NANOlab Center of Excellence literature database -- Query Results

	NANOlab Center of Excellence literature database Home \| Show All \| Simple Search \| Advanced Search	Login Quick Search: Field: contains: ...
	1351–1380 of 1522 records found matching your query (RSS \| history):

Select All Deselect All

<< 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 >>

List View

Citations

Details

	Records
	Author	de Nolf, W.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Micro X-ray diffraction and fluorescence tomography for the study of multilayered automotive paints			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2010	Publication	Surface and interface analysis	Abbreviated Journal	Surf Interface Anal
	Volume	42	Issue	5	Pages	411-418
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Combined microscopic X-ray fluorescence/microscopic X-ray diffraction (µ-XRF/µ-XRD) tomography is a recently developed method that allows the visualization of the distribution of chemical elements and the associated crystalline phases inside complex, heterogeneous materials of extended thickness (millimeter range) in a nondestructive fashion. In this paper, the accuracy and resolution with which the individual layers in a multilayer stack of automotive paints can be distinguished is evaluated, and some of their properties measured. A paint layer system of eight layers was investigated, in which eight different crystalline substances were identified, each layer consisting of an organic, synthetic resin doped with finely milled inorganic compounds that serve as pigments or to strengthen the layer. In the XRD tomograms, all paint layers could be straightforwardly distinguished and their average thickness calculated. In case the filtered back projection method was used for tomogram reconstruction, a spatial resolution comparable to the microbeam size was obtained indicating no significant reconstruction blurring. When a more robust reconstruction method, such as the maximum-likelihood expectation maximization method, was employed, tomograms showing fewer artifacts were obtained, but with a spatial resolution that was two times worse. In the corresponding XRF tomograms, significant self-absorption distorted the element-specific tomograms corresponding to the low-energy (<7 keV) characteristic radiation and limited their usefulness. It can be concluded that microbeam XRD tomography allows the accurate visualization of the distribution of crystalline phases in multilayered automotive paint materials of millimeter dimensions with sufficient resolution to allow separate characterization of each layer in terms of its crystal-phase composition and thickness.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000277350900012	Publication Date	2009-11-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0142-2421	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	1.132	Times cited	70	Open Access
	Notes	; This research was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme-Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16) and funded by beam time grants from HASYLAB. This paper also presents results from a GOA project of the Research Fund of the University of Antwerp (Belgium), and of FWO (Brussels, Belgium) project nos. G.0177.03, G.0103.04, and G.0689.06. We also would like to acknowledge the Institute of Forensic Research in Krakow, Poland, and in particular Dr J. Zieba for providing the paint layer sample. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 1.132; 2010 IF: 1.249
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:82764			Serial	5717
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Janssens, K.
	Title	A brief history of 50 years of ICXOM			Type	P1 Proceeding
	Year	2010	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-6
	Keywords	P1 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The ICXOM series of meetings began in 1956 and for over 50 years have been conferences devoted to the topic of “X-ray microanalysis”, both for those interested in developing instrumentation and methods of analysis and for scientists mainly interested in using X-ray micro-analysers for investigations of an applied nature. This contribution surveys the ICXOM series origins, its development and trends over the years.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-0-7354-0764-0	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:83244			Serial	5493
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Swaenen, M.; Stefaniak, E.A.; Frost, R.; Worobiec, A.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Investigation of inclusions trapped inside Libyan desert glass by Raman microscopy			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2010	Publication	Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	397	Issue	7	Pages	2659-2665
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
	Abstract	Several specimens of Libyan desert glass (LDG), an enigmatic natural glass from Egypt, were subjected to investigation by micro-Raman spectroscopy. The spectra of inclusions inside the LDG samples were successfully measured through the layers of glass and the mineral species were identified on this basis. The presence of cristobalite as typical for high-temperature melt products was confirmed, together with co-existing quartz. TiO2 was determined in two polymorphic species rutile and anatase. Micro-Raman spectroscopy proved also the presence of minerals unusual for high-temperature glasses such as anhydrite and aragonite.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000280122100004	Publication Date	2010-01-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1618-2642; 1618-2650	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:83276			Serial	8125
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Worobiec, A.; Samek, J.; Krata, A.; van Meel, K.; Krupińska, B.; Stefaniak, E.A.; Karaszkiewicz, P.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Transport and deposition of airborne pollutants in exhibition areas located in historical buildings: study in Wawel Castle Museum in Cracow, Poland			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2010	Publication	Journal of cultural heritage	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	11	Issue	3	Pages	354-359
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
	Abstract	Historical buildings and castles that have been turned nowadays into museums, as an exhibition area for precious cultural heritage (CH) items, need more attention since they are CH objects by themselves. Moreover, the preservation techniques require often, significant interventions; however such changes are not always possible or are very limited. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of outdoor air pollution on the composition of particulate matter and gases inside the museum of Wawel Castle in Cracow, Poland. During this study a combination of micro and trace analysis techniques were applied, including energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). An intensive transport of air pollutants coupled with accumulation of the particles inside the museum was noticed (considerably higher in winter than summer). A high content of carbon and organic matter agglomerated with inorganic particles was determined. Those particles are of special concern because of their adhesive properties and reactivity. It was also noted that the conditions inside the museum favour the reaction of the particles with gaseous pollutants. It was especially the case for nitrate particles.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000279867800017	Publication Date	2010-03-25
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1296-2074	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:83277			Serial	8698
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Pallot-Frossard, I.; Van Grieken, R.; Godoi, R.; Kontozova, V.; et al.
