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	Author	Ayalew, E.; Janssens, K.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Unraveling the reactivity of minium towards bicarbonate and the role of lead oxides therein			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	88	Issue	3	Pages	1564-1569
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Understanding the reactivity of (semiconductor) pigments provides vital information on how to improve conservation strategies for works of art in order to avoid rapid degradation of the pigments. This study focuses on the photoactivity of minium (Pb3O4), a semiconductor pigment, that gives rise to strong discoloration phenomena upon exposure to various environmental conditions. To demonstrate its photoactivity, an electrochemical setup with minium-modified graphite electrode (C\|Pb3O4) was used. It is confirmed that minium is a p-type semiconductor which is photoactive during illumination and becomes inactive in the dark. Raman measurements confirm the formation of the degradation products. The photoactivity of a semiconductor pigment is partly defined by the presence of lead oxide (PbO) impurities; these introduce new states in the original band gap. It will be experi-mentally evidenced that the presence of PbO particles in minium leads to an upward shift of the valence band that reduces the band gap. Thus, upon photoexcitation, the electron/hole separation is more easily initialized. The PbO/Pb3O4 composite electrodes demonstrate a higher reductive photocurrent compared to the photocurrent registered at pure PbO or Pb3O4 modified electrodes. Upon exposure to light with energy close to and above the band gap, electrons are excited from the valence band to the conduction band to initialize the reduction of Pb(IV) to Pb(II), resulting in the initial formation of PbO. However in the presence of bicarbonate ions, a significantly higher photoreduction current is recorded since the PbO reacts further to form hydrocerussite. Therefore the presence of bicarbonates in the environment stimulates the photodecomposition process of minium and plays an important role in the degradation process.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000369471100014	Publication Date	2015-12-31
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	9	Open Access
	Notes	; The authors acknowledge Sanne Aerts from the Laboratory of Adsorption and Catalysis (LADCA) of the University of Antwerp for her help with the UV-vis-DR. Financial support from the SOLARPAINT BOF-GOA project (University of Antwerp Research Council) is acknowledged. The authors are also indebted to F. Vanmeert for performing the XRD measurements. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:129963			Serial	5888
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	Author	Rahemi, V.; Trashin, S.; Meynen, V.; De Wael, K.
	Title	An adhesive conducting electrode material based on commercial mesoporous titanium dioxide as a support for Horseradish peroxidase for bioelectrochemical applications			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2016	Publication	Talanta : the international journal of pure and applied analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Talanta
	Volume	146	Issue		Pages	689-693
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Laboratory of adsorption and catalysis (LADCA); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	An adhesive conducting electrode material containing of graphite, biocompatible ion exchange polymer nafion® and commercial mesoporous TiO2 impregnated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is prepared and characterized by amperometric, UVvis and N2 sorption methods. The factors influencing the performance of the resulting biosensor are studied in detail. The optimal electrode material consists of 45% graphite, 50% impregnated HRPTiO2 and 5% nafion®. The optimum conditions for H2O2 reduction are an applied potential of 0.3 V and 0.1 mM hydroquinone. Sensitivity and limit of detection in the optimum conditions are 1 A M−1 cm−2 and 1 µM correspondingly. The N2 sorption results show that the pore volume of TiO2 decreases sharply upon adsorption of HRP. The preparation process of the proposed enzyme electrode is straightforward and potentially can be used for preparation of carbon paste electrodes for bioelectrochemical detections.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000363815600093	Publication Date	2015-06-24
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0039-9140; 1873-3573	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.162	Times cited	7	Open Access
	Notes	; The authors thank the Fund for Scientific Research – Flanders (FWO) (Grant G.0687.13), the GOA-BOF UA 2013-2016 (project-ID 28312) for funding and Ward Huybrechts of the University of Antwerp, Laboratory of Adsorption and Catalysis (LADCA) for help with the N<INF>2</INF> sorption. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.162
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:126495			Serial	5458
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	Author	Ranjbari, E.; Hadjmohammadi, M.R.; Kiekens, F.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Mixed hemi/ad-micelle sodium dodecyl sulfate-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for the efficient removal and trace determination of rhodamine-B and rhodamine-6G			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	87	Issue	15	Pages	7894-7901
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Mixed hemi/ad-micelle sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MHAMS-MIONPs) were used as an efficient adsorbent for both removal and preconcentration of two important carcinogenic xanthine dyes named rhodamine-B (RB) and rhodamine-6G (RG). To gain insight in the configuration of SDS molecules on the surface of MIONPs, zeta potential measurements were performed in different [SDS]/[MIONP] ratios. Zeta potential data indicated that mixed hemi/ad-micelle MHAM was formed in [SDS]/[MIONP] ratios over the range of 1.1 to 7.3. Parameters affecting the adsorption of dyes were optimized as removal efficiency by one variable at-a-time and response surface methodology; the obtained removal efficiencies were ∼100%. Adsorption kinetic and equilibrium studies, under the optimum condition (pH = 2; amount of MIONPs = 87.15 mg; [SDS]/[MIONP] ratio = 2.9), showed that adsorption of both dyes are based on the pseudo-second-order and the Langmuir isotherm models, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities for RB and RG were 385 and 323 mg g1, respectively. MHAMS-MIONPs were also applied for extraction of RB and RG. Under optimum conditions (pH = 2; amount of damped MHAMS-MIONPs = 90 mg; eluent solvent volume = 2.6 mL of 3% acetic acid in acetonitrile), extraction recoveries for 0.5 mg L1 of RB and RG were 98% and 99%, with preconcentration factors of 327 and 330, respectively. Limit of detection obtained for rhodamine dyes were <0.7 ng mL1. Finally, MHAMS-MIONPs were successfully applied for both removal and trace determination of RB and RG in environmental and wastewater samples.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000359277900056	Publication Date	2015-07-08
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	36	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2015 IF: 5.636
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:126583			Serial	5730
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	Author	Bertrand, L.; Schoeeder, S.; Anglos, D.; Breese, M.B.H.; Janssens, K.; Moini, M.; Simon, A.
