|
“Plasma-catalytic ammonia decomposition using a packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge reactor”. Andersen JA, Christensen JM, Østberg M, Bogaerts A, Jensen AD, International Journal Of Hydrogen Energy 47, 32081 (2022). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2022.07.102
Abstract: Plasma-catalytic ammonia decomposition as a method for producing hydrogen was studied in a packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor at ambient pressure and a fixed plasma power. The influence of packing the plasma zone with various dielectric materials, typically used as catalyst supports, was examined. At conditions (21 W, 75 Nml/min NH3) where an NH3 conversion of 5% was achieved with plasma alone, an improved decomposition was found when introducing dielectric materials with dielectric constants between 4 and 30. Of the tested materials, MgAl2O4 yielded the highest conversion (15.1%). The particle size (0.3-1.4 mm) of the MgAl2O4 packing was found to have a modest influence on the conversion, which dropped from 15.1% to 12.6% with increasing particle size. Impregnation of MgAl2O4 with different metals was found to decrease the NH3 conversion, with the Ni impregnation still showing an improved conversion (7%) compared to plasma-only. The plasma-assisted ammonia decomposition occurs in the gas phase due to micro-discharges, as evident from a linear correlation between the conversion and the frequency of micro-discharges for both plasma alone and with the various solid packing materials. The primary function of the solid is thus to facilitate the gas phase reaction by assisting the creation of micro-discharges. Lastly, insulation of the reactor to raise the temperature to 230 degrees C in the plasma zone was found to have a negative effect on the conversion, as a change from volume discharges to surface discharges occurred. The study shows that NH3 can be decomposed to provide hydrogen by exposure to a non-thermal plasma, but further developments are needed for it to become an energy efficient technology. (C)2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Impact Factor: 7.2
DOI: 10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2022.07.102
|
|
|
“Plasma-Based N2Fixation into NOx: Insights from Modeling toward Optimum Yields and Energy Costs in a Gliding Arc Plasmatron”. Vervloessem E, Aghaei M, Jardali F, Hafezkhiabani N, Bogaerts A, Acs Sustainable Chemistry &, Engineering 8, 9711 (2020). http://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c01815
Abstract: Plasma technology provides a sustainable, fossil-free method for N2 fixation, i.e., the conversion of inert atmospheric N2 into valuable substances, such as NOx or ammonia. In this work, we present a novel gliding arc plasmatron at atmospheric pressure for NOx production at different N2/O2 gas feed ratios, offering a promising NOx yield of 1.5% with an energy cost of 3.6 MJ/mol NOx produced. To explain the underlying mechanisms, we present a chemical kinetics model, validated by experiments, which provides insight into the NOx formation pathways and into the ambivalent role of the vibrational kinetics. This allows us to pinpoint the factors limiting the yield and energy cost, which can help to further improve the process.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Impact Factor: 8.4
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c01815
|
|
|
“Plasma-based multi-reforming for Gas-To-Liquid: tuning the plasma chemistry towards methanol”. Snoeckx R, Wang W, Zhang X, Cha MS, Bogaerts A, Scientific reports 8, 15929 (2018). http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34359-x
Abstract: Because of its unique properties, plasma technology has gained much prominence in the
microelectronics industry. Recently, environmental and energy applications of plasmas have gained a lot of attention. In this area, the focus is on converting CO 2 and reforming hydrocarbons, with the goal of developing an efficient single-step ‘gas-to-liquid’ (GTL) process. Here we show that applying tri-reforming principles to plasma—further called ‘plasma-based multi-reforming’—allows us to better control the plasma chemistry and thus the formed products. To demonstrate this, we used chemical kinetics calculations supported by experiments and reveal that better control of the plasma chemistry can be achieved by adding O 2 or H 2 O to a mixture containing CH 4 and CO 2 (diluted in N 2 ). Moreover, by adding O 2 and H 2 O simultaneously, we can tune the plasma chemistry even further, improving the conversions, thermal efficiency and methanol yield. Unlike thermocatalytic reforming, plasma-based reforming is capable of producing methanol in a single step; and compared with traditional plasma-based dry reforming, plasma-based multi-reforming increases the methanol yield by more than seven times and the thermal efficiency by 49%, as revealed by our model calculations. Thus, we believe that by using plasma-based multi-reforming, ‘gas-to-liquid’ conversion may be made efficient and scalable.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Impact Factor: 4.259
