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Darchuk, L.; Stefaniak, E.A.; Vázquez, C.; Palacios, O.M.; Worobiec, A.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Composition of pigments on human bones found in excavations in Argentina studied with micro-Raman spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
e-Preservation Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
6 |
Issue |
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Pages |
112-117 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP) |
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Abstract |
Results on analysis of prehistoric pigments from excavations and pigments on coloured child bones from North Patagonia, Argentina, are reported. To analyze their composition we used two micro-analytical techniques: micro- Raman spectrometry (MRS) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with X-ray micro-analysis (SEM/EDX). Most investigated excavated pigments show red or yellow ochres consistent with reddish or yellow minerals, such as á- and ã-goethite, haematite, erdite, haapalaite and jarosite. Raman spectra show also evidence of calcium oxalate monohydrate and calcite indicating lichen activity. Pigments covering human bones were identified as hematite and magnetite. This study allows us to infer that pigments found in excavation were employed for burial ceremonies, even though distances between excavated pigment archaeological site and buried remains are quite far, more than 50 km in a straight line. |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1854-3928 |
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no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:78469 |
Serial |
7712 |
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Author |
Godoi, A.F.L.; Sawada, E.Y.; de Marchi, M.R.R.; Van Grieken, R.; Godoi, R.H.M. |
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Title |
Determination of BTEX by GCMS in air of offset printing plants: comparison between conventional and ecological inks |
Type |
A3 Journal article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Water, air, and soil pollution : focus |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
9 |
Issue |
3/4 |
Pages |
163-169 |
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Keywords |
A3 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
The use of inks containing organic solvents by the offset printing process implies in the release of volatile organic compounds to the work environment. Many of these compounds such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and the xylene isomers (well known by the acronym BTEX) are extremely toxic. In this study, the BTEX concentrations were determined in two different printing plants that use distinct types of inks: the conventional and the so-called ecological, which is manufactured based on vegetal oil. Concentration ranges were 4384, 153,480, 2133, 5459, and 2236 μg m−3 for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m + p-xylene, and o-xylene, respectively, for the conventional printing plant. At the ecological printing plant, concentration ranges were below limit of detection (<LD)-31, <LD-618, <LD-1,690, <LD-10,500, <LD-3,360 μg m−3 for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m + p-xylene, and o-xylene, respectively. BTEX concentrations are lower at the ecological printing environment than in the conventional, where mineral oil-based inks are used. However, the worker who cleans the printing matrices is exposed to high concentrations of ethylbenzene and xylenes, due probably to the cleaning products composition (containing high amounts of BTEX). Although the BTEX concentrations found in both printing work environments were below the limits considered by the Brazilian Law for Activities and Unhealthy Operations (NR-15), the exposure to such vapors characterizes risk to the workers health for some of the evaluated samples, mainly the personal ones. |
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Publication Date |
2009-09-29 |
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ISSN |
1567-7230 |
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no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:80493 |
Serial |
7775 |
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Author |
Stefaniak, E.A.; Buczyńska, A.; Novakovic, V.; Kuduk, R.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Determination of chemical composition of individual airborne particles by SEM/EDX and micro-Raman spectrometry : a review |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Journal of physics : conference series |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
162 |
Issue |
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Pages |
012019-16 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
The strategies for sampling and analysis by SEM/EDX and micro-Raman spectrometry for individual airborne particles analysis as applied at the University of Antwerp (Belgium) by the MITAC group have been reviewed. Microbeam techniques provide detailed information concerning the origin, formation, transport, reactivity, transformation reactions and environmental impact of particulate matter. Moreover, some particles of certain chemical properties have been recognized as a threat for human health and cultural heritage objects. However, the small sizes of particles result in specific problems with respect to single particle analysis. Development of equipment and software for improvement of analysis and quantification are reported. |
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Wos |
000272024000019 |
Publication Date |
2009-05-02 |
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Series Issue |
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ISSN |
1742-6588; 1742-6596 |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:78470 |
Serial |
7776 |
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Author |
Kips, R.; Pidduck, A.J.; Houlton, M.R.; Leenaers, A.; Mace, J.D.; Marie, O.; Pointurier, F.; Stefaniak, E.A.; Taylor, P.D.P.; van den Berghe, S.; van Espen, P.; Van Grieken, R.; Wellum, R. |
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Title |
Determination of fluorine in uranium oxyfluoride particles as an indicator of particle age |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Spectrochimica acta: part B : atomic spectroscopy |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
64 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
