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	Author	Sóti, V.
	Title	Catalytic detoxification of lignocellulose hydrolyzate		Type	Doctoral thesis
	Year	2019	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	XXVII, 243 p.
	Keywords	Doctoral thesis; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL); Biochemical Wastewater Valorization & Engineering (BioWaVE)
	Abstract	The present PhD research investigated the possibility of catalytic detoxification of poplar wood based and steam exploded lignocellulosic hydrolyzate with different types of laccase enzymes, with special focus on ethanol and lactic acid products at industrially relevant parameters: high final product concentration, high initial substrate loading and integrated processes. The simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process was taken as a base case and five types of laccases were thoroughly investigated on their utilization potential. Phenolic removal from the liquid xylose rich fraction (XRF) was higher with fungal laccases (65-90 %) compared to approximately 30 % removal with bacterial laccase. Moreover, the optimal pH of fungal laccases was close to pH 4.5, the optimum for cellulase, while the bacterial laccase worked at basic pH. Integrating laccase treatment and hydrolysis together showed that fungal laccases have negative impact on final sugar concentration, while bacterial laccase had a strong positive effect. Although bacterial laccase removed less phenol and although its optimal conditions are difficult to integrate with hydrolysis, its enhancing effect on cellulase activity makes it a better candidate for application. The presence of the solid fraction (SF) alters the phenolic concentration evolution significantly, thus screening experiments with the liquid fraction alone do not provide sufficient information for the combined process. Magnetic Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates (m-CLEAs) immobilization was assessed for bacterial laccase. m-CLEAs decreased phenolic concentration faster at every pH compared to free bacterial laccase; however, the removal was caused by adsorption rather than by enzyme activity. Although the size of m-CLEAs particles are in the µm range, around 90 % of the initial catalyst mass was recycled from a dense (15 % substrate loading) mixture via magnetic separation. The high recycling rate is promising; m-CLEAs immobilization method can have industrial utilization potential. Minimum sugar revenue (MSR) estimations show that currently hardwood based MSR is 70 % more expensive than corn grain based MSR. About 7-10 fold cellulase activity increase will be needed until MSR will be competitive with corn grain MSR. However, m-CLEAs cellulase can already be competitive if the corn prices are in the higher regime of last year’s prices.
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:180125		Serial	7584
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Sleegers, N.
	Title	Cephalosporin antibiotics : electrochemical fingerprints and redox pathways investigated by mass spectral analysis		Type	Doctoral thesis
	Year	2021	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	208 p.
	Keywords	Doctoral thesis; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Electrochemical and Analytical Sciences Lab (A-Sense Lab)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:181014		Serial	7588
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Kontozova, V.; Deutsch, F.; Godoi, R.; Godoi, A.F.; Joos, P.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Characterisation of air pollutants in museum showcases		Type	P3 Proceeding
	Year	2002	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages
	Keywords	P3 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:39524		Serial	7592
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Van Grieken, R.; Gysels, K.; Hoornaert, S.; Joos, P.; Osán, J.; Szalóki, I.; Worobiec, A.
	Title	Characterisation of individual aerosol particles for atmospheric and cultural heritage studies		Type	H3 Book chapter
	Year	2000	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	215-228 T2 - Environmental challenges / Belkin, Sh
	Keywords	H3 Book chapter; Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:31694		Serial	7597
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Bernard, P.C.; Van Grieken, R.E.; Eisma, D.
	Title	Characterisation of individual suspension particles in the Ems estuary		Type	P3 Proceeding
	Year	1986	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages
	Keywords	P3 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:117514		Serial	7599
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Zhang, L.
	Title	Characteristic diagnosis of atmospheric discharge plasma and kinetics study of reactive species		Type	Doctoral thesis
	Year	2021	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	XVIII, 148 p.