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34359-x
|
|
|
“Plasma-based liquefaction of methane: The road from hydrogen production to direct methane liquefaction”. Snoeckx R, Rabinovich A, Dobrynin D, Bogaerts A, Fridman A, Plasma processes and polymers 14, 1600115 (2017). http://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.201600115
Abstract: For the energy industry, a process that is able to transform methane—being the prime component of natural gas—efficiently into a liquid product would be equivalent to a goose with golden eggs. As such it is no surprise that research efforts in this field already date back to the nineteen hundreds. Plasma technology can be considered to be a novel player in this field, but nevertheless one with great potential. Over the past decades this technology has evolved from sole hydrogen production, over indirect methane liquefaction to eventually direct plasma-assisted methane liquefaction processes. An overview of this evolution and these processes is presented, from which it becomes clear that the near future probably lies with the direct two phase plasma-assisted methane liquefaction and the far future with the direct oxidative methane liquefaction.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Impact Factor: 2.846
Times cited: 16
DOI: 10.1002/ppap.201600115
|
|
|
“Plasma-based dry reforming of methane in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor: Importance of uniform (sub)micron packings/catalysts to enhance the performance”. Wang J, Zhang K, Mertens M, Bogaerts A, Meynen V, APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL 337, 122977 (2023). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2023.122977
Abstract: This study presents new insights on the effect of (sub)micrometer particle sized materials in plasma-based CO2-
CH4 reforming by investigating the performance of SiO2 spheres (with/without supported metal) of varying
particle sizes. (Sub)micron particles synthesized through the St¨ober method were used instead of (sub)millimeter
particles employed in previous studies. Increasing particle size (from 120 nm to 2390 nm) was found to first
increase and then decrease conversion and energy yield, with optimal performance achieved using 740 nm 5 wt%
Ni loaded SiO2, which improved CO2 and CH4 conversion, and energy yield to 44%, 55%, and 0.271 mmol/kJ,
respectively, compared to 20%, 27%, and 0.116 mmol/kJ in an empty reactor at the same flow rate. This is the
first to achieve significant performance improvement in a fully packed reactor, highlighting the importance of
selecting a suitable particle size. The findings can offer guidance towards rational design of catalysts for plasmabased
reactions.
Keywords: A1 Journal Article; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
Impact Factor: 22.1
DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2023.122977
|
|
|
“Plasma-based dry reforming of methane in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor: Importance of uniform (sub)micron packings/catalysts to enhance the performance”. Wang J, Zhang K, Mertens M, Bogaerts A, Meynen V, APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL 337, 122977 (2023). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2023.122977
Abstract: This study presents new insights on the effect of (sub)micrometer particle sized materials in plasma-based CO2-
CH4 reforming by investigating the performance of SiO2 spheres (with/without supported metal) of varying
particle sizes. (Sub)micron particles synthesized through the St¨ober method were used instead of (sub)millimeter
particles employed in previous studies. Increasing particle size (from 120 nm to 2390 nm) was found to first
increase and then decrease conversion and energy yield, with optimal performance achieved using 740 nm 5 wt%
Ni loaded SiO2, which improved CO2 and CH4 conversion, and energy yield to 44%, 55%, and 0.271 mmol/kJ,
respectively, compared to 20%, 27%, and 0.116 mmol/kJ in an empty reactor at the same flow rate. This is the
first to achieve significant performance improvement in a fully packed reactor, highlighting the importance of
selecting a suitable particle size. The findings can offer guidance towards rational design of catalysts for plasmabased
reactions.