	Title	Les conclusions du programme européen Vidrio sur la protection des vitraux par verrière extérieure			Type	A3 Journal article
	Year	2007	Publication	Monumental: revue scientifique et technique	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	2	Pages	113-123
	Keywords	A3 Journal article; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1168-4534	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:83278			Serial	7724
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Rosenberg, E.; De Santis, F.; Kontozova-Deutsch, V.; Odlyha, M.; Van Grieken, R.; Vichi, F.
	Title	Measuring gaseous and particulate pollutants: instruments and instrumental problems			Type	H2 Book chapter
	Year	2010	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	115-146 T2 - Basic environmental mechanisms: affec
	Keywords	H2 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-88-404-4334-8	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:83559			Serial	8213
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Janssens, K.; de Nolf, W.; van der Snickt, G.; Vincze, L.; Vekemans, B.; Terzano, R.; Brenker, F.E.
	Title	Recent trends in quantitative aspects of microscopic X-ray fluorescence analysis			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2010	Publication	Trends in analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Trac-Trend Anal Chem
	Volume	29	Issue	6	Pages	464-478
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000279235000014	Publication Date	2010-03-23
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0165-9936	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	8.442	Times cited	48	Open Access
	Notes	; This research was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme-Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16). The text also presents results of FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects nr. G.0704.08 and G.0179.09 and from the UA-BOF GOA programme. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 8.442; 2010 IF: 6.602
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:83903			Serial	5806
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Cotte, M.; Susini, J.; Dik, J.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy for art conservation: looking back and looking forward			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2010	Publication	Accounts of chemical research	Abbreviated Journal	Accounts Chem Res
	Volume	43	Issue	6	Pages	705-714
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	A variety of analytical techniques augmented by the use of synchrotron radiation (SR), such as X-ray fluorescence (SR-XRF) and X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD), are now readily available, and they differ little, conceptually, from their common laboratory counterparts. Because of numerous advantages afforded by SR-based techniques over benchtop versions, however, SR methods have become popular with archaeologists, art historians, curators, and other researchers in the field of cultural heritage (CH). Although the CH community now commonly uses both SR-XRF and SR-XRD, the use of synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy (SR-XAS) techniques remains marginal, mostly because CH specialists rarely interact with SR physicists. In this Account, we examine the basic principles and capabilities of XAS techniques in art preservation. XAS techniques offer a combination of features particularly well-suited for the chemical analysis of works of art. The methods are noninvasive, have low detection limits, afford high lateral resolution, and provide exceptional chemical sensitivity. These characteristics are highly desirable for the chemical characterization of precious, heterogeneous, and complex materials. In particular, the chemical mapping capability, with high spatial resolution that provides information about local composition and chemical states, even for trace elements, is a unique asset. The chemistry involved in both the objects history (that is, during fabrication) and future (that is, during preservation and restoration treatments) can be addressed by XAS. On the one hand, many studies seek to explain optical effects occurring in historical glasses or ceramics by probing the molecular environment of relevant chromophores. Hence, XAS can provide insight into craft skills that were mastered years, decades, or centuries ago but were lost over the course of time. On the other hand, XAS can also be used to characterize unwanted reactions, which are then considered alteration phenomena and can dramatically alter the objects original visual properties. In such cases, the bulk elemental composition is usually unchanged. Hence, monitoring oxidation state (or, more generally, other chemical modifications) can be of great importance. Recent applications of XAS in art conservation are reviewed and new trends are discussed, highlighting the value (and future possibilities) of XAS, which remains, given its potential, underutilized in the CH community.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000278842500003	Publication Date	2010-01-08
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0001-4842	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	20.268	Times cited	74	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 20.268; 2010 IF: 21.852
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:83982			Serial	5861
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Janssens, K.; Dik, J.; Cotte, M.; Susini, J.
