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Author Schalm, O.; Anaf, W.
Title Laminated altered layers in historical glass : density variations of silica nanoparticle random packings as explanation for the observed lamellae Type A1 Journal article
Year 2016 Publication Journal of non-crystalline solids Abbreviated Journal
Volume 442 Issue (up) Pages 1-16
Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
Abstract One of the most striking but unexplained phenomena in the natural degradation of glass is the transformation of an almost colorless, transparent and homogeneous glass into a colored, opaque and heterogeneous degradation layer. In many cases, the degradation layer consists of numerous lamellae with a thickness between 0.1 and 10 pm. However, both internal structure and formation proess of laminated degradation layers remain unclear. In this paper, a model is proposed where we assume that transformed (degraded) glass consists of a random packing of nano-sized silica particles while the lamellae are the result of different packing densities. The model is able to connect the texture of numerous lamellae observed by several types of microscopic techniques with the structure at molecular level determined by means of chemical analysis. In addition, the model is able to explain numerous properties such as the parameters responsible for the contrast between lamellae. This contrast can be caused by differences in color, density, elemental composition, or surface roughness. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000375809800001 Publication Date 2016-04-05
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0022-3093 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor Times cited Open Access
Notes Approved no
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:133634 Serial 8146
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Vandevijvere, M.; Van de Voorde, L.; Caen, J.; van Espen, P.; Vekemans, B.; Vincze, L.; Schalm, O.
Title Manufacturing techniques and production defects of 16th-17th century majolica tiles from Antwerp (Belgium) Type H2 Book chapter
Year 2013 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue (up) Pages 169-176 T2 - Recent advances in glass, stained-gla
Keywords H2 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos Publication Date
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN 978-90-8932-113-8 Additional Links UA library record
Impact Factor Times cited Open Access
Notes Approved no
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:115032 Serial 8199
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Schalm, O.; Anaf, W.; Callier, J.; Leyva Pernia, D.
Title New generation monitoring devices for heritage guardians to detect multiple events and hazards Type P1 Proceeding
Year 2018 Publication IOP conference series : materials science and engineering Abbreviated Journal
Volume 364 Issue (up) Pages Unsp 012056-9
Keywords P1 Proceeding; Engineering sciences. Technology; Art; History; Antwerp Systems and software Modelling (AnSyMo); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
Abstract Environmental parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, visible light, UV radiation and pollution influence the deterioration rate of heritage items. To judge on the environmental appropriateness for heritage conservation, it is therefore important to monitor the environment. Often, an incomplete set of environmental parameters is measured, or sporadic or time-averaged measurements are performed. As a result, a wide range of undesirable situations and hazards remain unnoticed. This might lead to an underestimation of environmental dangers (i.e., inaccurate judgement) or to inappropriate mitigation measures (i.e., inaccurate decision making). We present an innovative and user-friendly monitoring device that simultaneously and continuously measures (1) environmental parameters and (2) material behavior. An extended combination of off-the-shelf sensors for temperature, relative humidity, air speed, CO2, NO2, O-3 and particulate matter are connected to a multipurpose datalogger. In-house developed sensors for the shrinkage and expansion behavior of wood, as well as sensors for metal corrosion rates are connected to the same datalogger. Such extended monitoring shows the identification of a wider range of undesirable situations, and it facilitates the search for correlations between such situations and the sources that cause them, i.e., the hazards.
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000452025100056 Publication Date 2018-06-18
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1757-8981; 1757-899x ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor Times cited Open Access
Notes Approved no
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:151825 Serial 8298
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Schalm, O.; Nuyts, G.; Janssens, K.
Title Some critical observations about the degradation of glass : the formation of lamellae explained Type A1 Journal article
Year 2021 Publication Journal Of Non-Crystalline Solids Abbreviated Journal J Non-Cryst Solids
Volume 569 Issue (up) Pages 120984
Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Abstract This study demonstrates that the mechanism responsible for the transformation of glass into a degradation layer is pH-dependent. In acid conditions, the transformed glass is homogeneous and brittle. In mild alkaline conditions, transformed glass is heterogeneous due to the presence of lamellae composed of silica nanoparticles and the occurrence of Ca-rich inclusions. The fundamental difference between acid and alkaline conditions cannot be explained by the currently accepted degradation mechanism based on ion exchange. To explain this critical observation, we propose a refined degradation mechanism based on existing knowledge that involves several inwardly moving reaction fronts. The fronts responsible for the transformation of the silicate network into amorphous silica are also responsible for the morphology of the transformed glass. We have identified the feedback mechanism that explains the formation of lamellae in alkaline conditions.
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000674487200009 Publication Date 2021-06-20
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0022-3093 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 2.124 Times cited Open Access OpenAccess
Notes Approved Most recent IF: 2.124
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:179835 Serial 8551
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Author Kuczumow, A.; Vekemans, B.; Schalm, O.; Vincze, L.; Dorriné, W.; Gysels, K.; Van Grieken, R.