Keywords: A1 Journal Article; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
Impact Factor: 22.1
DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2023.122977
|
|
|
“Plasma-based dry reforming of CH4: Plasma effects vs. thermal conversion”. Slaets J, Loenders B, Bogaerts A, Fuel 360, 130650 (2024). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.130650
Abstract: In this work we evaluate the chemical kinetics of dry reforming of methane in warm plasmas (1000–4000 K) using modelling with a newly developed chemistry set, for a broad range of parameters (temperature, power density and CO2/CH4 ratio). We compare the model against thermodynamic equilibrium concentrations, serving as validation of the thermal chemical kinetics. Our model reveals that plasma-specific reactions (i.e., electron impact collisions) accelerate the kinetics compared to thermal conversion, rather than altering the overall kinetics pathways and intermediate products, for gas temperatures below 2000 K. For higher temperatures, the kinetics are dominated by heavy species collisions and are strictly thermal, with negligible influence of the electrons and ions on the overall kinetics. When studying the effects of different gas mixtures on the kinetics, we identify important intermediate species, side reactions and side products. The use of excess CO2 leads to H2O formation, at the expense of H2 formation, and the CO2 conversion itself is limited, only approaching full conversion near 4000 K. In contrast, full conversion of both reactants is only kinetically limited for mixtures with excess CH4, which also gives rise to the formation of C2H2, alongside syngas. Within the given parameter space, our model predicts the 30/70 ratio of CO2/CH4 to be the most optimal for syngas formation with a H2/CO ratio of 2.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Impact Factor: 7.4
DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2023.130650
|
|
|
“Plasma-based dry reforming : improving the conversion and energy efficiency in a dielectric barrier discharge”. Snoeckx R, Zeng YX, Tu X, Bogaerts A, RSC advances 5, 29799 (2015). http://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA01100K
Abstract: Dry reforming of methane has gained significant interest over the years. A novel reforming technique with great potential is plasma technology. One of its drawbacks, however, is energy consumption. Therefore, we performed an extensive computational study, supported by experiments, aiming to identify the influence of the operating parameters (gas mixture, power, residence time and frequency) of a dielectric barrier discharge plasma on the conversion and energy efficiency, and to investigate which of these parameters lead to the most promising results and whether these are eventually sufficient for industrial implementation. The best results, in terms of both energy efficiency and conversion, are obtained at a specific energy input (SEI) of 100 J cm−3, a 1090 CH4CO2 ratio, 10 Hz, a residence time of 1 ms, resulting in a total conversion of 84% and an energy efficiency of 8.5%. In general, increasing the CO2 content in the gas mixture leads to a higher conversion and energy efficiency. The SEI couples the effect of the power and residence time, and increasing the SEI always results in a higher conversion, but somewhat lower energy efficiencies. The effect of the frequency is more complicated: we observed that the product of frequency (f) and residence time (τ), being a measure for the total number of micro-discharge filaments which the gas molecules experience when passing through the reactor, was critical. For most cases, a higher number of filaments yields higher values for conversion and energy efficiency. To benchmark our model predictions, we also give an overview of measured conversions and energy efficiencies reported in the literature, to indicate the potential for improvement compared to the state-of-the art. Finally, we identify the limitations as well as the benefits and future possibilities of plasma technology.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Impact Factor: 3.108
Times cited: 67
DOI: 10.1039/C5RA01100K
|
|
|
“Plasma-based dry reforming : a computational study ranging from the nanoseconds to seconds time scale”. Snoeckx R, Aerts R, Tu X, Bogaerts A, The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces 117, 4957 (2013). http://doi.org/10.1021/jp311912b