	Title	Photon-based techniques for nondestructive subsurface analysis of painted cultural heritage artifacts			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2010	Publication	Accounts of chemical research	Abbreviated Journal	Accounts Chem Res
	Volume	43	Issue	6	Pages	814-825
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Often, just micrometers below a paintings surface lies a wealth of information, both with Old Masters such as Peter Paul Rubens and Rembrandt van Rijn and with more recent artists of great renown such as Vincent Van Gogh and James Ensor. Subsurface layers may include underdrawing, underpainting, and alterations, and in a growing number of cases conservators have discovered abandoned compositions on paintings, illustrating artists practice of reusing a canvas or panel. The standard methods for studying the inner structure of cultural heritage (CH) artifacts are infrared reflectography and X-ray radiography, techniques that are optionally complemented with the microscopic analysis of cross-sectioned samples. These methods have limitations, but recently, a number of fundamentally new approaches for fully imaging the buildup of hidden paint layers and other complex three-dimensional (3D) substructures have been put into practice. In this Account, we discuss these developments and their recent practical application with CH artifacts. We begin with a tabular summary of 14 IR- and X-ray-based imaging methods and then continue with a discussion of each technique, illustrating CH applications with specific case studies. X-ray-based tomographic and laminographic techniques can be used to generate 3D renditions of artifacts of varying dimensions. These methods are proving invaluable for exploring inner structures, identifying the conservation state, and postulating the original manufacturing technology of metallic and other sculptures. In the analysis of paint layers, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) can highlight interfaces between layers in a stratigraphic buildup, whereas macrosopic scanning X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) has been employed to measure the distribution of pigments within these layers. This combination of innovative methods provides topographic and color information about the micrometer depth scale, allowing us to look into paintings in an entirely new manner. Over the past five years, several new variants of traditional IR- and X-ray-based imaging methods have been implemented by conservators and museums, and the first reports have begun to emerge in the primary research literature. Applying these state-of-the-art techniques in a complementary fashion affords a more comprehensive view of paintings and other artworks.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000278842500013	Publication Date	2010-05-12
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0001-4842	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	20.268	Times cited	78	Open Access
	Notes	; This research was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme-Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16). The text also presents results of FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects nr. G.0704.08 and G.0179.09 and from the UA-BOF GOA programme. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 20.268; 2010 IF: 21.852
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:83983			Serial	5772
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Terzano, R.; Santoro, A.; Spagnuolo, M.; Vekemans, B.; Medici, L.; Janssens, K.; Göttlicher, J.; Denecke, M.A.; Mangold, S.; Ruggiero, P.
	Title	Solving mercury (Hg) speciation in soil samples by synchrotron X-ray microspectroscopic techniques			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2010	Publication	Environmental pollution	Abbreviated Journal	Environ Pollut
	Volume	158	Issue	8	Pages	2702-2709
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Direct mercury (Hg) speciation was assessed for soil samples with a Hg concentration ranging from 7 up to 240 mg kg1. Hg chemical forms were identified and quantified by sequential extractions and bulkand micro-analytical techniques exploiting synchrotron generated X-rays. In particular, microspectroscopic techniques such as m-XRF, m-XRD and m-XANES were necessary to solve bulk Hg speciation, in both soil fractions <2 mm and <2 mm. The main Hg-species found in the soil samples were metacinnabar (b-HgS), cinnabar (a-HgS), corderoite (Hg3S2Cl2), and an amorphous phase containing Hg bound to chlorine and sulfur. The amount of metacinnabar and amorphous phases increased in the fraction <2 mm. No interaction among Hg-species and soil components was observed. All the observed Hgspecies originated from the slow weathering of an inert Hg-containing waste material (K106, U.S. EPA) dumped in the area several years ago, which is changing into a relatively more dangerous source of pollution.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000280571500026	Publication Date	2010-06-08
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0269-7491	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	5.099	Times cited	30	Open Access
	Notes	; This research was partially financed by the MIUR (COFIN 2005) project “Innovative chemical, physical, and biological methods to characterize and remediate soils polluted by heavy metals (MICROS)”. Synchrotron experiments at HASYLAB were financially supported by the European Community-Research Infrastructure Action under the FP6 “Structuring the European Research Area” Program I(Integrating Activity on Synchrotron and Free Electron Laser Science; project: contract RII3-CT-2004-506008). This research was also performed as part of the “Interuniversity Attraction Poles” (IAP6) Program financed by the Belgian government. We thank Gerald Falkenberg and Karen Rickers-Appel for their scientific and technical support in obtaining the experimental data at Beam line L (HASYLAB, DESY, Hamburg, Germany). ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 5.099; 2010 IF: 3.395
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:84050			Serial	5835
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Harlay, J.; Borges, A.V.; van der Zee, C.; Delille, B.; Godoi, R.H.M.; Schiettecatte, L.-S.; Roevros, N.; Aerts, K.; Lapernat, P.-E.; Rebreanu, L.; Groom, S.; Daro, M.-H.; Van Grieken, R.; Chou, L.