199-207 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Chemometrics (Mitac 3) |
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Abstract |
As swipe samples from enrichment activities typically contain uranium particles with a detectable amount of fluorine, the question was raised whether the analysis of fluorine in particles could complement the information on the uranium isotope ratios. For this, uranium oxyfluoride particles were prepared from the controlled hydrolysis of uranium hexafluoride (UF6). The relative amount of fluorine was characterized by scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX), as well as ion-microprobe secondary ion mass spectrometry (IM-SIMS). Of particular interest was the assessment of the reduction of the amount of fluorine over time, and after exposure to UV-light and high temperatures. Micro-Raman spectrometry (MRS) was applied to look for differences in molecular structure between these various sample types. Both SEM-EDX and IM-SIMS showed a general reduction of the fluorine-to-uranium ratio after 12 years of storage. The exposure to UV-light and high temperatures was found to have accelerated the loss of fluorine. A distinct peak at 865 cm− 1 Raman shift was detected for the majority of particles analyzed by MRS. For the particles that were heat-treated, the Raman spectra were similar to the spectrum of U3O8. Although often large variations were observed between particles from the same sample, the three particle measurement techniques (IM-SIMS, SEM-EDX and MRS) showed some consistent trends. They therefore appear promising in terms of the ability to place bounds on particle age, as well as shedding light on the complex processes involved in UO2F2 particle ageing. |
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Wos |
000265755600002 |
Publication Date |
2008-12-25 |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0584-8547; 1873-3565 |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:77057 |
Serial |
7780 |
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Author |
de Maeyer-Worobiec, A.; Dekov, V.M.; Laane, R.W.P.M.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
EPXMA survey of shelf sediments (Southern Bight, North Sea): a glance beyond the XRD-invisible |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Microchemical journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
91 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
21-31 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
Shelf sediments of the southern North Sea, were studied with a microanalytical [electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA)] and two bulk [X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF)] techniques. The investigation proved that the promptness of the microanalytical method is combined with a reasonable analytical reliability. XRD studies of such a type of sediments with monotonous mineral composition are not able to provide mineralogical information beyond the main well-crystalline minerals and the mineralogical quantitative characteristic of the sediment based on XRD estimations are incorrect. The EPXMA mineralogical interpretations are based on the statistical evaluation of a huge data set (thousands of mineral particles) and provide a rather correct quantitative determination of the main minerals. The comparative EPXMAXRF study revealed that the Al, Si, K, Ca, Fe and to some extent Ti contents estimated by EPXMA are fairly reliable. In this respect the accuracy of the EPXMA-based mineral identification of the pure silicates, pure aluminosilicates, and Al-, Ca-, Fe- and Ti-containing minerals with simple composition is very high. Mg-calcite, augite and apatite determinations are assessed to be correct. The supposed accuracy of the clay mineral determinations is slightly lower (7080%) than that of the other main minerals due to the complex and varying composition of the clays. The identification of XRD-invisible accessory minerals and quantification of their presence in the sediments is an essential advantage of the EPXMA, which makes it a useful approach in tracing the origin of the sediments, the pathways of their transport and the geochemical processes they have undergone. However, the EPXMA has several flaws, which need to be solved in the future sediment investigations: (1) calibration with natural standards is needed in order to provide a higher accuracy of the mineral determinations; (2) any EPXMA study of sediments needs to be secured with XRF examinations of selected samples since EPXMA gives only semi-quantitative information about the abundance of the elements; (3) ultra-thin window EPXMA of low-Z elements has to be used since some of them (O, C) are always present in the main sediment components: silicates, aluminosilicates, carbonates and metal oxyhydroxides; (4) the interpretations of the clay fraction have to be supported with detailed XRD investigations of selected samples, while the mineralogy of the silt and sand fractions needs to be backed up with optical microscopy studies. The information from different analytical techniques (EPXMA with XRFXRD-optical microscopy of selected samples) combined with the knowledge about the most possible minerals in a given environment, would give the most reliable results in studying mineralogical composition of shelf sediments. |
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Wos |
000262963300006 |
Publication Date |
2008-07-14 |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0026-265x; 0026-265x |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:71604 |
Serial |
7933 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Godoi, R.H.M.; Avigo, D.; Campos, V.D.; Tavares, T.M.; de Marchi, M.R.R.; Van Grieken, R.; Godoi, A.F.L. |
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Title |
Indoor air quality assessment of elementary schools in Curitiba, Brazil |
Type |
A3 Journal article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Water, air, and soil pollution : focus |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
9 |
Issue |
3/4 |
Pages |
171-177 |
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Keywords |
A3 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
