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“Effect of high temperature deposition on CoSi2 phase formation”. Comrie CM, Ahmed A, Smeets D, Demeulemeester J, Turner S, Van Tendeloo G, Detavernier C, Vantomme A, Journal of applied physics 113, 234902 (2013). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4811352
Abstract: This paper discusses the nucleation behaviour of the CoSi to CoSi2 transformation from cobalt silicide thin films grown by deposition at elevated substrate temperatures ranging from 375 °C to 600 °C. A combination of channelling, real-time Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, real-time x-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy was used to investigate the effect of the deposition temperature on the subsequent formation temperature of CoSi2, its growth behaviour, and the epitaxial quality of the CoSi2 thus formed. The temperature at which deposition took place was observed to exert a significant and systematic influence on both the formation temperature of CoSi2 and its growth mechanism. CoSi films grown at the lowest temperatures were found to increase the CoSi2 nucleation temperature above that of CoSi2 grown by conventional solid phase reaction, whereas the higher deposition temperatures reduced the nucleation temperature significantly. In addition, a systematic change in growth mechanism of the subsequent CoSi2 growth occurs as a function of deposition temperature. First, the CoSi2 growth rate from films grown at the lower reactive deposition temperatures is substantially lower than that grown at higher reactive deposition temperatures, even though the onset of growth occurs at a higher temperature, Second, for deposition temperatures below 450 °C, the growth appears columnar, indicating nucleation controlled growth. Elevated deposition temperatures, on the other hand, render the CoSi2 formation process layer-by-layer which indicates enhanced nucleation of the CoSi2 and diffusion controlled growth. Our results further indicate that this observed trend is most likely related to stress and changes in microstructure introduced during reactive deposition of the CoSi film. The deposition temperature therefore provides a handle to tune the CoSi2 growth mechanism.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.068
Times cited: 2
DOI: 10.1063/1.4811352
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“Influence of the morphology on the magneto-transport properties of laser-ablated ultrathin La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 films”. Das A, Gordon I, Wagner P, Cannaerts M, Moshchalkov VV, Bruynseraede Y, Schuddinck W, Van Tendeloo G, Borghs G, Journal of applied physics 90, 1429 (2001). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.1380217
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.068
Times cited: 2
DOI: 10.1063/1.1380217
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“Effect of hydriding induced defects on the small-scale plasticity mechanisms in nanocrystalline palladium thin films”. Lumbeeck G, Idrissi H, Amin-Ahmadi B, Favache A, Delmelle R, Samaee V, Proost J, Pardoen T, Schryvers D, Journal Of Applied Physics 124, 225105 (2018). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.5055274
Abstract: Nanoindentation tests performed on nanocrystalline palladium films subjected to hydriding/dehydriding cycles demonstrate a significant softening when compared to the as-received material. The origin of this softening is unraveled by combining in situ TEM nanomechanical testing with automated crystal orientation mapping in TEM and high resolution TEM. The softening is attributed to the presence of a high density of stacking faults and of Shockley partial dislocations after hydrogen loading. The hydrogen induced defects affect the elementary plasticity mechanisms and the mechanical response by acting as preferential sites for twinning/detwinning during deformation. These results are analyzed and compared to previous experimental and simulation works in the literature. This study provides new insights into the effect of hydrogen on the atomistic deformation and cracking mechanisms as well as on the mechanical properties of nanocrystalline thin films and membranes.
