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	Author	Janssens, K.
	Title	EXRS2022 : the 2022 edition of the European X-ray Spectrometry conference, held in Bruges, Belgium			Type	Editorial
	Year	2023	Publication	X-ray spectrometry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	52	Issue	6	Pages	276-278
	Keywords	Editorial; Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001043528400001	Publication Date	2023-08-07
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0049-8246	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor	1.2	Times cited		Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 1.2; 2023 IF: 1.298
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:198217			Serial	8865
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Avranovich Clerici, E.; De Meyer, S.; Vanmeert, F.; Legrand, S.; Monico, L.; Miliani, C.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Multi-scale X-ray imaging of the pigment discoloration processes triggered by chlorine compounds in the Upper Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Molecules: a journal of synthetic chemistry and natural product chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	28	Issue	16	Pages	6106-6123
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS)
	Abstract	In this paper, the chromatic alteration of various types of paints, present on mural painting fragments derived from the vaults of The Upper Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi in Italy (12th-13th century), is studied using synchrotron radiation. Six painted mural fragments, several square centimeters in size, were available for analysis, originating from the ceiling paintings attributed to Cimabue and Giotto; they correspond to originally white, blue/green, and brown/yellow/orange areas showing discoloration. As well as collecting macroscopic X-ray fluorescence and diffraction maps from the entire fragments in the laboratory and at the SOLEIL synchrotron, corresponding paint cross-sections were also analyzed using microscopic X-ray fluorescence and powder diffraction mapping at the PETRA-III synchrotron. Numerous secondary products were observed on the painted surfaces, such as (a) copper tri-hydroxychloride in green/blue areas; (b) corderoite and calomel in vermillion red/cinnabar-rich paints; (c) plattnerite and/or scrutinyite assumed to be oxidation products of (hydro)cerussite (2PbCO(3)center dot Pb(OH)(2)) in the white areas, and (d) the calcium oxalates whewellite and weddellite. An extensive presence of chlorinated metal salts points to the central role of chlorine-containing compounds during the degradation of the 800-year-old paint, leading to, among other things, the formation of the rare mineral cumengeite (21PbCl(2)center dot 20Cu(OH) (2) center dot 6H(2)O).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001056388600001	Publication Date	2023-08-17
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1420-3049	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor	4.6	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.6; 2023 IF: 2.861
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:199265			Serial	8902
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Monico, L.; d'Acapito, F.; Cotte, M.; Janssens, K.; Romani, A.; Ricci, G.; Miliani, C.; Cartechini, L.
	Title	Total electron yield (TEY) detection mode Cr K-edge XANES spectroscopy as a direct method to probe the composition of the surface of darkened chrome yellow (PbCr1-xSxO4) and potassium chromate paints			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Nuclear instruments and methods in physics research: B: beam interactions with materials and atoms	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	539	Issue		Pages	141-147
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS)
	Abstract	The darkening of chromate-pigments, including chrome yellows (PbCr1-xSxO4), is a surface phenomenon affecting late 19th-early 20th c. paintings, such as those by Van Gogh. Exploring analytical strategies that contribute to a deep understanding of darkening is therefore significant for the long-term conservation of unique masterpieces. Here, we examined the capabilities of Cr K-edge XANES spectroscopy collected at the same time in X-ray fluorescence yield (XFY) and total electron yield (TEY) detection modes to selectively study the surface composition of darkened oil paint mock-ups composed of chrome yellow (PbCr0.2S0.8O4) or potassium chromate. By discussing advantages and drawbacks in using XFY/TEY modes in relation to XFY & mu;-XANES analysis from sectioned samples, we aim at assessing if TEY-XANES spectroscopy: (i) is a selective surface method to determine the abundance of different Cr-species from paint fragments; (ii) can contribute to optimize the analytical strategy by limiting time consuming sample preparation procedures; (iii) can decrease the probability of radiation damage.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001041485400001	Publication Date	2023-04-10
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0168-583x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	1.3	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 1.3; 2023 IF: 1.109
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:198427			Serial	8944
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	Author	Ortega Saez, N.; Arno, R.; Marchetti, A.; Cauberghs, S.; Janssens, K.; Van der Snickt, G.; Al-Emam, E.