	Keywords	Doctoral thesis; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Low-temperature plasma has received extensive attention due to its promising application prospects in the field of air pollutants degradation and energy conversion. To fulfill the need for particular applications, constructing stable plasma sources and investigating the interaction mechanisms between plasma and substances have been hot research topics. This thesis reports the diagnosis and improvement of plasma sources, diagnosis of the active species in plasma and a modeling study of chemical kinetics processes. The main research contents are as follows: In Chapter 3, a diffuse sine AC dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) is successfully obtained by optimizing the electrode structure. It is found that using double-layer dielectric plates can limit the discharge current intensity and significantly improve the discharge uniformity. The electrical characteristics and gas temperature with different operating time show that the discharge stability is also improved by using double-layer dielectric plates. In Chapter 4, nanosecond pulses are employed to generate diffuse DBD plasmas. Three main discharge stages are distinguished by ICCD images, i.e., the streamer breakdown from the needle tip to the plate electrode, the regime transition from streamer to diffuse plasma, and the propagation of surface discharge on the plate electrode surface. The chapter reveales that in nanosecond pulsed discharges the vibrational temperature of N2 increases with the discharge duration, while the rotational temperature mainly stays constant, which means electron energy is transferred into the vibrational levels, but gas heating is not obvious during the discharge pulse. In Chapter 5, both sine AC DBD and nanosecond pulsed DBD, studied in Chapter 2 and 3, are used for formaldehyde degradation. It is found that nanosecond pulsed DBD has more homogenous characteristics, better stability, and lower plasma gas temperature. Moreover, the energy consumption of nanosecond pulsed DBD is much lower than that of AC DBD. In Chapter 6, a 0D chemical kinetics model is developed to investigate the underlying plasma chemistry of methane dry reforming in a nanosecond pulsed discharge. An overview of the dominant reaction pathways of CO2 and CH4 conversion into the major products is given. Furthermore, most of the CO2 molecules are populated into vibrational states during the pulse. Hence, the vibrational states of CO2 play an important role in its dissociation process. In general, this PhD thesis contributes to a better insight in the mechanisms of sinusoidal AC DBD and nanosecond pulsed DBD plasmas and their applications, i.e., decomposition of formaldehyde and dry reforming of methane.
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:183166		Serial	7605
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Oh, K.-Y.; Ro, C.-U.; Kim, H.K.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Characterization of aerosol particles at Seoul, Korea, using ultrathin window EPMA		Type	P3 Proceeding
	Year	2000	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages
	Keywords	P3 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:34106		Serial	7612
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Oh, K.-Y.; Ro, C.-U.; Kim, H.K.; Kim, Y.-P.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Characterization of aerosol particles collected at Kosan and 1100 Hill sites, Cheju Island, Korea, using ultrathin window EPMA		Type	P3 Proceeding
	Year	2000	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages
	Keywords	P3 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:34105		Serial	7613
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Van Grieken, R.; Adams, F.
	Title	Characterization of air particulate matter by X-ray, Raman and mass spectrometric techniques		Type	H3 Book chapter
	Year	1986	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	57-89 T2 - Chemistry of the multiphase atmospheric
	Keywords	H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:117503		Serial	7614
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Ro, C.-U.; Oh, K.-Y.; Kim, H.K.; Chun, Y.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Characterization of Asian dust using ultrathin window EPMA		Type	P3 Proceeding
	Year	1999	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages
	Keywords	P3 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:55576		Serial	7617
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Xhoffer, C.; Wouters, L.; Artaxo, P.; van Put, A.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Characterization of individual environmental particles by beam techniques		Type	H3 Book chapter
	Year	1992	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	107-143 T2 - Environmental particles, volume 1 / B
	Keywords	H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:2853		Serial	7623
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Yang, T.
	Title	Characterization of Laves phase structural evolution and regulation of its precipitation behavior in Al-Zn-Mg based alloys		Type	Doctoral thesis
	Year	2023	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	ii, 106 p.