The promotion of good indoor air quality in schools is of particular public concern for two main reasons: (1) school-age children spend at least 30% of their time inside classrooms and (2) indoor air quality in urban areas is substantially influenced by the outdoor pollutants, exposing tenants to potentially toxic substances. Two schools in Curitiba, Brazil, were selected to characterize the gaseous compounds indoor and outdoor of the classrooms. The concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and the isomers xylenes (BTEX); NO2; SO2; O3; acetic acid (HAc); and formic acid (HFor) were assessed using passive diffusion tubes. BTEX were analyzed by gas chromatographyion trap mass spectrometry and other collected gasses by ion chromatography. The concentration of NO2 varied between 9.5 and 23 µg m−3, whereas SO2 showed an interval from 0.1 to 4.8 µg m−3. Within the schools, BTEX concentrations were predominant. Formic and acetic acids inside the classrooms revealed intermediate concentrations of 1.5 µg m−3 and 1.2 µg m−3, respectively. |
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Publication Date |
2009-09-29 |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1567-7230 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record |
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Open Access |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:80494 |
Serial |
8081 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Horemans, B.; Krata, A.; Buczyńska, A.J.; Dirtu, A.C.; van Meel, K.; Van Grieken, R.; Bencs, L. |
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Title |
Major ionic species in size-segregated aerosols and associated gaseous pollutants at a coastal site on the Belgian North Sea |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Journal of environmental monitoring |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
11 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
670-677 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
The chemical composition of airborne particulate matter (PM) was studied at a coastal region near De Haan, Belgium, during a winterspring and a summer campaign in 2006. The major ionic components of size-segregated PM, i.e. NH4+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO3-, and SO42-, and related gaseous pollutants (SO2, NO2, NH3, HNO2, and HNO3) were monitored on a daily basis. Air mass backward-trajectories aided in evaluating the origin of the diurnal pollution load. This was characterised with high levels of fine secondary inorganic aerosols (NH4+, NO3-, and non-sea-salt SO42-) for continental air masses, and sea-salts as the dominant species in coarse maritime aerosols. Seasonal variations in the level of major ionic species were explained by weather conditions and the release of dimethyl sulfide from marine regions. This species was responsible for an increased sea-salt Cl- depletion during summer (56%), causing elevated levels of HCl. Neutralisation ratios for the coarse fraction (0.60.8) suggested a depleted NH4+ level, while that for the fine fraction (1.11.3) had definitely an excess of NH4+, formed by the neutralisation of HCl. The results of factor analysis and the extent of SO2 oxidation indicated that the major ionic species originated from both local and remote sources, classifying the Belgian coastal region as a combined sourcereceptor area of air pollution. |
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Wos |
000264098400022 |
Publication Date |
2008-12-24 |
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Series Editor |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1464-0325; 1464-0333 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:74341 |
Serial |
8196 |
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Author |
Marguí, E.; van Meel, K.; Van Grieken, R.; Buendía, A.; Fontás, C.; Hidalgo, M.; Queralt, I. |
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Title |
Method for the determination of Pd-catalyst residues in active pharmaceutical ingredients by means of high-energy polarized-beam energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Analytical chemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
81 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
1404-1410 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
In medicinal chemistry, Pd is perhaps the most-widely utilized precious metal, as catalyst in reactions which represent key transformations toward the synthesis of new active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The disadvantage of this metal-catalyzed chemistry is that expensive and toxic metal residues are invariably left bound to the desired product. Thus, stringent regulatory guidelines exist for the amount of residual Pd that a drug candidate is allowed to contain. In this work, a rapid and simple method for the determination of Pd in API samples by high-energy polarized-beam energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry has been developed and validated according to the specification limits of current legislation (10 mg kg−1 Pd) and the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH guidelines). Sample and calibration standards preparation includes a first step of homogenization and then, in a second step, the pressing of the powdered material into pellets without any chemical treatment. The use of several synthetic calibration standards made of cellulose to simulate the API matrix appears to be an effective means to obtain reliable calibration curves with a good spread of data points over the working range. With the use of the best measuring conditions, the limit of detection (0.11 mg kg−1 Pd) as well as the limit of quantitation (0.37 mg kg−1 Pd) achieved meet rigorous requirements. The repeatability of the XRF measurement appeared to be less than 2%, while the precision of the whole method was around 7%. Trueness was evaluated by analyzing spiked API samples at the level of the specification limit and calculating the recovery factor, which was better than 95%. To study the applicability of the developed methodology for the intended purpose, three batches of the studied API were analyzed for their Pd content, and the attained results were comparable to those obtained by the daily routine method (acid digestion plus atomic spectroscopy) used in most pharmaceutical laboratories. |
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Wos |
000263319000015 |
Publication Date |
2009-01-22 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0003-2700; 5206-882x |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:74340 |
Serial |
8220 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Nowak, D.; Florek, M.; Nowak, J.; Kwiatek, W.; Lekki, J.; Chevallier, P.; Hacura, A.; Wrzalik, R.; Ben-Nissan, B.; Van Grieken, R.; Kuczumow, A. |
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Title |