	Title	Mitigation strategies for radiation damage in the analysis of ancient materials			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2015	Publication	Trends in analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Trac-Trend Anal Chem
	Volume	66	Issue		Pages	128-145
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The study of materials in cultural heritage artifacts and micro-samples benefits from diagnostic techniques based on intense radiation sources, such as synchrotrons, ion-beam accelerators and lasers. While most of the corresponding techniques are classified as non-destructive, investigation with photons or charged particles entails a number of fundamental processes that may induce changes in materials. These changes depend on irradiation parameters, properties of materials and environmental factors. In some cases, radiation-induced damage may be detected by visual inspection. When it is not, irradiation may still lead to atomic and molecular changes resulting in immediate or delayed alteration and bias of future analyses. Here we review the effects of radiation reported on a variety of cultural heritage materials and describe the usual practice for assessing short-term and long-term effects. This review aims to raise awareness and encourage subsequent research activities to limit radiation side effects.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000352248200020	Publication Date	2014-12-22
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0165-9936	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	8.442	Times cited	35	Open Access
	Notes	; We wish to acknowledge the support of this initiative by the International Atomic Energy Agency. We gratefully thank Professor Manfred Schreiner of the Institute of Natural Sciences and Technology in the Arts (Akademie den bildenden Kunst, Vienna, Austria) for helpful discussions and insights on this work. We thank all colleagues who accepted to have their work reproduced in this review. IPANEMA at Synchrotron SOLEIL, the Hungarian Academy of Science and IESL-FORTH were supported within the Research Infrastructure program CHARISMA of the 7th Framework Programme of the EU (Grant Agreement no. 228330). MM's contribution is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant numbers CHE 1241672 and CHE 1440849. We thank Chris McGlinchey and Lauren Klein (Museum of Modern Art, New York, USA) for their critical rereading of the manuscript. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 8.442; 2015 IF: 6.472
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:124627			Serial	5729
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	Author	Hamidi-Asl, E.; Daems, D.; De Wael, K.; Van Camp, G.; Nagels, L.J.
	Title	Concentration related response potentiometric titrations to study the interaction of small molecules with large biomolecules			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2014	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	86	Issue	24	Pages	12243-12249
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	In the present article, the utility of a special potentiometric titration approach for recognition and calculation of biomolecule/small molecule interactions is reported. This approach is fast, sensitive, reproducible and inexpensive in comparison to the other methods for the determination of the association constant values (Ka) and the interaction energies (ΔG). The potentiometric titration measurement is based on the use of a classical polymeric membrane indicator electrode in a solution of the small molecule ligand. The biomolecule is used as a titrant. The potential is measured versus a reference electrode and transformed to a concentration related signal over the entire concentration interval, also at low concentrations, where the mV (y-axis) versus logcanalyte (x-axis) potentiometric calibration curve is not linear. In the procedure, the Ka is calculated for the interaction of cocaine with a cocaine binding aptamer and with an anti-cocaine antibody. To study the selectivity and cross-reactivity, other oligonucleotides and aptamers are tested, as well as other small ligand molecules such as tetrakis (4-chlorophenyl)borate, metergoline, lidocaine, and bromhexine. The calculated Ka compared favorably to the value reported in the literature using SPR. The potentiometric titration approach called Concentration related Response Potentiometry, is used to study molecular interaction for 7 macromolecular target molecules and 4 small molecule ligands.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000346683900048	Publication Date	2014-11-13
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	10	Open Access
	Notes	; Financial support for this work was provided by the University of Antwerp by granting L.J.N., K.D.W, G.V.C., and Ronny Blust a POC interdisciplinary research project. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2014 IF: 5.636
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:120164			Serial	5548
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	Author	Monico, L.; Janssens, K.; Vanmeert, F.; Cotte, M.; Brunetti, B.G.; van der Snickt, G.; Leeuwestein, M.; Plisson, J.S.; Menu, M.; Miliani, C.
	Title	Degradation process of lead chromate in paintings by Vincent van Gogh studied by means of spectromicroscopic methods : part 5 : effects of nonoriginal surface coatings into the nature and distribution of chromium and sulfur species in chrome yellow paints			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2014	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	86	Issue	21	Pages	10804-10811
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The darkening of lead chromate yellow pigments, caused by a reduction of the chromate ions to Cr(III) compounds, is known to affect the appearance of several paintings by Vincent van Gogh. In previous papers of this series, we demonstrated that the darkening is activated by light and depends on the chemical composition and crystalline structure of the pigments. In this work, the results of Part 2 are extended and complemented with a new study aimed at deepening the knowledge of the nature and distribution of Cr and S species at the interface between the chrome yellow paint and the nonoriginal coating layer. For this purpose, three microsamples from two varnished paintings by Van Gogh and a waxed low relief by Gauguin (all originally uncoated) have been examined. Because nonoriginal coatings are often present in artwork by Van Gogh and contemporaries, the understanding of whether or not their application has influenced the morphological and/or physicochemical properties of the chrome yellow paint underneath is relevant in view of the conservation of these masterpieces. In all the samples studied, microscopic X-ray fluorescence (mu-XRF) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (mu-XANES) investigations showed that Cr(III)-based alteration products are present in the form of grains inside the coating (generally enriched of S species) and also homogeneously widespread at the paint surface. The distribution of Cr(III) species may be explained by the mechanical friction caused by the coating application by brush that picked up and redistributed the superficial Cr compounds, likely already present in the reduced state as result of the photodegradation process. The analysis of the XANES profiles allowed us to obtain new insights into the nature of the Cr(III) alteration products, that were identified as sulfate-, oxide-, organo-metal-, and chloride-based compounds. Building upon the knowledge acquired through the examination of original paint samples and from the investigation of aged model paints in the last Part 4 paper, in this study we aim to characterize a possible relation between the chemical composition of the coating and the chrome yellow degradation pathways by studying photochemically aged model samples covered with a dammar varnish contaminated with sulfide and sulfate salts. Cr speciation results did not show any evidence of the active role of the varnish and added S species on the reduction process of chrome yellows.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000344510200043	Publication Date	2014-10-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	25	Open Access
	Notes	; This research was supported by the Italian projects PRIN (SICH) and PON (ITACHA). The text also presents results from Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme Belgian Science Policy (S2-ART project S4DA), GOA “XANES meets ELNES” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. ESRF is acknowledged for the grants received (experiments EC-799 and EC-1051). L.M. acknowledges the CNR for the financial support received in the framework of the Short Term Mobility Programme 2013. Thanks are expressed to Ella Hendriks (Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam) and Muriel Geldof (Cultural Heritage Agency of The Netherlands) for selecting and sharing the information on the cross-section taken from Bank of the Seine. All the staff of the Van Gogh Museum, the Kroller-Muller Museum, and the Musee d'Orsay are acknowledged for the agreeable cooperation. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2014 IF: 5.636
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:122100			Serial	5570
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	Author	Anaf, W.; Trashin, S.; Schalm, O.; van Dorp, D.; Janssens, K.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Electrochemical photodegradation study of semiconductor pigments : influence of environmental parameters			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2014	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	86	Issue	19	Pages	9742-9748