Title Some new applications of auxiliary signals in X-ray fluorescence and electron microprobe analysis Type P1 Proceeding
Year 1999 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue (up) Pages 197-201 T2 - Proceedings of the European Conferenc
Keywords P1 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Abstract
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000081658400032 Publication Date
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record
Impact Factor Times cited Open Access
Notes Approved no
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:24716 Serial 8553
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Leyva Pernia, D.; Cabal Rodríguez, A.E.; Schalm, O.; van Espen, P.; Piñera Hernández, I.; Abreu Alfonso, Y.
Title Study of the main physical processes contributing to image formation in emission radiography using mathematical modeling Type P3 Proceeding
Year 2013 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue (up) Pages
Keywords P3 Proceeding; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos Publication Date
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN 978-959-7136-98-9 Additional Links UA library record
Impact Factor Times cited Open Access
Notes Approved no
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:135412 Serial 8607
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Schalm, O.; Proost, K.; De Vis, K.; Cagno, S.; Janssens, K.; Mees, F.; Jacobs, P.; Caen, J.
Title Manganese staining of archaeological glass : the characterization of Mn-rich inclusions in leached layers and a hypothesis of its formation Type A1 Journal article
Year 2011 Publication Archaeometry Abbreviated Journal Archaeometry
Volume 53 Issue (up) 1 Pages 103-122
Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Abstract During the study of a large number of archaeological glass fragments, manganese-rich inclusions in leached layers were observed in a limited number of cases. This phenomenon occurs only in black-coloured leached layers. Since the formation mechanism of such manganese-rich inclusions is still unclear, a combination of several analytical techniques was used in order to investigate this phenomenon and, more specifically, to obtain more information on (a) the composition and morphology of the inclusions, (b) the chemical state of Mn and (c) the 3D morphology of the inclusions. A mechanism that might explain the formation of these inclusions is proposed.
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000285418100006 Publication Date 2010-07-22
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0003-813x; 1475-4754 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 1.47 Times cited 24 Open Access
Notes ; ; Approved Most recent IF: 1.47; 2011 IF: 1.183
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:88754 Serial 5704
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Anaf, W.; Cabal, A.; Robbe, M.; Schalm, O.
Title Real-time wood behaviour : the use of strain gauges for preventive conservation applications Type A1 Journal article
Year 2020 Publication Sensors Abbreviated Journal
Volume 20 Issue (up) 1 Pages 305
Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
Abstract Within the heritage field, the application of strain gauges on wood surfaces is a little-explored but inexpensive and effective method to analyse the environmental appropriateness of rooms for the wooden heritage collections they contain. This contribution proposes a wood sensor connected to a data logger to identify short moments with an elevated risk of harm. Two experiments were performed to obtain insights pertaining to the applicability of wood sensors to evaluate preservation conditions. (1) The representativeness of strain gauges on dummies was tested for their use in evaluating the preservation conditions of a range of wooden objects exposed to the same environment. For this, three situations were mimicked: a bare wood surface, a wood surface covered with a preparation layer, and a wood surface covered with a preparation and varnish layer. (2) The usability of strain gauges to monitor the wood behaviour in real-time measurements was tested with a monitoring campaign of almost two years in a church where a new heating system was installed. The results of both experiments are promising, and the authors encourage a broader application of strain gauges in the heritage field.
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000510493100305 Publication Date 2020-01-06
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor Times cited Open Access
Notes ; This research was funded by the Belgian Federal Public Planning Service Science Policy (BELSPO) under project number BR/132/A6/AIRCHECQ. ; Approved Most recent IF: NA
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:166595 Serial 6592
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Vandevoorde, D.; Pamplona, M.; Schalm, O.; Vanhellemont, Y.; Cnudde, V.; Verhaeven, E.
Title Contact sponge method : performance of a promising tool for measuring the initial water absorption Type A1 Journal article
Year 2009 Publication Journal of cultural heritage Abbreviated Journal
Volume 10 Issue (up) 1 Pages 41-47
Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Abstract Porous limestone and mortar are able to absorb large quantities of water. This phenomenon will accelerate the deterioration of the material. In such cases, the material might be treated with a hydrophobic product, which creates a superficial layer that hampers the penetration of water. In order to decide if such a treatment should be applied or not, the water absorbing behaviour of the material should be measured. With the same measuring technique the efficiency of the hydrophobic barrier can be evaluated. Moreover, it allows the monitoring of such barriers as a function of time. At the same time, the water absorption of porous stone material is an indication of the degree of deterioration and its sensitivity to future deterioration. Up to now, two different measuring techniques exist, but one can only be used in laboratory and the other, which can be operated in laboratory as well as in situ, is not always reliable for in situ analyses. This article proposes an alternative method: the contact sponge method. This recently developed method was tested on non-treated porous stone materials in a laboratory environment in order to evaluate its performance in comparison with the two existing methods.
