“Manganese staining of archaeological glass : the characterization of Mn-rich inclusions in leached layers and a hypothesis of its formation”. Schalm O, Proost K, De Vis K, Cagno S, Janssens K, Mees F, Jacobs P, Caen J, Archaeometry 53, 103 (2011). http://doi.org/10.1111/J.1475-4754.2010.00534.X
Abstract: During the study of a large number of archaeological glass fragments, manganese-rich inclusions in leached layers were observed in a limited number of cases. This phenomenon occurs only in black-coloured leached layers. Since the formation mechanism of such manganese-rich inclusions is still unclear, a combination of several analytical techniques was used in order to investigate this phenomenon and, more specifically, to obtain more information on (a) the composition and morphology of the inclusions, (b) the chemical state of Mn and (c) the 3D morphology of the inclusions. A mechanism that might explain the formation of these inclusions is proposed.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 1.47
Times cited: 24
DOI: 10.1111/J.1475-4754.2010.00534.X
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“Evaluation of manganese-bodies removal in historical stained glass windows via SR-\mu-XANES/XRF and SR-\mu-CT”. Cagno S, Nuyts G, Bugani S, De Vis K, Schalm O, Caen J, Helfen L, Cotte M, Reischig P, Janssens K, Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry 26, 2442 (2011). http://doi.org/10.1039/C1JA10204D
Abstract: The speed and effectiveness of a conservation treatment used for stained glass windows have been investigated. Dark-coloured Mn-rich stains can be found in the alteration layer of ancient glass artefacts and cause the surface to turn brown/black: this phenomenon is known as Mn-browning or Mn-staining. While in glass manganese is present in the +II or +III oxidation states, in the Mn-rich bodies, manganese is in a higher oxidation state (+IV). In restoration practice, mildly reducing solutions are employed to eliminate the dark colour and restore the clear appearance of the glass. In this paper the effectiveness and side effects of the use of hydroxylamine hydrochloride for this purpose are assessed. Archaeological fragments of stained glass windows, dated to the 14th century and originating from Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (UK), were examined by means of synchrotron radiation (SR) based microscopic X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy (μ-XANES) and microscopic X-Ray Fluorescence (μ-XRF) and with high resolution computed absorption tomography (μ-CT) before, during and after the treatment. The monitoring of the glass fragments during the treatment allows us to better understand the manner in which the process unfolds and its kinetics. The results obtained reveal that the hydroxylamine hydrochloride treatment is effective, but also that it has a number of unwanted side effects. These findings are useful for optimizing the time and other modalities of the Mn-reducing treatment as well as minimizing its unwanted results.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 3.379
Times cited: 17
DOI: 10.1039/C1JA10204D
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“The colour of silver stained glass : analytical investigations carried out with XRF, SEM/EDX, TEM and IBA”. Jembrih-Simbürger D, Neelmeijer C, Schalm O, Fredrickx P, Schreiner M, De Vis K, Mäder M, Schryvers D, Caen J, Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry 17, 321 (2002). http://doi.org/10.1039/b111024c
Abstract: Glass treated on its surface with silver compounds and an aluminosilicate, such as ochre or clay, at higher temperatures (between 550 and 650 °C) accepts a wide variety of a yellow colour. It is the aim of this study to investigate the parameters of the manufacturing process affecting the final colour of silver stained glass and to correlate them with the final colour and colour intensity. Therefore, defined mixtures of ochre and a silver compound (AgCl, AgNO3, Ag2SO4, Ag3PO4, Ag2O) were prepared and applied on soda-lime glass. The firing process was modified within the range from 563 to 630 °C and glass samples were analysed after treatment with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis (EDXRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), as well as ion beam analysis (IBA) with an external beam. Within the scope of IBA simultaneous measurements using particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE), particle-induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE), and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) were carried out in order to obtain the thickness of the Ag-rich surface layer and the depth distribution of Ag. By means of TEM the microstructure of the silver particles was visualised. XRF results show that the lowest amount of Ag could be detected on glass samples treated with silver stain mixtures containing AgCl and Ag2O. A low kiln temperature (e.g. 563 °C) results in a higher silver concentration at the surface and lower penetration depths. Furthermore, the results obtained with SEM/EDX at cross-sections of the glass samples could be confirmed by PIXE, PIGE, RBS, and TEM.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Art; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 3.379
Times cited: 42
DOI: 10.1039/b111024c
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“Nanoparticles in glass and glazes”. Frederickx P, De Vis K, Wouters H, Helary D, Schryvers D, (2005)
Keywords: P3 Proceeding; Art; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
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“The browning of stained glass windows : characterization of Mn-corrosion bodies and evaluation of cleaning methods”. Cagno S, Nuyts G, De Vis K, Caen J, Van Mol W, Bongaers E, Pauwels B, Janssens K, (2011)
Keywords: P3 Proceeding; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“The consolidation of cracks and fissures in dalle de verre : assessment of selected adhesives”. De Vis K, Caen J, Janssens K, Jacobs P page 43 (2013).