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
	Abstract	Chemical transformations in paintings often induce discolorations, disturbing the appearance of the image. For an appropriate conservation of such valuable and irreplaceable heritage objects, it is important to have a good know-how on the degradation processes of the (historical) materials: which pigments have been discolored, what are the responsible processes, and which (environmental) conditions have the highest impact on the pigment degradation and should be mitigated. Pigment degradation is already widely studied, either by analyzing historical samples or by accelerated weathering experiments on dummies. However, in historic samples several processes may have taken place, increasing the complexity of the current state, while aging experiments are time-consuming due to the often extended aging period. An alternative method is proposed for a fast monitoring of degradation processes of semiconductor pigments, using an electrochemical setup mimicking the real environment and allowing the identification of harmful environmental parameters for each pigment. Examples are given for the pigments cadmium yellow (CdS) and vermilion (α-HgS).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000343017100058	Publication Date	2014-08-27
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	18	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2014 IF: 5.636
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:118834			Serial	5593
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	Author	Hellar-Kihampa, H.; Potgieter-Vermaak, S.; De Wael, K.; Lugwisha, E.; van Espen, P.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Concentration profiles of metal contaminants in fluvial sediments of a rural-urban drainage basin in Tanzania			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2014	Publication	International journal of environmental analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Int J Environ An Ch
	Volume	94	Issue	1	Pages	77-98
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	This study investigated concentration profiles of trace, rare earth and platinum group metals in fluvial sediments from the Pangani river basin (43,650 km2), one of the largest river basins in Tanzania, to assess its environmental quality. Sediment samples were collected in two distinct seasons from 12 representative sites of diverse land-use practices and characterised by ICP-MS after optimised microwave digestion. Ecological risks were assessed by evaluation of pollution index and comparison with legislated sediment quality guidelines (SQG). The results revealed contamination by some trace metals (e.g. Pb, V, Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd, As, Co, Mn and Zn) in concentrations ranging from 0.7 to 2940 mg kg−1, and four rare earth elements (Y, Ce, Nd, Yb) in concentrations ranging from 0.9 (Yb) to 500 mg kg−1 dry weight (Ce), which significantly exceeded the estimated background values at some stations. Palladium was the only platinum group element that was detected in quantifiable concentrations (0.33.5 mg kg−1). Concentrations of some trace metals exceeded the SQGs at some localised areas. Principal component analysis and multivariate correlations indicated geochemical characteristics of the area as the major control of metal concentrations and spatial variability. Organic matter and clay contents also played a significant role in metal distributions. Assessment of land-use practices upstream of the sampling locations was used to trace potential anthropogenic sources of metal enrichments, where highest levels were found in areas close to urban centres and agricultural activities. The study provides baseline data for future monitoring programs, and highlights the need for more comprehensive analysis involving a wider spatio-temporal scale and ecotoxicological risk assessment.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000329774500007	Publication Date	2013-05-24
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0306-7319	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	1.208	Times cited	5	Open Access
	Notes	; The participants of this research gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Belgian Development Agency (BTC). The contribution of the Pangani Basin Water Board (PBWB), especially Ms Arafa Maggidi in provision of valuable information and assistance with the sampling campaigns is greatly appreciated. We sincerely acknowledge the assistance of Mr. Elisa Dunstan Kiwelu of Ardhi University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania in mapping the study area; Mr Peter Machibya of the Department of Geology, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania in sediment characterisation; and Dr Valentine Kayawe Mubiana of the Department of Biology, University of Antwerp in ICP-MS analysis. The contributions of six anonymous reviewers, which greatly improved the manuscript for this paper, are highly appreciated. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 1.208; 2014 IF: 1.295
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:109234			Serial	5547
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	Author	Janssens, K.; Alfeld, M.; van der Snickt, G.; de Nolf, W.; Vanmeert, F.; Radepont, M.; Monico, L.; et al.
	Title	The use of synchrotron radiation for the characterization of artists' pigments and paintings			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Annual review of analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Annu Rev Anal Chem
	Volume	6	Issue		Pages	399-425
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	We review methods and recent studies in which macroscopic to (sub)microscopic X-ray beams were used for nondestructive analysis and characterization of pigments, paint microsamples, and/or entire paintings. We discuss the use of portable laboratory- and synchrotron-based instrumentation and describe several variants of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis used for elemental analysis and imaging and combined with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Macroscopic and microscopic (μ-)XRF variants of this method are suitable for visualizing the elemental distribution of key elements in paint multilayers. Technical innovations such as multielement, large-area XRF detectors have enabled such developments. The use of methods limited to elemental analysis or imaging usually is not sufficient to elucidate the chemical transformations that take place during natural pigment alteration processes. However, synchrotron-based combinations of μ-XRF, μ-XAS, and μ-XRD are suitable for such studies.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000323887500019	Publication Date	2013-06-18
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1936-1327	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.435	Times cited	46	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 7.435; 2013 IF: 7.814
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:111315			Serial	5902
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	Author	Buczyńska, A.J.; Geypens, B.; Van Grieken, R.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Stable carbon isotopic ratio measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as a tool for source identification and apportionment : a review of analytical methodologies			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Talanta : the international journal of pure and applied analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Talanta
	Volume	105	Issue		Pages	435-450
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The measurement of the ratio of stable isotopes of carbon (13C/12C expressed as a δ13C) in the individual components of a sample may be used as a means to identify the origin of these components. This article reviews the approaches and reports on the successes and failures of source identification and apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) with the use of compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA). One of the conditions for a precise and accurate analysis of isotope ratios with the use of GC-C-IRMS is the need for well separated peaks, with no co-elutions, and reduced unresolved complex mixture (UCM). Additionally, special care needs to be taken for an investigation of possible isotope fractionation effects introduced during the analytical treatment of samples. With the above-mentioned problems in mind, this review discusses in detail and compares current laboratory methodologies, mainly in the extraction and subsequent clean-up techniques used for environmental samples (air particulate matter, soil and sediments). Sampling strategies, the use of isotopic internal standards and the ranges for precision and accuracy are also reported and discussed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000319088500064	Publication Date	2012-10-30
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0039-9140; 1873-3573	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.162	Times cited	19	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.162; 2013 IF: 3.511
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:102091			Serial	5845
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	Author	Terzano, R.; Alfeld, M.; Janssens, K.; Vekemans, B.; Schoonjans, T.; Vincze, L.; Tomasi, N.; Pinton, R.; Cesco, S.