	Title	Towards a novel strategy for soot removal from water-soluble materials : the synergetic effect of hydrogels and cyclomethicone on gelatine emulsion-based photographs			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Heritage science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	11	Issue	1	Pages	78-17
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Art; Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES); Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS)
	Abstract	Gels are a popular cleaning method for paper conservators and a lot of research has been done concerning gel cleaning of paper objects over the last 15 years. Despite the close interconnection between the conservation fields of paper and photographic material, research on using gels for cleaning photographs is very scarce. However, gels can provide an excellent cleaning method for photographic material. Cleaning silver gelatine prints with aqueous solvents is very complex due to the hydrophilic properties and fragility of the gelatine layer which makes mechanical cleaning difficult. The properties of gels ensure better control over the flow and evaporation of the solvent, facilitating the cleaning process. This study is the first insight into the viability of using gellan gum gel and polyvinyl acetate-borax (PVAc-borax) gel to clean contaminants from the surface of silver gelatine photographs. It is based on self-made samples that were artificially aged and contaminated with soot. Water, ethanol (EtOH), and Kodak Photo-flo were studied as solvents to remove the soot from the silver gelatine-based prints. These solvents were loaded into the aforementioned gels and applied to the samples in two different methods. These gel cleaning methods were subsequently compared with traditional cleaning methods. In addition, the usage of cyclomethicone D4 as a protective mask for the gelatine layer was studied. Measuring methods used to evaluate the cleaning were visual comparison, microscopic observation, and densitometry. ATR-FTIR measurements were also conducted to investigate potential side-effects of the cleaning methods on the prints, such as unwanted chemical transformations or the presence of gel residues after the treatments. Most of the gel cleaning methods within this study proved to be inadequate, with the exception of the gellan gum gel loaded with 30% EtOH. It was used as a granulated gel applied mechanically on a print saturated with cyclomethicone (octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane D4). Cyclomethicone proved to be a very effective protective barrier for the water-sensitive gelatine layer with minimal reduction in cleaning effectiveness.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000970139500001	Publication Date	2023-04-18
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2050-7445	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	2.5	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 2.5; 2023 IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:196445			Serial	8945
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Broers, F.T.H.; Janssens, K.; Weker, J.N.; Webb, S.M.; Mehta, A.; Meirer, F.; Keune, K.
	Title	Two pathways for the degradation of orpiment pigment (As₂S₃) found in paintings			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Journal of the American Chemical Society	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	145	Issue	16	Pages	8847-8859
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS)
	Abstract	Paintings are complex objects containing many different chemical compounds that can react over time. The degradation of arsenic sulfide pigments causes optical changes in paintings. The main degradation product was thought to be white arsenolite (As2O3), but previous research also showed the abundant presence of As(V) species. In this study, we investigate the influence of the presence of a medium on the degradation mechanism of orpiment (As2S3) using synchrotron radiation (SR)-based tomographic transmission X-ray microscopy, SR-based micro-X-ray fluorescence, and Xray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy. Upon direct illumination of dry orpiment powder using UV-visible light, only the formation of As2O3 was observed. When As2S3 was surrounded by a medium and illuminated, As2O3 was only observed in the area directly exposed to light, while As(V) degradation species were found elsewhere in the medium. Without accelerated artificial light aging, As(V)(aq) species are formed and migrate throughout the medium within weeks after preparation. In both scenarios, the As(V) species form via intermediate As(III)(aq) species and the presence of a medium is necessary. As(V)(aq) species can react with available cations to form insoluble metal arsenates, which induces stress within the paint layers (leading to, e.g., cracks and delamination) or can lead to a visual change of the image of the painting.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000974346900001	Publication Date	2023-04-14
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0002-7863	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	15	Times cited		Open Access	OpenAccess
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 15; 2023 IF: 13.858
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:196762			Serial	8948
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Mayda, S.; Monico, L.; Krishnan, D.; De Meyer, S.; Cotte, M.; Garrevoet, J.; Falkenberg, G.; Sandu, I.C.A.; Partoens, B.; Lamoen, D.; Romani, A.; Miliani, C.; Verbeeck, J.; Janssens, K.