	Keywords	Doctoral thesis; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
	Abstract	Al-Zn-Mg-based high strength alloys are widely used in aerospace applications due to their low density and excellent mechanical properties. A systematic study of the structural evolution of the nano-precipitation phase and its growth mechanism is an important guide for the design of new high-strength alloys. In this work, the Laves structure precipitates in Al-Zn-Mg(-Cu/Y) alloy was systematically characterized. Based on the structure evolution, the structure of submicron Laves particles and quasicrystalline particles in the alloy at microscale, as well as the regulation of the precipitation behavior after adding Y at nanoscale were further investigated. The main innovative results are summarized as follows: (1) Investigation on coexistence of defect structures in Laves structural nanoprecipitates. Three types of Laves structures can coexist within the η-MgZn2 precipitates: C14, C15 and C36, and the Laves structure transition sequence of C14→C36→C15 in this system was determined. Meanwhile, it was found that there are diverse defect structures in the MgZn2 phase, including stacking faults, planar defects and five-fold domain structures, which have significant effects on relieving the internal stress/strain of the precipitates. (2) Investigation on multiple phase transition of Laves structural nanoprecipitates from C14 to C36 and from C14 to quasicrystal clusters. It is found that C14 precipitates can be completely transformed into the C36 precipitates. And it is also found that the C14 Laves phase structure can also transform into quasicrystalline clusters. These investigations on various phase transition mechanisms among Laves phases provide theoretical support for the microstructural characterization of materials containing multi-scale Laves phases. (3) Characterization of Laves and quasicrystal structural particles in submicron scale. Submicron-scale quasicrystal particles were obtained in conventional casting Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys for the first time. Industrial impurity elements Fe and Ni can induce the formation of quasicrystalline particles. When there is no Fe/Ni enriched in particles, the structure is characterized as C15-Laves phase. When Fe/Ni is as quasicrystalline core, a stable core-shell quasicrystalline structure with Al-Fe-Ni nucleus and Mg-Cu-Zn shell can be formed. (4) Investigation on the regulation of nanoscale Laves precipitates’ growth. To regulate the defect structure of the precipitates, rare earth element Y was added in Al-Zn-Mg alloys and its influence on the precipitation behavior was investigated. The addition of Y element can dynamically combine with different alloying elements during aging process, which can refine the size of precipitate and further improve the nucleation rate and precipitation rate of the precipitates.
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:196404		Serial	7631
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Roekens, E.; Leysen, L.; Van Grieken, R.; Komy, Z.
	Title	Chemical characterisation of weathering crust and run-off water for a deteriorated limestone cathedral		Type	P3 Proceeding
	Year	1986	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages
	Keywords	P3 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:117506		Serial	7641
Permanent link to this record



	Author	van Malderen, H.; de Bock, L.; Hoornaert, S.; Injuk, J.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Chemical characterisation, source identification and quantification of the input of atmospheric particulate matter into the North Sea		Type	H3 Book chapter
	Year	1996	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	103-112 T2 - Dialogue between scientists and users
	Keywords	H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:14671		Serial	7642
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Bruynseels, F.; Storms, H.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Chemical characterization of airborne particulate matter above the North Sea		Type	P3 Proceeding
	Year	1985	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages
	Keywords	P3 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:117500		Serial	7646
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Bruynseels, F.; Storms, H.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Chemical characterization of individual aerosol particles from remote and polluted marine air		Type	P3 Proceeding
	Year	1985	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages
	Keywords	P3 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:117497		Serial	7647
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Horemans, B.
	Title	Chemical characterization of particulate air pollutants : case studies on indoor air quality, cultural heritage and the marine environment		Type	Doctoral thesis
	Year	2012	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	229 p.
	Keywords	Doctoral thesis; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:94360		Serial	7649
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Dekov, V.M.; Subramanian, V.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Chemical composition of suspended matter and sediments from the Indian sub-continent: a fifteen-year research survey		Type	H3 Book chapter
	Year	1998	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	81-92 T2 - Recent trends in environmental biogeoch
	Keywords	H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:22778		Serial	7659
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Heyne, M.H.
	Title	Chemistry and plasma physics challenges for 2D materials technology		Type	Doctoral thesis
	Year	2019	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	167 p.