	Title	Spatially resolved (semi)quantitative determination of iron (Fe) in plants by means of synchrotron micro X-ray fluorescence			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Bioanal Chem
	Volume	405	Issue	10	Pages	3341-3350
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Iron (Fe) is an essential element for plant growth and development; hence determining Fe distribution and concentration inside plant organs at the microscopic level is of great relevance to better understand its metabolism and bioavailability through the food chain. Among the available microanalytical techniques, synchrotron mu-XRF methods can provide a powerful and versatile array of analytical tools to study Fe distribution within plant samples. In the last years, the implementation of new algorithms and detection technologies has opened the way to more accurate (semi)quantitative analyses of complex matrices like plant materials. In this paper, for the first time the distribution of Fe within tomato roots has been imaged and quantified by means of confocal mu-XRF and exploiting a recently developed fundamental parameter-based algorithm. With this approach, Fe concentrations ranging from few hundreds of ppb to several hundreds of ppm can be determined at the microscopic level without cutting sections. Furthermore, Fe (semi)quantitative distribution maps were obtained for the first time by using two opposing detectors to collect simultaneously the XRF radiation emerging from both sides of an intact cucumber leaf.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000316338700033	Publication Date	2013-02-07
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1618-2642	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	3.431	Times cited	27	Open Access
	Notes	; Research was supported by grants from Italian MIUR (FIRB-Programma “Futuro in Ricerca”) and Free University of Bolzano (TN5046 and TN5056). Synchrotron experiments at HASY-LAB were financially supported by the European Community Research Infrastructure Action under the FP6 “Structuring the European Research Area” Program I (Integrating Activity on Synchrotron and Free Electron Laser Science; project: contract RII3-CT-2004-506008). Matthias Alfeld receives a Ph.D. fellowship of the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO). We thank Karen Rickers-Appel for her scientific and technical support in obtaining the experimental data at Beamline L (HASYLAB, DESY, Hamburg, Germany). ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 3.431; 2013 IF: 3.578
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:108261			Serial	5838
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	Author	Monico, L.; Janssens, K.; Miliani, C.; van der Snickt, G.; Brunetti, B.G.; Guidi, M.C.; Radepont, M.; Cotte, M.
	Title	Degradation process of lead chromate in paintings by Vincent van Gogh studied by means of spectromicroscopic methods : 4 : artificial aging of model samples of co-precipitates of lead chromate and lead sulfate			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	85	Issue	2	Pages	860-867
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Previous investigations about the darkening of chrome yellow pigments revealed that this form of alteration is attributable to a reduction of the original Cr(VI) to Cr(III), and that the presence of sulfur-containing compounds, most often sulfates, plays a key role during this process. We recently demonstrated that different crystal forms of chrome yellow pigments (PbCrO4 and PbCr1xSxO4) are present in paintings by Vincent van Gogh. In the present work, we show how both the chemical composition and the crystalline structure of lead chromate-based pigments influence their stability. For this purpose, oil model samples made with in-house synthesized powders of PbCrO4 and PbCr1xSxO4 were artificially aged and characterized. We observed a profound darkening only for those paint models made with PbCr1xSxO4, rich in SO42 (x ≥ 0.4), and orthorhombic phases (>30 wt %). Cr and S K-edge micro X-ray absorption near edge structure investigations revealed in an unequivocal manner the formation of up to about 60% of Cr(III)-species in the outer layer of the most altered samples; conversely, independent of the paint models chemical composition, no change in the S-oxidation state was observed. Analyses employing UVvisible diffuse reflectance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were performed on unaged and aged model samples in order to obtain additional information on the physicochemical changes induced by the aging treatment.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000313668400032	Publication Date	2012-10-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	49	Open Access
	Notes	; This research was supported by grants from ESRF (experiment EC-799), the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme-Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16), and the BELSPO-SDD S2-ART (SD/RI/04) project. The text also presents results from GOA “XANES meets ELNES” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. The EU FP7 programme CHARISMA (Grant Agreement 228330) and MIUR (PRIN08, Materiali e sistemi innovativi per la conservazione dell'arte contemporanea 2008 FFXXN9) are also acknowledged. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2013 IF: 5.825
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:110471			Serial	5569
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Monico, L.; Janssens, K.; Miliani, C.; Brunetti, B.G.; Vagnini, M.; Vanmeert, F.; Falkenberg, G.; Abakumov, A.; Lu, Y.; Tian, H.; Verbeeck, J.; Radepont, M.; Cotte, M.; Hendriks, E.; Geldof, M.; van der Loeff, L.; Salvant, J.; Menu, M.;
	Title	Degradation process of lead chromate in paintings by Vincent van Gogh studied by means of spectromicroscopic methods : 3 : synthesis, characterization, and detection of different crystal forms of the chrome yellow pigment			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	85	Issue	2	Pages	860-867
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The painter, Vincent van Gogh, and some of his contemporaries frequently made use of the pigment chrome yellow that is known to show a tendency toward darkening. This pigment may correspond to various chemical compounds such as PbCrO4 and PbCr1-xSxO4, that may each be present in various crystallographic forms with different tendencies toward degradation. Investigations by X-ray diffraction (XRD), mid-Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR), and Raman instruments (benchtop and portable) and synchrotron radiation-based micro-XRD and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy performed on oil-paint models, prepared with in-house synthesized PbCrO4 and PbCr1-xSxO4, permitted us to characterize the spectroscopic features of the various forms. On the basis of these results, an extended study has been carried out on historic paint tubes and on embedded paint microsamples taken from yellow-orange/pale yellow areas of 12 Van Gogh paintings, demonstrating that Van Gogh effectively made use of different chrome yellow types. This conclusion was also confirmed by in situ mid-FTIR investigations on Van Goghs Portrait of Gauguin (Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000313668400031	Publication Date	2012-10-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700;1520-6882;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	79	Open Access
	Notes	Goa; Fwo			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2013 IF: 5.825
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:108707UA @ admin @ c:irua:108707			Serial	631
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	Author	Bings, N.H.; Bogaerts, A.; Broekaert, J.A.C.