	Title	Biogeochemical study of a coccolithophore bloom in the northern Bay of Biscay (NE Atlantic Ocean) in June 2004			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2010	Publication	Progress in oceanography	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	86	Issue	3/4	Pages	317-336
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The present paper synthesizes data obtained during a multidisciplinary cruise carried out in June 2004 at the continental margin of the northern Bay of Biscay. The data-set allows to describe the different stages of a coccolithophore bloom dominated by Emiliania huxleyi. The cruise was carried out after the main spring phytoplankton bloom that started in mid-April and peaked in mid-May. Consequently, low phosphate (PO4 < 0.2 μM) and silicate (DSi < 2.0 μM) concentrations, low partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and high calcite saturation degree in surface waters combined with thermal stratification, probably favoured the blooming of coccolithophores. During the period of the year our cruise was carried out, internal tides induce enhanced vertical mixing at the continental shelf break leading to the injection of inorganic nutrients to surface waters that probably trigger the bloom. The bloom developed as the water-column stratified and as the water mass was advected over the continental shelf, following the general residual circulation in the area. The most developed phase of the bloom was sampled in a remote sensed high reflectance (HR) patch over the continental shelf that was characterized by low chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration in surface waters (<1.0 μg L−1), high particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) concentration (not, vert, similar8 μmol L−1) and coccolithophore abundance up to 57 × 106 cells L−1. Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) concentrations ranged between 15 and 75 μg C L−1 and carbon content of TEP represented up to 26% of the particulate organic carbon (POC; maximum concentration of 15.5 μmol L−1 in the upper 40 m). Integrated primary production (PP) ranged between 210 and 680 mg C m−2 d−1 and integrated calcification (CAL) ranged between 14 and 140 mg C m−2 d−1, within the range of PP and CAL values previously reported during coccolithophore blooms in open and shelf waters of the North Atlantic Ocean. Bacterial protein production (BPP) measurements in surface waters (0.30.7 μg C L−1 h−1) were much higher than those reported during early phases of coccolithophore blooms in natural conditions, but similar to those during peak and declining coocolithophorid blooms reported in mesocosms. Total alkalinity anomalies with respect to conservative mixing (ΔTA) down to −49 μmol kg−1 are consistent with the occurrence of biogenic precipitation of calcite, while pCO2 remained 15107 μatm lower than atmospheric equilibrium (372 μatm). The correlation between ΔTA and pCO2 suggested that pCO2 increased in part due to calcification, but this increase was insufficient to overcome the background under-saturation of CO2. This is related to the biogeochemical history of the water masses due to net carbon fixation by the successive phytoplankton blooms in the area prior to the cruise, hence, the investigated area remained a sink for atmospheric CO2 despite calcification.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000281937800001	Publication Date	2010-04-20
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0079-6611	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:84236			Serial	7560
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Bencs, L.; Ravindra, K.; de Hoog, J.; Spolnik, Z.; Bleux, N.; Berghmans, P.; Deutsch, F.; Roekens, E.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Appraisal of measurement methods, chemical composition and sources of fine atmospheric particles over six different areas of Northern Belgium			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2010	Publication	Environmental pollution	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	158	Issue	11	Pages	3421-3430
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Daily and seasonal variation in the total elemental, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) content and mass of PM2.5 were studied at industrial, urban, suburban and agricultural/rural areas. Continuous (optical Dustscan, standard tapered element oscillating micro-balance (TEOM), TEOM with filter dynamics measurement system), semi-continuous (Partisol filter-sampling) and non-continuous (Dekati-impactor sampling and gravimetry) methods of PM2.5 mass monitoring were critically evaluated. The average elemental fraction accounted for 26% of the PM2.5 mass measured by gravimetry. Metals, like K, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb were strongly inter-correlated, also frequently with non-metallic elements (P, S, Cl and/or Br) and EC/OC. A high OC/EC ratio (29) was generally observed. The total carbon content of PM2.5 ranged between 3 and 77% (averages: 1232%), peaking near industrial/heavy trafficked sites. Principal component analysis identified heavy oil burning, ferrous/non-ferrous industry and vehicular emissions as the main sources of metal pollution. This work compares various aerosol monitoring methods to characterize PM2.5 over six locations of different anthropogenic activities over Northern Belgium.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000282563200009	Publication Date	2010-08-23
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0269-7491; 1873-6424	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:84237			Serial	7488
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Roet, D.; van Espen, P.