Morphology and the chemical make-up of the inorganic components of black corals |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Materials science and engineering: part C: biomimetic materials |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
29 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
1029-1038 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
Black corals (Cnidaria, Antipatharia) from three different sources were investigated with the aim of detecting inorganic components and their morphology. In general, the skeleton of black corals was composed of the chitin fibrils admixed with peptides and the chitin presence was confirmed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) and microRaman Microscopy, the latter giving the opportunity of tracing single fibrils and their location. The composition and concentrations of the inorganic components of the black corals were measured, using a scanning electron microprobe and micro-Particle Induced X-ray Emission (µ-PIXE). The application of such instruments enabled the estimation of the constituent distributions in a microscale. The mapping option was the most useful technique of making analyses in these studies, just to reveal the composition of chamber-like cells. Analysis of the morphology and microstructure showed that there were three distinct regions within the coral: a core and the cells encircled with adjacent interface gluing strips. The majority of the elements analyzed were selectively distributed and segregated in a striking way in mentioned distinctive zones of the skeleton and it was detected for the first time. The core area was characterized by the relatively elevated concentrations of Ca. The measurements gave extremely clear images of the distribution of particular elements in the skeletal tissue, with I, Ca, K and Fe much more concentrated in the gluing zones, while C, N, Na and Mg present in the interiors of particular skeletal cells. The distribution of some elements (Mg, Fe) and some compounds (chitin) and functional groups (SS, CI) allows differentiating the biological and mechanical functions of particular fragments of the rods. The kinds of elements and their concentrations measured were essentially in compliance with rare data available in the literature. The Raman technique gave the additional qualitative information about the structure of gluing zone and the chitin fibrils and surrounding matrix inside the cell interior. |
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Wos |
000266520400065 |
Publication Date |
2008-09-10 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0928-4931 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:76024 |
Serial |
8284 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Godoi, R.H.M.; Aerts, K.; Harlay, J.; Kaegi, R.; Ro, C.-U.; Chou, L.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Organic surface coating on Coccolithophores – Emiliania huxleyi: its determination and implication in the marine carbon cycle |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Microchemical journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
91 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
266-271 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
Most of the marine precipitation of CaCO3 is due to the biological activities of planktonic and benthic organisms in waters largely oversaturated with respect to calcium carbonates. This saturation state is expected to decrease as CO2 increases in seawater. A conventional view in oceanography suggests that calcium carbonates organisms are preserved in oversaturated waters and dissolve only below the lysocline. However, it has be postulated that a fraction of the CaCO3 precipitated biogenically could dissolve in oversaturated waters due to the formation of microenvironments in which respired CO2 decreases the saturation state of seawater (Ù) in the vicinity of CaCO3 crystals. In the present study, cells of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi obtained from laboratory cultures and field samples collected in the Gulf of Biscay, were examined using variable-energy electron-probe microanalysis, to determine the presence and thickness of their organic coating. In addition, a new approach for transferring micrometer-sized particles from a filter onto transmission electron microscope grids using manipulators was used to investigate individual coccolithophores. The dry thickness of an organic coating over the coccolithophore surface was found to range between 280 and 350 nm. The resemblance of this coating to the carbohydrates produced and released by the cell is discussed as well as their potential for constituting a microenvironment that hosts bacteria. The properties of this organic coating and its role in the preservation/dissolution and export of biogenic carbonates in the water column are one of the major issues of carbonate geochemistry. |
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Wos |
000264238000020 |
Publication Date |
2009-01-02 |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0026-265x; 0026-265x |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:73322 |
Serial |
8346 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Stranger, M.; Potgieter-Vermaak, S.S.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Particulate matter and gaseous pollutants in residences in Antwerp, Belgium |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
|
Year |
2009 |
Publication |
The science of the total environment |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
407 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
1182-1192 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
