“Elemental abundance variation with particle-size in north florida aerosols”. Johansson TB, Van Grieken RE, Winchester JW, Journal of geophysical research 81, 1039 (1976). http://doi.org/10.1029/JC081I006P01039
Abstract: A nonurban base line has been established for nine trace element constituents of aerosol particles as a function of particle size at ground level sampling stations in north Florida up to 50 km from the Gulf of Mexico. The particle size range 0.25- to >4-μm aerodynamic diameter was investigated by cascade impactor sampling and elemental analysis by proton-induced X ray emission. By using a strategy of sampling at urban, forest, and coastal locations and by choosing approximately 48-hour sample averaging intervals the potential dependence of the base line levels both on local pollution and natural sources and on local particle size specific aerosol removal processes could be evaluated. It is found that elements contained in the largest particles, especially those of >4 μm, display the greatest degree of average concentration difference between sites, a result suggesting short atmospheric residence times and the importance of local dispersion sources and atmospheric cleansing processes in regulating the particle concentrations in air. Elements contained in particles of <2-μm diameter show little average concentration difference between sites unless they are influenced by local pollution sources, a finding suggesting that their concentrations in air are regulated by large-scale sources and transport processes. Sulfur in the smallest particles shows a marked constancy of concentration, but it may be modified in the largest particle size ranges in relation to proximity to the seacoast. No evidence is found for dependence of particulate sulfur concentrations on local pollution sources. K, Ca, Ti, Fe, and Zn appear to be regulated in the main by terrestrial source processes, and Cl by marine source processes, but Br and Pb appear to be accounted for adequately by assuming automotive fuel combustion as their major source. Limited data obtained for V indicate that it may vary considerably with fluctuations in aerosol transport from oil-fired electric power plant sources in the region. Limited additional data also suggest that Mn is derived from sources of natural terrestrial composition. In view of these findings, certain criteria may be set for the design of a meaningful nonurban aerosol monitoring network.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1029/JC081I006P01039
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“Enrichment procedures for water analysis by X-ray energy spectrometry”. Van Grieken R, Bresseleers K, Smits J, Vanderborght B, Vanderstappen M, (1976)
Keywords: P3 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Filter absorption correction for X-ray fluorescence analysis of aerosol loaded filters”. Van Grieken R, Adams F, (1976)
Keywords: P3 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Folding of aerosol loaded filters during X-ray fluorescence analysis”. Van Grieken RE, Adams FC, X-ray spectrometry 5, 61 (1976). http://doi.org/10.1002/XRS.1300050204
Abstract: Folding aerosol loaded filters in two with the loaded side inwards during the X-ray analysis not only reduces possible filter heterogeneity effects and improves sample protection, but also increases the sensitivity and renders filter paper absorption corrections simple and more accurate in many instances. It is shown that folding an aerosol loaded Whatman filter paper during Kα X-rays counting leads to an increased sensitivity for all elements up from calcium, scandium or titanium (depending on the sensitivity definition and on the aerosol load) and for all elements up from phosphorus, sulphur or chlorine in the case of the Nuclepore filter. Although the absorption by the filter, into which the aerosol penetrates to some extent, is always more important in the sandwich than in the usual geometry, the dependence of the absorption correction on the usually unknown average deposition depth is less pronounced. Assuming all the aerosol material to be collected at the very surface of the filter and hence being present in the centre of the sandwich to be analysed, leads to an extremely simple filter paper absorption correction which is less prone to uncertainties than more sophisticated corrections in the usual geometry requiring additional measurements. This is the case for all elements up from potassium on Whatman filters and up from phosphorus on Nuclepore filters.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1002/XRS.1300050204
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“Geophysical applicability of aerosol size distribution measurements using cascade impactors and proton-induced X-ray-emission”. Van Grieken RE, Johansson TB, Akselsson KR, Winchester JW, Nelson JW, Chapman KR, Atmospheric environment : an international journal 10, 571 (1976). http://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(76)90040-8