	Title	Atomic spectroscopy			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2013	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	85	Issue	2	Pages	670-704
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000313668400013	Publication Date	2012-11-07
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700;1520-6882;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	29	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2013 IF: 5.825
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:104719			Serial	190
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Anaf, W.; Horemans, B.; Van Grieken, R.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Chemical boundary conditions for the classification of aerosol particles using computer controlled electron probe microanalysis			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2012	Publication	Talanta : the international journal of pure and applied analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Talanta
	Volume	101	Issue		Pages	420-427
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	A method for the classification of individual aerosol particles using computer controlled electron probe microanalysis is presented. It is based on chemical boundary conditions (CBC) and enables quick and easy processing of a large set of elemental concentration data (mass%), derived from the X-ray spectra of individual particles. The particles are first classified into five major classes (sea salt related, secondary inorganic, minerals, iron-rich and carbonaceous), after which advanced data mining can be performed by examining the elemental composition of particles within each class into more detail (e.g., by ternary diagrams). The CBC method is validated and evaluated by comparing its results with the output obtained with hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) for well-known standard particles as well as real aerosol particles collected with a cascade impactor. The CBC method gives reliable results and has a major advantage compared to HCA. CBC is based on boundary conditions that are derived from chemical logical thinking and does not require a translation of a mathematical algorithm output as does HCA. Therefore, the CBC method is more objective and enables comparison between samples without intermediate steps.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000313084400061	Publication Date	2012-09-30
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0039-9140; 1873-3573	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.162	Times cited	3	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.162; 2012 IF: 3.498
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:101336			Serial	5511
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	Author	van der Snickt, G.; Janssens, K.; Dik, J.; de Nolf, W.; Vanmeert, F.; Jaroszewicz, J.; Cotte, M.; Falkenberg, G.; Van der Loeff, L.
	Title	Combined use of synchrotron radiation based micro-X-ray fluorescence, micro-X-ray diffraction, micro-X-ray absorption near-edge, and micro-fourier transform infrared spectroscopies for revealing an alternative degradation pathway of the pigment cadmium yellow in a painting by Van Gogh			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2012	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	84	Issue	23	Pages	10221-10228
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Over the past years a number of studies have described the instability of the pigment cadmium yellow (CdS). In a previous paper we have shown how cadmium sulfide on paintings by James Ensor oxidizes to CdSO4 center dot H2O. The degradation process gives rise to the fading of the bright yellow color and the formation of disfiguring white crystals that are present on the paint surface in approximately 50 mu m sized globular agglomerations. Here, we study cadmium yellow in the painting “Flowers in a blue vase” by Vincent van Gogh. This painting differs from the Ensor case in the fact that (a) a varnish was superimposed onto the degraded paint surface and (b) the CdS paint area is entirely covered with an opaque crust. The latter obscures the yellow color completely and thus presents a seemingly more advanced state of degradation. Analysis of a cross-sectioned and a crushed sample by combining scanning microscopic X-ray diffraction (mu-XRD), microscopic X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (mu-XANES), microscopic X-ray fluorescence (mu-XRF) based chemical state mapping and scanning microscopic Fourier transform infrared (mu-FT-IR) spectrometry allowed unravelling the complex alteration pathway. Although no crystalline CdSO4 compounds were identified on the Van Gogh paint samples, we conclude that the observed degradation was initially caused by oxidation of the original CdS pigment, similar as for the previous Ensor case. However, due to the presence of an overlying varnish containing lead-based driers and oxalate ions, secondary reactions took place. In particular, it appears that upon the photoinduced oxidation of its sulfidic counterion, the Cd2+ ions reprecipitated at the paint/varnish interface after having formed a complex with oxalate ions that themselves are considered to be degradation products of the resin and/or oil in the varnish. The SO42- anions, for their part, found a suitable reaction partner in Pb2+ ions stemming from a dissolved lead-based siccative that was added to the varnish to promote its drying. The resulting opaque anglesite compound in the varnish, in combination with the underlying CdC2O4 layer at the paint/varnish interface, account for the orange-gray crust that is disfiguring the painting on a macroscopic level. In this way, the results presented in this paper demonstrate how, through a judicious combined use of several microanalytical methods with speciation capabilities, many new insights can be obtained from two minute, but highly complex and heterogeneous paint samples.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000311815300013	Publication Date	2012-08-30
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	59	Open Access
	Notes	; This research was supported by BELSPO via the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme (IUAP VI/16) and the S2-ART project (SD/RI/04A) and funded by Grants from the ESRF (EC-442) and PETRA-III (I-20120312 EC). The text also presents results of GOA “XANES meets ELNES” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from FWO (Brussels, Belgium) project nos. G.0103.04, G.0689.06, and G.0704.08. The staff of the Kroller-Muller Museum and painting conservators Margje Leeuwestein and Esther Van Duijn are acknowledged for this pleasant cooperation and the authorization for the publication of the images in this article. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2012 IF: 5.695
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:105971			Serial	5526
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	Author	Pilehvar, S.; Mehta, J.; Dardenne, F.; Robbens, J.; Blust, R.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Aptasensing of chloramphenicol in the presence of its analogues : reaching the maximum residue limit			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2012	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	84	Issue	15	Pages	6753-6758
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	A novel label-free folding induced aptamer-based electrochemical biosensor for the detection of chloramphenicol (CAP) in the presence of its analogues has been developed. CAP is a broad-spectrum antibiotic which has lost its favor due to its serious adverse toxic effects on human health. Aptamers are artificial nucleic acid ligands (ssDNA or RNA) able to specifically recognize a target such as CAP. In this article, the aptamers are fixed onto a gold electrode surface by a self-assembly approach. In the presence of CAP, the unfolded ssDNA on the electrode surface changes to a hairpin structure bringing the target molecules close to the surface and trigger electron transfer. Detection limits were determined to be 1.6×10-9 mol L-1. In addition, thiamphenicol (TAP) and florfenicol (FF), antibiotics with a similar structure to CAP, did not influence the performance of the aptasensor, suggesting a good selectivity of the CAP-aptasensor. Simplicity and lower detection limit (because of the home-selected aptamers) make that the electrochemical aptasensor is suitable for practical use in the detection of CAP in milk samples.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000307159200069	Publication Date	2012-06-20
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	68	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2012 IF: 5.695
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:98816			Serial	5477
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	Author	De Wael, K.; Daems, D.; Van Camp, G.; Nagels, L.J.
	Title	The use of potentiometric sensors to study (bio)molecular interactions			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2012	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	84	Issue	11	Pages	4921-4927
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Potentiometric sensors were used to study molecular interactions in liquid environments, with sensorgram methodology. This is demonstrated with a lipophilic rubber-, and with a collagen based hydrogel sensor coating. The investigated molecules were promazine and tartaric acid respectively. The sensors were placed in a hydrodynamic wall jet system for the recording of sensorgrams. mV sensor responses were first converted to a signal, expressing the concentration of adsorbed organic ions. Using a linearization method, a pseudo first order kinetic model of adsorption was shown to fit the experimental results perfectly. Kass, kon and koff values were calculated.. The technique can be used over 4 decades of concentration, and it is very sensitive to low MW compounds as well as to multiply charged large biomolecules. This study is the first to demonstrate the application of potentiometric sensors as an alternative and complement to SPR methods.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000304783100041	Publication Date	2012-04-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	10	Open Access
	Notes	; Financial support for this work was provided by the University of Antwerp by granting D.D. a BOF interdisciplinary research project. We thank J. Everaert for his help in interpreting the results. K.D.W. and D.D. contributed equally to this work. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2012 IF: 5.695
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:97520			Serial	5898
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Cabal Rodríguez, A.E.; Leyva Pernia, D.; Schalm, O.; van Espen, P.J.M.