This comprehensive study, a first in Flanders, Belgium, aimed at characterizing the residential indoor air quality of subgroups that took part in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS I1991 and ECHRS II1996) questionnaire-based asthma and related illnesses studies. This pilot study aimed at the evaluation of particulate matter and various inorganic gaseous compounds in residences in Antwerp. In addition personal exposure to the gaseous compounds of one individual per residence was assessed. The main objective was to obtain some base-line pollutant levels and compare these with studies performed in other cities, to estimate the indoor air quality in residences in Antwerp. Correlations between the various pollutant levels, indoor:outdoor ratios and the micro-environments of each residence were investigated. This paper presents results on indoor and ambient PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentrations, its elemental composition in terms of K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Pb, Al, Si, S and Cl and the water-soluble ionic concentrations in terms of SO42−, NO32−, Cl−, NH4+ K+, Ca2+. In addition, indoor, ambient and personal exposure levels of the gases NO2, SO2, and O3 were determined. Elevated indoor:outdoor ratios were found for NO2 in residences containing gas stoves. In smoker's houses increased PM concentrations of 58 and 43% were found for the fine and coarse fractions respectively. Contrary to the fact that all I/O ratios of the registered elements in each individual house were significantly correlated to each other, no correlation could be established between the I/O ratios of the different houses, thus indicating a unique micro-environment for each residence. Linear relationships between the particulate matter elemental composition, SO2 and O3 levels indoors and outdoors could be established. No linear relationships between indoor and outdoor NO2 and particulate mass concentrations were found. |
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Wos |
000262660800020 |
Publication Date |
2008-11-15 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0048-9697; 1879-1026 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:76002 |
Serial |
8361 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Chou, L.; Harlay, J.; Roevros, N.; Lannuzel, D.; Rebreanu, L.; van der Zee, C.; Lapernat, P.-E.; Daro, M.-H.; Aerts, K.; Godoi, R.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Role of oceanic production and dissolution of calcium carbonate in climate change (CCCC): final report |
Type |
Minutes and reports |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
Minutes and reports; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Wos |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
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ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:80696 |
Serial |
8486 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Krata, A.; Kontozova-Deutsch, V.; Bencs, L.; Deutsch, F.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Single-run ion chromatographic separation of inorganic and low-molecular-mass organic anions under isocratic elution: application to environmental samples |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Talanta : the international journal of pure and applied analytical chemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
79 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
16-21 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
For the isocratic ion chromatography (IC) separation of low-molecular-mass organic acids and inorganic anions three different anion-exchange columns were studied: IonPac AS14 (9 ìm particle size), Allsep A-2 (7 ìm particle size), and IC SI-50 4E (5 ìm particle size). A complete baseline separation for all analyzed anions (i.e., F−, acetate, formate, Cl−, NO2−, Br−, NO3−, HPO42− and SO42−) in one analytical cycle of shorter than 17 min was achieved on the IC SI-50 4E column, using an eluent mixture of 3.2 mM Na2CO3 and 1.0 mM NaHCO3 with a flow rate of 1.0 mL min−1. On the IonPac AS14 column, it was possible to separate acetate from inorganic anions in one run (i.e., less than 9 min), but not formate, under the following conditions: 3.5 mM Na2CO3 plus 1.0 mM NaHCO3 with a flow rate of 1.2 mL min−1. Therefore, it was necessary to adapt a second run with a 2.0 mM Na2B4O7 solution as an eluent under a flow rate of 0.8 mL min−1 for the separation of organic ions, which considerably enlarged the analysis time. For the Allsep A-2 column, using an eluent mixture of 1.2 mM Na2CO3 plus 1.5 mM NaHCO3 with a flow rate of 1.6 mL min−1, it was possible to separate almost all anions in one run within 25 min, except the fluoride-acetate critical pair. A Certified Multianion Standard Solution PRIMUS for IC was used for the validation of the analytical methods. The lowest RSDs (less than 1%) and the best LODs (0.02, 0.2, 0.16, 0.11, 0.06, 0.05, 0.04, 0.14 and 0.09 mg L−1 for F−, Ac−, For−, Cl−, NO2−, Br−, NO3−, HPO42− and SO42−, respectively) were achieved using the IC SI-50 4E column. This column was applied for the separation of concerned ions in environmental precipitation samples such as snow, hail and rainwater. |
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Corporate Author |
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Place of Publication |
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Language |
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Wos |
000266187600004 |
Publication Date |
2009-03-06 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0039-9140; 1873-3573 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:75475 |
Serial |
8542 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Nguyen, H.L.; Braun, M.; Szaloki, I.; Baeyens, W.; Van Grieken, R.; Leermakers, M. |
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Title |
Tracing the metal pollution history of the Tisza River through the analysis of a sediment depth profile |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Water, air and soil pollution |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
200 |
Issue |
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Pages |
119-132 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
The vertical profiles of 20 major and trace metals were investigated along a 180-cm-long sediment core, which was sampled at Kiss-Janosne-Holt Tisza, an oxbow lake located in the upper part of the Tisza River in Hungary. The vertical profiles showed sharp peaks at different depths, reflecting historical pollution events and unusual changes of river water characteristics. Five different groups of metals, containing metals which were strongly correlated and showing a similar behaviour, could be distinguished by factor analysis. Six areas, with variable degrees and types of contamination, were classified in the sediment core with cluster analysis. The most polluted sections were found in the upper 50-cm part (significantly contaminated by Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and Hg) and the deeper 100120-cm part (characterised by high concentrations of metals associated with mining activities, such as Fe and Mn, as well as Cu, Zn and Pb). In recent years, important pollution events, such as the one which took place in March of 2000, were the reason for pollution of the upper sediment layers, whereas mining activities during the last century were responsible for the pollution of the deeper core sections. |