Abstract: We present a computational study for the conversion of CH4 and CO2 into value-added chemicals, i.e., the so-called dry reforming of methane, in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor. A zero-dimensional chemical kinetics model is applied to study the plasma chemistry in a 1:1 CH4/CO2 mixture. The calculations are first performed for one microdischarge pulse and its afterglow, to study in detail the chemical pathways of the conversion. Subsequently, long time-scale simulations are carried out, corresponding to real residence times in the plasma, assuming a large number of consecutive microdischarge pulses, to mimic the conditions of the filamentary discharge regime in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor. The conversion of CH4 and CO2 as well as the selectivity of the formed products and the energy cost and energy efficiency of the process are calculated and compared to experiments for a range of different powers and gas flows, and reasonable agreement is reached.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Impact Factor: 4.536
Times cited: 118
DOI: 10.1021/jp311912b
|
|
|
“Plasma-Based CO2Conversion: To Quench or Not to Quench?”.Vermeiren V, Bogaerts A, Journal Of Physical Chemistry C 124, 18401 (2020). http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c04257
Abstract: Plasma technology is gaining increasing interest for CO2 conversion. The gas temperature in (and after) the plasma reactor largely affects the performance. Therefore, we examine the effect of cooling/quenching, during and after the plasma, on the CO2 conversion and energy efficiency, for typical “warm” plasmas, by means of chemical kinetics modeling. For plasmas at low specific energy input (SEI ∼ 0.5 eV/molecule), it is best to quench at the plasma end, while for high-SEI plasmas (SEI ∼ 4 eV/molecule), quenching at maximum conversion is better. For low-SEI plasmas, quenching can even increase the conversion beyond the dissociation in the plasma, known as superideal quenching. To better understand the effects of quenching at different plasma conditions, we study the dissociation and recombination rates, as well as the vibrational distribution functions (VDFs) of CO2, CO, and O2. When a high vibrational−translational (VT) nonequilibrium exists at the moment of quenching, the dissociation and recombination reaction rates both increase. Depending on the conversion degree at the moment of quenching, this can lead to a net increase or decrease of CO2 conversion. In general, however, and certainly for equilibrium plasmas at high temperature, quenching after the plasma helps prevent recombination reactions and clearly enhances the final CO2 conversion. We also investigate the effect of different quenching cooling rates on the CO2 conversion and energy efficiency. Finally, we compare plasma-based conversion to purely thermal conversion. For warm plasmas with typical temperatures of 3000−4000 K, the conversion is roughly thermal.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Impact Factor: 3.7
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c04257
|
|
|
“Plasma-based conversion of martian atmosphere into life-sustaining chemicals: The benefits of utilizing martian ambient pressure”. Kelly S, Mercer E, Gorbanev Y, Fedirchyk I, Verheyen C, Werner K, Pullumbi P, Cowley A, Bogaerts A, Journal of CO2 utilization 80, 102668 (2024). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2024.102668
Abstract: We explored the potential of plasma-based In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) for Mars through the conversion of Martian atmosphere (~96% CO2, 2% N2, and 2% Ar) into life-sustaining chemicals. As the Martian surface pressure is about 1% of the Earth’s surface pressure, it is an ideal environment for plasma-based gas conversion using microwave reactors. At 1000 W and 10 Ln/min (normal liters per minute), we produced ~76 g/h of O2 and ~3 g/h of NOx using a 2.45 GHz waveguided reactor at 25 mbar, which is ~3.5 times Mars ambient pressure. The energy cost required to produce O2 was ~0.013 kWh/g, which is very promising compared to recently concluded MOXIE experiments on the Mars surface. This marks a crucial step towards realizing the extension of human exploration.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Impact Factor: 7.7
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2024.102668
|
|
|
“Plasma-based conversion of CO2: current status and future challenges”. Bogaerts A, Kozak T, van Laer K, Snoeckx R, Faraday discussions 183, 217 (2015). http://doi.org/10.1039/c5fd00053j
Abstract: This paper discusses our recent results on plasma-based CO2 conversion, obtained by a combination of experiments and modeling, for a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), a microwave plasma and a packed bed DBD reactor. The results illustrate that plasma technology is quite promising for CO2 conversion, but more research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms and to further improve the capabilities.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Impact Factor: 3.588
Times cited: 89
DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00053j
|
|
|