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000264831900005 Publication Date 2009-03-14
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1296-2074 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor Times cited Open Access
Notes Approved no
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:115023 Serial 7728
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Author De Vis, K.; Jembrih-Simbürger, D.; Schalm, O.; Schreiner, M.; Caen, J.
Title Einfluss verschiedener Silbersalze auf die Farbintensität von Silbergelb : analytische Untersuchungen Type A2 Journal article
Year 2002 Publication Zeitschrift für Kunsttechnologie und Konservierung Abbreviated Journal
Volume 16 Issue (up) 1 Pages 147-157
Keywords A2 Journal article; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos Publication Date
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0931-7198 ISBN Additional Links UA library record
Impact Factor Times cited Open Access
Notes Approved no
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:107748 Serial 7855
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Padilla, R.; Schalm, O.; Janssens, K.; Arrazcaeta, R.; van Espen, P.
Title Microanalytical characterization of surface decoration in Majolica pottery Type A1 Journal article
Year 2005 Publication Analytica chimica acta Abbreviated Journal Anal Chim Acta
Volume 535 Issue (up) 1-2 Pages 201-211
Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Chemometrics (Mitac 3)
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000228194200025 Publication Date 2005-01-15
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0003-2670 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 4.95 Times cited 20 Open Access
Notes Approved Most recent IF: 4.95; 2005 IF: 2.760
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:52143 Serial 5722
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author van der Linden, V.; Bultinck, E.; de Ruytter, J.; Schalm, O.; Janssens, K.; Devos, W.; Tiri, W.
Title Compositional analysis of 17-18th century archaeological glass fragments, excavated in Mechelen, Belgium: comparison with data from neighboring cities in the Low Countries Type A1 Journal article
Year 2005 Publication Nuclear instruments and methods in physics research: B: beam interactions with materials and atoms Abbreviated Journal Nucl Instrum Meth B
Volume 239 Issue (up) 1/2 Pages 100-106
Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Amsterdam Editor
Language Wos 000233514700013 Publication Date 2005-08-19
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0168-583X; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 1.109 Times cited 15 Open Access
Notes Approved Most recent IF: 1.109; 2005 IF: 1.181
Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:56068 Serial 444
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author 't Hart, L.; Storme, P.; Anaf, W.; Nuyts, G.; Vanmeert, F.; Dorriné, W.; Janssens, K.; De Wael, K.; Schalm, O.
Title Monitoring the impact of the indoor air quality on silver cultural heritage objects using passive and continuous corrosion rate assessments Type A1 Journal article
Year 2016 Publication Applied physics A : materials science & processing Abbreviated Journal Appl Phys A-Mater
Volume 122 Issue (up) 10 Pages 923-10
Keywords A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
Abstract There is a long tradition in evaluating industrial atmospheres by measuring the corrosion rate of exposed metal coupons. The heritage community also uses this method, but the interpretation of the corrosion rate often lacks clarity due to the low corrosivity in indoor museum environments. This investigation explores the possibilities and drawbacks of different silver corrosion rate assessments. The corrosion rate is determined by three approaches: (1) chemical characterization of metal coupons using analytical techniques such as electrochemical measurements, SEM-EDX, XRD, and µ-Raman spectroscopy, (2) continuous corrosion monitoring methods based on electrical resistivity loss of a corroding nm-sized metal wire and weight gain of a corroding silver coated quartz crystal, and (3) characterization of the visual degradation of the metal coupons. This study confirms that subtle differences in corrosivity between locations inside a museum can be determined on condition that the same corrosion rate assessment is used. However, the impact of the coupon orientation with respect to the prevailing direction of air circulation can be substantially larger than the impact of the coupon location.
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000384753800053 Publication Date 2016-09-28
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0947-8396 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 1.455 Times cited 3 Open Access
Notes ; This research has been sponsored by the Belgian Federal Public Planning Service Science Policy (BELSPO) under Project Number BR/132/A6/AIRCHECQ. In this project an innovative monitoring kit is developed that continuously and simultaneously measures both environmental parameters and material behaviour, enabling the study of the cause-effect relationships. The Quanta 250 FEG microscope at the University of Antwerp was funded by the Hercules foundation of the Flemish Government. ; Approved Most recent IF: 1.455
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:135511 Serial 5733
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Cagno, S.; Nuyts, G.; Bugani, S.; De Vis, K.; Schalm, O.; Caen, J.; Helfen, L.; Cotte, M.; Reischig, P.; Janssens, K.