	Title	Monte Carlo simulation of X-ray spectra from low energy electrons using optical data			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2010	Publication	Nuclear instruments and methods in physics research: B: beam interactions with materials and atoms	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	268	Issue	17/18	Pages	2794-2800
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	An approach using optical data to simulate both the bremsstrahlung continuum and characteristic K and L X-ray lines generated by low energy electrons (cfr. electron microscopy) in solids is discussed in this paper. The necessary analytical expressions together with the data to calculate the relevant cross sections for elastic and inelastic interactions at these energies along with variance reduction techniques are given. The results of the Monte Carlo simulation are compared to experimental data measured with a JEOL 6300 electron microscope.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000281498900039	Publication Date	2010-07-15
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0168-583x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:84261			Serial	8281
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Darchuk, L.; Worobiec, A.; Khan, V.; Krasnov, V.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Composition of aerosols from the shelter of the Chernobyl power plant			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2010	Publication	AIP conference proceedings	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	1267	Issue		Pages	512-513
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000281210900273	Publication Date	2010-08-05
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0094-243x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:84572			Serial	7705
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Worobiec, A.; Potgieter-Vermaak, S.; Darchuk, L.; Vishnyakov, V.; Potgieter, H.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Behavior of semi-volatile particles under a laser and electron beam: influence on the quality of analytical results			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2010	Publication	AIP conference proceedings	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	1267	Issue		Pages	523-524
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000281210900279	Publication Date	2010-08-05
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0094-243x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:84573			Serial	7553
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Rouchon, V.; Pellizzi, E.; Janssens, K.
	Title	FTIR techniques applied to the detection of gelatine in paper artifacts: from macroscopic to microscopic approach			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2010	Publication	Applied physics A : materials science & processing	Abbreviated Journal	Appl Phys A-Mater
	Volume	100	Issue	3	Pages	663-669
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	In order to render paper hydrophobic for ink and thus adequate for writing, gelatine has been largely used. To this day, it is still employed in conservation workshops as an adhesive or a sizing agent, for instance, during the treatment of iron gall ink manuscripts. Various types and concentrations of gelatine are recommended, depending on the desired effect, but little information is available regarding to the physical distribution of gelatine in the paper. This aspect is however determinant for a better control of conservation treatments. In this work, we investigate the possibilities offered by FTIR microscopy for the measurement of the gelatine distribution in paper. Laboratory papers were preliminary treated with different types of gelatine and then embedded in a resin and cut in thin slices. Mapping techniques enable to compare the penetration of different types of gelatine in a semiquantitative way. The performance of conventional laboratory equipment and synchrotron radiation experimental setup are discussed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000281317700011	Publication Date	2010-04-01
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0947-8396	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	1.455	Times cited	12	Open Access
	Notes	; This work was performed with the support of the Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Torino, who founded the postgraduate internship of Eleonora Pellizzi at the CRCC (Master dei talenti). It received the technical support of the SMIS line of the SOLEIL synchrotron (Saint Aubin, France). We are thankful to all our colleagues who helped us during our experiments: Anne Laurence Dupont for providing gelatine samples, Chakib Djediat (Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris) for his advice regarding the samples preparation, Christophe Sandt (Synchrotron SOLEIL) for his help and availability during our Beam time allocation, and Paul Dumas (Synchrotron SOLEIL) for his warm reception on the SMIS line. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 1.455; 2010 IF: 1.765
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:84579			Serial	5627
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Schalm, O.; de Raedt, I.; Caen, J.; Janssens, K.