	Title	A combined experimental and computational approach to understanding CdS pigment oxidation in a renowned early 20th century painting			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Chemistry of materials	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	35	Issue	24	Pages	10403-10415
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Condensed Matter Theory (CMT); Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS)
	Abstract	Cadmium sulfide (CdS)-based yellow pigments have been used in a number of early 20th century artworks, including The Scream series painted by Edvard Munch. Some of these unique paintings are threatened by the discoloration of these CdS-based yellow oil paints because of the oxidation of the original sulfides to sulfates. The experimental data obtained here prove that moisture and cadmium chloride compounds play a key role in promoting such oxidation. To clarify how these two factors effectively prompt the process, we studied the band alignment between CdS, CdCl2, and Cd-(OH)Cl as well as the radicals center dot OH and H3O center dot by density functional theory (DFT) methods. Our results show that a stack of several layers of Cd-(OH)Cl creates a pocket of positive holes at the Cl-terminated surface and a pocket of electrons at the OH-terminated surface by leading in a difference in ionization energy at both surfaces. The resulting band alignment indicates that Cd-(OH)Cl can indeed play the role of an oxidative catalyst for CdS in a moist environment, thus providing an explanation for the experimental evidence.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001133000900001	Publication Date	2023-12-08
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0897-4756; 1520-5002	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor	8.6	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	The experimental research on the cadmium yellow powders/paint mock-ups and The Scream (ca. 1910) was financially supported by the European Union, research projects IPERION-CH (H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015, GA no. 654028) and IPERION-HS (H2020-INFRAIA-2019-1, GA no. 871034) and the project AMIS within the program Dipartimenti di Eccellenza 2018-2022 (funded by MUR and the University of Perugia). For the beamtime grants received, the authors thank the ESRF-ID21 beamline (experiments HG64 and HG95), the DESY-P06 beamline, a member of the Helmholtz Association HGF (experiments I-20130221 EC and I-20160126 EC), and the project CALIPSOplus under the GA no. 730872 from the E.U. Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020. All of the staff of the MUNCH Museum (Conservation Department) is acknowledged for their collaboration. The computational resources and services used in this work were provided by the VSC (Flemish Supercomputer Center) and the HPC infrastructure of the University of Antwerp (CalcUA), both funded by the FWO – Vlaanderen and the Flemish Government, Department EWI.			Approved	Most recent IF: 8.6; 2023 IF: 9.466
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:202836			Serial	8999
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	Author	Alvarez-Martin, A.; Quanico, J.; Scovacricchi, T.; Avranovich Clerici, E.; Baggerman, G.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Chemical mapping of the degradation of geranium lake in paint cross sections by MALDI-MSI			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	95	Issue	49	Pages	18215-18223
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS); Ecosphere
	Abstract	Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) has become a powerful method to extract spatially resolved chemical information in complex materials. This study provides the first use of MALDI-MSI to define spatial–temporal changes in oil paints. Due to the highly heterogeneous nature of oil paints, the sample preparation had to be optimized to prevent molecules from delocalizing. Here, we present a new protocol for the layer-specific analysis of oil paint cross sections achieving a lateral resolution of 10 μm and without losing ionization efficiency due to topographic effects. The efficacy of this method was investigated in oil paint samples containing a mixture of two historic organic pigments, geranium lake and lead white, a mixture often employed in the work of painter Vincent Van Gogh. This methodology not only allows for spatial visualization of the molecules responsible for the pink hue of the paint but also helps to elucidate the chemical changes behind the discoloration of paintings with this composition. The results demonstrate that this approach provides valuable molecular compositional information about the degradation pathways of pigments in specific paint layers and their interaction with the binding medium and other paint components and with light over time. Since a spatial correlation between molecular species and the visual pattern of the discoloration pattern can be made, we expect that mass spectrometry imaging will become highly relevant in future degradation studies of many more historical pigments and paints.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001142876000001	Publication Date	2023-11-23
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-2700; 5206-882x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor	7.4	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 7.4; 2023 IF: 6.32
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:201644			Serial	9007
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	Author	Broers, F.T.H.; Verslype, I.; Bossers, K.W.; Vanmeert, F.; Gonzalez, V.; Garrevoet, J.; van Loon, A.; va Duijn, E.; Krekeler, A.; De Keyser, N.; Steeman, I.; Noble, P.; Janssens, K.; Meirer, F.; Keune, K.