Title Evaluation of manganese-bodies removal in historical stained glass windows via SR-\mu-XANES/XRF and SR-\mu-CT Type A1 Journal article
Year 2011 Publication Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry Abbreviated Journal J Anal Atom Spectrom
Volume 26 Issue (up) 12 Pages 2442-2451
Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Abstract The speed and effectiveness of a conservation treatment used for stained glass windows have been investigated. Dark-coloured Mn-rich stains can be found in the alteration layer of ancient glass artefacts and cause the surface to turn brown/black: this phenomenon is known as Mn-browning or Mn-staining. While in glass manganese is present in the +II or +III oxidation states, in the Mn-rich bodies, manganese is in a higher oxidation state (+IV). In restoration practice, mildly reducing solutions are employed to eliminate the dark colour and restore the clear appearance of the glass. In this paper the effectiveness and side effects of the use of hydroxylamine hydrochloride for this purpose are assessed. Archaeological fragments of stained glass windows, dated to the 14th century and originating from Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (UK), were examined by means of synchrotron radiation (SR) based microscopic X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy (μ-XANES) and microscopic X-Ray Fluorescence (μ-XRF) and with high resolution computed absorption tomography (μ-CT) before, during and after the treatment. The monitoring of the glass fragments during the treatment allows us to better understand the manner in which the process unfolds and its kinetics. The results obtained reveal that the hydroxylamine hydrochloride treatment is effective, but also that it has a number of unwanted side effects. These findings are useful for optimizing the time and other modalities of the Mn-reducing treatment as well as minimizing its unwanted results.
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000297030400009 Publication Date 2011-10-11
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0267-9477 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 3.379 Times cited 17 Open Access
Notes ; This research was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme-Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16). The text also presents results of GOA “XANES meets ELNES” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. Special thanks to Ms Leonie Seliger, head of the stained-glass conservation studio (The Cathedral Studios-The Chapter of Canterbury Cathedral) for the supply of the archaeological samples. The authors gratefully acknowledge ESRF for granting beamtime (proposal EC-602). ; Approved Most recent IF: 3.379; 2011 IF: 3.220
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:93848 Serial 5613
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Schalm, O.; Crabbé, A.; Storme, P.; Wiesinger, R.; Gambirasi, A.; Grieten, E.; Tack, P.; Bauters, S.; Kleber, C.; Favaro, M.; Schryvers, D.; Vincze, L.; Terryn, H.; Patelli, A.
Title The corrosion process of sterling silver exposed to a Na2S solution: monitoring and characterizing the complex surface evolution using a multi-analytical approach Type A1 Journal article
Year 2016 Publication Applied Physics A-Materials Science & Processing Abbreviated Journal Appl Phys A-Mater
Volume 122 Issue (up) 122 Pages 903
Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT);
Abstract Many historical ‘silver’ objects are composed of sterling silver, a silver alloy containing small amounts of copper. Besides the dramatic impact of copper on the corrosion process, the chemical composition of the corrosion layer evolves continuously. The evolution of the surface during the exposure to a Na2S solution was monitored by means of visual observation at macroscopic level, chemical analysis at microscopic level and analysis at the nanoscopic level. The corrosion process starts with the preferential oxidation of copper, forming mixtures of oxides and sulphides while voids are being created beneath the corrosion layer. Only at a later stage, the silver below the corrosion layer is consumed. This results in the formation of jalpaite and at a later stage of acanthite. The acanthite is found inside the corrosion layer at the boundaries of jalpaite grains and as individual grains between the jalpaite grains but also as a thin film on top of the corrosion layer. The corrosion process could be described as a sequence of 5 subsequent surface states with transitions between these states.
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000384753800033 Publication Date 2016-09-20
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0947-8396 ISBN Additional Links
Impact Factor 1.455 Times cited 9 Open Access
Notes The authors are grateful for the financial support by the EU-FP7 Grant PANNA No. 282998 and for the opportunity to perform SR-XPS measurements at the NanoESCA beamline of the Elettra storage ring, under the approval of the advisory Committee (Proposal No. 20135164), as well as the opportunity to perform XANES measurements at the DUBBLE beamline of the ESRF storage ring (Proposal No. 26-01-990). The authors are grateful for the financial support by the STIMPRO Project FFB150215 of the University of Antwerp. Pieter Tack is funded by a Ph.D. Grant of the Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology (IWT). We would also like to thank Peter Van den Haute for the XRD measurements that were performed at the University of Ghent. Approved Most recent IF: 1.455
Call Number EMAT @ emat @ Serial 4331
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Anaf, W.; Trashin, S.; Schalm, O.; van Dorp, D.; Janssens, K.; De Wael, K.