	Keywords	Doctoral thesis; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract	Transition-metal dichalcogenides such as MoS2 or WS2 are semiconducting materials with a layered structure. One single layer consists of a plane of metal atoms terminated on the top and bottom by the chalcogen atoms sulfur, selenium, or tellurium. These layers show strong in-plane covalent bonding, whereas the Van-der-Waals bonds in between adjacent layers are weak. Those weak bonds allow the microcleavage and extraction of a monolayer. Transistors built on such monolayer nanosheets are promising due to high electrostatic controllability in comparison to a bulk semiconductor. This is important for fast switching speed and low-power consumption in the OFF-state. Nonetheless, prototypes of such nanosheet transistors show non-idealities due to the fabrication process. Closed films on a large area cannot be obtained by mechanical exfoliation from mm-sized crystals. For wafer-level processing, synthetic growth methods are needed. It is a challenge to obtain a few layer thick crystals with large lateral grains or even without grain boundaries with synthetic growth techniques. This requires pre-conditioned monocrystalline substrates, high-temperature deposition, and polymer-assisted transfer to other target substrates after the growth. Such transfer is a source of cracks in the film and degrades the layers' promising properties by residual polymer from the bond material. Apart from transfer, patterning of the stacked 2D layers is necessary to build devices. The patterning of a 2D material itself or another material on top of it is challenging. The integration of the nanosheets into miniaturized devices cannot be done by conventional continuous-wave dry etching techniques due to the absence of etch stop layers and the vulnerability of these thin layers. To eliminate these issues in growth and integration, we explored the deposition methods on wafer-level and low-damage integration schemes. To this end, we studied the growth of MoS2 by a hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition for which metal layers were deposited and subsequently sulfurized in H2S to obtain large area 2D layers. The impact of sulfurization temperature, time, partial H2S pressure, and H2 addition on the stoichiometry, crystallinity, and roughness were explored. Furthermore, a selective low-temperature deposition and conversion process at 450 °C for WS2 by the precursors WF6, H2S, and Si was considered. Si was used as a reducing agent for WF6 to deposit thin W films and H2S sulfurized this film in situ. The impact of the reducing agent amount, its surface condition, the temperature window, and the necessary time for the conversion of Si into W and W into WS2 were studied. Further quality improvement strategies on the WS2 were implemented by using extra capping layers in combination with annealing. Capping layers such as Ni and Co for metal-induced crystallization were compared to dielectric capping layers. The impact of the metal capping layer and its thickness on the recrystallization was evaluated. The dielectric capping layer's property to suppress sulfur loss under high temperature was explored. The annealings, which were done by rapid thermal annealing and nanosecond laser annealing, were discussed. Eventually, the fabrication of a heterostack with a MoS2 base layer and selectively grown WS2 was studied. Atomic layer etching was identified as attractive technique to remove the solid precursor Si from MoS2 in a layer-by-layer fashion. The in-situ removal of native SiO2 and the impact towards MoS2 was determined. The created patterned Si on MoS2 was then converted into patterned WS2 on MoS2 by the selective WF6/H2S process developed earlier. This procedure offers an attractive, scalable way to enable the fabrication of 2D devices with CMOS-compatible processes and contributes essential progress in the field 2D materials technology.
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:162027		Serial	7662
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Alemam, E.
	Title	Cleaning of wall paintings by Polyvinyl alcohol–Borax/Agarose (PVA–B/AG) double network hydrogels : characterization, assessment, and applications		Type	Doctoral thesis
	Year	2021	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	184 p.
	Keywords	Doctoral thesis; Engineering sciences. Technology; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES); Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXIS)
	Abstract	Wall paintings make up an important section of cultural heritage. They resemble time portals that can be used to travel back into the past and witness the life of our ancestors. In these paintings, the ancient artists depicted the different aspects of their life, such as cooking, baking, farming, manufacturing, as well as thoughts and beliefs. Unfortunately, wall paintings are susceptible to degradation over time in the form of the accumulations of dirt and deposits on the painted surfaces and loss of adhesion of the paint layers at the surface. Therefore, the removal of these deposits is one of the primary duties of conservator-restorers. Such operations are intended to restore the painted surface to a condition close enough to its original state. Since cleaning artworks may cause undesirable physicochemical alterations and is nonreversible, the proper cleaning procedure should be adopted. In this regard, numerous gels have been developed and exploited for the cleaning of various artwork surfaces. Lately, polyvinyl alcohol-borax (PVA-B) and agarose (AG) hydrogels have been widely employed as cleaning materials by conservator-restorers. However, both hydrogels have shown limitations in specific cleaning practices. In this work, we investigated a new double network hydrogel based on blending PVA-B and agarose to avoid the limitations posed by the constituting hydrogels. For this reason, a detailed characterization of the PVA–B/AG double network hydrogel was performed, including chemical structure, liquid phase retention, mechanical strength, rheological behavior, and self-healing behavior of various PVA-B/AG hydrogels. These new hydrogels revealed better properties than PVA-B and agarose hydrogels and obviated their limitations. A laboratory experiment on the removal of deteriorated Paraloid® B72 proved that the PVA-B/AG hydrogel loaded 10%/10% MEK/1-PeOH was able to remove these layers efficiently. Therefore, the hydrogel was tested on a wall painting from the Temple of Seti I in Abydos – Egypt. It removed the glossy/darkened consolidant from the wall painting and restored the original matt appearance of the painted surface. In another application on the painted ceiling of the same temple, the hydrogel was tested for removing thick soot layers. The hydrogel formulation (loaded with 5% ammonia, 0.3% ammonium carbonate, and 0.3% EDTA) removed these layers with no noticeable damage to the paint layers. In a wide-scale application of the hydrogel (loaded with 10% propylene carbonate), it removed a highly deteriorated varnish layer from a 19-c wall painting. All the traditional cleaning methods employed caused damage to the paint layers, proving that gel cleaning can be a safer cleaning alternative in some cases.