	Title	Correlated x-ray fluorescence and ptychographic nano-tomography on Rembrandt's The Night Watch reveals unknown lead “layer”			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2023	Publication	Science Advances	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	9	Issue	50	Pages	eadj9394-13
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Art; Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS)
	Abstract	The Night Watch, one of the most famous masterpieces by Rembrandt, is the subject of a large research and conservation project. For the conservation treatment, it is of great importance to understand its current condition. Correlated nano-tomography using x-ray fluorescence and ptychography revealed a-so far unknown-lead-containing “layer”, which likely acts as a protective impregnation layer applied on the canvas before the quartz-clay ground was applied. This layer might explain the presence of lead soap protrusions in areas where no other lead components are present. In addition to the three-dimensional elemental mapping, ptychography visualizes and quantifies components not detectable by hard x-ray fluorescence such as the organic fraction and quartz. The first-time use of this combination of synchrotron-based techniques on a historic paint micro-sample shows it to be an important tool to better interpret the results of noninvasive imaging techniques operating on the macroscale.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001142514700010	Publication Date	2023-12-15
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2375-2548	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor	13.6	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 13.6; 2023 IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:203849			Serial	9016
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Koirala, B.; Rasti, B.; Bnoulkacem, Z.; De Lima Ribeiro, A.; Madriz, Y.; Herrmann, E.; Gestels, A.; De Kerf, T.; Janssens, K.; Steenackers, G.; Gloaguen, R.; Scheunders, P.
	Title	An extensive multisensor hyperspectral benchmark datasets of intimate mixtures of mineral powders			Type	P1 Proceeding
	Year	2023	Publication	IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium proceedings T2 – IGARSS 2023 – 2023 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 16-21 July 2023, Pasadena, CA, USA	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	5890-5893 T2 - IGARSS 2023 - 2023 IEEE Internation
	Keywords	P1 Proceeding; Economics; Vision lab; Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS)
	Abstract	Since many materials behave as heterogeneous intimate mixtures with which each photon interacts differently, the relationship between spectral reflectance and material composition is very complex. Quantitative validation of spectral unmixing algorithms requires high-quality ground truth fractional abundance data, which are very difficult to obtain.In this work, we generated a comprehensive hyperspectral dataset of intimate mineral powder mixtures by homogeneously mixing five different clay powders (Kaolin, Roof clay, Red clay, mixed clay, and Calcium hydroxide). In total 325 samples were prepared. Among the 325 samples, 60 mixtures were binary, 150 were ternary, 100 were quaternary, and 15 were quinary. For each mixture (and pure clay powder), reflectance spectra are acquired by 13 different sensors, with a broad wavelength range between the visible and the long-wavelength infrared regions (i.e., between 350 nm and 15385 nm) and with a large variation in sensor types, platforms, and acquisition conditions. We will make this dataset public, to be used by the community for the validation of nonlinear unmixing methodologies (https://github.com/VisionlabUA/Multisensor_datasets)
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001098971606002	Publication Date	2023-10-20
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	979-83-503-2010-7	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:201596			Serial	9035
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Koirala, B.; Rasti, B.; Bnoulkacem, Z.; de Lima Ribeiro, A.; Madriz, Y.; Herrmann, E.; Gestels, A.; De Kerf, T.; Lorenz, S.; Fuchs, M.; Janssens, K.; Steenackers, G.; Gloaguen, R.; Scheunders, P.