Title Electrochemical photodegradation study of semiconductor pigments : influence of environmental parameters Type A1 Journal article
Year 2014 Publication Analytical chemistry Abbreviated Journal Anal Chem
Volume 86 Issue (up) 19 Pages 9742-9748
Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
Abstract Chemical transformations in paintings often induce discolorations, disturbing the appearance of the image. For an appropriate conservation of such valuable and irreplaceable heritage objects, it is important to have a good know-how on the degradation processes of the (historical) materials: which pigments have been discolored, what are the responsible processes, and which (environmental) conditions have the highest impact on the pigment degradation and should be mitigated. Pigment degradation is already widely studied, either by analyzing historical samples or by accelerated weathering experiments on dummies. However, in historic samples several processes may have taken place, increasing the complexity of the current state, while aging experiments are time-consuming due to the often extended aging period. An alternative method is proposed for a fast monitoring of degradation processes of semiconductor pigments, using an electrochemical setup mimicking the real environment and allowing the identification of harmful environmental parameters for each pigment. Examples are given for the pigments cadmium yellow (CdS) and vermilion (α-HgS).
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000343017100058 Publication Date 2014-08-27
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0003-2700; 5206-882x ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 6.32 Times cited 18 Open Access
Notes ; ; Approved Most recent IF: 6.32; 2014 IF: 5.636
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:118834 Serial 5593
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author van der Linden, V.; Schalm, O.; Houbraken, J.; Thomas, M.; Meesdom, E.; Devos, A.; van Dooren, R.; Nieuwdorp, H.; Janssen, E.; Janssens, K.
Title Chemical analysis of 16th to 19th century Limoges School painted enamel objects in three museums of the Low Countries Type A1 Journal article
Year 2010 Publication X-ray spectrometry Abbreviated Journal X-Ray Spectrom
Volume 39 Issue (up) 2 Pages 112-121
Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Abstract In this study, the results of analysing of a series of 16th-19th century painted enamel objects of the Limoges School currently in collections in three Dutch and Flemish museums by means of portable and micro x-ray fluorescence analysis (PXRF and µ-XRF) and electron probe micro analysis (EPMA) are presented. The aim of the investigation was the authentication of specific pieces. Therefore, the glass compositions as well as the (glass) colouring agents used by the Limoges' artists were studied as a function of the age of the objects. Due to the evolution of these properties, it is possible to approximately date these objects based on their chemical composition. The complete émail peint collection of the Museum Boijmans-Van Beuningen (Rotterdam, The Netherlands), consisting of 20 émail peint plaques, was analysed with µ-XRF. Quantitative information was obtained by EPMA analysis of 15 enamel fragments of objects from museum and private collections in the Low Countries. PXRF analyses were performed on the painted enamel collection of the Antwerp Vleeshuis Museum (13 objects) and the Mayer van den Bergh Museum (4 objects) and on a set of 18 plaques that were donated to the Boijmans-Van Beuningen Museum by a private collector. The results obtained by means of EPMA, µ-XRF and PXRF proved to be useful in the discrimination of 16th century painted enamel objects from those of the19th century. From a total of 70 objects examined, 2 objects (OM964A and OM993) featured a chemical signature that deviated from the published literature composition and pigment use consistent with its presumed period of manufacture.
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000275959400007 Publication Date 2009-08-11
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0049-8246 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 1.298 Times cited 8 Open Access
Notes ; ; Approved Most recent IF: 1.298; 2010 IF: 1.661
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:82325 Serial 5509
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author van der Snickt, G.; Janssens, K.; Schalm, O.; Aibéo, C.; Kloust, H.; Alfeld, M.
Title James Ensor's pigment use: artistic and material evolution studied by means of portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry Type A1 Journal article
Year 2010 Publication X-ray spectrometry Abbreviated Journal X-Ray Spectrom
Volume 39 Issue (up) 2 Pages 103-111
Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Abstract In this paper, portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (PXRF) was employed as a screening tool for determining and comparing the pigment use in a large series of paintings by the Belgian artist James Ensor (1860-1949). Benefits and drawbacks of PXRF as a method, and the instrument employed, are discussed from a practical, conservation and instrumental perspective. Regardless of several restrictions due to the set-up and/or the analytical method, it appeared feasible to document the evolution with time in Ensor's use of inorganic pigments and to correlate this technical evolution with stylistic developments, Nevertheless, it became clear that a full identification of all materials present can only be done by means of the analysis of (cross-sectioned) samples.
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000275959400006 Publication Date 2009-12-15
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0049-8246 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 1.298 Times cited 25 Open Access
Notes ; This research was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme – Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16). The staff of the different museums and private institutions is acknowledged for rendering their assistance to this research, i.e. by making all paintings available for analysis and authorising the publication of the images in this article. Therefore, a word of gratitude to Paul Huvenne, Yolande Deckers, Herwig Todts, Stef Antonissen, Gwen Borms and Lizet Klaassen of the Koninklijk Museum voor Schone Kunsten Antwerpen (KMSKA), Luuk Van der Loeff of the Kroller-Muller Museum in Otterlo and Mireille Engel, Barbara De Jong of the Musea aan Zee (MuZee), Patricia Jaspers of the Dexia bank, Hildegard Van de Velde of the KBC bank and Frederik Leen of the Koninklijke Musea voor Schone Kunsten van Belgie (KMSKB). Special thanks to Xavier Tricot and the other members of the Ensor committee for their valuable feedback. ; Approved Most recent IF: 1.298; 2010 IF: 1.661
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:82324 Serial 5680
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Author Schalm, O.; Cabal, A.; Anaf, W.; Leyva Pernia, D.; Callier, J.; Ortega, N.
