Abstract: Molecular dynamics method was employed to investigate the effects of the reaction layer formed near the surface region on CF(3)(+) etching of Si at different temperatures. The simulation results show that the coverages of F and C are sensitive to the surface temperature. With increasing temperature, the physical etching is enhanced, while the chemical etching is weakened. It is found that with increasing surface temperature, the etching rate of Si increases. As to the etching products, the yields of SiF and SiF(2) increase with temperature, whereas the yield of SiF(3) is not sensitive to the surface temperature. And the increase of the etching yield is mainly due to the increased desorption of SiF and SiF(2). The comparison shows that the reactive layer plays an important part in the subsequeat impacting, which enhances the etching rate of Si and weakens the chemical etching intensity.

Abstract: We investigate a promising tunnel FET configuration having a gate on the source only, which is simultaneously exhibiting a steeper subthreshold slope and a higher ON-current than the lateral tunneling configuration with a gate on the channel. Our analysis is performed based on a recently developed 2-D quantum-mechanical simulator calculating band-to-band tunneling and including quantum confinement (QC). It is shown that the two disadvantages of the structure, namely, the sensitivity to gate alignment and the physical oxide thickness, are mitigated by placing a counter-doped parallel pocket underneath the gate-source overlap. The pocket also significantly reduces the field-induced QC. The findings are illustrated with all-Si and all-Ge gate-on-source-only tunnel field-effect transistor simulations.

Abstract: The complex oxide Ca7Mn2.14Ga5.86O17.93 was synthesized by the solid-state reaction in a sealed evacuated quartz tube at 1000 °C. Its crystal structure was determined by electron diffraction and X-ray powder diffraction. The structure can be represented as a tetrahedral framework, viz., the polyanion [(Mn0.285Ga0.715)15O29.86]19- stabilized by the incorporated cation [Ca14GaO6]19+. The polycation consists of the GaO6 octahedra surrounded by the Ca atoms, which are arranged to form a cube capped at all places. The tetrahedral framework is partially disordered due to the presence of tetrahedra with two possible orientations in the positions (0, 0, 0) and (x, x, x) with x ≈ 0.15 and 0.17. The relationship between the Ca7Mn2.14Ga5.86O17.93 structures and related ordered phases with the symmetry F23, as well as the influence of the oxygen content on the ordering in the tetrahedral framework, are discussed.

Abstract: We propose a weak condition of compatibility between phases applicable to cases exhibiting full or partial coherence and Widmanstätten microstructure. The condition is applied to the study of Sb2Te3 precipitates in a PbTe matrix in a thermoelectric alloy. The weak condition of compatibility predicts elongated precipitates lying on a cone determined by a transformation stretch tensor. Comparison of this cone with the long directions of precipitates determined by a slice-and-view method of scanning electron microscopy combined with focused ion beam sectioning shows good agreement between theory and experiment. A further study of the morphology of precipitates by the Eshelby method suggests that interfacial energy also plays a role and gives an approximate value of interfacial energy per unit area of 250 dyn cm−1.

Abstract: The chemical composition, as determined by electron probe X-ray microanalysis of a series of ca. 100 archaeological glass fragments, excavated at the Raversijde site (Belgium) is discussed. In the 15th-16th century, Raversijde was a flourishing fishermen town located on the shore of the North Sea, close to the city of Ostend. As a consequence of several battles that were fought in its vicinity, the site was abandoned in the 16th century and was not occupied since then. It is one of the rare archaeological sites in Europe that contains a significant amount of information on the daily life inside a small but affluent medieval community. A comparison of the chemical composition of fragments of vessels and window glass encountered in Raversijde to those found in urban centres in Belgium and to literature date on German and French archaeological finds shows that glass made with wood ash dominates. Usually, it concerns artifacts with a predominantly utilitarian use. A few objects made with sodic (i.e., Na-rich) glass were also encountered, likely to have been imported from Venice during the 15th century or in later periods from an urban centre such as Antwerp, where Facon-de-Venice glass manufacturing activities were established near the start of the 16th century. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Abstract: A study of wood dust exposure in 20 small- and medium-scale wood-processing enterprises was performed in Ethiopia. Sampling was conducted daily from January to June, 2013 and a total of 360 samples from 113 workers were collected with Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) personal samplers. Eight-hour time-weighted average exposure to wood dust ranged from 0.24 to 23.3mg m−3 with a geometric mean (GM) of 6.82mg m−3 and a geometric standard deviation of 1.82. Although Ethiopia did not have any defined standard of Occupational Exposure Limit for wood dust exposure, 71% of the measurements exceeded the limit of 5mg m−3 set by the European Union (EU). Higher than the EU exposure limit was measured while workers perform sanding and sawing activities with a GM of 9.72 and 7.60mg m−3, respectively. In conclusion, wood workers in the small- and medium-scale enterprises are at a higher risk of developing different respiratory health problems with continuous exposure trends.