Keywords: A1 Journal Article; Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT) ;
Impact Factor: 2.068
Times cited: 2
DOI: 10.1063/1.5055274
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“Phonon-assisted tunneling in direct-bandgap semiconductors”. Mohammed M, Verhulst AS, Verreck D, Van de Put ML, Magnus W, Sorée B, Groeseneken G, Journal of applied physics 125, 015701 (2019). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.5044256
Abstract: In tunnel field-effect transistors, trap-assisted tunneling (TAT) is one of the probable causes for degraded subthreshold swing. The accurate quantum-mechanical (QM) assessment of TAT currents also requires a QM treatment of phonon-assisted tunneling (PAT) currents. Therefore, we present a multi-band PAT current formalism within the framework of the quantum transmitting boundary method. An envelope function approximation is used to construct the electron-phonon coupling terms corresponding to local Frohlich-based phonon-assisted inter-band tunneling in direct-bandgap III-V semiconductors. The PAT current density is studied in up to 100 nm long and 20 nm wide p-n diodes with the 2- and 15-band material description of our formalism. We observe an inefficient electron-phonon coupling across the tunneling junction. We further demonstrate the dependence of PAT currents on the device length, for our non-self-consistent formalism which neglects changes in the electron distribution function caused by the electron-phonon coupling. Finally, we discuss the differences in doping dependence between direct band-to-band tunneling and PAT current. Published under license by AIP Publishing.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT)
Impact Factor: 2.068
Times cited: 2
DOI: 10.1063/1.5044256
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“Ab initio study of shallow acceptors in bixbyite V2O3”. Sarmadian N, Saniz R, Partoens B, Lamoen D, Journal of applied physics 117, 015703 (2015). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4905316
Abstract: We present the results of our study on p-type dopability of bixbyite V2O3 using the Heyd, Scuseria, and Ernzerhof hybrid functional (HSE06) within the density functional theory (DFT) formalism. We study vanadium and oxygen vacancies as intrinsic defects and substitutional Mg, Sc, and Y as extrinsic defects. We find that Mg substituting V acts as a shallow acceptor, and that oxygen vacancies are electrically neutral. Hence, we predict Mg-doped V2O3 to be a p-type conductor. Our results also show that vanadium vacancies are relatively shallow, with a binding energy of 0.14 eV, so that they might also lead to p-type conductivity.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Condensed Matter Theory (CMT)
Impact Factor: 2.068
Times cited: 3
DOI: 10.1063/1.4905316
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“Ballistic current in metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors: the role of device topology”. Pourghaderi MA, Magnus W, Sorée B, Meuris M, de Meyer K, Heyns M, Journal of applied physics 106, 053702 (2009). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.3197635
Abstract: In this study we investigate the effect of device topology on the ballistic current in n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors. Comparison of the nanoscale planar and double-gate devices reveals that, down to a certain thickness of the double gate film, the ballistic current flowing in the double gate device is twice as large compared to its planar counterpart. On the other hand, further thinning of the film beyond this threshold is found to change noticeably the confinement and transport characteristics, which are strongly depending on the film material and the surface orientation. For double gate Ge and Si devices there exists a critical film thickness below which the transverse gate field is no longer effectively screened by the inversion layer electron gas and mutual inversion of the two gates is turned on. In the case of GaAs and other similar IIIV compounds, a decrease in the film thickness may drastically change the occupation of the L-valleys and therefore amend the transport properties. The simulation results show that, in both cases, the ballistic current and the transconductance are considerably enhanced.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT)
Impact Factor: 2.068
Times cited: 3
DOI: 10.1063/1.3197635
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“Bilayer graphene Hall bar with a pn-junction”. Milovanovic SP, Masir MR, Peeters FM, Journal of applied physics 114, 113706 (2013). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4821264
Abstract: We investigate the magnetic field dependence of the Hall and the bend resistances for a ballistic Hall bar structure containing a pn-junction sculptured from a bilayer of graphene. The electric response is obtained using the billiard model, and we investigate the cases of bilayer graphene with and without a band gap. Two different conduction regimes are possible: (i) both sides of the junction have the same carrier type and (ii) one side of the junction is n-type while the other one is p-type. The first case shows Hall plateau-like features in the Hall resistance that fade away as the band gap opens. The second case exhibits a bend resistance that is asymmetric in magnetic field as a consequence of snake states along the pn-interface, where the maximum is shifted away from zero magnetic field.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT)
Impact Factor: 2.068
Times cited: 3
DOI: 10.1063/1.4821264