Title A decision support system for preventive conservation : from measurements towards decision making Type A1 Journal article
Year 2019 Publication The European Physical Journal Plus Abbreviated Journal
Volume 134 Issue (up) 2 Pages 74-11
Keywords A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Antwerp Systems and software Modelling (AnSyMo); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
Abstract We present a decision-support system that guides heritage guardians in selecting mitigation actions to improve the indoor air quality and thus the preservation conditions of indoor collections in heritage buildings. This contribution shows that it is feasible to build a decision support system dedicated to preventive conservation when the following barriers are overcome: 1) simultaneous measurement of a wide range of environmental parameters in order to detect a larger number of undesired situations; 2) development of an algorithm to perform reproducible indoor air quality assessments; and 3) transformation of the air quality assessment into a graph that can be read intuitively without causing a wide variation of interpretations among stakeholders. An important aspect of the decision support system is that it reduces several sources of uncertainty that hamper reliable indoor air quality assessments. The possibilities of such a system are illustrated with a measurement campaign in a church where a heating system has been installed and used for the first time.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000459506300002 Publication Date 2019-02-20
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 2190-5444 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor Times cited Open Access
Notes Approved no
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:157817 Serial 7756
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Author Schalm, O.; Caen, J.; Janssens, K.
Title Homogeneity, composition and deterioration of window glass fragments and paint layers from two seventeenth-century stained glass windows created by Jan de Caumont (similar to 1580-1659) Type A1 Journal article
Year 2010 Publication Studies in conservation Abbreviated Journal Stud Conserv
Volume 55 Issue (up) 3 Pages 216-226
Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000285283600009 Publication Date 2014-01-09
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0039-3630; 2047-0584 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 0.578 Times cited 2 Open Access
Notes ; ; Approved Most recent IF: 0.578; 2010 IF: 0.605
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:85835 Serial 5645
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Author Adams, F.; Adriaens, A.; Aerts, A.; de Raedt, I.; Janssens, K.; Schalm, O.
Title Micro and surface analysis in archaeology Type A1 Journal article
Year 1997 Publication Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry Abbreviated Journal J Anal Atom Spectrom
Volume 12 Issue (up) 3 Pages 257-265
Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos A1997WN16300001 Publication Date 2002-07-26
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0267-9477 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 3.379 Times cited Open Access
Notes Approved Most recent IF: 3.379; 1997 IF: 3.595
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:16274 Serial 5711
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Author Cabal, A.; Schalm, O.; Eyskens, P.; Willems, P.; Harth, A.; van Espen, P.
Title Comparison of x-ray absorption and emission techniques for the investigation of paintings Type A1 Journal article
Year 2015 Publication X-ray spectrometry Abbreviated Journal
Volume 44 Issue (up) 3 Pages 141-148
Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
Abstract Four x-ray techniques: computed radiography, emission radiography, energy-resolved radiography and imaging x-ray fluorescence were compared using four mock-up panel paintings. The paintings have different stratigraphy and pigments and are representative for different historical periods. One of the paintings has a hidden underlying painting. The type of pigments used mainly influences the information obtained by both the emission and absorption measurements; high-Z white pigment and high-Z color pigments giving the best contrast. Each of the techniques revealed interesting aspects of the paintings, but none of them could reveal the hidden painting to a satisfactory level. Due to the statistical quality of the spectral data, x-ray fluorescence gives elemental images with high contrast. The radiographic images are better to reveal the internal structure. Imaging x-ray fluorescence and energy-resolved radiography measurements can be done simultaneously, and the combination has the highest potential for the study of complex multilayer paintings. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000353644500010 Publication Date 2015-02-05
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0049-8246 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor Times cited Open Access
Notes Approved no
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:126016 Serial 7698
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Author Wagner, B.; Nowak, A.; Bulska, E.; Kunicki-Goldfinger, J.; Schalm, O.; Janssens, K.; schalm
Title Complementary analysis of historical glass by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and laser ablation inductiveley coupled plasma mass spectrometry Type A1 Journal article
Year 2008 Publication Microchimica acta Abbreviated Journal
Volume 162 Issue (up) 3-4 Pages 415-424
Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000258194900014 Publication Date 2007-10-26
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor Times cited 28 Open Access
Notes Approved Most recent IF: NA
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:70565 Serial 5533
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Author Schalm, O.; Janssens, K.; Caen, J.