	Title	Possibilities of energy-resolved X-ray radiography for the investigation of paintings			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2012	Publication	Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	402	Issue	4	Pages	1471-1480
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	X-ray radiographic images of paintings often show little or no contrast. In order to increase the contrast in radiographic images we measured the X-ray spectrum of a low power X-ray tube, after passing through the painting, with a high energy-resolution SDD detector. To obtain images, the detector is collimated with a 400 mu m diameter pinhole and the painting was moved through the beam in the x and y-direction using a dwell time of a few seconds per pixel. The data obtained consists of a data cube of, typically, 200 x 200 pixels and a 512-channel X-ray spectrum for each pixel, spanning the energy range from 0 to 40 keV. Having the absorbance spectrum available for each pixel, we are able, a posteriori, to produce images by edge subtraction for any given element. In this way high contrast, element-specific, images can be obtained. Because of the high energy-resolution a much simpler edge subtraction algorithm can be applied. We also used principal-component imaging to obtain, in a more automated way, images with high contrast. Some of these images can easily be attributed to specific elements. It turns out that preprocessing of the spectral data is crucial for the success of the multivariate image processing.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000299842000008	Publication Date	2011-07-14
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1618-2642; 1618-2650	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:96200			Serial	8394
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Kontozova-Deutsch, V.; Deutsch, F.; Bencs, L.; Krata, A.; Van Grieken, R.; De Wael, K.
	Title	Optimization of the ion chromatographic quantification of airborne fluoride, acetate and formate in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Talanta : the international journal of pure and applied analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Talanta
	Volume	86	Issue		Pages	372-376
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Ion chromatographic (IC) methods have been compared in order to achieve an optimal separation of fluoride, acetate and formate under various elution conditions on two formerly introduced analytical columns (i and ii) and a novel one (iii): (i) an IonPac AS14 (250 mm × 4 mm I.D.), (ii) Allsep A-2 (150 mm × 4.6 mm I.D.), and (iii) an IC SI-50 4E (250 mm (length) × 4 mm (internal diameter – I.D.)). The IC conditions for the separation of the anions concerned were optimized on the IC SI-50 4E column. A near baseline separation of these anions was attained on the IonPac AS14, whereas the peaks of fluoride and acetate could not be resolved on the Allsep A-2. A baseline separation for the three anions was achieved on the IC SI-50 4E column, when applying an eluent mixture of 3.2 mmol/L Na2CO3 and 1.0 mmol/L NaHCO3 with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The highest precision of 1.7, 3.0 and 2.8% and the best limits of detection (LODs) of 0.014, 0.22 and 0.17 mg/L for fluoride, acetate and formate, respectively, were obtained with the IC SI-50 4E column. Hence, this column was applied for the determination of the acetic and formic acid contents of air samples taken by means of passive gaseous sampling at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, USA. Atmospheric concentrations of acetic and formic acid up to 1050 and 450 μg/m3, respectively, were found in non-aerated showcases of the museum. In galleries and outdoors, rather low levels of acetic and formic acid were detected with average concentrations of 50 and 10 μg/m3, respectively. The LOD data of acetate and formate on the IC SI-50 4E column correspond to around 0.5 μg/m3 for both acetic and formic acid in air samples.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000298126300048	Publication Date	2011-09-24
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0039-9140; 1873-3573	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	4.162	Times cited	19	Open Access
	Notes	; The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of Marco Leona and the staff of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York during the sampling campaigns. The technical assistance and advice by Dr. Takashi Kotsuka and Shodex Benelux are acknowledged as well. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 4.162; 2011 IF: 3.794
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:92066			Serial	5762
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	Author	Lindner, H.; Murtazin, A.; Groh, S.; Niemax, K.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Simulation and experimental studies on plasma temperature, flow velocity, and injector diameter effects for an inductively coupled plasma			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	83	Issue	24	Pages	9260-9266
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	An inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is analyzed by means of experiments and numerical simulation. Important plasma properties are analyzed, namely, the effective temperature inside the central channel and the mean flow velocity inside the plasma. Furthermore, the effect of torches with different injector diameters is studied by the model. The temperature inside the central channel is determined from the end-on collected line-to-background ratio in dependence of the injector gas flow rates. Within the limits of 3% deviation, the results of the simulation and the experiments are in good agreement in the range of flow rates relevant for the analysis of relatively large droplets, i.e., 50 μm. The deviation increases for higher gas flow rates but stays below 6% for all flow rates studied. The velocity of the gas inside the coil region was determined by side-on analyte emission measurements with single monodisperse droplet introduction and by the analysis of the injector gas path lines in the simulation. In the downstream region significantly higher velocities were found than in the upstream region in both the simulation and the experiment. The quantitative values show good agreement in the downstream region. In the upstream region, deviations were found in the absolute values which can be attributed to the flow conditions in that region and because the methods used for velocity determination are not fully consistent. Eddy structures are found in the simulated flow lines. These affect strongly the way taken by the path lines of the injector gas and they can explain the very long analytical signals found in the experiments at low flow rates. Simulations were performed for different injector diameters in order to find conditions where good analyte transport and optimum signals can be expected. The results clearly show the existence of a transition flow rate which marks the lower limit for effective analyte transport conditions through the plasma. A rule-of-thumb equation was extracted from the results from which the transition flow rate can be estimated for different injector diameters and different injector gas compositions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000297946900013	Publication Date	2011-07-29
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700;1520-6882;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	34	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2011 IF: 5.856
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:94001			Serial	3009
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	Author	Romero-Pastor, J.; Duran, A.; Rodríguez-Navarro, A.B.; Van Grieken, R.; Cardell, C.