	Title	A methodology for the identification of glass panes of different origin in a single stained glass window: application on two 13th century windows			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2010	Publication	Journal of cultural heritage	Abbreviated Journal	J Cult Herit
	Volume	11	Issue	4	Pages	487-492
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The chemical composition of 11 glass panes originating from two 13th century non-figurative windows were analyzed by means of Scanning Electron MicroscopyEnergy Dispersive X-ray system (SEM-EDX). The windows were discovered in the back-wall of the triforium during the restoration of the choir of the cathedral St. Michael and St. Gudule in Brussels (Belgium). In order to determine if these windows were fabricated with glass of different origin or not, the compositional difference between the panes were compared with the variation in composition as a result of the following causes: (1) compositional fluctuation between panes cut from the same sheet of glass, (2) compositional fluctuation caused when panes are cut from different sheets that were made with the same batch, (3) compositional fluctuation caused when the glass is made from different batches at the same production center, and (4) compositional fluctuation as a result of glass produced at different fabrication centers.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000282680500016	Publication Date	2010-07-07
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1296-2074	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	1.838	Times cited	7	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 1.838; 2010 IF: 1.162
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:84942			Serial	5707
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Potgieter-Vermaak, S.; Van Grieken, R.; Potgieter, J.H.
	Title	Integrated analytical techniques for the characterisation of environmental particles			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2010	Publication	Spectroscopy Europe	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	22	Issue	5	Pages	12-15
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0966-0941; 2634-2561	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:85517			Serial	8109
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Janssen, E.; Kontozova-Deutsch, V.; Krupińska, B.; Moris, H.; Peckstadt, A.; van Bos, M.; Watteeuw, L.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Do gaseous pollutants and particulate matter endanger our world heritage? A study in the Museum Plantin-Moretus, Antwerp			Type	P3 Proceeding
	Year	2010	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	P3 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:85520			Serial	7820
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Kontozova-Deutsch, V.; Horemans, B.; Cardell, C.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Atmospheric pollution at the Alhambra monument, Granada, Spain: a preventive conservation study			Type	P3 Proceeding
	Year	2010	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	P3 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:85522			Serial	7530
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Jacobs, W.; Dubois, D.; Aerts, D.; Declerck, P.; Stranger, M.; Buczyńska, A.; Godoi, A.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Monitoring of some major volatile organic compounds on board of chemical tankers			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2010	Publication	Journal of maritime research	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	7	Issue	2	Pages	3-20
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:85577			Serial	8275
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Cagno, S.; Mendera, M.; Jeffries, T.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Raw materials for medieval to post-medieval Tuscan glassmaking : new insight from LA-ICP-MS analyses			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2010	Publication	Journal of archaeological science	Abbreviated Journal	J Archaeol Sci
	Volume	37	Issue	12	Pages	3030-3036
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	LA-ICP-MS analyses were performed on a set of Tuscan (post) medieval archaeological glass finds dated to the 1316th century in order to quantitatively determine the trace element contents. The results are used for defining and distinguishing several compositional groups. The trace element data are consistent with the distinctions obtained by considering the major element data determined via quantitative SEM-EDX, but allow to obtain new insights into the nature and quality of the silica sources employed and the presumed method of ash purification.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000283903500008	Publication Date	2010-07-06
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0305-4403	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.602	Times cited	38	Open Access
	Notes	; This research was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Program – Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16). The text also presents results of GOA “Atom” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and of FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0177.03, G.0103.04 and G.0689.06. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 2.602; 2010 IF: 1.710
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:85814			Serial	5802
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Basile, F.; Benito, P.; Bugani, S.; de Nolf, W.; Fornasari, G.; Janssens, K.; Morselli, L.; Scavetta, E.; Tonelli, D.; Vaccari, A.
	Title	Combined use of synchrotron-radiation-based imaging techniques for the characterization of structured catalysts			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2010	Publication	Advanced functional materials	Abbreviated Journal	Adv Funct Mater
	Volume	20	Issue	23	Pages	4117-4126
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Active-phase-coated metallic supports as structured catalysts are gaining attention in endothermic and exothermic processes because they improve heat transfer. The deposition of a well-adhered and stable catalyst layer on the metallic support constitutes an important feature for the successful application of the final material. In this work, coating of FeCrAlY foams is performed by a one-step electrosynthesis-deposition of hydrotalcite-type compounds, precursors of catalysts active in endothermic steam methane reforming. The catalysts are studied at different length scales by using, for the first time, a combination of several techniques: SEM/EDS and X-ray fluorescence, X-ray powder diffraction and absorption-tomography experiments on the micro- and nanoscales at a synchrotron facility. The results show that the morphology of the coating depends on the synthesis conditions and that the catalyst may be described as Ni metal crystallites dispersed on γ-Al2O3, homogeneously coating the FeCrAlY foam.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000285392900010	Publication Date	2010-09-23
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1616-301x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	12.124	Times cited	24	Open Access
	Notes	; The authors give thanks to Dr. Cloetens, for helping during the absorption tomography experiments, performed at ID19 of the ESRF; and P. Blauet and R. Toucolou, for helping during the mu-XRF/XRPD and nano-XRF experiments at ID22 and ID22-NI of the ESRF. The financial support from the Ministero per l'Istruzione, l'Universita e la Ricerca (MIUR, Roma, Italy) is gratefully acknowledged. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 12.124; 2010 IF: 8.508
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:85834			Serial	5525
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Schalm, O.; Caen, J.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Homogeneity, composition and deterioration of window glass fragments and paint layers from two seventeenth-century stained glass windows created by Jan de Caumont (similar to 1580-1659)			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2010	Publication	Studies in conservation	Abbreviated Journal	Stud Conserv
	Volume	55	Issue	3	Pages	216-226
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000285283600009	Publication Date	2014-01-09
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0039-3630; 2047-0584	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	0.578	Times cited	2	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 0.578; 2010 IF: 0.605
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:85835			Serial	5645
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Vercauteren, J.; Matheeussen, C.; Wauters, E.; Roekens, E.; Van Grieken, R.; Krata, A.; Makarovska, Y.; Maenhaut, W.; Chi, X.; Geypens, B.