“Plasma-based CO2 conversion: How to correctly analyze the performance?”.Wanten B, Vertongen R, De Meyer R, Bogaerts A, Journal of Energy Chemistry 86, 180 (2023). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2023.07.005
Keywords: A1 journal article; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
Impact Factor: 13.1
DOI: 10.1016/j.jechem.2023.07.005
|
|
|
“Plasma-Based CH4Conversion into Higher Hydrocarbons and H2: Modeling to Reveal the Reaction Mechanisms of Different Plasma Sources”. Heijkers S, Aghaei M, Bogaerts A, Journal Of Physical Chemistry C 124, 7016 (2020). http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c00082
Abstract: Plasma is gaining interest for CH4 conversion into higher hydrocarbons and H2. However, the performance in terms of conversion and selectivity toward different hydrocarbons is different for different plasma types, and the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Therefore, we study here these mechanisms in different plasma sources, by means of a chemical kinetics model. The model is first validated by comparing the calculated conversions and hydrocarbon/H2 selectivities with experimental results in these different plasma types and over a wide range of specific energy input (SEI) values. Our model predicts that vibrational−translational nonequilibrium is negligible in all CH4 plasmas investigated, and instead, thermal conversion is important. Higher gas temperatures also lead to a more selective production of unsaturated hydrocarbons (mainly C2H2) due to neutral dissociation of CH4 and subsequent dehydrogenation processes, while three-body recombination reactions into saturated hydrocarbons (mainly C2H6, but also higher hydrocarbons) are dominant in low temperature plasmas.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Impact Factor: 3.7
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c00082
|
|
|
“Plasma-Assisted Dry Reforming of CH4: How Small Amounts of O2Addition Can Drastically Enhance the Oxygenate Production─Experiments and Insights from Plasma Chemical Kinetics Modeling”. Li S, Sun J, Gorbanev Y, van’t Veer K, Loenders B, Yi Y, Kenis T, Chen Q, Bogaerts A, ACS Sustainable Chemistry &, Engineering 11, 15373 (2023). http://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c04352
Abstract: Plasma-based dry reforming of methane (DRM) into
high-value-added oxygenates is an appealing approach to enable
otherwise thermodynamically unfavorable chemical reactions at
ambient pressure and near room temperature. However, it suffers
from coke deposition due to the deep decomposition of CH4. In this
work, we assess the DRM performance upon O2 addition, as well as
varying temperature, CO2/CH4 ratio, discharge power, and gas
residence time, for optimizing oxygenate production. By adding O2,
the main products can be shifted from syngas (CO + H2) toward
oxygenates. Chemical kinetics modeling shows that the improved
oxygenate production is due to the increased concentration of
oxygen-containing radicals, e.g., O, OH, and HO2, formed by electron
impact dissociation [e + O2 → e + O + O/O(1D)] and subsequent
reactions with H atoms. Our study reveals the crucial role of oxygen-coupling in DRM aimed at oxygenates, providing practical
solutions to suppress carbon deposition and at the same time enhance the oxygenates production in plasma-assisted DRM.
Keywords: A1 Journal Article; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
Impact Factor: 8.4
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c04352
|
|
|
“Plasma treatment causes structural modifications in lysozyme, and increases cytotoxicity towards cancer cells”. Attri P, Kaushik NK, Kaushik N, Hammerschmid D, Privat-Maldonado A, De Backer J, Shiratani M, Choi EH, Bogaerts A, International Journal Of Biological Macromolecules 182, 1724 (2021). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.146
Abstract: Bacterial and mammalian proteins, such as lysozyme, are gaining increasing interest as anticancer drugs. This study aims to modify the lysozyme structure using cold atmospheric plasma to boost its cancer cell killing effect. We investigated the structure at acidic and neutral pH using various experimental techniques (circular dichroism, fluorescence, and mass spectrometry) and molecular dynamics simulations. The controlled structural modification of lysozyme at neutral pH enhances its activity, while the activity was lost at acidic pH at the same treatment conditions. Indeed, a larger number of amino acids were oxidized at acidic pH after plasma treatment, which results in a greater distortion of the lysozyme structure, whereas only limited structural changes were observed in lysozyme after plasma treatment at neutral pH. We found that the plasma-treated lysozyme significantly induced apoptosis to the cancer cells. Our results reveal that plasma-treated lysozyme could have potential as a new cancer cell killing drug.