	Title	Compositional and quantitative microtextural characterization of historic paintings by micro-X-ray diffraction and Raman microscopy			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	83	Issue	22	Pages	8420-8428
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	This work shows the benefits of characterizing historic paintings via compositional and microtextural data from micro-X-ray diffraction (μ-XRD) combined with molecular information acquired with Raman microscopy (RM) along depth profiles in paint stratigraphies. The novel approach was applied to identify inorganic and organic components from paintings placed at the 14th century Islamic UniversityMadrasah Yusufiyyain Granada (Spain), the only Islamic University still standing from the time of Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain). The use of μ-XRD to obtain quantitative microtextural information of crystalline phases provided by two-dimensional diffraction patterns to recognize pigments nature and manufacture, and decay processes in complex paint cross sections, has not been reported yet. A simple Nasrid (14th century) palette made of gypsum, vermilion, and azurite mixed with glue was identified in polychromed stuccos. Here also a Christian intervention was found via the use of smalt, barite, hematite, Brunswick green and gold; oil was the binding media employed. On mural paintings and wood ceilings, more complex palettes dated to the 19th century were found, made of gypsum, anhydrite, barite, dolomite, calcite, lead white, hematite, minium, synthetic ultramarine blue, and black carbon. The identified binders were glue, egg yolk, and oil.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000296830200011	Publication Date	2011-10-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:92679			Serial	7715
Permanent link to this record



	Author	György, K.; Ajtony, Z.; van Meel, K.; Van Grieken, R.; Czitrovszky, A.; Bencs, L.
	Title	Fast heating induced impulse halogenation of refractory sample components in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry by direct injection of a liquid halogenating agent			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Talanta : the international journal of pure and applied analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	85	Issue	3	Pages	1253-1259
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	A novel electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) method was developed for the halogenation of refractory sample components (Er, Nd and Nb) of lithium niobate (LiNbO3) and bismuth tellurite (Bi2TeO5) optical single crystals to overcome memory effects and carry-over. For this purpose, the cleaning step of a regular graphite furnace heating program was replaced with a halogenation cycle. In this cycle, after the graphite tube cooled to room temperature, a 20 μL aliquot of liquid carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was dispensed with a conventional autosampler into the graphite tube. The CCl4 was partially dried at 80 °C under the mini-flow (40 cm3 min−1) condition of the Ar internal furnace gas (IFG), then the residue was decomposed (pyrolyzed) by fast furnace heating at 19002100 °C under interrupted flow of the IFG. This step was followed by a clean-out stage at 2100 °C under the maximum flow of the IFG. The advantage of the present method is that it does not require any alteration to the graphite furnace gas supply system in contrast to most of the formerly introduced halogenation techniques. The effectiveness of the halogenation method was verified with the determination of Er and Nd dopants in the optical crystals. In these analyses, a sensitivity decrease was observed, which was likely due to the enhanced deterioration of the graphite tube surface. Therefore, the application of mathematical correction (resloping) of the calibration was also required. The calibration curves were linear up to 1.5 and 10 μmol L−1 for Er and Nd, respectively. Characteristic masses of 18 and 241 pg and the limit of detection (LOD) values of 0.017 and 0.27 μmol L−1 were found for Er and Nd, respectively. These LOD data correspond to 0.68 μmol mol−1 Er and 11 μmol mol−1 Nd in solid bismuth tellurite samples. The analytical results were compared with those obtained by a conventional ETAAS method and validated with X-ray fluorescence spectrometry analysis.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000294092800006	Publication Date	2011-05-27
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0039-9140; 1873-3573	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:91721			Serial	7960
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Rouchon, V.; Duranton, M.; Burgaud, C.; Pellizzi, E.; Lavédrine, B.; Janssens, K.; de Nolf, W.; Nuyts, G.; Vanmeert, F.; Hellemans, K.
	Title	Room-temperature study of iron gall ink impregnated paper degradation under various oxygen and humidity conditions : time-dependent monitoring by viscosity and X-ray absorption near-edge spectrometry measurements			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	83	Issue	7	Pages	2589-2597
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Many western manuscripts were written using iron gall inks. These inks can damage the paper via two major mechanisms: (a) acid hydrolysis, enhanced by humidity, and (b) oxidative depolymerization provoked by the presence of oxygen and free iron(II) ions. The degradation of unsized Whatman paper impregnated with different combinations of iron sulfate, gallic acid, and gum arabic was studied at room temperature in order to assess the relative importance of each mechanism. The samples were stored in various environments including a dry and/or an oxygen-free atmosphere. The cellulose depolymerization was monitored by viscometry and related to changes in the oxidation state of iron, determined by X-ray absorption near-edge spectrometry. The results indicate that residual amounts of oxygen (less than 0.1%) promote cellulose depolymerization, whereas the level of relative humidity has no impact. The cellulose depolymerization also appears closely correlated to oxidative mechanisms. Regarding the oxidation of iron, it only occurs in the simultaneous presence of oxygen and moisture, suggesting the occurrence of rustlike oxidative mechanisms. Finally, the presence of gallic acid has a strong influence, which is only partially explained by its capacity to reduce iron(III) to iron(II).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000288887700028	Publication Date	2011-03-04
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	28	Open Access
	Notes	; This research was supported by the French Ministry of Culture within the National Program of Research (“La conservation des manuscrits: etude du vieillissement naturel de papiers impregnes d'encres ferrogalliques”). It was funded by grants from HASYLAB (experiments I-20090280 EC and II-20060245 EC) and SOLEIL (proposals 20060396 and 20080761) and was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme Belgian Science Policy (1UAP V1/16). The text also presents results of GOA “XANES meets ELNES” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects nos. G.0689.06, G.0704.08 and G017909N. We are thankful to Dr. Dominique Thaudiere, Dr. Solenn Reguer, Dr. Andrea Somogyi, Dr. Karen Appel, Dr. Manuela Borchert, and Dr. Gerald Falkenberg for their assistance and help during the experiments performed at SOLEIL beamline “DIFFABS” and at HASYLAB Beam line “L” respectively. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2011 IF: 5.856
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:89593			Serial	5822
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	Author	Monico, L.; van der Snickt, G.; Janssens, K.; de Nolf, W.; Miliani, C.; Dik, J.; Radepont, M.; Hendriks, E.; Geldof, M.; Cotte, M.