Abstract: Proton Induced X-ray Emission, (PIXE), is capable of high precision analysis for trace element components of aerosol particle size fractions sampled by cascade impactor. A statistical evaluation of data quality has been carried out in order to distinguish between analytical uncertainties in the PIXE procedure, errors caused by cascade impactor performance and by other factors in the sampling procedure, and geophysical causes of differences in composition and particle size distributions of the elements in aerosols. Replicate analyses and simultaneous samplings taken in north Florida and St. Louis have been used for the data evaluation. In addition to the analytical error the sampling procedure contributes an error of ~ 10% to be added quadratically. The resulting precision is sufficient to evaluate the data in geophysical terms. This is illustrated by means of sample sets taken simultaneously in an urban, forest and coastal environment of the same region.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(76)90040-8
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“Materiaaltransfer van de oceaan naar de atmosfeer”. Van Grieken R, Mededelingen en informatie , 15 (1976)
Keywords: A3 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Trace metal analysis of sediments and particulate matter in sea water by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence”. Vanderstappen M, Van Grieken R, Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 282, 25 (1976). http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00443774
Abstract: The capability of energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence was investigated for fast and simple chemical analysis of trace elements in sediments and particulate matter in sea water. Nuclepore 0.4 μm pore-size membranes are recommended as optimal filters for a straightforward collection of suspended material. The collection of suspended trace metals by filtration seemed to give a sufficiently homogeneous filter load (s% <2.5). Data are presented on the concentrations of K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Pb, Rb and Sr with a fair precision (s% < 5.6) and accuracy.
Keywords: A3 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1007/BF00443774
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Gijbels R, van Grieken R (1977) Application of analytical methods for trace elements in geothermal waters : part 1 : Amélie-les-Bains (Eastern Pyrenees). S.l
Keywords: MA3 Book as author; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Application of trace element analysis to geothermal waters”. Gijbels R, van Grieken R, Blommaert W, Vandelannoote R, Van 't dack L, , 429 (1977)
Keywords: P3 Proceeding; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Analysis of X-ray spectra excited by X rays, electrons, and protons in monazite”. Annegarn HJ, Madiba CCP, Sellschop JPF, Genz H, Hoffmann DHH, Low W, Richter A, Van Grieken RE, Physical review : C : nuclear physics 16, 379 (1977). http://doi.org/10.1103/PHYSREVC.16.379
Abstract: Mineral monazite from Malaysia has been investigated by energy dispersive x-ray analysis employing three different methods: x-ray, relativistic electron and proton induced excitation. An upper limit of 15 ppm has been placed on the possible concentration of the superheavy element with Z=126.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1103/PHYSREVC.16.379
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“Chelex-100 ion-exchange filter membranes for preconcentration in x-ray-fluorescence analysis of water”. Van Grieken RE, Bresseleers CM, Vanderborght BM, Analytical chemistry 49, 1326 (1977). http://doi.org/10.1021/AC50017A011
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1021/AC50017A011
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“Enrichment of trace metals in water by adsorption on activated carbon”. Vanderborght BM, Van Grieken RE, Analytical chemistry 49, 311 (1977)
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Martime influences on the atmospheric aerosol composition”. Van Grieken R page 139 (1977).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Optimization of a simple spotting procedure for x-ray fluorescence analysis of waters”. Smits J, Van Grieken R, Analytica chimica acta 88, 97 (1977). http://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)96053-2
Abstract: Several sample preparation methods for waters for energy-dispersive x.r.f. were examined, as well as the influence of sample size on the analytical characteristics. The most satisfactory simple, rapid method proved to be spotting of 1.5 ml of water sample on a Whatman-41 cellulose filter paper provided with a wax ring of 29-mm diameter and evaporating the water with an unheated air stream from underneath. Sensitivities are below 100 p.p.b. for most elements and often below 50 p.p.b. when the optimal secondary fluorescer is used. Accuracy and precision are usually in the 1520 % range. The method is applicable to many dilute aqueous solutions as is illustrated by analysis of industrial water samples and ashed biological material.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/S0003-2670(01)96053-2
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“Reduction of trace metal levels in analytical-grade activated carbon”. Vanderborght B, Van Grieken R, Analytica chimica acta 89, 399 (1977). http://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)84739-5
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/S0003-2670(01)84739-5