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Corporate Author |
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Place of Publication |
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Wos |
000266487700012 |
Publication Date |
2008-10-29 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0049-6979; 1573-2932 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:77257 |
Serial |
8695 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Margu'i', E.; Queralt, I.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
X-ray fluorescence analysis, sample preparation for |
Type |
H1 Book chapter |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
1-20
T2 - Sncyclopedia of analytical chemistry / M |
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Keywords |
H1 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
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Place of Publication |
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Wos |
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Series Editor |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
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ISBN |
978-0-471-97670-7 |
Additional Links |
UA library record |
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Impact Factor |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:81641 |
Serial |
8765 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Van Grieken, R.; Potgieter-Vermaak, S.; Darchuk, L.; Worobiec, A. |
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Title |
X ray fluorescence in member states: Belgium: integration of analysis techniques of different scales using X ray induced and electron induced X ray spectrometry for applications in preventive conservation and environmental monitoring |
Type |
A3 Journal article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
XRF newsletter |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
18 |
Pages |
9-13 |
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Keywords |
A3 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP) |
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Edition |
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Additional Links |
UA library record |
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Impact Factor |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:81898 |
Serial |
8766 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Horemans, B.; Worobiec, A.; Buczyńska, A.; van Meel, K.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Airborne particulate matter and BTEX in office environments |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Journal of environmental monitoring |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
10 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
867-876 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP) |
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Abstract |
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Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Language |
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Wos |
000257425300010 |
Publication Date |
2008-06-11 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1464-0325; 1464-0333 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:69425 |
Serial |
7434 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Kontozova-Deutsch, V.; Deutsch, F.; Godoi, R.H.M.; Spolnik, Z.; Wei, W.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Application of EPMA and XRF for the investigation of particulate pollutants in the field of cultural heritage |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Microchimica acta |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
161 |
Issue |
3/4 |
Pages |
465-469 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
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Place of Publication |
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Wos |
000256175600029 |
Publication Date |
2008-01-30 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0026-3672; 1436-5073 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:68798 |
Serial |
7474 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
van Meel, K.; Fontàs, C.; Van Grieken, R.; Queralt, I.; Hidalgo, M.; Marguí, E. |
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Title |
Application of high-energy polarised beam energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to cadmium determination in saline solutions |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
23 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
1034-1037 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Wos |
000257146000017 |
Publication Date |
2008-04-22 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0267-9477 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:69424 |
Serial |
7476 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Godoi, R.H.M.; Potgieter-Vermaak, S.; Godoi, A.F.L.; Stranger, M.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Assessment of aerosol particles within the Rubens' House Museum in Antwerp, Belgium |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
X-ray spectrometry |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
37 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
298-303 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
The majority of researchers, conservators and curators recognise that atmospheric pollution is one of the major threats to works of art. In principle, all atmospheric particles, when deposited onto art objects can be considered harmful because of their potential in causing deterioration. Moreover, under certain conditions, particulate matter can induce and intensify surface damage, particularly because of its potential to serve as centre for moisture condensation and adsorbent of gaseous pollutants. To investigate the potential harm that these particles can cause, comprehensive characterisation of the particulate matter is necessary. Particulate matter was collected at the Rubens' House Museum in Antwerp, Belgium, where a unique exhibit of the paintings and living quarters of Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) are seen. Size segregated aerosol samples were collected for analyses of bulk and single particle elemental and molecular compositions. They were analysed by electron probe micro-analysis, utilising facilities for low-Z element determination, and by energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence, to investigate the elemental composition of individual particles and bulk samples, and by micro Raman spectrometry, to elucidate the molecular composition. Results are interpreted separately and as a whole with the specific aim of identifying compounds that could contribute to the chemical reactions taking place on the surfaces of artefacts and which could potentially cause degradation of the objects. |