Keywords: A1 Journal Article; Lysozyme; Cold atmospheric plasma; Cancer cell death; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
Impact Factor: 3.671
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.146
|
|
|
“Plasma Technology: An Emerging Technology for Energy Storage”. Bogaerts A, Neyts EC, ACS energy letters 3, 1013 (2018). http://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.8b00184
Abstract: Plasma technology is gaining increasing interest for gas conversion applications, such as CO2 conversion into value-added chemicals or renewable fuels, and N2 fixation from the air, to be used for the production of small building blocks for, e.g., mineral fertilizers. Plasma is generated by electric power and can easily be switched on/off, making it, in principle, suitable for using intermittent renewable electricity. In this Perspective article, we explain why plasma might be promising for this application. We briefly present the most common types of plasma reactors with their characteristic features, illustrating why some plasma types exhibit better energy efficiency than others. We also highlight current research in the fields of CO2 conversion (including the combined conversion of CO2 with CH4, H2O, or H2) as well as N2 fixation (for NH3 or NOx synthesis). Finally, we discuss the major limitations and steps to be taken for further improvement.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Times cited: 56
DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b00184
|
|
|
“Plasma technology &ndash, a novel solution for CO2conversion?”.Snoeckx R, Bogaerts A, Chemical Society reviews 46, 5805 (2017). http://doi.org/10.1039/C6CS00066E
Abstract: CO2 conversion into value-added chemicals and fuels is considered as one of the great challenges of the 21st century. Due to the limitations of the traditional thermal approaches, several novel technologies are being developed. One promising approach in this field, which has received little attention to date, is plasma
technology. Its advantages include mild operating conditions, easy upscaling, and gas activation by energetic electrons instead of heat. This allows thermodynamically difficult reactions, such as CO2 splitting and the dry reformation of methane, to occur with reasonable energy cost. In this review, after exploring the traditional thermal approaches, we have provided a brief overview of the fierce competition between various novel approaches in a quest to find the most effective and efficient CO2 conversion technology. This is needed to critically assess whether plasma technology can be successful in an already crowded arena. The following questions need to be answered in this regard: are there key advantages to using plasma technology over other novel approaches, and if so, what is the flip side to the use of this technology? Can plasma technology be successful on its own, or can synergies be achieved by combining it with other technologies? To answer
these specific questions and to evaluate the potentials and limitations of plasma technology in general, this review presents the current state-of-the-art and a critical assessment of plasma-based CO2 conversion, as well as the future challenges for its practical implementation.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Impact Factor: 38.618
Times cited: 168
DOI: 10.1039/C6CS00066E
|
|
|
“Plasma Technology for CO2 Conversion: A Personal Perspective on Prospects and Gaps”. Bogaerts A, Centi G, Frontiers in energy research 8 (2020). http://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2020.00111
Abstract: There is increasing interest in plasma technology for CO2 conversion because it can operate at mild conditions and it can store fluctuating renewable electricity into
value-added compounds and renewable fuels. This perspective paper aims to provide a view on the future for non-specialists who want to understand the role of plasma
technology in the new scenario for sustainable and low-carbon energy and chemistry. Thus, it is prepared to give a personal view on future opportunities and challenges. First, we introduce the current state-of-the-art and the potential of plasma-based CO2 conversion. Subsequently, we discuss the challenges to overcome the current limitations and to apply plasma technology on a large scale. The final section discusses the general context and the potential benefits of plasma-based CO2 conversion for our life and the impact on climate change. It also includes a brief analysis on the future scenario for energy and chemical production, and how plasma technology may realize new paths for CO2 utilization.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Impact Factor: 3.4
DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2020.00111
|
|
|
“Plasma streamer propagation in structured catalysts”. Zhang Q-Z, Bogaerts A, Plasma Sources Science &, Technology 27, 105013 (2018). http://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6595/aae430
Abstract: Plasma catalysis is gaining increasing interest for various environmental applications. Catalytic
material can be inserted in different shapes in the plasma, e.g., as pellets, (coated) beads, but also
as honeycomb monolith and 3DFD structures, also called ‘structured catalysts’, which have high
mass and heat transfer properties. In this work, we examine the streamer discharge propagation
and the interaction between plasma and catalysts, inside the channels of such structured catalysts,
by means of a two-dimensional particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision model. Our results reveal
that plasma streamers behave differently in various structured catalysts. In case of a honeycomb
structure, the streamers are limited to only one channel, with low or high plasma density when
the channels are parallel or perpendicular to the electrodes, respectively. In contrast, in case of a
3DFD structure, the streamers can distribute to different channels, causing discharge
enhancement due to surface charging on the dielectric walls of the structured catalyst, and
especially giving rise to a broader plasma distribution. The latter should be beneficial for plasma
catalysis applications, as it allows a larger catalyst surface area to be exposed to the plasma.