Abstract: Branched plasmonic nanocrystals (NCs) have attracted much attention due to electric field enhancements at their tips. Seeded growth provides routes to NCs with defined branching patterns and, in turn, near-field distributions with defined symmetries. Here, a systematic analysis was undertaken in which seeds containing different distributions of planar defects were used to grow branched NCs in order to understand how their distributions direct the branching. Characterization of the products by multimode electron tomography and analysis of the NC morphologies at different overgrowth stages indicate that the branching patterns are directed by the seed defects, with the emergence of branches from the seed faces consistent with minimizing volumetric strain energy at the expense of surface energy. These results contrast with growth of branched NCs from single-crystalline seeds and provide a new platform for the synthesis of symmetrically branched plasmonic NCs.

Abstract: Sr2CrO2Cr2As2 and Ba2CrO2Cr2As2 with Cr2+ ions in CrO2 sheets and in CrAs layers crystallize with the Sr2Mn3Sb2O2 structure (space group I4/mmm, Z = 2) and lattice parameters a = 4.00800(2) Å, c = 18.8214(1) Å (Sr2CrO2Cr2As2) and a = 4.05506(2) Å, c = 20.5637(1) Å (Ba2CrO2Cr2As2) at room temperature. Powder neutron diffraction reveals checkerboard-type antiferromagnetic ordering of the Cr2+ ions in the arsenide layers below TN1Sr, of 600(10) K (Sr2CrO2Cr2As2) and TN1Ba 465(5) K (Ba2CrO2Cr2As2) with the moments initially directed perpendicular to the layers in both compounds. Checkerboard-type antiferromagnetic ordering of the Cr2+ ions in the oxide layer below 230(5) K for Ba2CrO2Cr2As2 occurs with these moments also perpendicular to the layers, consistent with the orientation preferences of d4 moments in the two layers. In contrast, below 330(5) K in Sr2CrO2Cr2As2, the oxide layer Cr2+ moments are initially oriented in the CrO2 plane; but on further cooling, these moments rotate to become perpendicular to the CrO2 planes, while the moments in the arsenide layers rotate by 90° with the moments on the two sublattices remaining orthogonal throughout [behavior recently reported independently by Liu et al. [Liu et al. Phys. Rev. B 2018, 98, 134416]]. In Sr2CrO2Cr2As2, electron diffraction and high resolution powder X-ray diffraction data show no evidence for a structural distortion that would allow the two Cr2+ sublattices to couple, but high resolution neutron powder diffraction data suggest a small incommensurability between the magnetic structure and the crystal structure, which may account for the coupling of the two sublattices and the observed spin reorientation. The saturation values of the Cr2+ moments in the CrO2 layers (3.34(1) μB (for Sr2CrO2Cr2As2) and 3.30(1) μB (for Ba2CrO2Cr2As2)) are larger than those in the CrAs layers (2.68(1) μB for Sr2CrO2Cr2As2 and 2.298(8) μB for Ba2CrO2Cr2As2) reflecting greater covalency in the arsenide layers.

Abstract: Air pollution caused by particulate matter (PM) is a well-known health issue in urban environments. Urban green infrastructure offers opportunities as a nature-based solution to urban PM pollution. Green walls have advantages over other types of urban green infrastructure, since they can be applied to the enormous available wall area in cities and since they do not interfere with the prevailing ventilation resulting in elevated PM levels. However, this has raised questions about the effectiveness of GW in removing PM and this could explain the limited applicability of green walls to tackle PM pollution. Nevertheless, it is suggested that green walls have a significant unexploited potential and this review article aims to address current knowledge gaps and to propose future research requirements for the implementation of green walls to mitigate urban PM pollution. An in-depth analysis is given of the mechanisms behind PM deposition and the influence of vegetation properties on this process, as well as the practices followed to model PM dispersion and deposition. It was suggested that particle deposition on green walls depends on the green wall species, pollution level, and the residence time of PM in a street (canyon). Rainfall plays an important role in the PM pathway, although it is not a necessary requirement to sustain PM deposition on plant leaves. There are still some discrepancies in the literature about the ideal plant characteristics for PM deposition in terms of the macro- and microstructures that require further investigation, especially in comparison with tree and shrub species. In addition, extensively validated models are required to accurately calculate the impact of green walls on air flow and the PM concentration on site.

Abstract: Uncovering an efficient and stable photocatalytic system for seawater splitting is a highly desirable but challenging goal. Herein, Cd0.2Zn0.8S@Silicalite-1 (CZS@S-1) composites, in which CZS is embedded in the hierarchical zeolite S-1, were prepared and show remarkably high activity, stability and salt resistance in seawater.