to perform reproducible indoor air quality assessments; and 3) transformation of the air quality assessment into a graph that can be read intuitively without causing a wide variation of interpretations among stakeholders. An important aspect of the decision support system is that it reduces several sources of uncertainty that hamper reliable indoor air quality assessments. The possibilities of such a system are illustrated with a measurement campaign in a church where a heating system has been installed and used for the first time.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000459506300002	Publication Date	2019-02-20
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2190-5444	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:157817			Serial	7756
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	Author	De Vis, K.; Jembrih-Simbürger, D.; Schalm, O.; Schreiner, M.; Caen, J.
	Title	Einfluss verschiedener Silbersalze auf die Farbintensität von Silbergelb : analytische Untersuchungen			Type	A2 Journal article
	Year	2002	Publication	Zeitschrift für Kunsttechnologie und Konservierung	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	16	Issue	1	Pages	147-157
	Keywords	A2 Journal article; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0931-7198	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:107748			Serial	7855
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	Author	Schalm, O.; Cabal, A.; van Espen, P.; Laquière, N.; Storme, P.
	Title	Improved radiographic methods for the investigation of paintings using laboratory and synchrotron X-ray sources			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	26	Issue	5	Pages	1068-1077
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	It is generally known that radiographic inspection of 1517th century paintings can easily be done with a polychromatic X-ray source using a voltage between 20 kV and 40 kV in combination with classic X-ray films. Unfortunately, the spatial structure of numerous 19th and early 20th century paintings cannot be visualized with conventional radiography due to several reasons such as the use of lead white grounds or low absorbing pigments. Radiographic images are blurred or worse, they do not contain the picture of the painting. During the last decades, many technological innovations have been introduced in the field of radiography but their possibilities in cultural heritage have not been explored in full detail. In our investigation we used phosphor imaging plates, energy dispersive detectors and CCD-cameras in combination with synchrotron radiation and conventional X-ray tubes in order to improve the quality of radiographic images. Several promising techniques that could improve the quality of radiographs of paintings were identified.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000289731900023	Publication Date	2011-04-11
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0267-9477	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:89928			Serial	8070
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	Author	Schalm, O.; Anaf, W.
	Title	Laminated altered layers in historical glass : density variations of silica nanoparticle random packings as explanation for the observed lamellae			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	Journal of non-crystalline solids	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	442	Issue		Pages	1-16
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
	Abstract	One of the most striking but unexplained phenomena in the natural degradation of glass is the transformation of an almost colorless, transparent and homogeneous glass into a colored, opaque and heterogeneous degradation layer. In many cases, the degradation layer consists of numerous lamellae with a thickness between 0.1 and 10 pm. However, both internal structure and formation proess of laminated degradation layers remain unclear. In this paper, a model is proposed where we assume that transformed (degraded) glass consists of a random packing of nano-sized silica particles while the lamellae are the result of different packing densities. The model is able to connect the texture of numerous lamellae observed by several types of microscopic techniques with the structure at molecular level determined by means of chemical analysis. In addition, the model is able to explain numerous properties such as the parameters responsible for the contrast between lamellae. This contrast can be caused by differences in color, density, elemental composition, or surface roughness. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000375809800001	Publication Date	2016-04-05
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-3093	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:133634			Serial	8146
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	Author	Schalm, O.; Anaf, W.; Callier, J.; Leyva Pernia, D.
	Title	New generation monitoring devices for heritage guardians to detect multiple events and hazards			Type	P1 Proceeding
	Year	2018	Publication	IOP conference series : materials science and engineering	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	364	Issue		Pages	Unsp 012056-9
	Keywords	P1 Proceeding; Engineering sciences. Technology; Art; History; Antwerp Systems and software Modelling (AnSyMo); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
	Abstract	Environmental parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, visible light, UV radiation and pollution influence the deterioration rate of heritage items. To judge on the environmental appropriateness for heritage conservation, it is therefore important to monitor the environment. Often, an incomplete set of environmental parameters is measured, or sporadic or time-averaged measurements are performed. As a result, a wide range of undesirable situations and hazards remain unnoticed. This might lead to an underestimation of environmental dangers (i.e., inaccurate judgement) or to inappropriate mitigation measures (i.e., inaccurate decision making). We present an innovative and user-friendly monitoring device that simultaneously and continuously measures (1) environmental parameters and (2) material behavior. An extended combination of off-the-shelf sensors for temperature, relative humidity, air speed, CO2, NO2, O-3 and particulate matter are connected to a multipurpose datalogger. In-house developed sensors for the shrinkage and expansion behavior of wood, as well as sensors for metal corrosion rates are connected to the same datalogger. Such extended monitoring shows the identification of a wider range of undesirable situations, and it facilitates the search for correlations between such situations and the sources that cause them, i.e., the hazards.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000452025100056	Publication Date	2018-06-18
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1757-8981; 1757-899x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:151825			Serial	8298
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	Author	Cabal Rodríguez, A.E.; Leyva Pernia, D.; Schalm, O.; van Espen, P.J.M.