	Title	Chemkar PM10 : an extensive look at the local differences in chemical composition of PM10 in Flanders, Belgium			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Atmospheric environment : an international journal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	45	Issue	1	Pages	108-116
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The results of Chemkar PM10, the first large scale chemical characterisation project of PM10 in Flanders are presented. Between September 2006 and September 2007 a total of 365 PM10 samples were collected by sampling every sixth day at six different sites in Flanders (Belgium) varying in character from urban background to rural. Samples were analysed for a series of elements, elemental and organic carbon, 13C/12C- and 15N/14N-isotopic ratios, and water-soluble ions. At three sites extra sampling was carried out to determine PAHs by means of a novel technique that uses sorption tubes consisting of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) foam, PDMS particles and a TENAX TA bed. Results showed that the most important fractions were secondary inorganic ions (nitrate, sulphate and ammonium): 41% (12.6 μg m−3), organic matter: 20% (6.1 μg m−3), crustal matter: 14% (4.3 μg m−3), sea salt: 8% (2.4 μg m−3) and elemental carbon: 4% (1.2 μg m−3). Although the general composition profile was rather similar for the six sites, substantial differences could be observed for some main components and for several trace metals such as chromium, copper, zinc, arsenic and lead. Although the average sum of the PAH 16 was quite variable between the three sites (between 132 and 248 ng m−3) the average sum of the PAH 7 was between 7 and 9 ng m−3 for the three sites. The largest relative differences between sites were found for elemental carbon and crustal matter, thereby indicating that there is some potential for local measures to reduce the concentrations of particulate matter by a few μg m−3. Both for carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios significant differences in time were observed. Isotopic differences in location could only be detected for carbon.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000285675600010	Publication Date	2010-09-30
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1352-2310	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:85917			Serial	7664
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Čevik, U.; Damla, N.; Van Grieken, R.; Vefa Akpinar, M.
	Title	Chemical composition of building materials used in Turkey			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Construction and building materials	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	25	Issue	4	Pages	1546-1552
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The main goal of this work was to determine the chemical composition of building materials used in Turkey by utilizing energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry. Gas concrete, cement, sand, bricks, roofing tiles, marble, lime and gypsum materials were selected as building materials for this research. The chemical contents and their trace concentrations of the selected samples were determined. The most abundant oxides measured were generally SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, MgO, Fe2O3, K2O and SO3 for all samples. While the main chemical component of gas concrete, cement, sand and marble samples were SiO2 and CaO, brick and roofing tile mainly consisted of SiO2 and Al2O3. CaO and SO3 were major component of lime and gypsum samples, respectively. For U and Th concentrations in the samples, activities of 226Ra and 232Th were measured by utilizing gamma spectrometry. ANOVA and Pearson correlation analyses were performed on the studied data for statistical analysis.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000287379300007	Publication Date	2010-09-22
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0950-0618	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:86448			Serial	7653
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Potgieter-Vermaak, S.; Worobiec, A.; Darchuk, L.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Micro-Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of environmental particles			Type	H1 Book chapter
	Year	2011	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	193-208 T2 - Fundamentals and applications in aero
	Keywords	H1 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-1-4200-8571-6	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:86614			Serial	8233
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Darchuk, L.A.; Zaverbna, L.V.; Worobiec, A.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Structural features of human tooth tissues affected by high dose of external ionizing radiation after nuclear catastrophe of Chernobyl plant			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Microchemical journal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	97	Issue	2	Pages	282-285
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
	Abstract	The application of micro-Raman spectroscopy is discussed for the analysis of structural features of human tooth tissues affected by high doses of external ionizing radiation (0.51.7 Gy) after the nuclear plant catastrophe in Chernobyl in 1986. The results have shown significant changes in the mineral matrix of dental enamel that lead to the decrease of tooth enamel hardness. Destruction of the collagen chain of the organic matrix has been observed for dentin and cementum.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000286558200029	Publication Date	2010-10-07
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0026-265x; 0026-265x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:86818			Serial	8585
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Potgieter-Vermaak, S.; Maledi, N.; Wagner, N.; van Heerden, J.H.P.; Van Grieken, R.; Potgieter, J.H.