Title Characterization of the main causes of deterioration of grisaille paint layers in 19th C. stained-glass windows by J.-B. Capronnier Type A1 Journal article
Year 2003 Publication Spectrochimica acta: part B : atomic spectroscopy Abbreviated Journal Spectrochim Acta B
Volume 58 Issue (up) 4 Pages 589-607
Keywords A1 Journal article; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Abstract Twenty-seven glass fragments containing dark coloured grisaille paint layers of different qualities were collected from ten windows of the cathedral St. Michael & St. Gudule in Brussels (Belgium). The windows were made by J.-B. Capronnier (18141891) and cover the period between 1843 and 1878. The samples were cross-sectioned and examined in an electron microscope. Grisaille paint layers are not homogeneous and therefore, it is not meaningful to characterize them in terms of their average composition. Instead, parameters such as granularity, the number of residual gas bubbles per running millimetre of paint, the type of pigments, and the thickness of the paint layer were used to characterize them. The microscopic morphology allows a classification of the grisaille paint layers in four groups, every group associated with a quality level. Moreover, the main causes of the accelerated degradation of some of these paint layers could be explained. The classification made it possible to distinguish two periods in the work of Capronnier: (1) the early period (18431848) is characterized by the presence of either single granular paint layers or of double-layered systems consisting of a granular paint layer on top of a well-melted paint layer. The granular grisaille paint layers tend to pulverize; (2) the later period (18481878) is characterized by the presence of only well-vitrified paint layers. No sign of deterioration was found on the well-vitrified paint layers.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000182744200002 Publication Date 2003-04-23
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0584-8547; 0038-6987 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 3.241 Times cited Open Access
Notes Approved Most recent IF: 3.241; 2003 IF: 2.361
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:41208 Serial 5505
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Author Schalm, O.; Janssens, K.
Title A flexible and accurate quantification algorithm for EPXMA based on thin-film element yields Type A1 Journal article
Year 2003 Publication Spectrochimica acta: part B : atomic spectroscopy Abbreviated Journal Spectrochim Acta B
Volume 58 Issue (up) 4 Pages 669-680
Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000182744200010 Publication Date 2003-04-23
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0584-8547; 0038-6987 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 3.241 Times cited Open Access
Notes Approved Most recent IF: 3.241; 2003 IF: 2.361
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:41205 Serial 5623
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Author Schalm, O.; de Raedt, I.; Caen, J.; Janssens, K.
Title A methodology for the identification of glass panes of different origin in a single stained glass window: application on two 13th century windows Type A1 Journal article
Year 2010 Publication Journal of cultural heritage Abbreviated Journal J Cult Herit
Volume 11 Issue (up) 4 Pages 487-492
Keywords A1 Journal article; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Abstract The chemical composition of 11 glass panes originating from two 13th century non-figurative windows were analyzed by means of Scanning Electron MicroscopyEnergy Dispersive X-ray system (SEM-EDX). The windows were discovered in the back-wall of the triforium during the restoration of the choir of the cathedral St. Michael and St. Gudule in Brussels (Belgium). In order to determine if these windows were fabricated with glass of different origin or not, the compositional difference between the panes were compared with the variation in composition as a result of the following causes: (1) compositional fluctuation between panes cut from the same sheet of glass, (2) compositional fluctuation caused when panes are cut from different sheets that were made with the same batch, (3) compositional fluctuation caused when the glass is made from different batches at the same production center, and (4) compositional fluctuation as a result of glass produced at different fabrication centers.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000282680500016 Publication Date 2010-07-07
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1296-2074 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 1.838 Times cited 7 Open Access
Notes ; ; Approved Most recent IF: 1.838; 2010 IF: 1.162
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:84942 Serial 5707
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Author Cabal Rodríguez, A.E.; Leyva Pernia, D.; Schalm, O.; van Espen, P.J.M.
Title Possibilities of energy-resolved X-ray radiography for the investigation of paintings Type A1 Journal article
Year 2012 Publication Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry Abbreviated Journal
Volume 402 Issue (up) 4 Pages 1471-1480
Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Abstract X-ray radiographic images of paintings often show little or no contrast. In order to increase the contrast in radiographic images we measured the X-ray spectrum of a low power X-ray tube, after passing through the painting, with a high energy-resolution SDD detector. To obtain images, the detector is collimated with a 400 mu m diameter pinhole and the painting was moved through the beam in the x and y-direction using a dwell time of a few seconds per pixel. The data obtained consists of a data cube of, typically, 200 x 200 pixels and a 512-channel X-ray spectrum for each pixel, spanning the energy range from 0 to 40 keV. Having the absorbance spectrum available for each pixel, we are able, a posteriori, to produce images by edge subtraction for any given element. In this way high contrast, element-specific, images can be obtained. Because of the high energy-resolution a much simpler edge subtraction algorithm can be applied. We also used principal-component imaging to obtain, in a more automated way, images with high contrast. Some of these images can easily be attributed to specific elements. It turns out that preprocessing of the spectral data is crucial for the success of the multivariate image processing.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000299842000008 Publication Date 2011-07-14
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1618-2642; 1618-2650 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor Times cited Open Access
Notes Approved no
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:96200 Serial 8394
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Author van der Linden, V.; Cosyns, P.; Schalm, O.; Cagno, S.; Nys, K.; Janssens, K.; Nowak, A.; Wagner, B.; Bulska, E.