	Title	Possibilities of energy-resolved X-ray radiography for the investigation of paintings			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2012	Publication	Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	402	Issue	4	Pages	1471-1480
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	X-ray radiographic images of paintings often show little or no contrast. In order to increase the contrast in radiographic images we measured the X-ray spectrum of a low power X-ray tube, after passing through the painting, with a high energy-resolution SDD detector. To obtain images, the detector is collimated with a 400 mu m diameter pinhole and the painting was moved through the beam in the x and y-direction using a dwell time of a few seconds per pixel. The data obtained consists of a data cube of, typically, 200 x 200 pixels and a 512-channel X-ray spectrum for each pixel, spanning the energy range from 0 to 40 keV. Having the absorbance spectrum available for each pixel, we are able, a posteriori, to produce images by edge subtraction for any given element. In this way high contrast, element-specific, images can be obtained. Because of the high energy-resolution a much simpler edge subtraction algorithm can be applied. We also used principal-component imaging to obtain, in a more automated way, images with high contrast. Some of these images can easily be attributed to specific elements. It turns out that preprocessing of the spectral data is crucial for the success of the multivariate image processing.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000299842000008	Publication Date	2011-07-14
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1618-2642; 1618-2650	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:96200			Serial	8394
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	Author	Schalm, O.; Nuyts, G.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Some critical observations about the degradation of glass : the formation of lamellae explained			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2021	Publication	Journal Of Non-Crystalline Solids	Abbreviated Journal	J Non-Cryst Solids
	Volume	569	Issue		Pages	120984
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	This study demonstrates that the mechanism responsible for the transformation of glass into a degradation layer is pH-dependent. In acid conditions, the transformed glass is homogeneous and brittle. In mild alkaline conditions, transformed glass is heterogeneous due to the presence of lamellae composed of silica nanoparticles and the occurrence of Ca-rich inclusions. The fundamental difference between acid and alkaline conditions cannot be explained by the currently accepted degradation mechanism based on ion exchange. To explain this critical observation, we propose a refined degradation mechanism based on existing knowledge that involves several inwardly moving reaction fronts. The fronts responsible for the transformation of the silicate network into amorphous silica are also responsible for the morphology of the transformed glass. We have identified the feedback mechanism that explains the formation of lamellae in alkaline conditions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000674487200009	Publication Date	2021-06-20
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-3093	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.124	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.124
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:179835			Serial	8551
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	Author	Kuczumow, A.; Vekemans, B.; Schalm, O.; Vincze, L.; Dorriné, W.; Gysels, K.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Some new applications of auxiliary signals in X-ray fluorescence and electron microprobe analysis			Type	P1 Proceeding
	Year	1999	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	197-201 T2 - Proceedings of the European Conferenc
	Keywords	P1 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000081658400032	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:24716			Serial	8553
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	Author	Anaf, W.; Leyva Pernia, D.; Schalm, O.
	Title	Standardized indoor air quality assessments as a tool to prepare heritage guardians for changing preservation conditions due to climate change			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2018	Publication	Geosciences	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	8	Issue	8	Pages	Unsp 276-14
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Antwerp Systems and software Modelling (AnSyMo); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
	Abstract	Climate change will affect the preservation conditions of our cultural heritage. Therefore, well-considered mitigation actions should be implemented to safeguard our heritage for future generations. Environmental monitoring is essential to follow up the change in preservation conditions and to evaluate the effectiveness of performed mitigation actions. To support heritage guardians in the processing and evaluation of monitored data, an indoor air quality (IAQ) index for heritage applications is introduced. The index is calculated for each measured point in time and is visualized in a user-friendly and intuitive way. The current paper describes the backbone of the IAQ-calculating algorithm. The algorithm is subsequently applied on a case study in which a mitigation action is implemented in a church.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000443254500006	Publication Date	2018-07-27
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2076-3263	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:152329			Serial	8578
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	Author	Schalm, O.; Crabbé, A.; Storme, P.; Wiesinger, R.; Gambirasi, A.; Grieten, E.; Tack, P.; Bauters, S.; Kleber, C.; Favaro, M.; Schryvers, D.; Vincze, L.; Terryn, H.; Patelli, A.