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“Geothermal water analysis by X-ray fluorescence and neutron activation”. van Grieken R, Gijbels R, Blommaert W, Vandelannoote R, Van 't dack L US Energy Research and Development Administration, S.l., page 368 (1978).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Automated evaluation of photographically recorded spark-source mass spectra”. Vanderborght B, Van Grieken R, Analytica chimica acta 103, 223 (1978). http://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)84041-1
Abstract: A computer routine was developed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of photographically recorded spark-source mass spectra. Particular attention is given to the case of a graphite matrix. The program starts from the line intensities (expressed as Seidel values) and isotope masses calculated from the densitometer readings by a commercially available routine. From the intensities in the different exposures (typically 15 stages), it computes the parameters for the linear parts of the density curves for each ion. Taking into account mutual interferences of multivalent ions, isotope or C-clusters, oxide, carbide and dicarbide ions, the program automatically identifies and then quantifies the elements present. The precision of the results is around 5%. Reading and complete processing of one photoplate is achieved within 23 h.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/S0003-2670(01)84041-1
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“Co-crystallization with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol, and X-ray fluorescence, for trace metal analysis of water”. Vanderstappen MG, Van Grieken RE, Talanta : the international journal of pure and applied analytical chemistry 25, 653 (1978). http://doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(78)80166-0
Abstract: Adding 20mg of 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) to a water sample at 70°, and filtering off the precipitate after cooling, gives efficient preconcentration prior to X-ray fluorescence analysis of water. Up to the capacity of about 100 μeq of PAN used, the trace metal recoveries are around 90% or higher for Cr3+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Hg2+ and Eu3+, and above 70% for many other ions. The recovery yields usually do not vary critically with pH in the neutral pH-range, and are practically independent of the sample salinity, sample volume and trace-metal concentration. Enrichment factors as high as 2 × 105 can be achieved. Counting statistics would then allow detection limits of 0.03 ppM. The blank levels in commercial PAN, however, lead to typical detection limits of about 1 ppm. The coefficient of variation is typically in the 510% range at the 10-ppM level. The accuracy and applicability of the procedure are illustrated by comparative analyses on samples of synthetic solutions, river and drinking water.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/0039-9140(78)80166-0
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“Determination of protein-bound copper and zinc in some organs of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis L”. Decleir W, Vlaeminck A, Geladi P, Van Grieken R, Comparative biochemistry and physiology : B : biochemistry and molecular biology 60, 347 (1978). http://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(78)90057-3
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(78)90057-3
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“The major-element composition of suspended matter in the Zaire river and estuary”. Sholkovitz ER, Van Grieken R, Eisma D, Netherlands journal of sea research 12, 407 (1978). http://doi.org/10.1016/0077-7579(78)90042-X
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/0077-7579(78)90042-X
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“Synthesis of a chelating cellulose filter with 2,2-diaminodiethylamine functional groups”. Smits J, Van Grieken R, Zeitschrift für angewandte Makromolekare Chemie 72, 105 (1978)
Keywords: A3 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Trace element composition of Zaire suspended sediments”. Martin J-M, Thomas AJ, Van Grieken RE, Netherlands journal of sea research 12, 414 (1978). http://doi.org/10.1016/0077-7579(78)90043-1
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/0077-7579(78)90043-1
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“Trace metal analysis of water containing humic substances by X-ray fluorescence”. Vanderborght BM, Van Grieken RE, International journal of environmental analytical chemistry 5, 221 (1978). http://doi.org/10.1080/03067317808071147
Abstract: Chelation by oxine followed by adsorption on activated carbon results in the efficient collection of many trace metal ions, independent of the trace metal concentration and of high alkali and alkaline earth ion abundances. Preconcentration factors around 10000 are often achieved. When this preconcentration procedure is combined with energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence, accurate and precise analysis can be carried out, as was proven in several experiments. The technique can also be applied for the determination of divalent ions in natural waters containing up to 10 ppm of humic substances. Trivalent ions can quantitatively be collected from natural water provided suKicient activated carbon is added. Omitting the oxine chelation prior to the activated carbon adsorption step still results in collection of a sometimes important fraction of the trace metal ions from natural waters. This is related to organically bound or colloidal forms of the trace metals.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1080/03067317808071147