Title Deeply coloured and black glass in the Northern provinces of the Roman Empire : differences and similarities in chemical composition before and after AD 150 Type A1 Journal article
Year 2009 Publication Archaeometry Abbreviated Journal Archaeometry
Volume 51 Issue (up) 5 Pages 822-844
Keywords A1 Journal article; History; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Abstract In this work we attempt to elucidate the chronological and geographical origin of deeply coloured and black glass dating between 100 bc and ad 300 on the basis of their major and trace element compositions. Samples from the western and eastern parts of the Roman Empire were analysed. Analytical data were obtained by means of a scanning electron microscope – energy-dispersive system (SEM-EDS, 63 samples analysed) and laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS, 41 samples analysed). Among the glass fragments analysed, dark brown, dark purple and dark green hues could be distinguished. Only among the dark green fragments could a clear compositional distinction be observed between fragments dated to the periods before and after ad 150. In the early samples (first century bc to first century ad), iron, responsible for the green hue, was introduced by using impure sand containing relatively high amounts of Ti. In contrast, a Ti-poor source of iron was employed, containing Sb, Co and Pb in trace quantities, in order to obtain the dark green colour in the later glass samples. The analytical results obtained by combining SEM-EDS and LA-ICP-MS are therefore consistent with a differentiation of glassmaking recipes, detectable in glass composition, occurring in the period around ad 150.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000269728600009 Publication Date 2008-11-27
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0003-813x; 1475-4754 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 1.47 Times cited 39 Open Access
Notes Approved Most recent IF: 1.47; 2009 IF: 1.355
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:94510 Serial 5568
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Author Schalm, O.; Cabal, A.; van Espen, P.; Laquière, N.; Storme, P.
Title Improved radiographic methods for the investigation of paintings using laboratory and synchrotron X-ray sources Type A1 Journal article
Year 2011 Publication Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry Abbreviated Journal
Volume 26 Issue (up) 5 Pages 1068-1077
Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Abstract It is generally known that radiographic inspection of 1517th century paintings can easily be done with a polychromatic X-ray source using a voltage between 20 kV and 40 kV in combination with classic X-ray films. Unfortunately, the spatial structure of numerous 19th and early 20th century paintings cannot be visualized with conventional radiography due to several reasons such as the use of lead white grounds or low absorbing pigments. Radiographic images are blurred or worse, they do not contain the picture of the painting. During the last decades, many technological innovations have been introduced in the field of radiography but their possibilities in cultural heritage have not been explored in full detail. In our investigation we used phosphor imaging plates, energy dispersive detectors and CCD-cameras in combination with synchrotron radiation and conventional X-ray tubes in order to improve the quality of radiographic images. Several promising techniques that could improve the quality of radiographs of paintings were identified.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000289731900023 Publication Date 2011-04-11
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0267-9477 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor Times cited Open Access
Notes Approved no
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:89928 Serial 8070
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Author Schalm, O.; Janssens, K.; Wouters, H.; Caluwé, D.
Title Composition of 12-18th century window glass in Belgium : non-figurative windows in secular buildings and stained-glass windows in religious buildings Type A1 Journal article
Year 2007 Publication Spectrochimica acta: part B : atomic spectroscopy T2 – 18th International Congress on X-Ray Optics and Microanalysis, September 25-30, 2005, National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Frascati, Italy Abbreviated Journal Spectrochim Acta B
Volume 62 Issue (up) 6-7 Pages 663-668
Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Abstract A set of ca. 500 window glass fragments originating from different historical sites in Belgium and covering the period 12(th)- 18(th) century was analyzed by rneans of electron probe microanalysis. Most samples are archaeological finds deriving from non-figurative windows in secular buildings. However. the analyzed set also contains glass sampled from still existing non-figurative windows in secular buildings and stained-glass windows in religious buildings. A sudden compositional change at the end of the 14(th) century can be noticed among the series of glass compositions that were obtained. These changes could be related to the use of different glassmaker recipes and to the introduction of new raw materials for glass making. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Wos 000249213700026 Publication Date 2007-03-19
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0584-8547; 0038-6987 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles
Impact Factor 3.241 Times cited 50 Open Access
Notes Approved Most recent IF: 3.241; 2007 IF: 2.957
Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:102662 Serial 5538
Permanent link to this record