	Title	A multisensor hyperspectral benchmark dataset for unmixing of intimate mixtures			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2024	Publication	IEEE sensors journal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	24	Issue	4	Pages	4694-4710
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Vision lab; Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS)
	Abstract	Optical hyperspectral cameras capture the spectral reflectance of materials. Since many materials behave as heterogeneous intimate mixtures with which each photon interacts differently, the relationship between spectral reflectance and material composition is very complex. Quantitative validation of spectral unmixing algorithms requires high-quality ground truth fractional abundance data, which are very difficult to obtain. In this work, we generated a comprehensive laboratory ground truth dataset of intimately mixed mineral powders. For this, five clay powders (Kaolin, Roof clay, Red clay, mixed clay, and Calcium hydroxide) were mixed homogeneously to prepare 325 samples of 60 binary, 150 ternary, 100 quaternary, and 15 quinary mixtures. Thirteen different hyperspectral sensors have been used to acquire the reflectance spectra of these mixtures in the visible, near, short, mid, and long-wavelength infrared regions (350-15385) nm. Overlaps in wavelength regions due to the operational ranges of each sensor and variations in acquisition conditions resulted in a large amount of spectral variability. Ground truth composition is given by construction, but to verify that the generated samples are sufficiently homogeneous, XRD and XRF elemental analysis is performed. We believe these data will be beneficial for validating advanced methods for nonlinear unmixing and material composition estimation, including studying spectral variability and training supervised unmixing approaches. The datasets can be downloaded from the following link: https://github.com/VisionlabHyperspectral/Multisensor_datasets.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001173599400063	Publication Date	2023-12-28
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1530-437x; 1558-1748	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor	4.3	Times cited		Open Access	Not_Open_Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.3; 2024 IF: 2.512
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:203094			Serial	9059
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	Author	Derks, K.; Youchaeva, M.; Van der Snickt, G.; Van der Stighelen, K.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Reconstructing Sweerts : practical insights into the historical dark halo technique based on paint reconstructions			Type	P1 Proceeding
	Year	2024	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	259-271 T2 - Alla maniera : technical art history
	Keywords	P1 Proceeding; Engineering sciences. Technology; Art; Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES); Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-90-429-5216-4	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:203062			Serial	9082
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Deleu, N.; Hillen, M.; Steenackers, G.; Borms, G.; Janssens, K.; Van der Stighelen, K.; Van der Snickt, G.
	Title	Combined macro X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) and pulse phase thermography (PPT) imaging for the technical study of panel paintings			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2024	Publication	Talanta : the international journal of pure and applied analytical chemistry	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	270	Issue		Pages	125533-11
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Art; Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES); Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS)
	Abstract	Museum staff usually relies on a proven combination of X-ray radiography (XRR) and infrared reflectography (IRR) to study paintings in a non-destructive manner. In the last decades, however, the research toolbox of heritage scientists has expanded considerably, with a prime example being macro X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF), producing element-specific images. The goal of this article is to illustrate the added value of augmenting MA-XRF with pulse phase thermography (PPT), a variant of active infrared thermographic imaging (IRT), which is an innovative diagnostic method that is able to reveal variations between or in materials, based on a different response to minor fluctuations in temperature when irradiated with optical radiation. By examining three 16thand 17th-century panel paintings we assess the extent in which combined MA-XRF and PPT contributes to a better understanding of two commonly encountered interventions to panel paintings: (a) Anstuckungen (enlargement of the panel) or (b) substitutions (replacement of part of the panel). Yielding information from different depths of the painting, these two techniques proved highly complementary with IRR and XRR, expanding the understanding of the build-up, genesis, and material history of the paintings. While MA-XRF documented the interventions to the wooden substrate indirectly by revealing variations in painting materials, paint handling and/ or layer sequence between the original part and the extended or replaced planks, PPT proved beneficial for the study of the wooden support itself, by providing a clear image of the wood structure quasi-free of distortion by the superimposed paint or cradling. XRR, on the other hand, revealed other features from the wood structure, not visible with PPT, and allowed looking through the wooden panels, revealing e.g. the dowels used for joining the planks. Additionally, IRR visualised dissimilarities in the underdrawings. In this way, the results indicate that PPT has the potential to become an acknowledged add-on to the expanding set of imaging methods for paintings, especially when used in combination with MA-XRF, IRR and XRR.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001144098200001	Publication Date	2023-12-09
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0039-9140; 1873-3573	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor	6.1	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 6.1; 2024 IF: 4.162
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:203764			Serial	9193
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Pastorelli, G.; Miranda, A.S.O.; Avranovich Clerici, E.; d'Imporzano, P.; Hansen, B.V.; Janssens, K.; Davies, G.R.; Borring, N.