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Place of Publication |
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Language |
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Wos |
000258670600004 |
Publication Date |
2008-03-10 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0049-8246 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:69494 |
Serial |
7499 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Ravindra, K.; Sokhi, R.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source attribution, emission factors and regulation |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Atmospheric environment : an international journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
42 |
Issue |
13 |
Pages |
2895-2921 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
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Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
000256845900001 |
Publication Date |
2008-03-04 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1352-2310 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:68424 |
Serial |
7531 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Stranger, M.; Potgieter-Vermaak, S.S.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Characterization of indoor air quality in primary schools in Antwerp, Belgium |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Indoor air: international journal of indoor quality and climate |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
18 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
454-463 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
The indoor air quality of 27 primary schools located in the city centre and suburbs of Antwerp, Belgium, was assessed. The primary aim was to obtain correlations between the various pollutant levels. Indoor:outdoor ratios and the building and classroom characteristics of each school were investigated. This paper presents results on indoor and local outdoor PM2.5 mass concentrations, its elemental composition in terms of K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Pb, Al, Si, S, and Cl, and its black smoke content. In addition, indoor and local outdoor levels of the gases NO2, SO2, O3, and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene isomers) were determined. Black smoke, NO2, SO2 and O3, occurred at indoor:outdoor ratios below unity, indicating their significant outdoor sources. No linear correlation was established between indoor and outdoor levels for PM2.5 mass concentrations and BTEX; their indoor:outdoor ratios exceeded unity except for benzene. Classroom PM2.5 occurred with a different elemental composition than local outdoor PM2.5. The re-suspension of dust because of room occupation is probably the main contributor for the I/O ratios higher than 1 reported for elements typically constituting dust particles. Finally, increased benzene concentrations were reported for classrooms located at the lower levels. |
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Wos |
000261063100004 |
Publication Date |
2008-09-24 |
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ISSN |
0905-6947 |
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UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:72490 |
Serial |
7629 |
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Author |
Kontozova-Deutsch, V.; Deutsch, F.; Krata, A.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Charakterystyka i wpływ zanieczyszczeń powietrza na eksponaty w muzeach |
Type |
A3 Journal article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Análityka |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
1 |
Pages |
64-68 |
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Keywords |
A3 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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UA library record |
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no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:67549 |
Serial |
7637 |
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Author |
Ravindra, K.; Stranger, M.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Chemical characterization and multivariate analysis of atmospheric PM2.5 particles |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Journal of atmospheric chemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
59 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
199-218 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
The new European Council Directive (PE-CONS 3696/07) frames the inhalable (PM10) and fine particles (PM2.5) on priority to chemically characterize these fractions in order to understand their possible relation with health effects. Considering this, PM2.5 was collected during four different seasons to evaluate the relative abundance of bulk elements (Cl, S, Si, Al, Br, Cu, Fe, Ti, Ca, K, Pb, Zn, Ni, Mn, Cr and V) and water soluble ions (F−, Cl−, NO2 −, NO3 −, SO4 2−, Na+, NH4 +, Ca2+ and Mg2+) over Menen, a Belgian city near the French border. The air quality over Menen is influenced by industrialized regions on both sides of the border. The most abundant ionic species were NO3 −, SO4 2− and NH4 +, and they showed distinct seasonal variation. The elevated levels of NO3 − during spring and summer were found to be related to the larger availability of the NOx precursor. The various elemental species analyzed were distinguished into crustal and anthropogenic source categories. The dominating elements were S and Cl in the PM2.5 particles. The anthropogenic fraction (e.g. Zn, Pb, and Cu) shows a more scattered abundance. Furthermore, the ions and elemental data were also processed using principal component analysis and cluster analysis to identify their sources and chemistry. These approach identifies anthropogenic (traffic and industrial) emissions as a major source for fine particles. The variations in the natural/anthropogenic fractions of PM2.5 were also found to be a function of meteorological conditions as well as of long-range transport of air masses from the industrialized regions of the continent. |