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“Theoretical investigation of CoSi2/Si1-xGex detectors: influence of a Si tunneling barrier on the electro-optical characteristics”. Chu DP, Peeters FM, Kolodinski S, Roca E, Journal of applied physics 79, 1151 (1996)
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT)
Impact Factor: 2.183
Times cited: 3
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“Ab-initio study of the segregation and electronic properties of neutral and charged B and P dopants in Si and Si/SiO2 nanowires”. Schoeters B, Leenaerts O, Pourtois G, Partoens B, Journal of applied physics 118, 104306 (2015). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4930048
Abstract: We perform first-principles calculations to investigate the preferred positions of B and P dopants, both neutral and in their preferred charge state, in Si and Si/SiO2 core-shell nanowires (NWs). In order to understand the observed trends in the formation energy, we isolate the different effects that determine these formation energies. By making the distinction between the unrelaxed and the relaxed formation energy, we separate the impact of the relaxation from that of the chemical environment. The unrelaxed formation energies are determined by three effects: (i) the effect of strain caused by size mismatch between the dopant and the host atoms, (ii) the local position of the band edges, and (iii) a screening effect. In the case of the SiNW (Si/SiO2 NW), these effects result in an increase of the formation energy away from the center (interface). The effect of relaxation depends on the relative size mismatch between the dopant and host atoms. A large size mismatch causes substantial relaxation that reduces the formation energy considerably, with the relaxation being more pronounced towards the edge of the wires. These effects explain the surface segregation of the B dopants in a SiNW, since the atomic relaxation induces a continuous drop of the formation energy towards the edge. However, for the P dopants, the formation energy starts to rise when moving from the center but drops to a minimum just next to the surface, indicating a different type of behavior. It also explains that the preferential location for B dopants in Si/SiO2 core-shell NWs is inside the oxide shell just next to the interface, whereas the P dopants prefer the positions next to the interface inside the Si core, which is in agreement with recent experiments. These preferred locations have an important impact on the electronic properties of these core-shell NWs. Our simulations indicate the possibility of hole gas formation when B segregates into the oxide shell.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT); Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Impact Factor: 2.068
Times cited: 3
DOI: 10.1063/1.4930048
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“Edge states in gated bilayer-monolayer graphene ribbons and bilayer domain walls”. Mirzakhani M, Zarenia M, Peeters FM, Journal of applied physics 123, 204301 (2018). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.5025937
Abstract: Using the effective continuum model, the electron energy spectrum of gated bilayer graphene with a step-like region of decoupled graphene layers at the edge of the sample is studied. Different types of coupled-decoupled interfaces are considered, i.e., zigzag (ZZ) and armchair junctions, which result in significant different propagating states. Two non-valley-polarized conducting edge states are observed for ZZ type, which are mainly located around the ZZ-ended graphene layers. Additionally, we investigated both BA-BA and BA-AB domain walls in the gated bilayer graphene within the continuum approximation. Unlike the BA-BA domain wall, which exhibits gapped insulating behaviour, the domain walls surrounded by different stackings of bilayer regions feature valley-polarized edge states. Our findings are consistent with other theoretical calculations, such as from the tight-binding model and first-principles calculations, and agree with experimental observations. Published by AIP Publishing.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT)
Impact Factor: 2.068
Times cited: 3
DOI: 10.1063/1.5025937
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“Energy filtering in silicon nanowires and nanosheets using a geometric superlattice and its use for steep-slope transistors”. Beckers A, Thewissen M, Sorée B, Journal of applied physics 124, 144304 (2018). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.5043543
Abstract: This paper investigates energy filtering in silicon nanowires and nanosheets by resonant electron tunneling through a geometric superlattice. A geometric superlattice is any kind of periodic geometric feature along the transport direction of the nanowire or nanosheet. Multivalley quantum-transport simulations are used to demonstrate the manifestation of minibands and minibandgaps in the transmission spectra of such a superlattice. We find that the presence of different valleys in the conduction band of silicon favors a nanowire with a rectangular cross section for effective energy filtering. The obtained energy filter can consequently be used in the source extension of a field-effect transistor to prevent high-energy electrons from contributing to the leakage current. Self-consistent Schrodinger-Poisson simulations in the ballistic limit show minimum subthreshold swings of 6 mV/decade for geometric superlattices with indentations. The obtained theoretical performance metrics for the simulated devices are compared with conventional III-V superlatticeFETs and TunnelFETs. The adaptation of the quantum transmitting boundary method to the finite-element simulation of 3-D structures with anisotropic effective mass is presented in Appendixes A and B. Our results bare relevance in the search for steep-slope transistor alternatives which are compatible with the silicon industry and can overcome the power-consumption bottleneck inherent to standard CMOS technologies. Published by AIP Publishing.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT)