Keywords: A1 Journal Article; plasma catalysis, streamer propagation, 3D structures, PIC/MCC; Plasma, laser ablation and surface modeling Antwerp (PLASMANT) ;
Impact Factor: 3.302
Times cited: 3
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6595/aae430
|
|
|
“Plasma species interacting with nickel surfaces : toward an atomic scale understanding of plasma-catalysis”. Somers W, Bogaerts A, van Duin ACT, Neyts EC, The journal of physical chemistry: C : nanomaterials and interfaces 116, 20958 (2012). http://doi.org/10.1021/jp307380w
Abstract: The adsorption probability and reaction behavior of CHx plasma species on various nickel catalyst surfaces is investigated by means of reactive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using the ReaxFF potential. Such catalysts are used in the reforming of hydrocarbons and in the growth of carbon nanotubes, and further insight in the underlying mechanisms of these processes is needed to increase their applicability. Single and consecutive impacts of CHx radicals (x={1,2,3}) were performed on four different Ni surfaces, at a temperature of 400 K. The adsorption probability is shown to be related to the number of free electrons, i.e. a higher number leads to more adsorptions, and the steric hindrance caused by the hydrogen atoms bonded to the impacting CHx species. Furthermore, some of the CH bonds break after adsorption, which generally leads to diffusion of the hydrogen atom over the surface. Additionally, these adsorbed H-atoms can be used in reactions to form new molecules, such as CH4 and C2Hx, although this is dependent on the precise morphology of the surface. New molecules are also formed by subtraction of H-atoms from adsorbed radicals, leading to occasional formation of H2 and C2Hx molecules.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Impact Factor: 4.536
Times cited: 37
DOI: 10.1021/jp307380w
|
|
|
“Plasma propagation in a single bead DBD reactor at different dielectric constants : insights from fluid modelling”. Wang W, Butterworth T, Bogaerts A, Journal Of Physics D-Applied Physics 54, 214004 (2021). http://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ABE8FF
Abstract: Packed bed dielectric barrier discharge (PB-DBD) plasma reactors are very promising for various plasma catalysis applications, but the exact mechanisms of plasma-catalyst interaction are far from understood, because the plasma discharge and catalyst/packing properties are mutually dependent. To better understand the effect of packing dielectric material on the electrical plasma properties, we study here a single bead DBD plasma reactor operating in dry air, with beads of different dielectric constant and for different applied voltages, by means of fluid modelling validated by optical imaging experiments. Our study reveals that the plasma in the single bead DBD reactor can manifest itself in two different modalities, i.e. (a) polar discharges at the bead poles in contact with the electrodes, and (b) a streamer discharge caused by surface ionization waves, which bridges the gas gap. Beads with high dielectric constant result in localised electric field enhancement and hence yield a reduction of the applied voltage required for plasma production. At low applied voltage, the discharge appears as polar discharges between the bead and the electrodes, and upon higher voltage it undergoes a transition into a bridging streamer discharge. The transition voltage to the streamer mode rises for beads with higher dielectric constant. These observations are important for plasma catalysis applications. A higher dielectric constant yields a higher electric field and thus higher average electron energy and density, giving rise to more reactive species, but it also yields a confined discharge near the contact points of packing beads, limiting the interaction area between the catalyst and the active plasma species. In addition, our model reveals that the dielectric bead behaves as a capacitor and traps charges, which can explain the significant occurrence of partial discharging in PB-DBDs and non-parallelogram shaped Lissajous plots. Hence, equivalent circuit modelling of PB-DBDs should take into account the role of packing beads in charge trapping as a capacitor.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Impact Factor: 2.588
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/ABE8FF
|
|
|
“Plasma processes and polymers third special issue on plasma and cancer”. Laroussi M, Bogaerts A, Barekzi N, Plasma processes and polymers 13, 1142 (2016). http://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.201600193
Keywords: Editorial; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Impact Factor: 2.846
Times cited: 1
DOI: 10.1002/ppap.201600193
|
|
|
“Plasma physics of liquids—A focused review”. Vanraes P, Bogaerts A, Applied physics reviews 5, 031103 (2018). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.5020511
Abstract: The interaction of plasma with liquids has led to various established industrial implementations as well as promising applications, including high-voltage switching, chemical analysis, nanomaterial synthesis, and plasma medicine. Along with these numerous accomplishments, the physics of plasma in liquid or in contact with a liquid surface has emerged as a bipartite research field, for which we introduce here the term “plasma physics of liquids.” Despite the intensive research