	Title	Degradation process of lead chromate in paintings by Vincent van Gogh studied by means of synchrotron X-ray spectromicroscopy and related methods : 2 : original paint layer samples			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	83	Issue	4	Pages	1224-1231
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The darkening of the original yellow areas painted with the chrome yellow pigment (PbCrO4, PbCrO4·xPbSO4, or PbCrO4·xPbO) is a phenomenon widely observed on several paintings by Vincent van Gogh, such as the famous different versions of Sunflowers. During our previous investigations on artificially aged model samples of lead chromate, we established for the first time that darkening of chrome yellow is caused by reduction of PbCrO4 to Cr2O3·2H2O (viridian green), likely accompanied by the presence of another Cr(III) compound, such as either Cr2(SO4)3·H2O or (CH3CO2)7Cr3(OH)2 [chromium(III) acetate hydroxide]. In the second part of this work, in order to demonstrate that this reduction phenomenon effectively takes place in real paintings, we study original paint samples from two paintings of V. van Gogh. As with the model samples, in view of the thin superficial alteration layers that are present, high lateral resolution spectroscopic methods that make use of synchrotron radiation (SR), such as microscopic X-ray absorption near edge (μ-XANES) and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (μ-XRF) were employed. Additionally, μ-Raman and mid-FTIR analyses were carried out to completely characterize the samples. On both paint microsamples, the local presence of reduced Cr was demonstrated by means of μ-XANES point measurements. The presence of Cr(III) was revealed in specific areas, in some cases correlated to the presence of Ba(sulfate) and/or to that of aluminum silicate compounds.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000287176900012	Publication Date	2011-02-14
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	84	Open Access
	Notes	; This research was funded by grants from ESRF (experiment EC-504) and by HASYLAB (experiments 11-20080130 EC and 11-20070157 EC) and was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme-Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16). The text also presents results of GOA “XANES meets ELNES” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from FWO (Brussels, Belgium) project nos. G.0103.04, G.0689.06, and G.0704.08. The staff of the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam, is acknowledged for their agreeable cooperation and for the authorization to publish the images of the paintings in this article. L.M. was financially supported by the Erasmus Placement in the framework of Lifelong Learning Programme (A.Y. 2009-2010). The EU Community's FP7 Research Infrastructures program under the CHARISMA Project (Grant Agreement 228330) is also acknowledged. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2011 IF: 5.856
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:88795			Serial	5571
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	Author	Monico, L.; van der Snickt, G.; Janssens, K.; de Nolf, W.; Miliani, C.; Verbeeck, J.; Tian, H.; Tan, H.; Dik, J.; Radepont, M.; Cotte, M.
	Title	Degradation process of lead chromate in paintings by Vincent van Gogh studied by means of synchrotron X-ray spectromicroscopy and related methods : 1 : artificially aged model samples			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2011	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	83	Issue	4	Pages	1214-1223
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	On several paintings by artists of the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th Century a darkening of the original yellow areas, painted with the chrome yellow pigment (PbCrO4, PbCrO4·xPbSO4, or PbCrO4·xPbO) is observed. The most famous of these are the various Sunflowers paintings Vincent van Gogh made during his career. In the first part of this work, we attempt to elucidate the degradation process of chrome yellow by studying artificially aged model samples. In view of the very thin (1−3 μm) alteration layers that are formed, high lateral resolution spectroscopic methods such as microscopic X-ray absorption near edge (μ-XANES), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (μ-XRF), and electron energy loss spectrometry (EELS) were employed. Some of these use synchrotron radiation (SR). Additionally, microscopic SR X-ray diffraction (SR μ-XRD), μ-Raman, and mid-FTIR spectroscopy were employed to completely characterize the samples. The formation of Cr(III) compounds at the surface of the chrome yellow paint layers is particularly observed in one aged model sample taken from a historic paint tube (ca. 1914). About two-thirds of the chromium that is present at the surface has reduced from the hexavalent to the trivalent state. The EELS and μ-XANES spectra are consistent with the presence of Cr2O3·2H2O (viridian). Moreover, as demonstrated by μ-XANES, the presence of another Cr(III) compound, such as either Cr2(SO4)3·H2O or (CH3CO2)7Cr3(OH)2 [chromium(III) acetate hydroxide], is likely.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000287176900011	Publication Date	2011-02-14
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700;1520-6882;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	113	Open Access
	Notes	Iuap; Fwo			Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2011 IF: 5.856
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:88794UA @ admin @ c:irua:88794			Serial	632
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	Author	Swaenen, M.; Stefaniak, E.A.; Frost, R.; Worobiec, A.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Investigation of inclusions trapped inside Libyan desert glass by Raman microscopy			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2010	Publication	Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	397	Issue	7	Pages	2659-2665
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
	Abstract	Several specimens of Libyan desert glass (LDG), an enigmatic natural glass from Egypt, were subjected to investigation by micro-Raman spectroscopy. The spectra of inclusions inside the LDG samples were successfully measured through the layers of glass and the mineral species were identified on this basis. The presence of cristobalite as typical for high-temperature melt products was confirmed, together with co-existing quartz. TiO2 was determined in two polymorphic species rutile and anatase. Micro-Raman spectroscopy proved also the presence of minerals unusual for high-temperature glasses such as anhydrite and aragonite.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000280122100004	Publication Date	2010-01-26
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1618-2642; 1618-2650	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:83276			Serial	8125
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	Author	Janssens, K.; de Nolf, W.; van der Snickt, G.; Vincze, L.; Vekemans, B.; Terzano, R.; Brenker, F.E.
	Title	Recent trends in quantitative aspects of microscopic X-ray fluorescence analysis			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2010	Publication	Trends in analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Trac-Trend Anal Chem
	Volume	29	Issue	6	Pages	464-478
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000279235000014	Publication Date	2010-03-23
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0165-9936	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	8.442	Times cited	48	Open Access
	Notes	; This research was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme-Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16). The text also presents results of FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects nr. G.0704.08 and G.0179.09 and from the UA-BOF GOA programme. ;			Approved	Most recent IF: 8.442; 2010 IF: 6.602
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:83903			Serial	5806
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	Author	Bings, N.H.; Bogaerts, A.; Broekaert, J.A.C.
	Title	Atomic spectroscopy: a review			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2010	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	82	Issue	12	Pages	4653-4681
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000278616100001	Publication Date	2010-05-13
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700;1520-6882;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	65	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2010 IF: 5.874
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:82675			Serial	195
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	Author	Martens, T.; Mihailova, D.; van Dijk, J.; Bogaerts, A.
	Title	Theoretical characterization of an atmospheric pressure glow discharge used for analytical spectrometry			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2009	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal	Anal Chem
	Volume	81	Issue	21	Pages	9096-9108
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	We have investigated the plasma processes in an atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD) in He used for analytical spectrometry by means of fluid and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Typical results include the potential and electric field distributions in the plasma, the density profiles of the various plasma species throughout the discharge, the mean electron energy, as well as the rates of the various collision processes in the plasma, and the relative importance of the different production and loss rates for the various species. The similarities and differences with low-pressure glow discharges are discussed. The main differences are a very small cathode dark space region and a large positive column as well as the dominant role of molecular ions. Some characteristic features of the APGD, such as the occurrence of the different spatial zones in the discharge, are illustrated, with links to experimental observations.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor
	Language		Wos	000276191900062	Publication Date	2009-10-08
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700;1520-6882;	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	6.32	Times cited	15	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 6.32; 2009 IF: 5.214
	Call Number	UA @ lucian @ c:irua:79554			Serial	3604
Permanent link to this record