Impact Factor: 2.068
Times cited: 3
DOI: 10.1063/1.5043543
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“Effect of PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 thin layer on structure, electronic and magnetic properties of La0.65Sr0.35MnO3 and La0.65Ca0.30MnO3 thin-films”. Hezareh T, Razavi FS, Kremer RK, Habermeier H-U, Lebedev OI, Kirilenko D, Van Tendeloo G, Journal of applied physics 109, 113707 (2011). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.3592660
Abstract: Epitaxial thin film heterostructures of high dielectric PbZr<sub>1-x</sub>Ti<sub>x</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (PZT) and La<sub>1-x</sub>A<sub>x</sub>MnO<sub>3</sub> (A-divalent alkaline earth metals such as Sr (LSMO) and Ca (LCMO)) were grown on SrTiO<sub>3</sub> substrates and their structure, temperature dependence of electrical resistivity, and magnetization were investigated as a function of the thickness of the LSMO(LCMO) layer. The microstructures of the samples were analyzed by TEM. By applying an electric field across the PZT layer, we applied a ferrodistortive pressure on the manganite layer and studied the correlations between lattice distortion and electric transport and magnetic properties of the CMR materials.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.068
Times cited: 4
DOI: 10.1063/1.3592660
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“Phonon-assisted Zener tunneling in a cylindrical nanowire transistor”. Carrillo-Nuñez H, Magnus W, Vandenberghe WG, Sorée B, Peeters FM, Journal of applied physics 113, 184507 (2013). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4803715
Abstract: The tunneling current has been computed for a cylindrical nanowire tunneling field-effect transistor (TFET) with an all-round gate that covers the source region. Being the underlying mechanism, band-to-band tunneling, mediated by electron-phonon interaction, is pronouncedly affected by carrier confinement in the radial direction and, therefore, involves the self-consistent solution of the Schrodinger and Poisson equations. The latter has been accomplished by exploiting a non-linear variational principle within the framework of the modified local density approximation taking into account the nonparabolicity of both the valence band and conduction band in relatively thick wires. Moreover, while the effective-mass approximation might still provide a reasonable description of the conduction band in relatively thick wires, we have found that the nonparabolicity of the valence band needs to be included. As a major conclusion, it is observed that confinement effects in nanowire tunneling field-effect transistors have a stronger impact on the onset voltage of the tunneling current in comparison with planar TFETs. On the other hand, the value of the onset voltage is found to be overestimated when the valence band nonparabolicity is ignored. (C) 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT)
Impact Factor: 2.068
Times cited: 4
DOI: 10.1063/1.4803715
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“Superconductor-ferromagnet bilayer under external drive : the role of vortex-antivortex matter”. Frota DA, Chaves A, Ferreira WP, Farias GA, Milošević, MV, Journal of applied physics 119, 093912 (2016). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4943364
Abstract: Using advanced Ginzburg-Landau simulations, we study the superconducting state of a thin superconducting film under a ferromagnetic layer, separated by an insulating oxide, in applied external magnetic field and electric current. The taken uniaxial ferromagnet is organized into a series of parallel domains with alternating polarization of out-of-plane magnetization, sufficiently strong to induce vortex-antivortex pairs in the underlying superconductor in absence of other magnetic field. We show the organization of such vortex-antivortex matter into rich configurations, some of which are not matching the periodicity of the ferromagnetic film. The variety of possible configurations is enhanced by applied homogeneous magnetic field, where additional vortices in the superconductor may lower the energy of the system by either annihilating the present antivortices under negative ferromagnetic domains or by lowering their own energy after positioning under positive ferromagnetic domains. As a consequence, both the vortex-antivortex reordering in increasing external field and the evolution of the energy of the system are highly nontrivial. Finally, we reveal the very interesting effects of applied dc electric current on the vortex-antivortex configurations, since resulting Lorentzian force has opposite direction for vortices and antivortices, while direction of the applied current with respect to ferromagnetic domains is of crucial importance for the interaction of the applied and the Meissner current, as well as the consequent vortex-antivortex dynamics-both of which are reflected in the anisotropic critical current of the system. (C) 2016 AIP Publishing LLC.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT)
Impact Factor: 2.068
Times cited: 4
DOI: 10.1063/1.4943364
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“Effects of hole self-trapping by polarons on transport and negative bias illumination stress in amorphous-IGZO”. de de Meux AJ, Pourtois G, Genoe J, Heremans P, Journal of applied physics 123, 161513 (2018). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4986180