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	Most recent IF: NA
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:183381		Serial	7671
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Shevchenko, V.P.; Lisitzin, A.P.; Kuptzov, V.M.; Ivanov, G.I.; Lukashin, V.N.; Martin, J.M.; Rusakov, V.Y.; Safarova, S.A.; Serova, V.V.; Van Grieken, R.; van Malderen, H.
	Title	Composition of aerosols over the Laptev, the Kara, the Barents, the Greenland and the Norwegian seas		Type	H3 Book chapter
	Year	1995	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	7-16 T2 - Russian-German cooperation: Laptev Sea s
	Keywords	H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:12358		Serial	7708
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	Author	Cagno, S.
	Title	Compositional analysis of historical glass		Type	Doctoral thesis
	Year	2012	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	346 p.
	Keywords	Doctoral thesis; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:98145		Serial	7714
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	Author	Van Winckel, T.; Al-Omari, A.; Takás, I.; Wett, B.; Bachmann, B.; Sturm, B.; Bott, C.; Vlaeminck, S.E.; Murthy, S.; De Clippeleir, H.
	Title	Conceptual framework for deammonification in a combined floc-granule system : impact of aeration control, external selector and bioaugmentation based on full-scale data from WWTP in Strass		Type	P3 Proceeding
	Year	2017	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	16 p. T2 - IWA 2017 Conference on Sustainable Wast
	Keywords	P3 Proceeding; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:151109		Serial	7722
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	Author	De Beule, C.
	Title	Confined quantum systems in topological insulator heterostructures		Type	Doctoral thesis
	Year	2017	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	141 p.
	Keywords	Doctoral thesis; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:147217		Serial	7725
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	Author	De Cocker, P.; Bessiere, Y.; Hernandez-Raquet, G.; Sun, X.Y.; Mozo, I.; Barrillon, B.; Gaval, G.; Caligaris, M.; Martin Ruel, S.; Vlaeminck, S.E.; Sperandio, M.
	Title	Cool conditions for mainstream anammox applications : short and long term temperature effects		Type	P3 Proceeding
	Year	2017	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	3 p. T2 - 5th IWA Benelux Young Water Professional
	Keywords	P3 Proceeding; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:151117		Serial	7732
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	Author	Van Grieken, R.; Injuk, J.
	Title	Current applications of XRF and micro-XRF techniques in environmental and industrial fields		Type	H3 Book chapter
	Year	1999	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	29-38 T2 - Industrial and environmental applicatio
	Keywords	H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:27600		Serial	7745
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	Author	Van den Akker, S.; Bormans, P.; Peeters, H.; Gielis, J.; Prinsen, E.
	Title	Cytokinin dynamics in cell suspension cultures of Bambusa balcooa Roxburgh using UPLC-ESI/MS/MS		Type	H3 Book chapter
	Year	2012	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	539-547 T2 - Proceedings of the 9th World Bamboo C
	Keywords	H3 Book chapter; Engineering sciences. Technology; Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES); Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:97754		Serial	7750
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	Author	Saiz-Jimenez, C.; Brimblecombe, P.; Camuffo, D.; Lefèvre, R.-A.; Van Grieken, R.
	Title	Damages caused to European monuments by air pollution: assessment and preventive measures		Type	H3 Book chapter
	Year	2004	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	91-109 T2 - Air pollution and cultural heritage /
	Keywords	H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:48939		Serial	7753
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	Author	Grubova, I.Y.
	Title	Density functional theory study of interface interactions in hydroxyapatite/rutile composites for biomedical applications		Type	Doctoral thesis
	Year	2018	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	251 p.
	Keywords	Doctoral thesis; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:158087		Serial	7760
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	Author	van Walsem, J.