	Title	Darkening of lead white in old master drawings and historic prints : a multi-analytical investigation			Type	A1 Journal article
	Year	2024	Publication	Microchemical journal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	199	Issue		Pages	109912-10
	Keywords	A1 Journal article; Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS)
	Abstract	Old master drawings and historic prints often feature white highlights, which are typically painted using lead white, one of the most widely used historical white pigments. However, it has been observed that many of these highlights discolour over time, becoming dark brown or black due to unclear degradation processes. This phenomenon not only misrepresents the original artefacts, threatening their suitability for public display, but also diminishes their longevity. To ensure their preservation, it is essential to determine why some lead white highlights in these museum objects retain their light tones while others are prone to darkening. The objective of this study was to identify the relationships between the composition, provenance, and production methods of lead white pigments, and their role in the discolouration observed on drawings, lithographs and early photographs. Selected samples and artefacts were examined using a range of analytical techniques, namely X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and lead isotope analysis. While XRF analyses confirmed the presence of lead as the primary element in the majority of the highlights, XRPD measurements identified a variety of lead compounds such as the carbonates cerussite and hydrocerussite alongside galena-a black crystalline sulfide-and lead sulfates. Additionally, isotope analyses classified the lead raw materials into five main groups. Through these measurements, the examined lead white pigments were categorised based on their compositional properties in relation to the raw materials used, as well as their geographical and temporal origin. A significant finding is that lead white pigments from different production periods, spanning from older to more modern, may be characterised by varying proneness to discolouration irrespective of their provenance.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	001166502200001	Publication Date	2024-01-03
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0026-265x; 0026-265x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor	4.8	Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: 4.8; 2024 IF: 3.034
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:205450			Serial	9197
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	Author	van Espen, P.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Spectrum evaluation			Type	H3 Book chapter
	Year	1992	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Chemometrics (Mitac 3)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume	chapter 4	Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:2809			Serial	5842
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	Author	Nuyts, G.; Cagno, S.; Hellemans, K.; Veronesi, G.; Cotte, M.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Study of the early stages of Mn intrusion in corroded glass by means of combined SR FTIR/\muXRF imaging and XANES spectroscopy			Type	P1 Proceeding
	Year	2013	Publication	Procedia Chemistry T2 – Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage Conference (YOCOCU), June 18-20, 2012, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	239-247
	Keywords	P1 Proceeding; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	Historical glass, especially medieval glass, can undergo weathering under the influence of time and environmental conditions. The aim of this investigation was to better understand the processes involved in this natural degradation process by studying artificially altered glass samples prepared for the use of evaluation of conservation methods. Non-durable glass sensors produced by the Fraunhofer Institute (type M1.0) were used as a starting material for artificial alteration. These were immersed in acidic (pH = 0, 2, 4) and neutral solutions (1 h – 8 h). In a second stage the glass samples were immersed in a 0.5 M MnCl2 solution (24 h, 48 h and 72 h), allowing intrusion of Mn from the solution into the gel layer. The samples were characterized at different stages with reflectance FTIR spectroscopy, mu XRF mapping and mu XANES. All measurements were carried out at ESRF, beamline ID21. Reflectance FTIR spectroscopy measurements were performed in the 800 4000 cm(-1) range. Cluster analysis of the resulting maps evidenced the rapid growth of the gel layer in strong acidic conditions. The average spectra for each cluster feature show for the original glass a strong Si-O- stretching band between 900 and 1000 cm(-1), whereas the gel layer could be identified by the increasing Si-O-Si bands around 1100 and 1250 cm(-1). mu XRF maps were recorded at different stages of the experiment at energies around the Mn-K edge (6.539 keV) and with a step size of 2 by 2 m. These confirm the leaching of K+ and Ca+2 from the glass and the intrusion of Mn from the solution. Mn was found throughout the entire gel layer, but with a concentration gradient peaking at the surface. XANES point measurements were recorded at various points where Mn was present. No spatial variation was found, but linear combination fitting of the spectra with various Mn reference compounds indicated that Mn2+Mn23+O4 is the main Mn compound in the gel layer, as was hypothesised by Watkinson et al. The standard corroded glass samples studied here can be used for the evaluation of conservation treatments in follow-up experiments. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the IA-CS (Italian Association of Conservation Scientists) and University of Antwerp
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000321673900030	Publication Date	2013-04-17
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume	8	Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1876-6196	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited	4	Open Access
	Notes	; This research was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme – Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16). The text also presents results of GOA XANES “meets ELNES” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. We gratefully acknowledge ESRF for granting beamtime (experiment EC873). ;			Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:109871			Serial	5851
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	Author	Vekemans, B.; Janssens, K.; Adams, F.; Andong, L.; He, Y.; Yiming, Y.