Abstract: The effects of hole injection in amorphous indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (a-IGZO) are analyzed by means of first-principles calculations. The injection of holes in the valence band tail states leads to their capture as a polaron, with high self-trapping energies (from 0.44 to 1.15 eV). Once formed, they mediate the formation of peroxides and remain localized close to the hole injection source due to the presence of a large diffusion energy barrier (of at least 0.6 eV). Their diffusion mechanism can be mediated by the presence of hydrogen. The capture of these holes is correlated with the low off-current observed for a-IGZO transistors, as well as with the difficulty to obtain a p-type conductivity. The results further support the formation of peroxides as being the root cause of Negative Bias Illumination Stress (NBIS). The strong self-trapping substantially reduces the injection of holes from the contact and limits the creation of peroxides from a direct hole injection. In the presence of light, the concentration of holes substantially rises and mediates the creation of peroxides, responsible for NBIS. Published by AIP Publishing.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Impact Factor: 2.068
Times cited: 4
DOI: 10.1063/1.4986180
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“Plasmon modes in monolayer and double-layer black phosphorus under applied uniaxial strain”. Saberi-Pouya S, Vazifehshenas T, Saleh M, Farmanbar M, Salavati-fard T, Journal of applied physics 123, 174301 (2018). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.5023486
Abstract: We study the effects of an applied in-plane uniaxial strain on the plasmon dispersions of monolayer, bilayer, and double-layer black phosphorus structures in the long-wavelength limit within the linear elasticity theory. In the low-energy limit, these effects can be modeled through the change in the curvature of the anisotropic energy band along the armchair and zigzag directions. We derive analytical relations of the plasmon modes under uniaxial strain and show that the direction of the applied strain is important. Moreover, we observe that along the armchair direction, the changes of the plasmon dispersion with strain are different and larger than those along the zigzag direction. Using the analytical relations of two-layer phosphorene systems, we found that the strain-dependent orientation factor of layers could be considered as a means to control the variations of the plasmon energy. Furthermore, our study shows that the plasmonic collective modes are more affected when the strain is applied equally to the layers compared to the case in which the strain is applied asymmetrically to the layers. We also calculate the effect of strain on the drag resistivity in a double-layer black phosphorus structure and obtain that the changes in the plasmonic excitations, due to an applied strain, are mainly responsible for the predicted results. This study can be readily extended to other anisotropic two-dimensional materials. Published by AIP Publishing.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT)
Impact Factor: 2.068
Times cited: 4
DOI: 10.1063/1.5023486
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“Enhancement of surface discharge in catalyst pores in dielectric barrier discharges”. Gu J-G, Zhang Y, Gao M-X, Wang H-Y, Zhang Q-Z, Yi L, Jiang W, Journal of applied physics 125, 153303 (2019). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.5082568
Abstract: The generation of high-density plasmas on the surface of porous catalysts is very important for plasma catalysis, as it determines the active surface of the catalyst that is available for the reaction. In this work, we investigate the mechanism of surface and volume plasma streamer formation and propagation near micro-sized pores in dielectric barrier discharges operating in air at atmospheric pressure. A two-dimensional particle-in-cell/ Monte Carlo collision model is used to model the individual kinetic behavior of plasma species. Our calculations indicate that the surface discharge is enhanced on the surface of the catalyst pores compared with the microdischarge inside the catalyst pores. The reason is that the surface ionization wave induces surface charging along the catalyst pore sidewalls, leading to a strong electric field along the pore sidewalls, which in turn further enhances the surface discharge. Therefore, highly concentrated reactive species occur on the surfaces of the catalyst pores, indicating high-density plasmas on the surface of porous catalysts. Indeed, the maximum electron impact excitation and ionization rates occur on the pore surface, indicating the more pronounced production of excited state and electron-ion pairs on the pore surface than inside the pore, which may profoundly affect the plasma catalytic process. Published under license by AIP Publishing.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Impact Factor: 2.068
Times cited: 4
DOI: 10.1063/1.5082568
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“Asymmetric versus symmetric HgTe/CdxHg1-x Te double quantum wells: Bandgap tuning without electric field”. Topalovic DB, Arsoski VV, Tadic MZ, Peeters FM, Journal Of Applied Physics 128, 064301 (2020). http://doi.org/10.1063/5.0016069