	Title	Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of coal : a review			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Journal of Raman spectroscopy	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	42	Issue	2	Pages	123-129
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The advances in the characterization of amorphous carbons by Raman spectroscopy over the last four decades are of interest to many industries, especially those involving the combustion, gasification and pyrolysis of coal. Many researchers report on the Raman character of the natural organic matter in carbon-containing compounds, such as coal, and relate the Raman bands to the structural order of the amorphous carbons. The basis of most of these studies evolved around the assignment of the G (graphitic, ∼1580 cm−1) band to crystalline graphite and any other bands, called D bands, (disorder, various from 1100 to 1500 cm−1) to any type of structural disorder in the graphitic structure. Concerning coal analysis, the information gained by Raman investigations has been used to describe char evolution as a function of temperature, the presence of catalysts and different gasification conditions. In addition, researchers looked at maturation, grade, doppleritization and many more aspects of interest. One aspect that has, however, not been addressed by most of the researchers is the natural inorganic matter (NIM) in the carbon-containing compounds. Micro-Raman spectroscopy (MRS) has many advantages over other characterization tools, i.e. in situ analysis, nondestructive, no sample preparation, low detection limit, micrometer-scale characterization, versatility and sensitivity to many amorphous compounds. With the distinct advantages it has over that of other molecular characterization tools, such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy with X-ray detection (SEM/EDS), it is surprising that it has not yet been fully exploited up to this point for the characterization of the NIM in coal and other amorphous carbons. This paper reviews the work published on the Raman characterization of the natural organic matter (NOM) of coals and reports on preliminary results of the NIM character of various South African coals, whereby various inorganic compounds and minerals in the coal have been characterized.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000288543000001	Publication Date	2010-03-11
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0377-0486	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:87024			Serial	8452
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Van Grieken, R.; Worobiec, A.
	Title	X-ray spectrometry for preventive conservation of cultural heritage			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Pramåna: a journal of physics	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	72	Issue	2	Pages	191-200
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
	Abstract	Analytical chemistry does play a key role in the chemical characterization of the environment and it appears that X-ray spectrometry, in its many forms, is one of the most relevant analytical techniques in preventive conservation, as it is in cultural heritage research in general. X-ray spectrometry has indeed been the method of choice for the characterization of the inorganic composition of atmospheric aerosols, for a long time. We have, over the last decade, intensively used various forms of X-ray spectrometry, viz., mostly energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence, e.g. with polarized high-energy beam excitation, and automated electron probe X-ray microanalysis, together with other techniques, to identify particle types and their sources in indoor environments, including museums, while gaseous indoor pollutants were assessed using passive diffusion samplers. In each case, both bulk aerosols and individual aerosol particles were studied. For microanalysis of single particles, we have investigated a dozen techniques, but for wide, real-life applications, automated electron probe X-ray microanalysis is the most rewarding. We have first studied atmospheric aerosols in and around the Correr Museum in Venice, many other museums in Austria, Japan and England, and in the caves with prehistoric rock paintings in Altamira, Spain. Very recently, measurements were done in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and theWawel Castle in Cracow, in Italian and Polish mountain churches, in a number of museums in Belgium and the Netherlands, and in cathedrals with medieval stained glass windows. In the Correr museum, it appeared that the particles most threatening for the Bellini paintings were released by the deteriorating plaster renderings, and this could be avoided by simply improving the rendering on the museum walls. In the Wawel Castle, outdoor pollution particles, like fine soot from diesel traffic, entering via leaks in the windows and doors, and also street-deicing salts and coal burning pollution particles, brought in by visitors, mostly in winter, were found to be most worrisome. Urgent questions that are not solved at this moment pertain to the deposition processes from the atmosphere to the cultural heritage items, the critical surface interactions that take place on these items, and the establishment of suitable particle concentration standards.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000288861000002	Publication Date	2011-05-20
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0304-4289; 0973-7111	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:87025			Serial	8785
Permanent link to this record