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Wos |
000258087700004 |
Publication Date |
2008-07-08 |
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ISSN |
0167-7764 |
ISBN |
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UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:70640 |
Serial |
7643 |
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Author |
Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Editorial: Award for best XRS referee during 2007-2008 |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
X-ray spectrometry |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
37 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
571-571 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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000261116500014 |
Publication Date |
2008-10-20 |
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ISSN |
0049-8246 |
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UA library record; WoS full record |
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no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:71121 |
Serial |
7831 |
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Author |
Kontozova-Deutsch, V.; Krata, A.; Deutsch, F.; Bencs, L.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Efficient separation of acetate and formate by ion chromatography: application to air samples in a cultural heritage environment |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Talanta : the international journal of pure and applied analytical chemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
75 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
418-423 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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000255270700015 |
Publication Date |
2007-11-26 |
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ISSN |
0039-9140; 1873-3573 |
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UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:67547 |
Serial |
7854 |
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Author |
Dirtu, A.C.; Ravindra, K.; Roosens, L.; Van Grieken, R.; Neels, H.; Blust, R.; Covaci, A. |
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Title |
Fast analysis of decabrominated diphenyl ether using low-pressure gas chromatography.electron-capture negative ionization mass spectrometry |
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A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Journal of chromatography : A |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
1186 |
Issue |
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Pages |
295-301 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Toxicological Centre |
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000254884700024 |
Publication Date |
2007-07-23 |
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ISSN |
0021-9673 |
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UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:67546 |
Serial |
7957 |
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Author |
Marguí, E.; Fontàs, C.; van Meel, K.; Van Grieken, R.; Queralt, I.; Hidalgo, M. |
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Title |
High-energy polarized-beam energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis combined with activated thin layers for cadmium determination at trace levels in complex environmental liquid samples |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Analytical chemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
80 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
2357-2364 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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000254593500015 |
Publication Date |
2008-03-08 |
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ISSN |
0003-2700; 5206-882x |
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UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:68425 |
Serial |
8032 |
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Author |
Worobiec, A.; Zwozdziak, A.; Sówka, I.; Zwozdziak, J.; Stefaniak, E.A.; Buczyńska, A.; Krata, A.; van Meel, K.; Van Grieken, R.; Górka, M.; Jedrysek, M.-O. |
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Title |
Historical changes in air pollution in the tri-border region of Poland, Czech Republic and Germany |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Environment protection engineering |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
34 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
81-90 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP) |
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Abstract |
In this study, we show the trends in the concentration Of SO2 and particulate matter (PM) in two health resorts, located in the tri-border region of Poland, Germany and Czech Republic. We analyze the annual time series and the seasonal variability of PM concentration for the months of July and February over the period of 1996-2007. Additionally, in July 2006, we measured the mean 24-hour concentration of PM and the content of heavy metals (by EDXRF analysis). We prove that nowadays air pollution in this region has diminished to a large extent as compared to the 90s of the last century. In Cieplice, the local influence is still evident; while Czerniawa is exposed to a periodical advection of polluted air from regional sources. |
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000262019500010 |
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ISSN |
0324-8828 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:72491 |
Serial |
8044 |
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Author |
Darchuk, L.A.; Zaverbna, L.V.; Bebeshko, V.G.; Worobiec, A.; Stefaniak, E.A.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Infrared investigation of hard human teeth tissues exposed to various doses of ionizing radiation from the 1986 Chernobyl accident |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Spectroscopy |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
22 |
Issue |
2/3 |
Pages |
105-111 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP) |
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000256194800004 |
Publication Date |
2012-04-29 |
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ISSN |
0712-4813 |
ISBN |
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UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:68796 |
Serial |
8100 |
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