investments during the recent decennia, this field is plagued by some controversies and gaps in knowledge, which might restrict further progress. The main difficulties in understanding revolve around the basic mechanisms of plasma initiation in the liquid phase and the electrical interactions at a plasma-liquid interface, which require an interdisciplinary approach. This review aims to provide the wide applied physics community with a general overview of the field, as well as the opportunities for interdisciplinary research on topics, such as nanobubbles and the floating water bridge, and involving the research domains of amorphous semiconductors, solid state physics, thermodynamics, material science, analytical chemistry, electrochemistry, and molecular dynamics simulations. In addition, we provoke awareness of experts in the field on yet underappreciated question marks. Accordingly, a strategy for future experimental and simulation work is proposed.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Impact Factor: 13.667
Times cited: 33
DOI: 10.1063/1.5020511
|
|
|
“Plasma models”. Bogaerts A, Gijbels R Wiley, New York, page 176 (1997).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
|
|
|
“Plasma modelling and numerical simulation”. van Dijk J, Kroesen GMW, Bogaerts A, Journal of physics: D: applied physics 42, 190301 (2009). http://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/42/19/190301
Abstract: Plasma modelling is an exciting subject in which virtually all physical disciplines are represented. Plasma models combine the electromagnetic, statistical and fluid dynamical theories that have their roots in the 19th century with the modern insights concerning the structure of matter that were developed throughout the 20th century. The present cluster issue consists of 20 invited contributions, which are representative of the state of the art in plasma modelling and numerical simulation. These contributions provide an in-depth discussion of the major theories and modelling and simulation strategies, and their applications to contemporary plasma-based technologies. In this editorial review, we introduce and complement those papers by providing a bird's eye perspective on plasma modelling and discussing the historical context in which it has surfaced.
Keywords: Editorial; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Impact Factor: 2.588
Times cited: 64
DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/42/19/190301
|
|
|
“Plasma in Cancer Treatment”. Privat-Maldonado A, Bogaerts A, Cancers 12, 2617 (2020). http://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12092617
Abstract: Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, and while science has advanced significantly to improve the treatment outcome and quality of life in cancer patients, there are still many issues with the current therapies, such as toxicity and the development of resistance to treatment [...]
Keywords: Editorial; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092617
|
|
|
“Plasma for cancer treatment: How can RONS penetrate through the cell membrane? Answers from computer modeling”. Bogaerts A, Yusupov M, Razzokov J, Van der Paal J, Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering (2019). http://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-018-1786-8
Abstract: Plasma is gaining increasing interest for cancer
treatment, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully
understood. Using computer simulations at the molecular
level, we try to gain better insight in how plasma-generated
reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) can
penetrate through the cell membrane. Specifically, we
compare the permeability of various (hydrophilic and
hydrophobic) RONS across both oxidized and nonoxidized cell membranes. We also study pore formation,
and how it is hampered by higher concentrations of
cholesterol in the cell membrane, and we illustrate the
much higher permeability of H2O2 through aquaporin
channels. Both mechanisms may explain the selective
cytotoxic effect of plasma towards cancer cells. Finally, we
also discuss the synergistic effect of plasma-induced
oxidation and electric fields towards pore formation.
Keywords plasma medicine, cancer treatment, computer
modelling, cell membrane, reactive oxygen and nitrogen
species
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Impact Factor: 1.712
Times cited: 5
DOI: 10.1007/s11705-018-1786-8
|
|
|
“Plasma diagnostics of an analytical Grimm-type glow discharge in argon and in neon: Langmuir probe and optical emission spectroscopy measurements”. Bogaerts A, Quentmeier A, Jakubowski N, Gijbels R, Spectrochimica acta: part B : atomic spectroscopy 50, 1337 (1995). http://doi.org/10.1016/0584-8547(95)01356-5
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Impact Factor: 3.176
Times cited: 37
DOI: 10.1016/0584-8547(95)01356-5
|
|
|
“Plasma diagnostics and numerical simulations: insight into the heart of analytical glow discharges”. Bogaerts A, Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry 22, 13 (2007). http://doi.org/10.1039/b611436a
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Impact Factor: 3.379
Times cited: 23
DOI: 10.1039/b611436a
|
|