	Title	Evaluation of polycapillary lenses as focussing elements in sub-mm XRF analysis of artistic objects			Type	H3 Book chapter
	Year	1998	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	278-290
	Keywords	H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos		Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume	41	Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:24652			Serial	5614
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	Author	Vincze, L.; Kukhlevsky, S.V.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Simulation of poly-capillary lenses for coherent and partially coherent x-rays			Type	P1 Proceeding
	Year	2004	Publication	Proceedings of the Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers T2 – Conference on Advances in Computational Methods for X-Ray and Neutron, Optics, AUG 03-05, 2004, Denver, CO	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	81-85
	Keywords	P1 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	The intensity distributions of the coherent and partially coherent x-rays passed through a poly-capillary lens have been computed at the focal plane. The computations showed that at the appropriate experimental conditions the interference phenomenon does affect the intensity distribution. In the case of the coherent input radiation with the photon energy of 0.1 keV, the interference fringes were observed, while the non-coherent x-ray radiation produced no interference-like intensity distributions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000225564800008	Publication Date	2004-11-05
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume	5536	Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0-8194-5474-5	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited	6	Open Access
	Notes				Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:103753			Serial	5832
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	Author	Herremans, D.; Cagno, S.; Vincke, A.; de Clercq, W.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Composition and state of alteration of 18th century glass from the Cistercian nunnery of Clairefontaine (Belgium)			Type	P1 Proceeding
	Year	2012	Publication	Proceedings of the Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers T2 – Conference on Integrated Approaches to the Study of Historical Glass, (IASHG), APR 16-17, 2012, Brussels, BELGIUM	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	842206-842211
	Keywords	P1 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	An extended set of 18th century glass vessels was analyzed by means of SEM-EDX (major and minor element composition) The fragmented archaeological objects were recovered from a latrine belonging to the early 18th century building phase of the nunnery of Clairefontaine, near Arlon (B). On the basis of typology and decoration, the major part of the vessels could be dated around the middle of the 18th century. Variety in color and weathering of the glass suggest differences in glassmaking recipes and in the composition and origin of raw materials. The results of the analysis show how two main compositional groups constitute about 90% of the analyzed glass set, and these are constituted by potash glass (transparent beakers) and high lime low alkali glass (green bottles). Next to these, a few potash-lime and soda glasses are also found. The type of alteration has also a clear relation with the original glass composition.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000311900800006	Publication Date	2012-06-06
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume	8422	Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-0-8194-9104-6; 0277-786x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record
	Impact Factor		Times cited		Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:110799			Serial	5537
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	Author	Cagno, S.; de Raedt, I.; Jeffries, T.; Janssens, K.
	Title	Composition of Facon de Venise glass from early 17th century London in comparison with luxury glass of the same age			Type	P1 Proceeding
	Year	2012	Publication	Proceedings of the Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers T2 – Conference on Integrated Approaches to the Study of Historical Glass, (IASHG), APR 16-17, 2012, Brussels, BELGIUM	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	842205-842212
	Keywords	P1 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract	SEM-EDX and LA-ICP-MS analyses were performed on a set of early 17th century London glass fragments. The samples originate from two archaeological sites (Aldgate and Old Broad Street) where glass workshops were active in this period. The great majority of the samples are made of soda glass. Two distinct compositional groups are observed, each typical of one site of provenance. The samples originating from the Old Broad Street excavation feature a silica-soda-lime composition, with a moderate amount of potash. The samples from Aldgate are richer in potassium and feature higher amounts of trace elements such as Rb, Zr and Cu. The distinction between the two groups stems from different flux and silica sources used for glassmaking. A comparison with different European glass compositions of that time reveals no resemblance with genuine Venetian production, yet the composition of the Old Broad Street glass shows a close similarity to that of fragments produced 'a la facon de Venise' in Antwerp at the end of the 16th century. This coincides with historical sources attesting the arrival of glassworkers from the Low Countries in England and suggests that a transfer of technology took place near the turn of the century.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Wos	000311900800005	Publication Date	2012-06-06
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume	8422	Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-0-8194-9104-6; 0277-786x	ISBN		Additional Links	UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
	Impact Factor		Times cited	1	Open Access
	Notes	; ;			Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:110142			Serial	5543
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