Abstract: We investigate the electron states in double asymmetric HgTe / Cd x Hg 1 – x Te quantum wells grown along the [ 001 ] direction. The subbands are computed by means of the envelope function approximation applied to the eight-band Kane k . mml:mspace width=“.1em”mml:mspace p model. The asymmetry of the confining potential of the double quantum wells results in a gap opening, which is absent in the symmetric system where it can only be induced by an applied electric field. The bandgap and the subbands are affected by spin-orbit coupling, which is a consequence of the asymmetry of the confining potential. The electron-like and hole-like states are mainly confined in different quantum wells, and the enhanced hybridization between them opens a spin-dependent hybridization gap at a finite in-plane wavevector. We show that both the ratio of the widths of the two quantum wells and the mole fraction of the C d x H g 1 – x Te barrier control both the energy gap between the hole-like states and the hybridization gap. The energy subbands are shown to exhibit inverted ordering, and therefore, a nontrivial topological phase could emerge in the system.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT)
Impact Factor: 3.2
Times cited: 4
DOI: 10.1063/5.0016069
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“Artificial molecular quantum rings under magnetic field influence”. Castelano LK, Hai GQ, Partoens B, Peeters FM, Journal of applied physics 106, 073702 (2009). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.3223360
Abstract: The ground states of a few electrons confined in two vertically coupled quantum rings in the presence of an external magnetic field are studied systematically within the current spin-density functional theory. Electron-electron interactions combined with inter-ring tunneling affect the electronic structure and the persistent current. For small values of the external magnetic field, we recover the zero magnetic field molecular quantum ring ground state configurations. Increasing the magnetic field many angular momentum, spin, and isospin transitions are predicted to occur in the ground state. We show that these transitions follow certain rules, which are governed by the parity of the number of electrons, the single-particle picture, Hunds rules, and many-body effects.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT)
Impact Factor: 2.068
Times cited: 5
DOI: 10.1063/1.3223360
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“Metal and composite nanocluster precipitate formation in silicon dioxide implanted with Sb+ ions”. Ignatova VA, Lebedev OI, Watjen U, van Vaeck L, van Landuyt J, Gijbels R, Adams F, Journal of applied physics 92, 4336 (2002). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.1508425
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Impact Factor: 2.068
Times cited: 5
DOI: 10.1063/1.1508425
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“Resistance maps from local probing of a ballistic mesoscopic Hall bar”. Papp G, Peeters FM, Journal of applied physics 101, 063715 (2007). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.2713365
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT)
Impact Factor: 2.068
Times cited: 5
DOI: 10.1063/1.2713365
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“Wafer-level electrical evaluation of vertical carbon nanotube bundles as a function of growth temperature”. Vereecke B, van der Veen MH, Sugiura M, Kashiwagi Y, Ke X, Cott DJ, Hantschel T, Huyghebaert C, Tökei Z, Japanese journal of applied physics 52, 04cn02 (2013). http://doi.org/10.7567/JJAP.52.04CN02
Abstract: We have evaluated the resistance of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) grown at a CMOS-compatible temperature using a realistic integration scheme. The structural analysis of the CNTs by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the degree of graphitization decreased significantly when the growth temperature was decreased from 540 to 400 °C. The CNTs were integrated to form 150-nm-diameter vertical interconnects between a TiN layer and Cu metal trenches on 200 mm full wafers. Wafers with CNTs grown at low temperature were found to have a lower single-contact resistance than those produced at high temperatures. Thickness measurements showed that the low contact resistance is a result of small contact height. This height dependence is masking the impact of CNT graphitization quality on resistance. When benchmarking our results with data from the literature, a relationship between resistivity and growth temperature cannot be found for CNT-based vertical interconnects.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 1.384
Times cited: 5
DOI: 10.7567/JJAP.52.04CN02
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“Evolution of phosphorus-vacancy clusters in epitaxial germanium”. Vohra A, Khanam A, Slotte J, Makkonen I, Pourtois G, Loo R, Vandervorst W, Journal of applied physics 125, 025701 (2019). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.5054996
Abstract: The E centers (dopant-vacancy pairs) play a significant role in dopant deactivation in semiconductors. In order to gain insight into dopant-defect interactions during epitaxial growth of in situ phosphorus doped Ge, positron annihilation spectroscopy, which is sensitive to open-volume defects, was performed on Ge layers grown by chemical vapor deposition with different concentrations of phosphorus (similar to 1 x 10(18)-1 x 10(20) cm(-3)). Experimental results supported by first-principles calculations based on the two component density-functional theory gave evidence for the existence of mono-vacancies decorated by several phosphorus atoms as the dominant defect type in the epitaxial Ge. The concentration of vacancies increases with the amount of P-doping. The number of P atoms around the vacancy also increases, depending on the P concentration. The evolution of P-n-V clusters in Ge contributes significantly to the dopant deactivation. Published under license by AIP Publishing.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Impact Factor: 2.068