	Title	The corrosion process of sterling silver exposed to a Na2S solution: monitoring and characterizing the complex surface evolution using a multi-analytical approach			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	Applied Physics A-Materials Science & Processing	Abbreviated Journal	Appl Phys A-Mater
	Volume	122	Issue	122	Pages	903
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT);
	Abstract	Many historical ‘silver’ objects are composed of sterling silver, a silver alloy containing small amounts of copper. Besides the dramatic impact of copper on the corrosion process, the chemical composition of the corrosion layer evolves continuously. The evolution of the surface during the exposure to a Na2S solution was monitored by means of visual observation at macroscopic level, chemical analysis at microscopic level and analysis at the nanoscopic level. The corrosion process starts with the preferential oxidation of copper, forming mixtures of oxides and sulphides while voids are being created beneath the corrosion layer. Only at a later stage, the silver below the corrosion layer is consumed. This results in the formation of jalpaite and at a later stage of acanthite. The acanthite is found inside the corrosion layer at the boundaries of jalpaite grains and as individual grains between the jalpaite grains but also as a thin film on top of the corrosion layer. The corrosion process could be described as a sequence of 5 subsequent surface states with transitions between these states.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000384753800033	Publication Date	2016-09-20
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0947-8396	ISBN		Additional Links
	Impact Factor	1.455	Times cited	9	Open Access
	Notes	The authors are grateful for the financial support by the EU-FP7 Grant PANNA No. 282998 and for the opportunity to perform SR-XPS measurements at the NanoESCA beamline of the Elettra storage ring, under the approval of the advisory Committee (Proposal No. 20135164), as well as the opportunity to perform XANES measurements at the DUBBLE beamline of the ESRF storage ring (Proposal No. 26-01-990). The authors are grateful for the financial support by the STIMPRO Project FFB150215 of the University of Antwerp. Pieter Tack is funded by a Ph.D. Grant of the Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology (IWT). We would also like to thank Peter Van den Haute for the XRD measurements that were performed at the University of Ghent.			Approved	Most recent IF: 1.455
	Call Number	EMAT @ emat @			Serial	4331
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	Author	Grieten, E.; Schalm, O.; Tack, P.; Bauters, S.; Storme, P.; Gauquelin, N.; Caen, J.; Patelli, A.; Vincze, L.; Schryvers, D.
	Title	Reclaiming the image of daguerreotypes: Characterization of the corroded surface before and after atmospheric plasma treatment			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2017	Publication	Journal of cultural heritage	Abbreviated Journal	J Cult Herit
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Art; History; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
	Abstract	Technological developments such as atmospheric plasma jets for industry can be adapted for the conservation of cultural heritage. This application might offer a potential method for the removal or transformation of the corrosion on historical photographs. We focus on daguerreotypes and present an in-depth study of the induced changes by a multi-analytical approach using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, different types of transmission electron microscopy and X-ray absorption fine structure. The H2-He afterglow removes S from an Ag2S or Cu2S layer which results in a nano-layer of metallic Ag or Cu on top of the deteriorated microstructure. In case the corrosion layer is composed of Cu-Ag-S compounds, our proposed setup can be used to partially remove the corrosion. These alterations of the corrosion results in an improvement in the readability of the photographic image.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000414230700007	Publication Date	2017-06-16
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1296-2074	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	1.838	Times cited	9	Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes	The authors thank Herman Maes for the daguerreotypes used in this study. The authors also acknowledge the opportunity to perform XAFS measurements at the DUBBLE beamline of the ESRF storage ring under the approval of the advisory Committee (beam time nr. 26-01-990) and acknowledge the DUBBLE beamline staff for their support. They are also grateful for the financial support by the EU-FP7 grant PANNA no. 282998 and the STIMPRO project FFB150215 of the University of Antwerp. Pieter Tack is funded by a Ph.D. grant of the Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology (IWT).			Approved	Most recent IF: 1.838
	Call Number	EMAT @ emat @c:irua:144430			Serial	4625
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