Abstract: Dalle de verre windows, created from 19301940 onwards, consist of glass pieces with a thickness of approximately 2 to 5 cm, set in a matrix of (reinforced) concrete. Besides the degradation of the concrete, the windows suffer mainly from a complex three-dimensional form of cracking of the glass elements. The cracks need to be consolidated in order to ensure stability and improve transparency. A selection of possible adhesives was evaluated: Araldite® 2020, Hxtal NYL-1, Fynebond, Paraloid® B-72, LV740, A18 and OR-G®. An attempt has been made to objectively compare these adhesives using a bench-marking system. None of the adhesives appears to be suitable for in situ application; sufficient penetration of the adhesives can only be realised with the help of vacuum techniques.
Keywords: H2 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
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“The consolidation of cracks in architectural glass and dalle de verre : first assessment of possible adhesives”. De Vis K, Jacobs P, Janssens K, Caen J, (2011)
Keywords: P3 Proceeding; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Dealing with architectural glasses : maintenance, monitoring and emergency treatment”. De Vis K, Janssens K, Jacobs P, Caen J, (2015)
Keywords: P3 Proceeding; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
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De Vis K, Cagno S, Van Mol W, Schalm O, Janssens K, Caen J (2012) The decolourization of manganese-stained glass : the conversion reaction and evaluation of its effectiveness. 463–468
Keywords: P2 Proceeding; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“High-resolution desktop microcomputed tomography for the evaluation of reducing treatments on historical glass suffering from manganese browning”. Nuyts G, Cagno S, Jaroszewicz J, Wouters H, De Vis K, Caen J, Janssens K page 201 (2013).
Abstract: Historical glass, especially non-durable mediaeval glass, can undergo corrosion. This sometimes results in the formation of dark-coloured manganese-rich inclusions or stains that reduce the transparency of the glass. A conservation treatment with reducing or chelating agents may be considered with the aim of improving the transparency. In this paper, high-resolution desktop microcomputed tomography (µCT) is used in combination with element-specific twodimensional imaging methods for in situ monitoring of manganese removal by hydroxylamine hydrochloride from an archaeological stained-glass sample suffering from manganese browning and from artificially corroded model glass samples. µCT also proved itself useful for the study of the (re-)penetration of manganese into the gel layer during artificial corrosion of a model glass.
Keywords: H2 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
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De Vis K, Jacobs P, Caen J, Janssens K (2010) The use of glass bricks in architecture in the 19th and 20th centuries : a case study. 194–201
Keywords: P2 Proceeding; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Einfluss verschiedener Silbersalze auf die Farbintensität von Silbergelb : analytische Untersuchungen”. De Vis K, Jembrih-Simbürger D, Schalm O, Schreiner M, Caen J, Zeitschrift für Kunsttechnologie und Konservierung 16, 147 (2002)
Keywords: A2 Journal article; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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