Times cited: 5
DOI: 10.1063/1.5054996
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“First-principles study of carbon impurities in CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2, present in non-vacuum synthesis methods”. Bekaert J, Saniz R, Partoens B, Lamoen D, Journal of applied physics 117, 015104 (2015). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4905538
Abstract: A first-principles study of the structural and electronic properties of carbon impurities in CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2 is presented. Carbon is present in organic molecules in the precursor solutions used in non-vacuum growth methods for CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2 based photovoltaic cells. These growth methods make more efficient use of material, time, and energy than traditional vacuum methods. The formation energies of several carbon impurities are calculated using the hybrid HSE06 functional. C Cu acts as a shallow donor, CIn and interstitial C yield deep donor levels in CuInSe2, while in CuGaSe2 CGa and interstitial C act as deep amphoteric defects. So, these defects reduce the majority carrier (hole) concentration in p-type CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2 by compensating the acceptor levels. The deep defects are likely to act as recombination centers for the photogenerated charge carriers and are thus detrimental for the performance of the photovoltaic cells. On the other hand, the formation energies of the carbon impurities are high, even under C-rich growth conditions. Thus, few C impurities will form in CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2 in thermodynamic equilibrium. However, the deposition of the precursor solution in non-vacuum growth methods presents conditions far from thermodynamic equilibrium. In this case, our calculations show that C impurities formed in non-equilibrium tend to segregate from CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2 by approaching thermodynamic equilibrium, e.g., via thorough annealing.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Condensed Matter Theory (CMT)
Impact Factor: 2.068
Times cited: 6
DOI: 10.1063/1.4905538
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“High resolution electron microscopy study of molecular beam epitaxy grown CoSi2/Si1-xGex/Si(100) heterostructurs”. Buschmann V, Rodewald M, Fuess H, Van Tendeloo G, Schäffer C, Journal of applied physics 85, 2119 (1999). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.369512
Abstract: Two CoSi2/Si1-xGex/Si(100) heterostructures, with different Ge content, made by molecular beam epitaxy are characterized by high resolution electron microscopy. In general, the interface between the CoSi2 thin film and the Si1-xGex layer is of a high structural quality and the strained Si1-xGex layer exhibits few defects. For both samples, different interface structures are present, although the dominant interfacial configuration is similar to the unreconstructed interface present at the CoSi2/Si(100) interface. Only occasionally (2x1) reconstructed interface regions are found which are just a few nanometers in length. Phenomena such as Ge segregation and the introduction of defects are also observed in the Si1-xGex layer. We attribute the minimal presence of the reconstructed interface to both the (2x8):Si1-xGex(100) surface reconstruction and the Ge segregation that takes place. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-8979(99)02104-0].
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.068
Times cited: 6
DOI: 10.1063/1.369512
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“Structural defects and epitaxial rotation of C60 and C70 (111) films on GeS(001)”. Bernaerts D, Van Tendeloo G, Amelinckx S, Hevesi K, Gensterblum G, Yu LM, Pireaux JJ, Grey F, Bohr J, Journal of applied physics 80, 3310 (1996). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.363241
Abstract: A transmission electron microscopy study of epitaxial C-60 and C-70 films grown on a GeS (001) surface is presented. The relationship between the orientation of the substrate and the films and structural defects in the films, such as grain boundaries, unknown in bulk C-60 and C-70 crystals, are studied. Small misalignments of the overlayers with respect to the orientation of the substrate, so-called epitaxial rotations, exist mainly in C-70 films, but also sporadically in the C-60 overlayers. A simple symmetry model, previously used to predict the rotation of hexagonal overlayers on hexagonal substrates, is numerically tested and applied to the present situation. Some qualitative conclusions concerning the substrate-film interaction are deduced. (C) 1996 American Institute of Physics.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.183
Times cited: 6
DOI: 10.1063/1.363241
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“Inter-ribbon tunneling in graphene: An atomistic Bardeen approach”. Van de Put ML, Vandenberghe WG, Sorée B, Magnus W, Fischetti MV, Journal of applied physics 119, 214306 (2016). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4953148