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“L'analyse des eaux géothermales par spectrométrie de masse à, étincelles”. Vandelannoote R, Blommaert W, van Grieken R, Gijbels R, Spectra 2000: la revue de l'instrumentation 53, 66 (1979)
Keywords: A3 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Aspectos geoquimicos da Formaçao Longa (Devoniano Superior do Piaui-Maranhao)”. Duarte PJ, Mabesoone JM, Van Grieken R, Delgado A, Estudos geologicos 3, 79 (1979)
Keywords: A3 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Background aerosol concentrations at the Namib-Atlantic interface”. Annegarn HJ, Van Grieken RE, Winchester JW, Sellschop JPF, von Blottnitz F, (1979)
Keywords: P3 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Comparison of preconcentration procedures for trace metals in natural waters”. Smits J, Nelissen J, Van Grieken R, Analytica chimica acta 111, 215 (1979). http://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)93264-7
Abstract: The relative merits of eight procedures for preconcentrations of trace metal ions from natural water samples and synthetic solutions are evaluated. Spikes (100 μg l−1 ) of Mn, Co, Zn, Eu, Cs and Ba and the corresponding radioactive tracers were added to batches of drinking water, estuarine water, sea water, ground water, twice-distilled water and ahumic material solution. After equilibration for 25 months, the following techniques were applied: passage through columns of Dowex Al chelating resin and ofsilylated silica gel, filtration through laminate membrane filters and chelating diethylenetriamine cellulose filters, precipitation with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate and l-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol, extraction with ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate, and chelation by 8-quinolinol (oxine) followed by adsorption on activated carbon. The quantitative characteristics of these techniques and the influence of the water matrix effects are discussed, as well as the applicability for x-ray fluorescence analysis.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/S0003-2670(01)93264-7
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“Effective sample weight from scatter peaks in energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence”. van Espen P, Van 't dack L, Adams F, Van Grieken R, Analytical chemistry 51, 961 (1979). http://doi.org/10.1021/AC50043A042
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Chemometrics (Mitac 3)
DOI: 10.1021/AC50043A042
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“Soil analysis by thin-film energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence”. Van Grieken R, Van 't dack L, Costa Dantas C, Da Silveira Dantas H, Analytica chimica acta 108, 93 (1979). http://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)93044-2
Abstract: Energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence is advantageous for trace analysis of soils present as thin films. A target thickness of about 2 mg cm-2 provides a compromise between optimal sensitivity and minimal absorption effect or optimal accuracy. Sample preparation involves only suspending the finely ground soil in water and drying this suspension on a thin mylar foil glued on a ring that fits into the x.r.f. spectrometer. The effective sample weight present in the exciting beam area is computed from the scatter peaks, a method that cancels out target heterogeneity problems. High accuracy is demonstrated for many elements in reference soil and rock materials; a precision around 5% and a detection limit around 10 ppm can be achieved. As an illustration, results for 16 trace elements and preliminary interpretation are given for a series of pedologically important soil samples from Brasil.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/S0003-2670(01)93044-2
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“Spark-source mass-spectrometric sensitivity factors for elements in a graphite matrix”. Vanderborght B, Van Grieken R, Talanta : the international journal of pure and applied analytical chemistry 26, 461 (1979). http://doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(79)80111-3
Abstract: Relative sensitivity factors for determination of 41 elements by spark-source mass-spectrometry have been measured. The samples were pressed into graphite electrodes and ionized with a radiofrequency spark. The mass spectra were recorded on a photoplate and the resulting data processed by a computer. Indium was used as standard and the relative sensitivity factors for both singly- and doubly-charged ions were determined with reference to the singly-charged indium ion, with an overall error of 30%. The mean analysis precision was 16%.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/0039-9140(79)80111-3
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