	Title	Design and optimization of a photocatalytic reactor for air purification in ventilation systems		Type	Doctoral thesis
	Year	2019	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	158 p.
	Keywords	Doctoral thesis; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
	Abstract	Photocatalysis has been labeled for decades as a promising technique for air purification. The principle seems straightforward and requires a photocatalyst that is immobilized on a substrate, and one or more UV sources to activate the photocatalyst. No waste products are produced, the reactions occur in mild conditions and the supplies are relatively cheap. Yet it seems that the commercialization of photocatalytic systems does not break through on the global market. The aim of this thesis is to identify and tackle the bottlenecks that impede commercialization from an application-oriented approach. The problem of indoor air pollution is enhanced by the fact that people spend more and more time indoors and that ventilation is kept to a minimum as an energy-saving measure. This inevitably leads to an accumulation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are emitted by e.g. building materials, paint and furniture. Human exposure to VOCs is directly related to the sick building syndrome leading to complaints such as headache, fatigue, dizziness and lack of concentration. In addition, exposure to VOCs is related to serious long-term health effects such as cancer or respiratory diseases. Therefore, significant research efforts are focused on advanced indoor air purification methods. Integration or retrofitting of a photocatalytic (PCO) air purifying unit into heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment has been chosen as an interesting approach. As a starting point of this thesis, the operational conditions of a ventilation system were mapped. These systems are characterized by high flow rates and the necessity of minimal pressure losses. Pressure losses increase the energy demand and can lead to failure of the ventilation fan and thereby undermine the proper functioning of the ventilation system. A suitable substrate must allow the contaminated air to pass through with a minimal pressure drop, allow sufficient contact time between VOC and photocatalyst, have a large surface area available for coating with excellent adhesion, and be transparent to UV light. Therefore, the permeability and the available exposed surface were selected as main selection criteria. After a thorough quantitative analysis of potential substrates, borosilicate glass tubes were selected. Glass tubes can easily be stacked to constitute a transparent monolithic multi-tube reactor, with their length parallel to the air flow in order to minimize the pressure drop. Moreover, borosilicate glass is relatively inexpensive and has excellent UV-A light transmitting properties. Based on a literature study, a sol-gel coating procedure was selected that is extremely suitable for coating glass substrates. The next step was to optimize the amount of P25 (commercial titanium dioxide) in the photocatalytic sol-gel coating for its application. More P25 in the sol-gel coating results in a higher adsorption capacity and consequently a higher photocatalytic activity, but greatly reduces the transparency of the coating. After an in-depth study, the concentration of 10 g L-1 P25 was selected as the most feasible for multi-tube reactors. Since the operation of photocatalytic reactors is based on a complex interaction of physical and chemical processes, mathematical models were developed, supported by experimental data, that include all these phenomena as a tool for reactor design and optimization. By making use of such models, time-consuming and expensive experimental research can be minimized. However, the experimental validation of models is of utmost importance to prove its reliability and accuracy. Intrinsic kinetic parameters provide the fundamentals for these models as they describe the photocatalytic reaction rate, independent of fluid dynamics, reactor geometry and radiation field. In this work they were estimated by means of a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) study, based on FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) experiments with a lab scale multi-tube reactor. The kinetic parameters were validated by an alternative analytic approach, emphasizing the accuracy and reliability of the simulations. Finally, the aforementioned CFD approach, based on the simultaneously modelling of airflow, mass transfer, UV light irradiation and photocatalytic reactions, was used to obtain insights for the light source configuration in upscaled multi-tube reactors. After taking all these insights and some practical implications into account, a final upscaled multi-tube reactor design was proposed and converted into a first built prototype. Subsequently, it was evaluated according the CEN-EN-16486-1 standard for VOC removal by the external scientific research center ‘CERTECH’. The scientific results, regarding the mineralization of the VOCs and photocatalytic efficiency of the reactor, demonstrated the feasibility for indoor air purification by the upscaled multi-tube reactor and the possible implementation in ventilation systems.
	Address
	Corporate Author			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Editor
	Language		Wos	Publication Date
	Series Editor		Series Title	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue	Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Additional Links	UA library record
	Impact Factor		Times cited	Open Access
	Notes			Approved	no
	Call Number	UA @ admin @ c:irua:160205		Serial	7763
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