Abstract: A weakly coupled system of two crossed graphene nanoribbons exhibits direct tunneling due to the overlap of the wavefunctions of both ribbons. We apply the Bardeen transfer Hamiltonian formalism, using atomistic band structure calculations to account for the effect of the atomic structure on the tunneling process. The strong quantum-size confinement of the nanoribbons is mirrored by the one-dimensional character of the electronic structure, resulting in properties that differ significantly from the case of inter-layer tunneling, where tunneling occurs between bulk two-dimensional graphene sheets. The current-voltage characteristics of the inter-ribbon tunneling structures exhibit resonance, as well as stepwise increases in current. Both features are caused by the energetic alignment of one-dimensional peaks in the density-of-states of the ribbons. Resonant tunneling occurs if the sign of the curvature of the coupled energy bands is equal, whereas a step-like increase in the current occurs if the signs are opposite. Changing the doping modulates the onset-voltage of the effects as well as their magnitude. Doping through electrostatic gating makes these structures promising for application towards steep slope switching devices. Using the atomistic empirical pseudopotentials based Bardeen transfer Hamiltonian method, inter-ribbon tunneling can be studied for the whole range of two-dimensional materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides. The effects of resonance and of step-like increases in the current we observe in graphene ribbons are also expected in ribbons made from these alternative two-dimensional materials, because these effects are manifestations of the one-dimensional character of the density-of-states. Published by AIP Publishing.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT)
Impact Factor: 2.068
Times cited: 6
DOI: 10.1063/1.4953148
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“Electric-field induced quantum broadening of the characteristic energy level of traps in semiconductors and oxides”. Mohammed M, Verhulst AS, Verreck D, Van de Put M, Simoen E, Sorée B, Kaczer B, Degraeve R, Mocuta A, Collaert N, Thean A, Groeseneken G, Journal of applied physics 120, 245704 (2016). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4972482
Abstract: The trap-assisted tunneling (TAT) current in tunnel field-effect transistors (TFETs) is one of the crucial factors degrading the sub-60 mV/dec sub-threshold swing. To correctly predict the TAT currents, an accurate description of the trap is required. Since electric fields in TFETs typically reach beyond 10(6) V/cm, there is a need to quantify the impact of such high field on the traps. We use a quantum mechanical implementation based on the modified transfer matrix method to obtain the trap energy level. We present the qualitative impact of electric field on different trap configurations, locations, and host materials, including both semiconductors and oxides. We determine that there is an electric-field related trap level shift and level broadening. We find that these electric-field induced quantum effects can enhance the trap emission rates. Published by AIP Publishing.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT)
Impact Factor: 2.068
Times cited: 6
DOI: 10.1063/1.4972482
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“Graphene hall bar with an asymmetric pn-junction”. Milovanovic SP, Masir MR, Peeters FM, Journal of applied physics 113, 193701 (2013). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4805350
Abstract: We investigated the magnetic field dependence of the Hall and the bend resistances in the ballistic regime for a single layer graphene Hall bar structure containing a pn-junction. When both regions are n-type the Hall resistance dominates and Hall type of plateaus are formed. These plateaus occur as a consequence of the restriction on the angle imposed by Snell's law allowing only electrons with a certain initial angles to transmit though the potential step. The size of the plateau and its position is determined by the position of the potential interface as well as the value of the applied potential. When the second region is p-type, the bend resistance dominates, which is asymmetric in field due to the presence of snake states. Changing the position of the pn-interface in the Hall bar strongly affects these states and therefore the bend resistance is also changed. Changing the applied potential, we observe that the bend resistance exhibits a peak around the charge-neutrality point (CNP), which is independent of the position of the pn-interface, while the Hall resistance shows a sign reversal when the CNP is crossed, which is in very good agreement with a recent experiment [J. R. Williams and C. M. Marcus, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 046602 (2011)].
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT)
Impact Factor: 2.068
Times cited: 7
DOI: 10.1063/1.4805350
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“Interface-controlled magnetism and transport of ultrathin manganite films”. Shapoval O, Huehn S, Verbeeck J, Jungbauer M, Belenchuk A, Moshnyaga V, Journal of applied physics 113, 17c711 (2013). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4795422
Abstract: We report ferromagnetic, T-C = 240 K, and metallic, T-MI = 250 K, behaviors of a three unit cell thick interface engineered lanthanum manganite film, grown by metalorganic aerosol deposition technique on SrTiO3(100) substrates. Atomically resolved electron microscopy and chemical analysis show that ultrathin manganite films start to grow with La-O layer on a strongly Mn/Ti-intermixed interface, engineered by an additional deposition of 2 u.c. of Sr-Mn-O. Such interface engineering results in a hole-doped manganite layer and stabilizes ferromagnetism and metallic conductivity down to the thickness of d = 3 u.c. The films with d = 8 u.c. demonstrate a bulk-like transport behavior with T-MI similar to T-C = 310 – 330 K. (C) 2013 American Institute of Physics.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.068
Times cited: 7
DOI: 10.1063/1.4795422
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